Atlantic hurricane - Knowledge (XXG)

2271: 915: 1874: 1770: 1819: 1794: 1500: 1753: 1675: 1627: 6525: 2346: 1940: 1467:. During the quiescent periods (3000–1400 BC, and 1000 AD to present), a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered toward the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period (1400 BC to 1000 AD), more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in 718: 2159: 43: 6539: 851: 77: 1955: 2143: 779:" can be used interchangeably to describe this weather phenomenon. These storms are continuously rotating around a low pressure center, which causes stormy weather across a large area, which is not limited to just the eye of the storm. They are organized systems of clouds and thunderstorms that originate over tropical or subtropical waters and have closed low-level circulation, and should not be confused with 1179:) was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 165 knots (190 mph; 305 km/h). However, these measurements are suspect, since instrumentation used to document wind speeds at the time was likely to succumb to winds of such intensity. Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes. 5481: 2291:(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900–2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage. The 1970s and 1980s had low amounts of damage compared to other decades. The decade 1996–2005 has the second most damage among the past 11 decades, with only the decade of 1926–1935 surpassing its costs. The most damaging single storm is the 2789: 1253:. Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 hPa at landfall, as did Camille, making their landfalls tied as the second strongest. Hurricane Dean also made landfall on the peninsula, but it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history. 2299:

destruction and remote landfall limit the number of intense hurricanes in the official record before the era of hurricane reconnaissance aircraft and satellite meteorology. However, the record shows a distinct increase in the number and strength of intense hurricanes; therefore, experts regard the early data as suspect.

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These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin. Before the satellite era began in 1960, tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected, unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one, a ship reported a voyage through the storm, or a storm landed in a populated area.

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It has been observed that a poleward migration exists for the paths of maximum intensity of tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic, as shown by research on the latitudes at which recent tropical cyclones in the Atlantic are reaching maximum intensity. The data indicates that during the past thirty

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in 2007. It was a small hurricane that formed and intensified faster than any other tropical cyclone on record before landfall. Developing on September 12, 2007, in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone strengthened and struck High Island, Texas, with winds of about 90 mph (145 km/h)

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Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the end date for the hurricane season. December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of

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reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early eighteenth century and found five periods averaging 3–5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40–60 years, and six others averaging 1.5–2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10–20 years. These periods are associated with

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Although the hurricane season is defined as beginning on June 1 and ending on November 30, tropical cyclones have formed in every month of the year. Since 1870, there have been 32 off-season cyclones, 18 of which occurred in May. In the same period, nine storms formed in December, three in

1785:. The month of September sees an average of 3 storms a year. By September 24, the average Atlantic season features 7 named tropical storms, including 4 hurricanes. In addition, two major hurricanes occur on average by 28 September. Relatively few tropical cyclones make landfall at these intensities. 2257:

While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend. The annual number of tropical cyclones worldwide remains about 87 ± 10. However, the ability of climatologists to make long-term data analyses in certain basins is limited by the lack of

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estimated an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910. These undercounts roughly take into account the typical size of tropical cyclones, the density of shipping tracks over the Atlantic basin, and the amount of

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between June 1 and November 30, which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on an

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or demise. However, three of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest, most powerful land falling hurricanes – three of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute the three most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day

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Coast varies on timescales of centuries to millennia. A few major hurricanes struck the Gulf Coast during 3000–1400 BC and during the most recent millennium. These quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period between 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by

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A decrease in wind shear from July to August contributes to an increase in tropical activity. An average of 2.8 Atlantic tropical storms develop annually in August. On average, four named tropical storms, including one hurricane, occur by August 30, and the first intense hurricane develops by 4

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According to the Azores High hypothesis, an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic coast. During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the

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are also cooler than in September. In October, only 1.8 cyclones develop on average, despite a climatological secondary peak around 20 October. By 21 October, the average season features 9 named storms with 5 hurricanes. A third major hurricane occurs after September 28 in half of all Atlantic

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was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity. Both Zeta and Alice were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006. No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in

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Partially because of the threat of hurricanes, some coastal regions had sparse populations between major ports until the advent of automobile tourism; therefore, the most severe portions of hurricanes striking the coast may have gone unmeasured in some instances. The combined effects of ship

1898:), tropical cyclones formed in the North Atlantic Ocean both during or before May and during December. 1887 holds the record for being the year with the most storms outside the hurricane season, with four off-season storms having occurred during it. However, high vertical wind shear and low 790:

Tropical cyclones can be categorized by intensity. Tropical storms have one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 39 mph (34 knots, 17 m/s, 63 km/h), while hurricanes must achieve the target of one-minute maximum sustained winds that is 75mph or more (64 knots,

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hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast, as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in

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suggests that hurricane activity increased significantly during the past 500–1000 years, just as the Gulf Coast was amid a quiescent period during the last millennium. Evidence also shows that the average latitude of hurricane impacts has been steadily shifting northward towards

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The official record, therefore, may lack mentions of storms in which no ship experienced gale-force winds, recognized it as a tropical storm (as opposed to a high-latitude extra-tropical cyclone, a tropical wave, or a brief squall), returned to port, and reported the experience.

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in the Pacific Ocean. El Niño events increase the wind shear over the Atlantic, producing a less favorable environment for formation and decreasing tropical activity in the Atlantic basin. Conversely, La Niña causes an increase in activity due to a decrease in wind shear.

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was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane – a tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 115 mph (185 km/h) – however, following post-storm analysis, it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength, which made

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The number of $ 1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold. The increases have been attributed to climate change and to greater numbers of people moving to coastal

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reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west-to-east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.

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Categories 3 to 5). This trend is particularly strong in the North Atlantic, where the probability of cyclones reaching Category 3 or higher increased by 49% per decade. This is consistent with the theoretical understanding of the link between

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Since 1851, a total of 81 tropical storms and hurricanes formed in June. During this period, two of these systems developed in the deep tropics east of the Lesser Antilles. Since 1870, three major hurricanes have formed during June, such as

2326:, 19 tropical storms formed, of which a record 4 occurred after November 1; 11 of the storms strengthened into hurricanes. Few hurricanes occurred from the 1840s to 1860s; however, many struck in the early 19th century, including an 1830:

increases throughout November, generally preventing cyclone formation. On average, one tropical storm forms during every other November. On rare occasions, a major hurricane occurs. The few intense hurricanes in November include the

1211:, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone before 1950. Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using 814:

Until the mid-1900s, storms were named arbitrarily. From that period on, they were exclusively given feminine names, until 1979, when storms began being given both male and female names. The practice of naming storms from a

894:, a high-pressure system that usually extends east–west across the subtropics. South of the subtropical ridge, surface easterly winds (blowing from east to west) prevail. If the subtropical ridge is weakened by an upper 873:, used analogies such as "a leaf carried along in a stream" or a "brick moving through a river of air" to describe the way atmospheric flow affects the path of a hurricane across the ocean. Specifically, air flow around 3669: 4373:

Landsea, C. W.; et al. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.).

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became the strongest Atlantic hurricane recorded after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg) in October 2005; this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the

783:, which are just another type of cyclone. They form over low pressure systems. In the North Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used, whereas "typhoon" is used in the Western Pacific near 3842: 1810:

tropical cyclone seasons. In contrast to mid-season activity, the mean locus of formation shifts westward to the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, reversing the eastward progression of June through August.

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at the request of the affected nations to prevent confusion. On average, 14 named storms occur each season in the North Atlantic basin, with 7 becoming hurricanes and 3 becoming major hurricanes (

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years, the peak intensity of these storms has shifted poleward in both hemispheres at a rate of approximately 60 km per decade, amounting to approximately one degree of latitude per decade.

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Few above-normal hurricane seasons occurred from 1970 to 1994, and even less have occurred since 1995. Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926 to 1960, especially in New England. In

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has started to use the same scale as the North Atlantic Ocean for tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean and assign names to those that reach 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph).

1713:. Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move towards the north and curve near the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north-westward track and enter the 1662:. Audrey attained an intensity greater than that of any Atlantic tropical cyclone during June or July until Hurricanes Dennis and Emily of 2005. The easternmost forming storm during June, 1686:

during July. From an average of Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons from 1944 to 1996, the first tropical storm in half of the seasons occurred by 11 July, and a second formed by 8 August.

2119:, respectively; both caused $ 125 billion in damages in their respective years. However, when adjusted for inflation, Katrina is the costliest, with $ 161 billion in damages. 1855:

strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane in early November 2020, becoming the third most intense tropical cyclone in November, and made landfall in Central America. In that same year,

1439:. These are known as baroclinically induced tropical cyclones. There is a strong correlation between the amount of Atlantic hurricane activity in the tropics and the presence of an 2322:, which saw 28 and 30 storms, respectively. Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900–25; however, many intense storms formed during 1870–99. During the 2008:

were once thought to have 8 and 7 respectively, but re-analysis showed that several storms during both seasons were weaker than thought, and thus the records are now held by the

1186:, the strongest Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 hPa (27.05 inHg), a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes. 3885: 3046: 2643: 2287:, a "recent increase in societal impact from tropical cyclones has largely been caused by rising concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal regions." Pielke 1520:. As of September 2021, there have been 88 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being Tropical Storm Ana in May 2021. The first tropical cyclone of the 3164:

Liu, Kam-biu; Fearn, Miriam L. (2000). "Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records".

4464: 3666: 902:). Poleward of the subtropical ridge, westerly winds prevail and generally move tropical cyclones that reach northern latitudes toward the east. The westerlies also move 1491:

suggests that hurricane activity has increased significantly during the past 500–1000 years, just as the Gulf coast was amid a quiescent period of the last millennium.

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through the Gulf coast. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis. A 3,000-year proxy record from a coastal lake in

1642:, and other thermodynamic factors. Although June marks the beginning of the hurricane season, generally little activity occurs during the month, with an average of 1 1487:

through the Gulf coast. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis. A 3000-year proxy record from a coastal lake in

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Although most storms are found within tropical latitudes, occasionally storms will form further north and east due to disturbances other than tropical waves such as

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is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and

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share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (26.72 inHg). The tenth place for the most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone is

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hurricanes; their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5 times. This millennial-scale variability has been attributed to long-term shifts in the position of the

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Since 1851, a total of 105 tropical storms have formed during July. Since 1870, ten of these storms reached major hurricane intensity; out of them, only

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hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, making it the most intense Atlantic landfall. Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the

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at first and seventh respectively. However, with a barometric pressure of 26.43 inHg, Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the

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McCloskey, T. A.; Knowles, J. T. (2009). "Migration of the tropical cyclone zone throughout the Holocene". In Elsner, J. B.; Jagger, T. H. (eds.).

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Between 1979 and 2019, the intensity of tropical cyclones increased; globally, tropical cyclones are 8% more likely to reach major intensities (

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the new record holder, as it became a major hurricane on June 8. Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season,

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The Dealiest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts).

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The 20-year average of the number of annual Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic region has approximately doubled since the year 2000.

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on record after it reached 115 mph on June 27. However, reanalysis from 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making

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The subtropical ridge (in the Pacific) shows up as a large area of black (dryness) on this water vapor satellite image from September 2000

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that made landfall over New York City. Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as Category 4 in strength.

888:, tropical storms and hurricanes generally move westward with a slight tendency toward the north due to being under the influence of the 6227: 6220: 6153: 6107: 3321: 1752: 1603:(October 27 – November 1, 1961) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented, as was 647: 1499: 1171:. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, 824: 6315: 6261: 4921: 1975: 1801:

The favorable conditions found during September begin to decay in October. The main reason for the decrease in activity is increasing

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began in 1953. Since storm names may be used repeatedly, hurricanes that result in significant damage or casualties may have their

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in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity, as it did so on December 30. However, the second

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509, 349–352 (15 May 2014) doi:10.1038/nature13278, received 21 October 2013 accepted 21 March 2014 published online 14 May 2014

3353:(FAQ). 4.5. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 3291:(FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 2865: 2819:(FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 1905:

Among the tropical cyclones that formed in December, the lifespan of two continued into January of the following calendar year:

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Probability of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength at a specific date, expressed as systems per 100 years

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serves to characterize the general properties of an average season and can be used for making forecasts. Most storms form from

31: 6268: 2390: 2385: 2360: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2116: 2112: 2076: 2043: 2032: 2028: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1914: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1741: 1733: 1725: 1659: 1615: 1604: 1591: 1586: 1550: 1542: 1533: 1521: 1405: 1176: 1143: 1128: 1110: 1089: 1068: 1047: 1026: 1005: 984: 963: 4432: 3712: 2986: 898:, a tropical cyclone may turn poleward (north) and then recurve (curve back toward the northeast into the main belt of the 3475: 2137: 1200: 803:

weather systems for the North Atlantic Basin and issues reports, watches, and warnings. It is considered to be one of the

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in late October and early November 1932 (the strongest November hurricane on record, peaking as a Category 5 hurricane),

52: 6565: 6173: 6052: 5626: 5510: 5408: 5053: 4858: 3691: 2405: 2375: 3506: 3260:. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1 June 2023. 2671: 787:. The more general term "cyclone" is used in the rest of the ocean basins, namely the South Pacific and Indian Ocean. 6379: 6361: 5963: 5647: 5549: 5380: 4593: 3448: 2698: 2083: 1913:

in 2005–06. Seven tropical or subtropical cyclones formed in January, two of which became Category 1 hurricanes: the

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A low amount of tropical activity occurs during July, but the majority of hurricane seasons see the formation of one

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was also the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States, causing historic and catastrophic flooding in

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Typical locations and tracks of tropical systems in June; blue is likely, green more likely, and orange most likely

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is usually too weak to initiate sufficient rotation near the equator. Storms frequently form in the waters of the

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strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane on November 16, becoming the second most intense hurricane in November.

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Higuera-Gundy, Antonia; et al. (1999). "A 10,300 C yr Record of Climate and Vegetation Change from Haiti".

2939: 2914: 2246: 1195:, where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures; one of these hurricanes was 6529: 5861: 5654: 5605: 4983: 3730: 3538:

SUMMARY OF 2005 ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY AND VERIFICATION OF AUTHOR’S SEASONAL AND MONTHLY FORECASTS.

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Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification.

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off the coast of the eastern United States wherever water temperatures exceed 26.5 °C (79.7 °F).

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became the first storm of hurricane strength to be recorded in the South Atlantic Ocean. Since 2011, the

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This article is about North Atlantic tropical cyclones. For tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic, see

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The least active season on record since 1946 (when the database is considered more reliable) was the

1736:, attained Category 5 hurricane status. The easternmost forming storm and longest-lived during July, 1250: 895: 671: 269: 4407: 3688:"Frequently Asked Questions: G4) Why do tropical cyclones occur primarily in the summer and autumn?" 3400:"Reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 Atlantic hurricane seasons completed: 10 new tropical storms discovered" 3399: 2770: 6130: 6091: 6026: 5805: 5728: 5619: 5612: 5577: 5517: 5496: 5462: 5079: 5043: 4436: 3266:(click on "What is the Total Number of Hurricanes and Average Number of Hurricanes in Each Month?") 2300: 1832: 1611: 1168: 717: 666: 563: 502: 328: 5365: 5432: 5314: 5209: 5084: 5048: 4963: 4953: 4319: 4199: 4166: 3979: 3235: 3189: 2205: 2197: 1484: 1472: 1456: 1196: 835: 316: 223: 184: 2553: 2233:

the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Throughout the periods, a decadal oscillation related to

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The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50–70 year cycle known as the

1610:, but both were later downgraded during subsequent reanalysis. Reanalysis also indicated that a 1524:, which formed on January 3, became the earliest-forming tropical storm, as post-hurricane 795:

form between August 1 and November 30, when most tropical disturbances occur. The United States

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Kossin, James P.; Knapp, Kenneth R.; Olander, Timothy L.; Velden, Christopher S. (2020-05-18).

3373: 3320:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. 3146:

Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast

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was the costliest and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States.

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The most intense hurricane (by barometric pressure) on record in the North Atlantic basin was

2017: 1945: 1508: 1464: 1222: 1204: 1084: 1063: 979: 890: 878: 568: 4097:"Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades" 6543: 6168: 5756: 4805: 4799: 4601: 4505: 4311: 4230: 4183: 4134: 4116: 4044: 3997: 3969: 3314: 3227: 3181: 3100: 2934: 2234: 2108: 1960: 1848: 1683: 1655: 1643: 1634:

The beginning of the hurricane season is most closely related to the timing of increases in

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reached Category 5 intensity later than any other hurricane on record in the Atlantic.

1600: 1558: 1546: 1241:, which is listed to have deepened to a pressure as low as 908 mbar (26.81 inHg). 858: 850: 792: 764: 732: 446: 333: 245: 88: 2987:"Post Storm Data Acquisition – Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data" 2685:

Frequently Asked Questions: Subject G6 - What determines the movement of tropical cyclones?

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was responsible for enhancing or dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1–2 per year.

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The largest hurricane (in gale diameter winds) on record to form in the North Atlantic was

76: 5868: 5763: 5742: 5700: 5455: 5293: 5094: 4704: 3950:"Spatial Variations in Major U.S. Hurricane Activity: Statistics and a Physical Mechanism" 3673: 2560: 2054: 2039: 2021: 1836: 1729: 1690: 1595: 1238: 1230: 1192: 1187: 1172: 1138: 1105: 1042: 958: 639: 414: 117: 5945: 4474: 3881: 4352: 4112: 4081: 4040: 3965: 3223: 3177: 3096: 2930: 1954: 865:(the atmospheric layer ranging from the ground to about eight miles (13 km) high). 59:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6421: 5826: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5721: 5707: 5693: 5668: 5661: 5332: 4657: 4573: 4440: 4139: 4096: 3812: 3345:"A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?" 2176: 2072: 1856: 1844: 1714: 1694: 1647: 1607: 1460: 1413: 1409: 1234: 1226: 1218: 1207:, which held the record for the most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years. The 1183: 1123: 1021: 839: 722: 629: 463: 3423: 1843:

in late November 1985, which was the latest major hurricane formation on record until

6559: 6346: 6300: 5996: 5791: 5749: 5735: 5542: 5370: 5339: 5089: 5033: 4868: 4666: 4162: 3983: 3906: 3483: 3239: 3193: 2960: 2869: 2839: 2793: 1852: 1702: 1436: 1397: 874: 585: 539: 485: 434: 321: 4203: 3348: 3286: 2814: 2314:, twenty-one Atlantic tropical storms formed; the only years with more of them were 6433: 6351: 6310: 5931: 5924: 5910: 5903: 5889: 5847: 5833: 5819: 5798: 5360: 5300: 5234: 4863: 4785: 4780: 4613: 4578: 4526: 2218: 2201: 2142: 2031:, with four tropical storms, two hurricanes, and one major hurricane. Overall, the 1476: 475: 399: 230: 17: 3882:"Table 2. The thirty deadliest mainland United States tropical cyclones 1900–2000" 2450: 2096:

The deadliest hurricane to make landfall on the continental United States was the

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Atlantic storms are becoming more financially destructive, since five of the ten

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over the past few centuries. This change has been sped up in modern times due to

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that forms in the Atlantic Ocean primarily between June and November. The terms "

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of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8, 2005. The earliest-forming

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Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened before their eventual

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The intensity of a tropical cyclone is generally determined by either a storm's

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reliable historical data in some basins, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere.

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in the east Pacific; it had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is

6496: 6486: 6465: 6426: 6138: 6057: 5074: 5028: 4993: 4559: 4277:(Press release). World Meteorological Organization. 2006-12-04. Archived from 3050: 3018: 2370: 2341: 2047: 1827: 1802: 1778: 1777:

The peak of the hurricane season occurs in September and corresponds with low

1444: 1440: 1432: 1417: 1416:, the Caribbean, the tropical Atlantic Ocean, and in areas as far east as the 899: 866: 619: 602: 544: 492: 355: 291: 286: 279: 206: 201: 159: 147: 4130: 3687: 3344: 3282: 3114: 2810: 2684: 2647: 6460: 6416: 6396: 6112: 6001: 5239: 5155: 5150: 5142: 4998: 4888: 4883: 4831: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4539: 4534: 4225:

The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity

4187: 4121: 3910: 3868: 3510: 2697:

Leonhardt, David; Moses, Claire; Philbrick, Ian Prasad (29 September 2022).

2425:

A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the

1212: 768: 614: 609: 404: 394: 306: 274: 257: 218: 196: 152: 4195: 4148: 3231: 3185: 2612:"Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima" 2478: 1851:

was a Category 4 storm that made landfall in Cuba in early November 2008.

6481: 6374: 6369: 5375: 5251: 4838: 4826: 4731: 4631: 4049: 2209: 1706: 1488: 1480: 1245: 409: 1882:

April, and one each in January, February, and March. During four years (

6438: 6214: 5219: 5113: 4930: 4821: 4795: 4756: 4692: 4623: 4544: 2451:"What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon?" 2068: 1698: 1401: 885: 800: 780: 776: 772: 575: 453: 441: 389: 372: 343: 301: 264: 211: 140: 96: 2913:

Willoughby, H.E.; Masters, J. M.; Landsea, C. W. (December 1, 1989).

1981:

The season in which the most tropical storms formed on record is the

1902:

generally preclude tropical cyclone formation during the off-season.

377: 365: 360: 127: 122: 112: 105: 4025:"Multidecadal variability of Atlantic hurricane activity: 1851–2007" 4024: 3080: 2868:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University. Archived from 3480:

Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands

2915:"A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert" 2699:"Ian Moves North / Category 4 and 5 Atlantic hurricanes since 1980" 5214: 4958: 4652: 4606: 3482:. Coast and Beach Stability in the Lesser Antilles. Archived from 2269: 2193: 2157: 2141: 1964: 1872: 1817: 1792: 1768: 1751: 1673: 1625: 1498: 1468: 913: 861:

are steered by flows surrounding them throughout the depth of the

849: 580: 517: 179: 172: 75: 4465:

Current map of mean sea level air pressures in the North Atlantic

3019:"TC FAQ: E17: How many hurricanes have there been in each month?" 2792:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2586: 4789: 3726:"Hurricane Iota makes landfall in Nicaragua as Category 4 storm" 3054: 2651: 2550: 2151: 784: 597: 497: 480: 458: 384: 5404: 5168: 4903: 4478: 3315:"Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT" 2221:

heating up, especially from fossil fuel-caused climate change.

2175:

research have revealed that major hurricane activity along the

1989:

was the one in which the most hurricanes formed on record (15).

3667:

Climatology of Vertical Wind Shear Over the Tropical Atlantic.

2064:, which lasted for 27 days and 18 hours as a tropical cyclone. 1921:

in 2016. No major hurricanes have occurred in the off-season.

592: 36: 4297:"Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005" 3025:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2010-04-22 2845:(Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center 2184:, which may also be linked to changes in the strength of the 1689:

Formation usually occurs in the eastern Caribbean around the

4222:

Kossin, James P., Emanuel, Kerry A, and Vecchi, Gabriel A.,

3129:

Effect of El Niño on U.S. Landfalling Hurricanes, Revisited.

3079:

Christopher A. Davis & Lance F. Bosart (November 2003).

3051:"Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?" 2204:

during the late-Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the

1475:

years BP, and a change towards more humid conditions in the

80:

Tracks of North Atlantic tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2019

4469: 4272:"Summary Statement on Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change" 3975:

10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2293:SVIMUS>2.0.CO;2

3713:

Graph showing average activity during the hurricane Season.

2940:

10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2824:ARMSLP>2.0.CO;2

2811:"E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?" 4378:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. 3106:

10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2730:BITC>2.0.CO;2

2892:"Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951–2024" 2057:(2012) with a gale diameter of 870 miles (1,400 km). 2035:

remains the least active, with only one documented storm.

1646:

every 2 years. Tropical systems usually form in the

1503:

Atlantic tropical storm and hurricane frequency, by month

1459:, an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the 3948:

Elsner, James B.; Liu, Kam-biu; Kocher, Bethany (2000).

1516:

average of every few years, a tropical cyclone develops

4249:"Population Growth Is Making Hurricanes More Expensive" 3843:"Tropics: Nadine finally done, while Oscar strengthens" 3797: