100:, but the pathogen was exported to other nations within hours. Specifically, the 51 cases confirmed in these four nations grew to 3,320 cases with transatlantic spread after no more than 4.5 hours. This rapid spread of disease forced the attending representatives to grapple with a quickly escalating crisis and revealed difficult tensions between domestic politics and international relations, revealing the need for improving response systems for such a crisis. The scenario was propelled by continual briefings by "Summit Staff", breaking news segments from the “Global News Network”, and private updates for representatives from their “national advisors”. The scenario assumes that the viral ingredients were obtained from a bioweapons facility in Russia. The terrorist group responsible used publicly available knowledge as well as training in US and Indian universities in order to create the strain of smallpox. To spread the virus, members walked around public areas with canisters releasing the virus in high traffic areas.
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countries lack the structure and resources to handle such an outbreak. Therefore, the establishment of more resources and infrastructure is a necessity for the success of future response. Next, entities like the EU and NATO should further develop plans of action for bioterror incidents. Strong international coalitions would ensure that response time in an epidemic is not slowed by complications between neighboring countries. Additionally, many politicians are unaware of the threat of bioterrorism and require more information regarding safety and defense implications. Inclusion of knowledgeable defense authorities and scientists would give politicians the capability to form a response. Finally, the international community should do more, as a whole, to bolster developing countries' resources for defending against epidemics.
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the participants for countries with no infected persons faced pressures to share available vaccine resources with countries currently experiencing outbreaks. As more countries began to experience outbreaks, domestic pressures forced participants to withhold the sharing of vaccines in order to preserve their supply for their own citizens. Other strategies, such as vaccine dilution, became necessary as the amount of those suspected to be infected grew. Participants also considered the viability of closing borders to prevent the further spread of the outbreak to their own countries. Certain dire measures, such as the use of military quarantines, were considered as participants also had the obligation to ensure public safety in civilian populations.
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Some observers raised concerns about the exercise how it was conducted. At the time, the World Health
Organization, whom participants indicated to be the ideal response coordinator, lacked the resources and staffing to handle the effort. Finally, leaders in today's world need to possess experience in
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strategy over a mass vaccination one in order to deal with the small number of those thought to be infected with the smallpox virus. While ring vaccination is recommended for initial control over an outbreak, states may quickly choose to switch to mass vaccination if it is unsuccessful. In addition,
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The rate of infection transmission used by the
Atlantic storm exercise was higher than historical records of smallpox transmission. As a result, most otherwise appropriate measures would still fail in the hypothetical scenario. This raises some concerns with conclusions of Atlantic Storm and its
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At the end of the exercise, participants were given an opportunity to share insights gained during the scenario. The lack of current international strategy and planning represented a shortfall in bioterrorism protection. In addition, members with defense backgrounds warned against the widespread
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Atlantic Storm highlights the importance of international communication and coordination in responding to a bioterrorist attack. Participants of the exercise indicated that the WHO would be the ideal entity to coordinate an international response. In addition, Atlantic Storm proved that most
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homeland security and bioterrorist threats in order to handle a situation similar to the scenario proposed in
Atlantic Storm. The credentials of some participating members were questioned due to a lack of experience in these fields.
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unawareness that bioterrorism presented to safety at home and abroad. They believed that states without adequate protection would pose a dangerous threat to neighboring states with sufficient resources and infrastructure.
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Smith, B. T., Inglesby, T. V., Brimmer, E., Borio, L., Franco, C., Gronvall, G. K., ... & Stern, S. (2005). Navigating the storm: report and recommendations from the
Atlantic Storm exercise.
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It was created in part to reveal the current international state of preparedness and possible political and public health issues that might evolve from such a crisis.
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application to a real world scenario. In addition, some defense research questions the ability of terrorists to create and distribute such a virus.
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Smith; et al. (2005). "Navigating the Storm: Report and
Recommendations from the Atlantic Storm Exercise".
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Eurasia
Counterterrorism Conference on International Cooperation to Combat Bioterrorism - December 2004
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Below are further exercises by other organizations with similar scenarios:
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Biosecurity and
Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science
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Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science
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653:. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
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Interpol Global
Conference on Preventing Bioterrorism - March 2005
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was a ministerial exercise simulating the top-level response to a
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The initial problem facing the participants was whether to use a
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was released in the following major cities in a covert attack:
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incident. The simulation operated on
January 14, 2005, in
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Assessing the biological weapons and bioterrorism threat
363:"Adequate medical countermeasures must be developed"
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Conclusions from the exercise's published documents:
343:"Increased knowledge and awareness are essential"
357:’s authority must be aligned with expectations"
156:Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
48:, and the Transatlantic Biosecurity Network.
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452:. Atlantic Storm. 2005-01-14. Archived from
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482:"Atlantic Storm | A Tabletop Exercise"
108:Participants in the exercise include:
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32:The project was sponsored by the
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226:United States Secretary of State
486:www.centerforhealthsecurity.org
309:Center for Biosecurity of UPMC
40:of the United States, and the
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568:. Atlantic Storm. 2005-01-14.
563:"Center for Health Security"
649:Leitenberg, Milton (2005).
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399:Black ICE - September 2005
350:security must look abroad"
34:Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
404:Criticisms and weaknesses
355:World Health Organization
340:"Preparation will matter"
42:Nuclear Threat Initiative
711:2005 in Washington, D.C.
450:"Center for Biosecurity"
214:Prime Minister of Sweden
202:Prime Minister of Poland
128:Prime Minister of Canada
46:Johns Hopkins University
178:Prime Minister of Italy
604:10.1089/bsp.2005.3.256
534:. 2005. Archived from
270:Discussion Moderator
245:Gro Harlem Brundtland
233:Sir Nigel Broomfield
38:German Marshall Fund
168:President of France
144:European Commission
523:"Scenario Players"
307:CEO and Director,
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174:Stefano Silvestri
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460:2013-10-19
417:References
266:Nik Gowing
135:Erika Mann
96:, and the
631:State.gov
140:President
74:Frankfurt
66:Rotterdam
23:bioterror
669:63145957
612:16181048
348:Homeland
330:Findings
62:Istanbul
58:smallpox
52:Scenario
283:of the
142:of the
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94:Sweden
90:Turkey
80:, and
70:Warsaw
36:, the
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539:(PDF)
526:(PDF)
353:"The
117:Role
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655:ISBN
608:PMID
600:doi
251:WHO
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