422:
410:
315:, which he called "the Jerusalem of the Hindus". He mentions that he engaged in horse-dealing, although his mercantile activities may have been more extensive than directly stated in his account. He spent almost three years in India, before deciding to return to Russia after concluding that further travel would not make him any great profit and that he could not afford to remain in India. Nikitin also showed a longing to return to his homeland: "May God protect the Russian land! There is no land in the world like it. But why can the princes in the Russian land not live with each other as brothers? May the Russian land be well ordered, because justice there is quite rare".
42:
550:
373:, lifestyles, and natural resources. He describes the appearances of Indians, their clothing and food, interrelations, and so on. Nikitin's notes mention: "the countrymen are very poor, but the boyars are rich and live in luxury". The abundance and trustworthiness of Nikitin's factual material provide a valuable source of information about India at that time, and his remarks on the trade of Hormuz,
1025:
421:
409:
728:
Yakov Lurye writes that
Nikitin must have acquired his goods on credit and would have faced enslavement as a debtor if he had returned home empty-handed, thus explaining his decision to continue his journey and seek further trading opportunities. This is disputed by Gail Lenhoff and Janet Martin, who
252:
to plead for help. His captured companions were rescued by the
Shirvanshah, who, however, refused to give him and his companions means to return home. At that point, Nikitin writes, his party dispersed: "Whoever had something left in Rus' returned to Rus'; whoever had debts in Rus' went wherever they
632:
In 2006, the Indian organization
Adventures & Explorers, with the support of the Embassy of India in Moscow and the Tver Regional Administration sponsored a Nikitin Expedition, in which 14 travelers set out from Tver to retrace Nikitin's journey through Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia
573:
that there was a statue of
Nikitin in Russia when in fact there was not (Nehru had asked if the Russians had honored the first Russian to visit India). So as not to be proven a liar, Khrushchev phoned back to Russia demanding that a statue of Nikitin be built immediately, before Nehru's state visit
857:(Moscow: Nauka, 1980) that Nikitin stayed in India from 1471 to 1474, and that he must have left Tver' in 1468 and died near Smolensk at the end of 1474 or at the beginning of 1475. Russian journals and texts are now beginning to accept these new dates, so I too will accept them in this article".
440:
His loss of contact with
Christianity and his life among Muslims (and apparent lapse from Christianity and conversion to Islam) bothered him, as he mentioned several times in his account. Indeed, he began his account calling it his "sinful voyage beyond three seas." He went on to explain that he
532:
The dates of
Nikitin's travels have been debated by scholars; it was generally accepted until the 1980s that Nikitin spent the years 1466–1472 in India, when Leonid S. Semyonov challenged these dates and published a book dedicated to Nikitin's travels in 1980. His chronology was accepted in the
480:
convert would have been persecuted or even put to death in Rus', so if
Nikitin had indeed become a Muslim, he would have avoided returning to his country, while in fact he died on his way back in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania not far from the Muscovite border. However, Lurye
461:
in the third year of his journey he "shed many tears for the
Christian faith". Very near the end of his account, he wrote of his wish to return home and to the Christian faith: "I, Afanasy, a damned servant of Almighty God, Maker of heaven and earth, pondered over the Christian faith, the
645:
On 17 April 2022, the
Kozhikode Corporation paid tribute to Afanasy Nikitin, commemorating the 550th anniversary of his visit to Kozhikode. Moreover, Customs Road in the city was renamed after Nikitin, also establishing a ‘twin city’ status with Tver, the birth place of Nikitin.
437:(much of India was ruled by Muslim sultans, and many Muslim merchants lived along the coast), particularly the prayers he transliterates from Arabic and Turkic into Cyrillic letters, Gail Lenhoff and Janet Martin speculated that Nikitin might have converted to Islam in India.
718:
in 1856. In 1978, L. S. Semyonov proposed 1468 as the date of
Nikitin's departure from Russia. This later date has been increasingly used as the start of Nikitin's journey. Nikitin's account contains no concrete dates, which makes the precise dating of its events
296:. All in all, he remained in Persia for two years. Having heard about the riches of India from Muslim merchants, he decided to travel there. In the spring of 1471, Nikitin sailed for India from Hormuz and, after making several stops, arrived in the port of
516:
was published in its entirety for the first time in 1821. A German translation of Nikitin's notes was also published in 1835 as "Reise nach Indien unternommen von einem Russischen Kaufmann im 15 Jahrhundert" in
441:
continued to date events by Christian religious holidays and invoked the Mother of God and the saints ("the Holy Fathers"), he could not remember when Christian holidays were and so he could not celebrate
1457:
India in the Fifteenth Century: Being a Collection of Narratives of Voyages to India in the Century Preceding the Portuguese Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, from Latin, Persian, Russian, and Italian
236:. Following the caravan of the returning ambassador to Moscow from Shirvan, Hasan Beg, Nikitin and his fellow merchants traveled further south. Near Astrakhan, his party was attacked and robbed first by
639:
filed several reports on the expedition's progress. After reaching India, two members of the expedition set out in March 2007 from Mumbai in SUVs to retrace Nikitin's travels around India itself.
869:, p. 83: "Nikitin left his native town in 1466, as part of a group of merchants whose intention it was to trade with the lands of the Caspian Sea littoral, and to go as far as Shirwan".
244:), then again by Kaitags on the Caspian coast. Niktin's belongings were stolen, and some of his fellow Russian merchants were taken prisoner by the Kaitags. Nikitin went to the
41:
481:
characterizes Nikitin's religious expressions as "the peculiar syncretism of a man who acknowledged any monotheistic faith as 'true', if practiced with a pure heart".
1091:, p. 860, His homeland route lay through Muscat and Hormuz... and from there to the Crimean port of Kaffa... where there was a large Russian settlement..
1040:
1303:
1049:
682:
1104:
37, No. 3 (1989):321–344; See also Janet Martin, "Muscovite Travelling Merchants: The Trade with the Muslim East (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries)."
1220:
1278:
529:, which was published in 1855. Many historians have used Nikitin's notes as a dependable source for the history of India in the 15th-century.
354:
writes that he received Nikitin's notes in 1475 and incorporated them into his work but was unable to learn anything more about the traveler.
1678:
1658:
1533:
1466:
1366:
796:
1261:
1250:
200:, and other countries. In 1466 or 1468, Nikitin left his hometown of Tver on a commercial trip, planning to trade in the lands around the
176:. Prior to his voyage to Persia and India, Afanasy Nikitin was probably engaged in long-distance trade and had previously traveled to the
759:
561:
In 1955, the local authorities of Tver erected a bronze monument to Afanasy Nikitin on the bank of the Volga River. The sculptor was
1558:
769:
401:, and on the wonders of the great fair at Parvattum—as well as his comparisons of things Russian and Indian—deserve special notice.
574:
to Russia. The statue was featured on a Russian postage stamp in 2005 commemorating the 75th anniversary of the establishment of
1663:
1643:
1236:
154:
116:
1607:
1476:
Maxwell, M. J. (September 2006). "Afanasii Nikitin: An Orthodox Russian's Spiritual Voyage in the Dar al-Islam, 1468-1475".
1633:
613:
1673:
538:
477:
1100:
Gail Lenhoffand Janet Martin "The Commercial and Cultural Context of Afanasij Nikitin's Journey Beyond Three Seas."
668:(Walking the three seas) about Nikitin's writings. A brand of Tver beer, "Afanasy", is named after Afanasy Nikitin.
1668:
1638:
1628:
1505:
1079:, p. 860, Nikitin spent almost three years in India, but his love of his homeland urged him back to Russia....
1653:
181:
97:
541:. According to Semyonov's reconstruction, Nikitin left Russia in 1468 and spent the years 1471–1474 in India.
268:, where he followed a known trade route and made prolonged stops in market towns. He passed through Chapakur (
1036:
714:
Previously, 1466 was widely accepted as the beginning of Nikitin's journey. This date was first proposed by
562:
145:
1217:
466:, the fasts established by the Holy Fathers, and the apostolic commandments, and I longed to go to Rus!".
512:
450:
1283:
334:(now Feodosia), where there was a large Russian settlement. It is most likely in Caffa that he composed
229:
549:
457:, etc.). Thus, he kept the fasts of the Muslims and broke fast when they did so. He also wrote that at
1648:
1288:
677:
137:
75:
1387:] (in Russian, English, and Hindi). Translated into English by S. Z Apresyan. Moscow: Geografiz.
841:, p. 84: "Nikitin had clearly travelled before, to Georgia, Crimea, Wallachia and other lands".
300:
six weeks later. It was probably after his arrival in India that he began writing his travel notes.
1354:
594:
308:
1413:
729:
write that it is more likely that Nikitin had purchased his goods using his own modest resources.
589:
522:
469:
345:
217:
1258:
1247:
633:
to India. The expedition lasted from 12 November 2006 to 16 January 2007. The Indian newspaper
312:
1554:
1529:
1462:
1446:
1405:
1362:
1311:
792:
765:
715:
566:
463:
344:
in the spring of 1475. Other Russian merchants took his notes to Vasily Mamyrev, secretary to
304:
193:
340:
on the basis of his travel notes and memories. On his way to Tver, Nikitin died not far from
1485:
1030:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
570:
499:
129:
1265:
1254:
1224:
655:
599:
526:
233:
1454:
Major, R. H. (1857). "The Travels of Athanasius Nikitin". In Major, Richard Henry (ed.).
581:
Nikitin was also featured on a coin commemorating the 525th anniversary of his journey.
1517:] (in Russian). Vol. 22. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. pp. 717–718.
426:
414:
350:
177:
1498:
1622:
1394:"The Commercial and Cultural Context of Afanasij Nikitin's Journey Beyond Three Seas"
1350:
1044:
1031:
390:
358:
1591:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica: in 32 vol. Macropaedia, India - Ireland, Volume 21
366:
293:
289:
245:
17:
1523:
1455:
786:
575:
394:
237:
201:
927:
925:
923:
498:
relatively early and prominent historians mentioned it in their works, such as
877:
875:
606:
362:
273:
265:
209:
1568:
Postnikov, Alexei V. (2003). "Nikitin, Afanasii". In Speake, Jennifer (ed.).
1409:
1315:
635:
386:
378:
269:
189:
1055:
This provides a more detailed itinerary of his outward and return journeys.
592:' "Naya Sansar International" production house co-produced a film entitled
397:
and other functions, both ecclesiastical and civil, at the Bahmani capital
1489:
1334:
659:
622:
554:
374:
370:
341:
331:
249:
225:
185:
93:
1417:
1393:
1218:
http://www.stampnews.com/stamps/stamps_2005/stamp_1173967252_581033.html
1053:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 690.
642:
The Afanasy Nikitin Seamount in the Indian Ocean is named in his honor.
585:
327:
323:
257:
205:
658:
composed a song titled "Afanasy Nikitin Boogie". The power metal band
1425:
Lenhoff, Gail (2004). "Nikitin, Afanasy". In Millar, James R. (ed.).
626:
458:
454:
442:
382:
319:
281:
241:
221:
197:
141:
1235:
See the online press report from the Embassy of India in Moscow at:
433:
After studying Nikitin's account, and especially his references to
548:
434:
420:
408:
398:
297:
213:
149:
446:
285:
277:
261:
173:
71:
47:
1434:
Lurye, Ia. S. (1986). "Russkiĭ «chuzhezemets» v Indii XV veka"
910:
908:
357:
During his trip, Nikitin studied the population of India, its
1610:, ed. (1974). "Afanasy Nikitin's Journey across Three Seas".
565:. There is a folk legend that this statue was raised because
1259:
http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/26/stories/2006112602291000.htm
1248:
http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/10/stories/2006121000542000.htm
1461:. Translated by Count Wielhorsky. New York: Burt Franklin.
1429:. Vol. 3. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 1055–1056.
621:
In 2000, a black obelisk was erected in Nikitin's honor at
303:
Nikitin observed the markets, lifestyles and courts of the
629:, the probable location where he first set foot in India.
445:
and other movable feast days or keep the Christian fasts (
1577:
Riasanovsky, A. V. (1961). "Afanasii Nikitin's Journal".
1359:
Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800
1003:
1001:
1553:. Translated by Apresyan, Stepan. Moscow: Raduga. 1985.
1160:
1158:
1304:"Kozhikode Corporation pays tribute to Afanasy Nikitin"
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
476:, sees his conversion as doubtful, pointing out that a
1378:
Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina 1466-1472 gg
988:
986:
984:
982:
895:
893:
1570:
Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia
1551:
Afanasy Nikitin's Voyage Beyond Three Seas: 1466-1472
1117:
For an English translation of Nikitin's account, see
853:, p. 245, n. 7: "Semenov persuasively argues in
256:
Hoping to recoup his losses, Nikitin continued on to
1381:Хожение за три моря Афанасия Никитина 1466-1472 гг.
764:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 2007.
111:
103:
81:
67:
55:
32:
260:, which was a familiar market to him, and then to
172:Afanasy Nikitin, son of Nikita, was a merchant in
866:
838:
348:, the grand prince of Moscow. The author of the
152:. He described his trip in a narrative known as
1612:Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales
1392:Lenhoff, Gail D.; Martin, Janet L. B. (1989).
1149:
1064:
973:
914:
663:
365:, military (he witnessed war-games featuring
335:
159:
8:
1525:Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P
1438:. In Semyonov, L. S.; Lurye, Ia. S. (eds.).
1246:See the online versions of the articles at:
1614:(Revised ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton.
1572:. Vol. 2. Routledge. pp. 859–861.
569:, upon visiting India, told Prime Minister
1528:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 859–861.
1385:Afanasy Nikitin's Voyage Beyond Three Seas
683:Chronology of European exploration of Asia
40:
29:
1440:Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina
1118:
1018:
1016:
946:
931:
881:
826:
761:The Oxford companion to world exploration
148:) to travel to and document his visit to
136:; died 1475) was a Russian merchant from
1602:. Harvard University Press. p. 141.
1579:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1277:Das Mahapatra, Anirban (22 March 2007).
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
322:, the Arabian sultanate of Somalia, and
1279:"In footsteps of old Russian traveller"
1007:
992:
850:
742:
694:
264:. He then crossed the Caspian Sea into
27:Russian merchant and traveler (d. 1475)
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1088:
1076:
1443:Хожение за три моря Афанасия Никитина
1137:
1125:
961:
899:
788:Reference Guide to Russian Literature
272:, where he remained for six months),
7:
1507:Bolʹshaia rossiĭskaia ėntsiklopediia
1398:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
1102:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
311:. He visited the Hindu sanctuary of
1600:Russia Engages the World, 1453-1825
1436:Русский «чужеземец» в Индии XV века
494:Scholars became aware of Nikitin's
326:. In November 1474, he sailed from
785:Cornwell, Neil (2 December 2013).
521:. The Russian diplomat in London,
25:
584:In 1958, the Russian state-owned
519:Dorpater Jahrbücher für Literatur
318:On his way back, Nikitin visited
1023:
1510:Большая российская энциклопедия
1427:Encyclopedia of Russian History
855:Puteshestvie Afanasiia Nikitina
553:Monument to Afanasy Nikitin in
525:, translated a version for the
248:(the ruler of Shirvan) camp in
155:A Journey Beyond the Three Seas
117:A Journey Beyond the Three Seas
46:Monument to Afanasy Nikitin in
1361:. Cambridge University Press.
1335:Торговая марка пива "Афанасий"
1302:Reporter, Staff (2022-04-17).
664:
506:(1817). The text of Nikitin's
1:
595:The Journey Beyond Three Seas
85:
1679:Russian expatriates in India
1659:15th-century Russian writers
867:Alam & Subrahmanyam 2007
839:Alam & Subrahmanyam 2007
504:History of the Russian State
1376:Berite, I. G., ed. (1960).
588:Studio and Indian director
539:Russian Academy of Sciences
425:1997 commemorative coin of
413:1997 commemorative coin of
336:
160:
1695:
1515:Great Russian Encyclopedia
791:. Routledge. p. 583.
1598:Whittaker, C. H. (2003).
1522:Speake, Jennifer (2003).
1497:Perkhavko, V. B. (2013).
1150:Lenhoff & Martin 1989
1065:Lenhoff & Martin 1989
974:Lenhoff & Martin 1989
915:Lenhoff & Martin 1989
472:, an editor of Nikitin's
212:). He travelled down the
133:
39:
1509:
1500:
1478:Journal of World History
1442:
1435:
1380:
1214:Stamp News International
1037:Beazley, Charles Raymond
665:Khozhdeniye za tri morya
662:composed a song titled "
182:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
98:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1050:Encyclopædia Britannica
625:, 120 km south of
535:Literaturnye Pamiatniki
337:Khozheniye za tri morya
220:, then passing through
161:Khozheniye za tri morya
1664:15th-century merchants
1644:Russian travel writers
1108:4, No. 3 (1985):21–38.
654:The Russian rock band
558:
513:Sofia Second Chronicle
430:
418:
1490:10.1353/jwh.2006.0049
1291:on 30 September 2007.
1106:Central Asian Studies
552:
424:
412:
140:and one of the first
1634:Principality of Tver
1593:. 1992. p. 183.
1355:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
678:Daniel the Traveller
76:Principality of Tver
1608:Zenkovsky, Serge A.
1499:"Nikitin Afanasiĭ"
1179:, pp. 860–861.
1041:Nikitin, Athanasius
976:, pp. 324–326.
952:, pp. 108–109.
502:(1766–1826) in his
309:Vijayanagara Empire
1674:Explorers of India
1264:2012-10-19 at the
1253:2012-10-24 at the
1223:2007-09-28 at the
703:Athanasius Nikitin
650:In popular culture
590:Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
559:
523:Mikhail Vielgorsky
453:, the fast during
431:
429:. Nikitin in India
419:
218:Makaryev Monastery
216:, stopping at the
89: spring 1475
18:Athanasius Nikitin
1669:Russian merchants
1639:Russian explorers
1629:Explorers of Asia
1535:978-1-57958-424-5
1501:Ники́тин Афанасий
1468:978-1-108-00816-7
1449:. pp. 61–87.
1368:978-0-521-78041-4
1140:, pp. 77–78.
964:, pp. 71–72.
798:978-1-134-26070-6
716:Izmail Sreznevsky
602:cast as Nikitin.
567:Nikita Khrushchev
464:Baptism of Christ
417:. Nikitin in Rus'
305:Bahmani Sultanate
204:and go as far as
146:Niccolò de' Conti
123:
122:
16:(Redirected from
1686:
1654:People from Tver
1615:
1603:
1594:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1539:
1518:
1493:
1472:
1450:
1430:
1421:
1388:
1372:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:. Archived from
1274:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
944:
938:
929:
918:
912:
903:
897:
888:
879:
870:
864:
858:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
803:
802:
782:
776:
775:
756:
730:
726:
720:
712:
706:
699:
667:
666:
571:Jawaharlal Nehru
500:Nikolay Karamzin
451:St. Peters' Fast
395:royal progresses
369:), its economy,
339:
288:before reaching
163:
135:
134:Афанасий Никитин
90:
87:
62:
61:Афанасий Никитин
44:
30:
21:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1549:
1546:
1544:Further reading
1536:
1521:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1475:
1469:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1266:Wayback Machine
1255:Wayback Machine
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1225:Wayback Machine
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1006:
999:
991:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
945:
941:
930:
921:
913:
906:
898:
891:
880:
873:
865:
861:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
806:
799:
784:
783:
779:
772:
758:
757:
744:
739:
734:
733:
727:
723:
713:
709:
700:
696:
691:
674:
652:
615:Afanasy Nikitin
605:The 1962-built
600:Oleg Strizhenov
547:
527:Hakluyt Society
492:
487:
407:
240:(whom he calls
234:Nizhny Novgorod
208:(in modern-day
170:
126:Afanasy Nikitin
91:
88:
63:
60:
51:
35:
34:Afanasy Nikitin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1595:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1494:
1484:(3): 243–266.
1473:
1467:
1451:
1431:
1422:
1404:(3): 321–344.
1389:
1373:
1367:
1351:Alam, Muzaffar
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1294:
1269:
1239:
1228:
1205:
1203:, p. 859.
1193:
1191:, p. 861.
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 860.
1154:
1152:, p. 330.
1142:
1130:
1110:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1067:, p. 328.
1057:
1045:Chisholm, Hugh
1012:
1010:, p. 245.
997:
978:
966:
954:
939:
937:, p. 109.
919:
917:, p. 322.
904:
889:
887:, p. 108.
871:
859:
843:
831:
827:Perkhavko 2013
804:
797:
777:
770:
741:
740:
738:
735:
732:
731:
721:
707:
701:Also known as
693:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
680:
673:
670:
651:
648:
546:
543:
537:series by the
491:
490:Historiography
488:
486:
483:
427:Bank of Russia
415:Bank of Russia
406:
403:
393:and China; on
351:Lvov Chronicle
178:Ottoman Empire
169:
166:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
59:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1560:9785050000590
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1445:. Leningrad:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:The Telegraph
1280:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:or the older
1123:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:public domain
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
949:
943:
940:
936:
934:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
902:, p. 71.
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
852:
847:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
805:
800:
794:
790:
789:
781:
778:
773:
771:9780195149227
767:
763:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
743:
736:
725:
722:
717:
711:
708:
704:
698:
695:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
661:
657:
649:
647:
643:
640:
638:
637:
630:
628:
624:
619:
617:
616:
611:
608:
603:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
582:
579:
577:
572:
568:
564:
556:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
484:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
428:
423:
416:
411:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:war elephants
364:
360:
359:social system
355:
353:
352:
347:
343:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
246:Shirvanshah's
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
165:
162:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
127:
119:
118:
114:
112:Notable works
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1550:
1524:
1514:
1506:
1481:
1477:
1456:
1439:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1377:
1358:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:
1289:the original
1282:
1272:
1242:
1231:
1213:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1145:
1133:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1008:Maxwell 2006
993:Lenhoff 2004
969:
957:
947:
942:
932:
882:
862:
854:
851:Maxwell 2006
846:
834:
787:
780:
760:
724:
710:
702:
697:
653:
644:
641:
634:
631:
620:
614:
612:was renamed
609:
604:
593:
583:
580:
563:Sergei Orlov
560:
534:
531:
518:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
473:
468:
439:
432:
356:
349:
317:
302:
294:Persian Gulf
255:
171:
153:
125:
124:
115:
1649:1472 deaths
1201:Speake 2003
1189:Speake 2003
1177:Speake 2003
1165:Speake 2003
1089:Speake 2003
1077:Speake 2003
576:Tver Oblast
478:circumcised
470:Yakov Lurye
202:Caspian Sea
56:Native name
1623:Categories
1321:2024-08-21
1138:Lurye 1986
1126:Major 1857
962:Lurye 1986
900:Lurye 1986
737:References
719:difficult.
607:icebreaker
363:government
270:Chapak Rud
232:to get to
210:Azerbaijan
168:The voyage
1410:0021-4019
1316:0971-751X
1308:The Hindu
1120:Khozhenie
1039:(1911). "
948:Khozhenie
933:Khozhenie
883:Khozhenie
636:The Hindu
618:in 1966.
610:Ledokol-2
328:Trebizond
313:Parvattum
190:Wallachia
142:Europeans
1418:41048307
1357:(2007).
1262:Archived
1251:Archived
1221:Archived
672:See also
660:Epidemia
656:Aquarium
623:Revdanda
557:, Crimea
555:Feodosia
545:Tributes
405:Religion
371:religion
346:Ivan III
342:Smolensk
307:and the
253:could".
250:Shamakhi
226:Kostroma
186:Moldavia
104:Language
94:Smolensk
50:, Russia
1458:Sources
1344:Sources
1047:(ed.).
1034::
586:Mosfilm
510:in the
474:Journey
379:Calicut
324:Trabzon
292:in the
258:Derbent
206:Shirvan
194:Georgia
144:(after
130:Russian
107:Russian
1557:
1532:
1465:
1416:
1408:
1365:
1314:
1043:". In
1028:
795:
768:
627:Mumbai
508:Voyage
496:Voyage
485:Legacy
459:Bindar
455:Advent
449:, the
443:Easter
387:Ceylon
383:Dabhol
375:Cambay
320:Muscat
290:Hormuz
284:, and
282:Kashan
266:Persia
242:Tatars
238:Nogais
228:, and
222:Uglich
198:Crimea
180:, the
1513:[
1447:Nauka
1414:JSTOR
1383:[
689:Notes
598:with
435:Islam
399:Bidar
332:Caffa
298:Chaul
230:Plyos
214:Volga
150:India
92:Near
1555:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1406:ISSN
1363:ISBN
1312:ISSN
1257:and
1216:at:
1212:See
1122:1960
950:1960
935:1960
885:1960
793:ISBN
766:ISBN
578:.
447:Lent
391:Pegu
286:Yazd
278:Amol
274:Sari
262:Baku
174:Tver
138:Tver
82:Died
72:Tver
68:Born
48:Tver
1486:doi
330:to
164:).
1625::
1583:81
1581:.
1504:.
1482:17
1480:.
1412:.
1402:37
1400:.
1396:.
1353:;
1310:.
1306:.
1281:.
1157:^
1015:^
1000:^
981:^
922:^
907:^
892:^
874:^
807:^
745:^
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
361:,
280:,
276:,
224:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
132::
96:,
86:c.
74:,
1585:.
1563:.
1538:.
1492:.
1488::
1471:.
1420:.
1371:.
1324:.
1128:.
995:.
829:.
801:.
774:.
705:.
158:(
128:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
