168:. The first at a scale of 1:10000 showed land use and density, the second showed transportation networks and the third, at 1:50000 showed the regional setting of the city. He also presented supporting information on the four functions of dwelling, work, recreation and transport. Based upon his presentation it was decided that the separate national groups within CIAM would prepare similar presentation boards for the Moscow meeting. A standard set of notation was agreed.
408:
297:
2524:
616:
29:
552:
2512:
2546:
217:
416:
399:, the Unité was a north-south orientated block eighteen storeys high set in parkland. There is a public 'street' on levels 7 and 8 that provides various shops, offices and a hotel. On the roof there is a nursery school, a running track and a pool. It opened in 1952 but had begun to influence architects even before it was complete.
701:
To reduce the matter to high density when no due attention was given to communal facilities was to court disaster; to create open space without greenery was to devalue the idea of the community living in nature. The imitations of the Unité usually involved such drastic omissions. Does this mean that
195:
and inaugurated by Greece's prime minister. The boards were separated into seven categories: metropolises, cities of administration, ports, industrial cities, pleasure cities and cities of diverse function. The delegates remained in Athens for a number of days, some visited local classical sites and
156:
Van
Eesteren employed the city planner Theodor Karel van Lohuizen to use methods developed for the Amsterdam Expansion Plan, to prepare zoning plans that would predict overall future development in the city. He relied upon the more rational methods being promoted by CIAM at that time which sought to
735:
is set in a 40 storey block set in parkland with other high-rises in central London. On the tenth floor is a wide concourse with supermarket, shops and gymnasium and a swimming pool. On the 35th floor there is a smaller swimming pool, a sauna and a restaurant. As the affluent tenants embark upon an
347:
in
Highgate, London. The project comprised 56 dwellings grouped together as two crosses on plan, eight dwellings per arm. Each dwelling is linked to a central service core but is separated from its neighbour by a balcony - a design feature that virtually eliminated noise transfer between dwellings.
148:
the importance of solar orientation in governing the directional positioning of low-cost housing on a given site. Van
Eesteren had been chief architect of Amsterdam's Urban Development Section since 1929 and the group asked him to prepare a number of analytical studies of cities ready for the next
240:
Additionally they said it was important to reduce commuting times by locating industrial zones close to residential ones and buffering them with wide parks and sports areas. Street widths and requirements should be scientifically worked out to accommodate the speed and type of transport. Finally,
232:
CIAM demanded that housing districts should occupy the best sites, and a minimum amount of solar exposure should be required in all dwellings. For hygienic reasons, buildings should not be built along transportation routes, and modern techniques should be used to construct high apartment building
115:
Unlike the radial design of the Ville
Contemporaine, the Ville Radieuse was a linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with head, spine, arms and legs. The design maintained the idea of high-rise housing blocks, free circulation and abundant green spaces proposed in his earlier
187:
The national groups reported to the conference with the findings from their city studies, presenting in each case the agreed three boards showing a total of 33 cities. In addition, Le
Corbusier and the group who had met earlier in ZĂŒrich hosted a meeting to state the core goals of the Functional
199:
During meetings on the return journey delegates found it impossible to agree on resolutions for the
Functional City. Van Eesteren's original Amsterdam plan had, with greater resources, a basis formed by scientific data. The plans presented by the national groups did not have this and, despite
688:
became based upon a smaller city with a high vertical concentration of people with increased pedestrian facilities. In 1958 he had warned that his utopian dream could not be fulfilled unless society itself was reorganised to suit it. At its inauguration the city was branded a
287:
that were founded before on concrete references. Despite its title, the Athens
Charter cannot be considered as the mutual outcome of the CIAM conference, which took place ten years earlier, but largely as an expression of Le Corbusier's individual concerns.
304:
The CIAM 4 meeting was influential among attending architects from
Switzerland, France, England, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Greece, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Brazil and Canada.
446:
and Alton West high-rise blocks in
Roehampton. Alton East comprised 744 dwellings within mainly 10-storey blocks and Alton West was 1867 dwellings in 5-, 6- and 12-storey blocks. Both projects are set within parkland and have since been
657:
concealed a very narrow view of architecture and planning that overly constrained the members of CIAM. The emphasis on tall high-density housing amongst wide, green spaces effectively killed research into other areas of urban housing.
283:. As well as adding new material he also removed the urban plans upon which the original text was based. This treatment made the Athens Charter an abstract text of general value but also transformed the original force of the
582:
in 1964. Known as
Peabody Terraces it was made up of three main towers set in lawns and sheltered pedestrian routes. It avoided the usual vacuum at the base by grading the scale between the towers and the lawns.
566:
saw the city as a manifestation of the Functional City. Like Le Corbusier's Ville Radieuse, it was seen as a method of imposing order, progress and stability to Brazil's new capital. Like Le Corbusier, Costa and
665:
had set rigid geometries for urban planning, increasingly there became an awareness of words like 'neighbourhood', 'cluster' and 'association' that demanded a more organic approach to the image of the city.
175:
competition entry failed to gain acceptance from the jury and, due to the political conditions in Russia, CIAM's agenda became increasingly ignored. A new venue for the fourth CIAM conference was required.
312:
was published in France in 1935, Le Corbusier continued to develop his ideas of urban planning through a number of unrealised schemes. These included plans for Antwerp, Paris, Moscow, Algiers and Morocco.
395:
flanked by a civic centre. Although these proposals were unbuilt, he had more success in Marseilles where an initial study for three Unités resulted in one being built. In line with the
367:
had a huge impact on planning thought after World War II. However, its influence was more complicated because in the 1950s CIAM attempted to replace the Functional City described in the
241:
with regards to conservation, historic monuments should be kept only when they were of true value and their conservation did not reduce their inhabitants to unhealthy living conditions.
77:
The Charter got its name from location of the fourth CIAM conference in 1933, which, due to the deteriorating political situation in Russia, took place on the S.S. Patris bound for
108:
in the 1920s, during the early 1930s, after contact with international planners he began work on the Ville Radieuse (Radiant City). In 1930 he had become an active member of the
481:
prescribed the separation of industrial zones from residential ones by parkland. This concept suited the regeneration of industrial decay in Scottish cities. From 1956 the
71:
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673:
meeting of CIAM the younger generation riled against the pre-war utopian ideals that the Charter represented. This disillusionment would lead to the formation of
2012:
466:, dwellings were housed in a series of high-rise structures connected by external decks. These 'streets in the air' are wide enough to incorporate bicycles and
427:
to provide a balance of housing types for a range of communities, not just the working class. In the socialist post-war atmosphere, architectural writer
19:
This article is about the 1933 Athens Charter produced by Le Corbusier and CIAM. For The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments, see
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lay outside the project's boundaries. Their work was never built at Golden Lane, but these ideas can be viewed in their book "Urban Structuring".
192:
153:
in 1933. The theme for these studies would be the Functional City, that is, one where land planning would be based upon function-based zones.
2403:
1340:
2336:
459:
1655:
184:
The fourth CIAM conference took place on board the S.S. Patris, an ocean-going liner journeying from Marseilles to Athens in July 1933.
1800:
504:. It has a variety of dwellings and a good provision of supporting community buildings. Like the Unité it has a terrace on the roof.
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635:
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In Scotland, the Department of Housing for Scotland encouraged Local Authorities to build more unified and open schemes. The
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Giedion's insistence, delegates were reluctant to agree on guidelines. Eventually, two groups agreed on two separate texts:
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20:
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and St Dié. The urban plan allowed him to experiment with urban monumentality that had been somewhat underplayed in the
1332:
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2372:
2351:
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684:
In the case of BrasĂlia, whilst Niemeyer remained faithful to the ideas of zoning and green spaces, his revised urban
128:
The concept of the Functional City came to dominate CIAM thinking after the conference in Brussels. At a meeting in
2377:
2346:
1777:
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1635:
1401:
1327:
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taken from the studies of 33 cities set guidelines under the titles: living, working, recreation and circulation.
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1508:
1411:
1396:
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designed one of the four areas using 18-storey blocks on a north-south axis that ignored local street patterns.
2398:
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1987:
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90:
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352:
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1948:
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914:
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2256:
2062:
2002:
1897:
1307:
439:
172:
145:
355:, Sert suggested that England and the United States may be the best place to focus CIAM's activities.
2007:
1997:
1943:
1727:
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1602:
455:
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later in 1931 van Eesteren presented his findings to his colleagues. He presented three drawings of
2027:
1964:
1938:
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1732:
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orgy of destruction, Ballard tells the story of how the whole block slowly degenerates into chaos.
643:
470:. Initial success came because whole streets were moved into adjacent dwellings on the new scheme.
249:
105:
407:
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1928:
1467:
1337:
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work. Le Corbusier exhibited the first representations of his ideas at the third CIAM meeting in
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meeting of CIAM that would eventually lead to the breakup of the Conference as an organisation.
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was on 15 July 1972 at 3.32pm when the PruittâIgoe housing scheme was demolished with dynamite.
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others visited nearby islands. On 10 August they embarked on the return journey to Marseilles.
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use statistical information for designing zone uses rather than designing them in any detail.
137:
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designed the Harumi Apartment block in Tokyo based upon the idea of the Unité. Meanwhile, In
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On arrival in Athens on 3 August an exhibition of the Functional City boards was held at the
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915:"Research Project â CIAM 4. The Functional City â gta Archives â Institute gta â ETH Zurich"
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86:
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The Smithsons (Alison and Peter Smithson) were against the four functions explored for the
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housing scheme in St Louis, Missouri was designed in accordance with CIAM ideals for the
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1973:
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1958:
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1983:
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340:
61:
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2017:
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109:
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216:
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467:
332:
236:-Mumford, 2000, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960, The MIT Press, p85
28:
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1933:
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321:
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82:
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The Charter had a significant impact on urban planning after World War II.
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movement and proposed the Ville Radieuse as a blueprint of social reform.
1912:
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1842:
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715:
634:. It was made up of 14 storey blocks and is often claimed to have won an
596:
117:
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In Sheffield in 1958, the city architect, Lewis Womersley, designed the
1992:
674:
482:
415:
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Although Le Corbusier had exhibited his ideas for the ideal city, the
2095:
1978:
1442:
685:
161:
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78:
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the prototype should be blamed for the later disastrous variations?
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in 1930 and published a book of the same title as the city in 1935.
1737:
1276:
MacInnes, Ranald; Glendinning, Miles; MacKechnie, Aonghus (1999).
614:
550:
414:
406:
295:
215:
27:
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award when it was built in 1951, but no evidence of such exists.
1432:
70:(Radiant City) book of 1935 and urban studies undertaken by the
1358:
435:
for "putting clean and healthy housing in a parkland setting".
1078:
705:âCurtis, 1986, Modern Architecture since 1900, Phaidon, p293
233:
spaces widely apart, to free the soil for large green parks.
1265:
Twentieth Century Classics - Le Corbusier Unite d'Habitation
1181:
Age of the Masters - A Personal View of Modern Architecture
571:
aspired to produce a city based upon equality and justice.
383:
In 1946 Le Corbusier received a commission for projects in
85:. This conference is documented in a film commissioned by
1244:(Revised and enlarged ed.). London, United Kingdom:
1278:
Building a Nation - The Story of Scotland's Architecture
885:
883:
834:
832:
1194:
RIBA Book of British Housing - 1900 to the present day
279:
and Le Corbusier significantly re-worded the original
653:
was concerned that the supposed universality of the
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607:proposal based upon Le Corbusier's Algiers scheme.
331:CIAM 4 was the first congress that the influential
275:as published became an extension of the content of
1350:Architects' Congress, a film by LĂĄszlĂł Moholy-Nagy
474:said it would "draw the admiration of the world".
423:The 1949 Housing Act in England paved the way for
335:from England was represented. In 1935 MARS member
1323:The Athens Charter in the context of CIAM history
485:area of Glasgow was redeveloped. The architect
391:, but as part of the project he proposed eight
316:In the Netherlands, CIAM delegates visited the
56:: ΧΏÏÏα ÏÏÎœ ÎΞηΜÏÎœ) was a 1933 document about
1370:
1079:MacInnes, Glendinning & MacKechnie (1999)
8:
578:, Sert designed married-student housing for
72:CongrĂšs International d'Architecture Moderne
324:that was to have formed a larger part of a
2316:
2112:
1697:
1487:
1377:
1363:
1355:
1291:The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960
1162:
1150:
1090:
1066:
1042:
1030:
958:
64:. The work was based upon Le Corbusierâs
1585:Regional Planning Association of America
1233:The Language of Post-modern Architecture
256:and were incorporated in Le Corbusier's
1006:
982:
946:
934:
901:
874:
850:
838:
811:
799:
787:
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763:
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193:National Technical University of Athens
1304:Oscar Niemeyer - Curves of Irreverence
1242:Modern Architecture a Critical History
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1054:
1018:
994:
970:
889:
862:
823:
751:
527:. In the Golden Lane development the
7:
2545:
718:wrote a new version of the Charter.
716:European Council of Spatial Planners
622:housing scheme in St Louis, Missouri
535:was an elevated access deck but the
132:in 1931, CIAM members Le Corbusier,
1656:Professional transportation planner
411:High rises part of the Alton Estate
264:formed part of Le Corbusier's book
149:main CIAM meeting planned to be in
36:â influenced by The Athens Charter
14:
500:, who also designed the adjacent
160:At a special congress meeting in
60:published by the Swiss architect
2544:
2523:
2522:
2510:
636:American Institute of Architects
220:Highpoint 1 by Berthold Lubetkin
2053:Transferable development rights
1608:Environmental impact assessment
555:Ministers Esplanade in BrasĂlia
1679:Community economic development
1458:Planning and zoning commission
1338:The New Charter of Athens 2003
1220:Le Corbusier - Ideas and Forms
1207:Modern Architecture since 1900
462:, three times the size of the
300:Van Nelle Factory, Netherlands
1:
1333:"New" Charter of Athens, 1994
1328:"New" Charter of Athens, 1998
1302:Philippou, Stylliane (2008).
642:proclaimed that the death of
351:In 1937 with the fall of the
21:Athens Charter (preservation)
2292:Planning Accreditation Board
1651:Transit-oriented development
1613:Recreation resource planning
531:became the family unit, the
16:1933 urban planning document
1240:Frampton, Kenneth (1990) .
562:conception of the plan for
458:. The product of an entire
74:(CIAM) in the early 1930s.
2619:
2304:Professional organizations
1661:Urban freight distribution
1636:Transportation forecasting
1235:. Balding and Mansell Ltd.
498:Chamberlin, Powell and Bon
496:in London was designed by
419:Parkhill Estate, Sheffield
93:: "Architects' Congress."
18:
2540:List of planning journals
2504:
1509:History of urban planning
1392:
2578:French non-fiction books
2476:Marine spatial planning
1988:Healthy community design
1566:Village design statement
1556:Preservation development
1551:Conservation development
1231:Jencks, Charles (1978).
1218:Curtis, William (2006).
1205:Curtis, William (1986).
669:Even by 1954 during the
2491:Real estate development
2222:List of urban theorists
1718:City Beautiful movement
1646:Rational planning model
1628:Transportation planning
1618:Sustainable development
1263:Jenkins, David (1999).
1192:Colquhoun, Ian (2008).
1179:Banham, Reyner (1987).
431:praised Le Corbusier's
353:Second Spanish Republic
260:published in 1943. The
254:Can our cities survive?
171:In 1932 Le Corbusier's
89:and made by his friend
2573:1933 non-fiction books
2535:List of planned cities
2471:Landscape architecture
2227:List of urban planners
1949:Conservation community
1786:Collaborative planning
1595:Environmental planning
1503:Comprehensive planning
1289:Mumford, Eric (2000).
707:
661:In planning terms the
623:
574:In a variation of the
556:
438:Between 1952 and 1958
420:
412:
339:and his practice, the
301:
238:
221:
49:
37:
2598:Architectural history
2446:Development economics
2297:Real estate education
2257:James Howard Kunstler
2182:Konstantinos Doxiadis
2063:Urban growth boundary
2003:Mixed-use development
1898:Intentional community
1308:Yale University Press
699:
649:Architectural critic
618:
587:The rest of the world
554:
483:Hutchesontown Gorbals
440:London County Council
418:
410:
299:
230:
219:
173:Palace of the Soviets
146:Cornelis van Eesteren
140:, Rudolf Steiger and
31:
2588:Architectural theory
1998:Leapfrog development
1944:Complete Communities
1801:Intelligent urbanism
1728:Garden city movement
1671:Economic development
1603:Environmental design
1343:21 June 2019 at the
599:in 1963 CIAM member
320:designed in part by
248:formed the basis of
2404:Communist countries
2028:Planning Permission
1965:Filtering (housing)
1939:Cluster development
1748:Settlement movement
1733:Indigenous planning
1198:Architectural Press
1185:Architectural Press
1081:, pp. 105â108.
1057:, pp. 141â143.
1045:, pp. 147â149.
644:Modern Architecture
268:published in 1935.
124:The Functional City
106:Ville Contemporaine
2583:Architecture books
2287:Planning education
2247:Elizabeth Farrelly
2091:High-rise urbanism
1929:Affordable housing
1468:World Urbanism Day
693:Nightmare with an
624:
591:In Japan in 1957,
580:Harvard University
557:
494:Golden Lane Estate
421:
413:
393:Unité d'Habitation
373:Charter of Habitat
359:Post-war influence
302:
250:Josep LluĂs Sert's
222:
212:The Athens Charter
91:LĂĄszlĂł Moholy-Nagy
38:
2560:
2559:
2517:Cities portal
2441:Civil engineering
2422:
2421:
2275:
2274:
2104:
2103:
2072:Peri-urbanisation
1892:Planned community
1723:Dark-sky movement
1713:Car-free movement
1687:
1686:
1641:Trip distribution
1577:Regional planning
1530:Urban green space
1498:Land-use planning
1473:Labor market area
1463:Growth management
1438:Metropolitan area
1246:Thames and Hudson
814:, pp. 71â72.
802:, pp. 61â63.
425:Local Authorities
371:with a different
337:Berthold Lubetkin
318:Van Nelle factory
292:Pre-war influence
138:Siegfried Giedion
2610:
2548:
2547:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2466:Land development
2317:
2152:Donald Appleyard
2113:
1863:Mining community
1816:Radical planning
1763:Transition towns
1698:
1514:Spatial planning
1488:
1379:
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1365:
1356:
1311:
1298:
1285:
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1227:
1214:
1201:
1188:
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1163:Philippou (2008)
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1151:Philippou (2008)
1148:
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1118:
1112:
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1091:Philippou (2008)
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1067:Colquhoun (2008)
1064:
1058:
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1046:
1043:Colquhoun (2008)
1040:
1034:
1033:, pp. 8â10.
1031:Colquhoun (2008)
1028:
1022:
1016:
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1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
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959:Colquhoun (2008)
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761:
755:
749:
511:, renaming them
472:Harold Macmillan
456:Park Hill Estate
310:The Radiant City
277:The Radiant City
271:The text of the
266:The Radiant City
87:Sigfried Giedion
50:Charte d'AthĂšnes
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2500:
2496:Social sciences
2456:Urban economics
2428:
2418:
2387:
2361:
2308:
2271:
2235:
2202:Peter Calthorpe
2157:Ebenezer Howard
2118:
2100:
2087:Verticalization
1917:
1825:
1811:Market urbanism
1806:Livable streets
1772:
1693:
1683:
1665:
1622:
1589:
1571:
1539:
1483:
1477:
1416:
1388:
1383:
1345:Wayback Machine
1319:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1282:Canongate Books
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1256:
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601:Jacob B. Bakema
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479:Functional City
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2020:
2015:
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1970:Gentrification
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999:
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983:Mumford (2000)
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902:Mumford (2000)
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892:, p. 208.
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839:Mumford (2000)
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764:Mumford (2000)
756:
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2023:Planning gain
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1887:Model village
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1296:
1295:The MIT Press
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1269:Phaidon Press
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1255:0-500-20201-X
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1139:Curtis (1986)
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1128:
1127:Curtis (1986)
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:Jencks (1978)
1111:
1108:
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1103:Curtis (1986)
1099:
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1075:
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1069:, p. 13.
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967:
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960:
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948:
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937:, p. 77.
936:
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890:Curtis (1986)
886:
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877:, p. 90.
876:
871:
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864:
863:Curtis (1986)
859:
856:
853:, p. 85.
852:
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844:
841:, p. 81.
840:
835:
833:
829:
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824:Curtis (1986)
820:
817:
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796:
793:
790:, p. 60.
789:
784:
781:
778:, p. 25.
777:
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769:
766:, p. 59.
765:
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2593:Le Corbusier
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2508:
2436:Architecture
2409:Nazi Germany
2217:Thomas Adams
2197:Loretta Lees
2192:Le Corbusier
2162:Edmund Bacon
2127:Andrés Duany
2082:Urbanization
2068:Urban sprawl
2033:Rural flight
2013:Permeability
2008:Model cities
1880:Logging camp
1839:Company town
1753:Smart growth
1743:New Urbanism
1707:
1525:Urban design
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1241:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1117:, p. 9.
1110:
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1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
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920:12 September
918:. Retrieved
909:
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714:In 2003 the
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62:Le Corbusier
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2429:disciplines
2252:Jane Jacobs
2177:James Rouse
2058:Urban decay
2043:Third place
2018:Placemaking
1868:Pit village
1858:Global city
628:PruittâIgoe
620:PruittâIgoe
603:designed a
468:milk floats
385:La Rochelle
343:completed
262:resolutions
206:resolutions
110:syndicalist
2567:Categories
2172:Ian McHarg
2117:Theorists/
1894:(New town)
1853:Ghost town
1692:Concepts/
1428:Urban area
1172:References
691:Kafkaesque
444:Alton East
442:built the
333:MARS Group
100:Background
32:Design of
2461:Geography
2373:Barcelona
2352:Singapore
2327:Australia
2320:Countries
1934:Cityscape
1701:Movements
740:Citations
732:High Rise
695:Orwellian
679:Dubrovnik
611:Criticism
345:Highpoint
322:Mart Stam
166:Amsterdam
83:Marseille
2529:Category
2378:Shanghai
2280:Training
1922:Concepts
1913:Boomtown
1903:Arcology
1875:Man camp
1843:Monotown
1796:Ekistics
1778:Theories
1694:theories
1535:Urbanism
1484:branches
1453:Planning
1448:Land use
1402:Theories
1341:Archived
597:Tel Aviv
564:BrasĂlia
537:District
521:District
328:design.
118:Brussels
34:BrasĂlia
2551:Commons
2427:Related
2240:Critics
1993:LEED-ND
1491:General
1421:General
1412:Outline
1397:History
677:at the
663:Charter
655:Charter
397:Charter
389:Charter
369:Charter
2399:Africa
2383:Sydney
2366:Cities
2347:Serbia
2342:Russia
2313:Places
2109:People
2096:Zoning
1979:Infill
1443:Suburb
1252:
722:Trivia
686:utopia
675:Team X
533:Street
517:Street
449:listed
379:France
308:After
188:City.
180:CIAM 4
162:Berlin
151:Moscow
130:ZĂŒrich
79:Athens
46:French
2392:Other
2332:China
1768:YIMBY
1738:NIMBY
1544:Rural
1516:(Eur)
1482:Major
1407:Index
729:book
529:House
513:House
464:Unité
433:Unité
252:book
81:from
54:Greek
1961:(US)
1568:(UK)
1505:(US)
1433:City
1250:ISBN
922:2014
626:The
541:City
539:and
525:City
523:and
492:The
363:The
244:The
224:The
204:and
40:The
2569::
2089:/
2070:/
1986:/
1972:/
1841:/
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1196:.
1183:.
882:^
831:^
519:,
515:,
451:.
375:.
208:.
136:,
52:,
48::
1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
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23:.
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