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1309:, both theoretical and experimental fields have advanced at a rapid pace. This can be attributed to progress in computing technology, which has allowed larger and more sophisticated models of atomic structure and associated collision processes. Similar technological advances in accelerators, detectors, magnetic field generation and
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then the time-scales for atom-atom interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic processes that are generally considered. This means that the individual atoms can be treated as if each were in isolation, as the vast majority of the time they are. By this consideration, atomic physics provides
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If the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will be transferred to an excited state. After a certain time, the electron in an excited state will "jump" (undergo a transition) to a lower state. In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in
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1286:. In seeking to explain atomic spectra, an entirely new mathematical model of matter was revealed. As far as atoms and their electron shells were concerned, not only did this yield a better overall description, i.e. the
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If an inner electron has absorbed more than the binding energy (so that the atom ionizes), then a more outer electron may undergo a transition to fill the inner orbital. In this case, a visible photon or a
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may take place, where the released energy is transferred to another bound electron, causing it to go into the continuum. The Auger effect allows one to multiply ionize an atom with a single photon.
1101:
Atomic physics primarily considers atoms in isolation. Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons. It is not concerned with the formation of
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In the Bohr model, the transition of an electron with n=3 to the shell n=2 is shown, where a photon is emitted. An electron from shell (n=2) must have been removed beforehand by ionization
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in the 18th century. At this stage, it wasn't clear what atoms were, although they could be described and classified by their properties (in bulk). The invention of the
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as to the electronic configurations that can be reached by excitation by light — however, there are no such rules for excitation by collision processes.
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As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of
1035:. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with
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1078:. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics—which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons—and
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One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed of
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Atoms, molecules and photons : an introduction to atomic-, molecular-, and quantum-physics
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208:{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }
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While modelling atoms in isolation may not seem realistic, if one considers atoms in a
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For the classical view of the atom which developed into atomic physics, see
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278:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
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and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises
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The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of
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1188:. The atom is said to have undergone the process of ionization.
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Stanford QFARM Initiative for
Quantum Science & Enginneering
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but can be excited by the absorption of energy from light (
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Joint
Quantum Institute at University of Maryland and NIST
1137:, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms.
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the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus
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and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by
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1093:. Physics research groups are usually so classified.
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Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a
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1149:around the nucleus. These are normally in a
1133:the underlying theory in plasma physics and
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1599:The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra
1578:Condon, E.U. & Shortley, G.H. (1935).
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1313:have greatly assisted experimental work.
1200:is emitted, or a phenomenon known as the
1113:. It is concerned with processes such as
1086:and special properties of atomic nuclei.
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87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1616:Lindgren, I. & Morrison, J. (1986).
50:This article includes a list of general
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2085:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1938:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1688:MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms
1278:. The study of these lines led to the
1091:atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1255:by the British chemist and physicist
7:
1620:(Second ed.). Springer-Verlag.
1561:Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure
1521:Bransden, BH; Joachain, CJ (2002).
1192:energy, since energy is conserved.
1601:. University of California Press.
238:
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1267:was another great step forward.
41:
2059:Timeline of physics discoveries
1525:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
1703:Atomic Physics on the Internet
1582:. Cambridge University Press.
1523:Physics of Atoms and Molecules
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1317:Significant atomic physicists
1580:The Theory of Atomic Spectra
2023:Quantum information science
1559:Herzberg, Gerhard (1979) .
1544:. Oxford University Press.
1261:periodic system of elements
1236:
2101:
1854:Classical electromagnetism
1218:
29:
1597:Cowan, Robert D. (1981).
1409:
1390:
1027:as an isolated system of
1960:Condensed matter physics
1418:Charlotte Froese Fischer
1215:History and developments
1207:There are rather strict
1145:Electrons form notional
1141:Electronic configuration
291:Einstein field equations
1618:Atomic Many-Body Theory
1399:Clinton Joseph Davisson
1054:can be associated with
594:Theories of gravitation
509:Electroweak interaction
71:more precise citations.
2044:Nobel Prize in Physics
1906:Relativistic mechanics
1649:Demtröder, W. (2006).
1369:Post quantum mechanics
1186:conservation of energy
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279:
209:
2049:Philosophy of physics
1713:ORNL Physics Division
1708:JILA (Atomic Physics)
1334:Joseph von Fraunhofer
1323:Pre quantum mechanics
1276:Joseph von Fraunhofer
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472:Philosophy of physics
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2008:Mathematical physics
1655:. Berlin: Springer.
1486:George Paget Thomson
1288:atomic orbital model
1282:and to the birth of
1198:characteristic X-ray
604:Theory of everything
482:Quantum field theory
219:
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1983:Atmospheric physics
1822:Classical mechanics
1750:branches of physics
1563:. New York: Dover.
1135:atmospheric physics
554:Non-linear dynamics
492:Quantum computation
487:Quantum information
361:Satyendra Nath Bose
2039:History of physics
1375:Alexander Dalgarno
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579:General relativity
574:Special relativity
514:Strong interaction
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2054:Physics education
2003:Materials science
1970:Interdisciplinary
1928:Quantum mechanics
1662:978-3-540-32346-4
1627:978-0-387-16649-0
1608:978-0-520-03821-9
1589:978-0-521-09209-8
1570:978-0-486-60115-1
1551:978-0-19-850696-6
1540:Foot, CJ (2004).
1532:978-0-582-35692-4
1349:Ernest Rutherford
1296:quantum chemistry
1284:quantum mechanics
1184:according to the
1084:nuclear reactions
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477:Quantum mechanics
351:Ernest Rutherford
331:Erwin Schrödinger
326:Werner Heisenberg
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1404:Paul A. M. Dirac
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1307:Second World War
1265:Dmitri Mendeleev
1253:chemical element
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1111:condensed matter
1082:, which studies
1076:standard English
1019:is the field of
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539:Condensed matter
504:Weak interaction
499:Electromagnetism
356:Louis de Broglie
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1361:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
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1238:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
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32:atomic theory
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1978:Astrophysics
1942:
1792:Experimental
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1515:Bibliography
1411:Enrico Fermi
1304:
1300:spectroscopy
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1234:
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1202:Auger effect
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1151:ground state
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584:Astrophysics
564:Neurophysics
518:
467:Mathematical
457:Experimental
83:
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55:
1881:Statistical
1797:Theoretical
1774:Engineering
1476:Mike Seaton
1461:Nevill Mott
1444:Ratko Janev
1380:David Bates
1329:John Dalton
1257:John Dalton
1243:written by
1174:bound state
1107:solid state
847:von Neumann
712:Schrödinger
544:Statistical
462:Theoretical
414:Information
287:Schrödinger
69:introducing
2074:Categories
1998:Geophysics
1988:Biophysics
1832:Analytical
1785:Approaches
1636:References
1466:I. I. Rabi
1385:Niels Bohr
1354:Democritus
1305:Since the
1231:Democritus
1119:excitation
1115:ionization
1064:synonymous
964:Categories
757:Heisenberg
717:de Broglie
667:Rutherford
662:Sommerfeld
616:Scientists
559:Biophysics
409:Randomness
346:Paul Dirac
316:Niels Bohr
306:Max Planck
52:references
1948:Molecular
1849:Acoustics
1842:Continuum
1837:Celestial
1827:Newtonian
1814:Classical
1757:Divisions
1671:262692011
1292:chemistry
1103:molecules
1050:The term
1029:electrons
952:Uhlenbeck
942:Zeilinger
902:Gell-Mann
632:Becquerel
589:Cosmology
271:ν
268:μ
259:κ
250:ν
247:μ
239:Λ
231:ν
228:μ
203:⟩
185:ψ
161:ℏ
152:⟩
134:ψ
122:^
1493:See also
1392:Max Born
947:Goudsmit
937:Lawrence
932:Chadwick
927:Shockley
887:'t Hooft
837:Millikan
822:Poincaré
812:Lemaître
682:Einstein
524:Particle
446:Branches
429:Particle
379:Topology
373:Concepts
321:Max Born
300:Founders
2032:Related
1916:General
1911:Special
1769:Applied
1509:Atomism
1155:photons
1072:nuclear
1066:use of
1031:and an
1021:physics
922:Bardeen
892:Veltman
862:Feynman
832:Penrose
827:Wheeler
817:Thomson
802:Hawking
777:Hilbert
772:Moseley
732:Compton
707:Kramers
687:Wilczek
637:Lorentz
627:Röntgen
529:Nuclear
452:Applied
419:Entropy
65:improve
1943:Atomic
1898:Modern
1748:Major
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1311:lasers
1298:) and
1247:Kaṇāda
1147:shells
1130:plasma
1068:atomic
877:Lenard
797:Wigner
787:Jordan
767:Zeeman
742:Walton
642:Planck
622:Witten
519:Atomic
399:Matter
394:Energy
54:, but
1227:atoms
1025:atoms
917:Bragg
912:Raman
882:Salam
852:Higgs
842:Nambu
792:Dirac
782:Gödel
762:Dyson
747:Fermi
737:Pauli
677:Onnes
672:Soddy
647:Curie
424:Light
384:Space
1869:Wave
1764:Pure
1667:OCLC
1657:ISBN
1622:ISBN
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1584:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1117:and
1070:and
1058:and
1045:atom
1041:ions
897:Bell
867:Yang
857:Hahn
727:Bose
722:Laue
702:Bohr
697:Weyl
692:Born
652:Wien
434:Wave
404:Work
389:Time
289:and
1864:Ray
1263:by
1233:or
1157:),
1128:or
1126:gas
1109:as
1074:in
872:Lee
2076::
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194:(
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173:t
170:d
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119:H
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