536:. They prefer water temperatures over 15 °C (59 °F) and can tolerate temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F). These stingrays conduct seasonal migrations to stay in warmer water: they are only present in the northerly Chesapeake bay in the summer and fall, and elsewhere they migrate to deeper water in the winter. When inshore, they usually stay at depths of 2–6 m (6.6–19.7 ft), and after migrating offshore they may be found as deep as 25 m (82 ft).
75:
217:
586:
31:
50:
454:
577:. The coloration is brown or yellowish brown above, becoming lighter towards the margin of the disk and sometimes with a dark stripe along the midline, and white or light gray below. The tail fin folds are yellowish. In larger individuals the tail may be flecked with gray near the base and completely dark towards the tip.
747:
of 4–4.5 months. Newborns measure 10–13 centimetres (3.9–5.1 in) wide. Marine males mature at a disk width of 20 cm (7.9 in) and females at a disk width of 24 cm (9.4 in). Freshwater males mature at a disk width of 21 cm (8.3 in) and females at a disk width of
820:
Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Blanco-Parra, M.P.; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Furtado, M.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Rosa, R.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J. (2020).
560:
are rounded, with a flat, blunt surface. During the reproductive season, the teeth of mature males change to feature long, sharp cusps that curve towards the corners of the mouth, for gripping onto females during mating. The
692:. This may be due to the relatively recent date of freshwater colonization (under one million years), and/or possibly incomplete genetic isolation of the freshwater populations, as they remain capable of surviving in
627:. The exact composition of their diet varies by geographical location. When feeding, these rays will position themselves facing the current so that the sediment will be washed away. Numerous species of
565:
is long and whip-like, with a serrated spine measuring a quarter of the width of the disk. The spine is replaced annually between June and
October. Dorsal and ventral fin folds are present on the tail.
731:
does not occur until late March or early April. Courtship involves the male following the female and biting at her body and fins, and the male will grip onto the female's pectoral fin to assist in
743:
until around day 60, after which they are nourished by uterine milk secreted by the mother (histotrophy). Litters of 1–4 young are born from late July to early August, after a
544:
One of the smallest stingray species, the
Atlantic stingray attains a maximum length of 61 cm (24 in) and a weight of 4.9 kg (11 lb). It has a spade-shaped
569:
Larger
Atlantic stingrays develop tubercles or thorns along the midline of the back to the origin of the tail spine. Some larger females also develop tubercles around the
1643:
1592:
1460:
1313:
1633:
1579:
1434:
1274:
756:
If stepped on, the
Atlantic stingray can inflict a painful, though rarely life-threatening wound. Large numbers of Atlantic stingrays are caught as
1473:
1326:
1057:
1653:
1125:"Reproductive Life History of the Atlantic Stingray, Dasyatis Sabina (Pisces, Dasyatidae), in the Freshwater St. Johns River, Florida"
996:
Rosenberger, L.J.; Schaefer, S. A. (August 6, 2001). Schaefer, S. A. (ed.). "Phylogenetic
Relationships within the Stingray Genus
1605:
1525:
1352:
880:
1648:
1163:
Snelson Jr., F.F.; Williams-Hooper, S.E. & Schmid, T.H. (Aug 3, 1988). "Reproduction and
Ecology of the Atlantic Stingray,
940:
553:
1478:
799:. However, some localized freshwater populations have shown reduced health and reproduction due to declining water quality.
1124:
916:
319:. It may be distinguished from other stingrays in the area by its relatively elongated snout. This species is of little
1235:
355:
1318:
339:
206:
1013:
74:
796:
772:, but most are released alive. They are also caught as bycatch in small numbers in recreational and commercial
1203:
574:
1240:
624:
406:
189:
1517:
1357:
868:
1610:
1530:
1408:
1399:
964:
Lesueur, C.A. (1824). "Description of several species of the
Linnaean genus Raia, of North America".
732:
497:
are doubtful and may represent other species. The
Atlantic stingray is capable of tolerating varying
394:
320:
845:
647:), are major predators of the Atlantic stingray. In freshwater habitats, they may be preyed upon by
351:
39:
1491:
1184:
1105:
1025:
1017:
648:
510:
422:
383:
229:
69:
1597:
1465:
1638:
1566:
1421:
1339:
1248:
1097:
1053:
506:
430:
414:
156:
1344:
1176:
1089:
1009:
840:
744:
705:
689:
286:
1305:
1499:
514:
282:
216:
146:
1413:
585:
30:
769:
685:
681:
676:
Despite having a regular freshwater presence, the
Atlantic stingray is physiologically
621:
548:
disk 1.1 times as wide as long, with rounded corners and concave anterior margins. The
474:
466:
462:
438:
301:
126:
116:
822:
791:
targeting this species and bycatch mortality appears to be low, it was assessed as of
521:. The stingrays in the St. Johns River system represent the only permanent freshwater
1627:
1300:
1076:
Piermarini, P.M. & Evans, D.H. (1998). "Osmoregulation of the
Atlantic Stingray (
936:
831:
792:
617:
297:
59:
54:
1029:
1571:
1426:
1253:
1146:
1109:
605:
597:
545:
522:
350:. He based his account on a damaged male specimen collected by American naturalist
1557:
1226:
1486:
1447:
1393:
1287:
632:
398:
362:. Since then, various authors have included this species in the obsolete genera
720:
677:
666:
640:
613:
502:
453:
336:
313:
289:
1384:
708:
between their internal fluids and external environment still causes water to
780:
728:
86:
1504:
1101:
528:
This species inhabits shallow coastal waters over sandy or silty bottoms,
1551:
1378:
1261:
1220:
949:
765:
740:
701:
693:
656:
609:
498:
490:
478:
324:
309:
293:
136:
106:
727:
have an annual mating season from September or October to April, though
1584:
1439:
1279:
1266:
1188:
1021:
788:
761:
757:
724:
709:
661:
601:
594:
529:
518:
486:
470:
359:
316:
278:
166:
1292:
696:. Freshwater Atlantic stingrays have only 30–50% the concentration of
1452:
1175:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 729–739.
986:. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. 370–378.
736:
494:
482:
305:
96:
1197:
1180:
712:
into their bodies, and they must produce large quantities of dilute
1093:
1080:) from the Freshwater Lake Jesup of the St. Johns River, Florida".
1512:
784:
777:
773:
713:
670:
628:
584:
557:
549:
452:
410:
402:
1331:
697:
570:
562:
533:
1201:
1050:
Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes
716:(at 10 times the rate of marine individuals) to compensate.
704:
in their blood compared to marine populations. However, the
1014:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2
393:
A 2001 phylogenetic analysis by Lisa Rosenberger, based on
966:
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
348:
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1043:
1041:
1039:
921:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
1123:
Johnson, Michael R.; Snelson Jr., Franklin F. (1996).
1071:
1069:
397:, found that the Atlantic stingray is one of the more
457:
The Atlantic stingray is found over fine substrates.
1541:
1368:
1210:
846:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60158A124445557.en
719:Like other stingrays, the Atlantic stingray is
680:and no population has evolved the specialized
461:The Atlantic Stingray is found in the western
335:The Atlantic stingray was described by French
1048:McEachran, J.D. & Fechhelm, J.D. (1998).
8:
984:Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2
723:. Both marine and freshwater populations in
1198:
931:
929:
552:is relatively long. There are three stout
215:
48:
29:
20:
982:Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder (1953).
844:
1644:Taxa named by Charles Alexandre Lesueur
807:
917:Biological Profiles: Atlantic Stingray
815:
813:
811:
593:The Atlantic stingray feeds mostly on
1082:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
236:
7:
1518:F5E162C7-4818-92FC-5E0E-5671DA1C73A6
659:of freshwater Atlantic stingrays is
1634:IUCN Red List least concern species
832:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
413:that contains, amongst others, the
14:
881:World Register of Marine Species
620:, which they locate using their
505:; it has been reported from the
73:
1167:, in Florida Coastal Lagoons".
1000:(Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)".
556:on the floor of the mouth; the
485:. Records of this species from
382:, all of which were eventually
224:Range of the Atlantic stingray
915:Passarelli, N. and Piercy, A.
1:
1153:. Retrieved on March 8, 2009.
1052:. University of Texas Press.
923:. Retrieved on March 9, 2009.
525:population in North America.
323:, other than for sale in the
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
346:, in an 1824 volume of the
1670:
1654:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
1129:Bulletin of Marine Science
748:22 cm (8.7 in).
653:Alligator mississippiensis
589:A fetal Atlantic stingray
340:Charles Alexandre Lesueur
235:
228:
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
939:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
867:Bailly, Nicolas (2017).
797:World Conservation Union
684:mechanisms found in the
449:Distribution and habitat
443:Fontitrygon margaritella
1649:Fish described in 1824
839:: e.T60158A124445557.
590:
458:
358:'s 1817 expedition to
331:Taxonomy and phylogeny
953:. March 2009 version.
625:ampullae of Lorenzini
588:
456:
427:Bathytoshia centroura
321:commercial importance
239:Amphotistius sabinus
739:are sustained by a
669:that feeds on skin
649:American alligators
645:Carcharhinas leucas
581:Biology and ecology
352:Titian Ramsay Peale
292:, common along the
40:Conservation status
752:Human interactions
591:
511:Lake Pontchartrain
459:
423:roughtail stingray
24:Atlantic stingray
1621:
1620:
1340:Open Tree of Life
1204:Taxon identifiers
1147:Atlantic stingray
1059:978-0-292-75206-1
787:. As there is no
637:Galeocerdo cuvier
507:Mississippi River
431:longnose stingray
415:southern stingray
370:(or the variants
269:Atlantic stingray
265:
264:
259:
251:
243:
63:
1661:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1160:
1154:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1034:
1033:
993:
987:
980:
974:
973:
961:
955:
954:
933:
924:
913:
892:
891:
889:
887:
873:(Lesueur, 1824)"
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
848:
817:
783:, and nearshore
745:gestation period
706:osmotic pressure
690:Potamotrygonidae
622:electroreceptive
257:
250:(Lesueur, 1824)
249:
242:(Lesueur, 1824)
241:
219:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1500:Observation.org
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1414:Dasyatis_sabina
1412:
1407:
1400:Hypanus sabinus
1398:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:Dasyatis sabina
1364:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1212:Hypanus sabinus
1206:
1196:
1181:10.2307/1445395
1165:Dasyatis sabina
1162:
1161:
1157:
1151:Elasm-diver.com
1144:
1140:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1078:Dasyatis sabina
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1037:
995:
994:
990:
981:
977:
963:
962:
958:
943:Dasyatis sabina
935:
934:
927:
914:
895:
885:
883:
871:Hypanus sabinus
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
825:Hypanus sabinus
819:
818:
809:
805:
754:
686:river stingrays
583:
542:
515:St. Johns River
477:, to as far as
451:
401:members of its
386:with the genus
333:
274:Hypanus sabinus
247:Dasyatis sabina
210:
203:
199:Hypanus sabinus
197:
184:
181:H. sabinus
147:Myliobatiformes
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1390:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1232:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1155:
1138:
1115:
1094:10.1086/515973
1088:(5): 553–560.
1065:
1058:
1035:
1008:(3): 615–627.
988:
975:
956:
937:Froese, Rainer
925:
893:
859:
806:
804:
801:
770:North Carolina
753:
750:
688:of the family
682:osmoregulatory
631:, such as the
582:
579:
541:
538:
501:and can enter
475:Gulf of Mexico
467:Chesapeake Bay
463:Atlantic Ocean
450:
447:
439:pearl stingray
332:
329:
302:Chesapeake Bay
263:
262:
261:
260:
252:
244:
233:
232:
226:
225:
221:
220:
212:
211:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:Elasmobranchii
124:
120:
119:
117:Chondrichthyes
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:Trygon sabina
1540:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
985:
979:
976:
972:(1): 100–121.
971:
967:
960:
957:
952:
951:
946:
944:
938:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
894:
882:
878:
874:
872:
863:
860:
847:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
826:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
798:
794:
793:Least Concern
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:tube anemones
603:
599:
598:invertebrates
596:
587:
580:
578:
576:
572:
567:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:southward to
468:
464:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Trygon sabina
341:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:North America
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
258:Lesueur, 1824
256:
255:Trygon sabina
253:
248:
245:
240:
237:
234:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1542:
1369:
1211:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1049:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
983:
978:
969:
965:
959:
948:
942:
920:
884:. Retrieved
876:
870:
862:
850:. Retrieved
836:
830:
824:
755:
718:
675:
660:
652:
644:
636:
618:nereid worms
592:
568:
546:pectoral fin
543:
527:
523:elasmobranch
460:
442:
434:
426:
419:H. americana
418:
405:. It is the
392:
387:
380:Amphotistius
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
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343:
334:
308:, including
273:
272:
268:
266:
254:
246:
238:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
133:Superorder:
18:
1487:NatureServe
1448:iNaturalist
1394:Wikispecies
1288:iNaturalist
655:). A known
633:tiger shark
614:crustaceans
540:Description
437:), and the
409:to a large
384:synonymized
354:during the
1628:Categories
1145:Murch, A.
803:References
781:drift nets
776:gillnets,
764:targeting
733:copulation
721:viviparous
700:and other
694:salt water
678:euryhaline
667:fish louse
641:bull shark
639:) and the
513:, and the
503:freshwater
499:salinities
435:H. guttata
395:morphology
337:naturalist
327:industry.
314:freshwater
290:Dasyatidae
157:Dasyatidae
123:Subclass:
1558:Q28927634
1227:Q28927633
729:ovulation
702:osmolytes
610:amphipods
575:spiracles
530:estuaries
376:Dasybatis
372:Dasibatis
368:Dasybatus
364:Pastinaca
296:coast of
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1639:Dasyatis
1598:11187393
1552:Wikidata
1492:2.103841
1466:10570451
1379:Wikidata
1262:FishBase
1221:Wikidata
1135:(1): 76.
1030:85657403
998:Dasyatis
950:FishBase
766:flounder
762:gillnets
741:yolk sac
657:parasite
602:bivalves
600:such as
554:papillae
491:Suriname
479:Campeche
473:and the
407:outgroup
388:Dasyatis
325:aquarium
317:habitats
310:brackish
294:Atlantic
283:stingray
230:Synonyms
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1585:8233487
1440:2419514
1385:Q756964
1358:1042864
1332:1042864
1280:9245001
1189:1445395
1110:1980147
1102:9754532
1022:1448284
886:11 July
795:by the
789:fishery
758:bycatch
737:embryos
725:Florida
710:diffuse
662:Argulus
595:benthic
519:Florida
487:Grenada
471:Florida
429:), the
421:), the
378:), and
360:Florida
356:Academy
285:in the
279:species
277:) is a
209:, 1824)
207:Lesueur
168:Hypanus
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1611:322236
1531:158527
1505:239501
1479:160953
1345:351766
1293:623855
1241:853502
1187:
1169:Copeia
1108:
1100:
1056:
1028:
1020:
1002:Copeia
852:26 May
785:trawls
735:. The
629:sharks
616:, and
532:, and
495:Brazil
493:, and
483:Mexico
306:Mexico
287:family
1606:WoRMS
1593:IRMNG
1572:7CYC3
1526:WoRMS
1513:Plazi
1461:IRMNG
1453:99115
1427:347D8
1353:WoRMS
1319:79690
1306:60158
1254:3NMJH
1185:JSTOR
1106:S2CID
1026:S2CID
1018:JSTOR
877:WoRMS
778:shark
774:trout
714:urine
671:mucus
558:teeth
550:snout
534:lakes
465:from
411:clade
403:genus
399:basal
300:from
1580:GBIF
1474:ITIS
1435:GBIF
1327:OBIS
1314:NCBI
1301:IUCN
1275:GBIF
1267:2574
1236:BOLD
1173:1988
1098:PMID
1054:ISBN
1006:2001
888:2023
854:2023
837:2020
768:off
698:urea
665:, a
573:and
571:eyes
563:tail
374:and
312:and
267:The
1567:CoL
1422:CoL
1409:ADW
1249:CoL
1177:doi
1090:doi
1010:doi
841:doi
760:in
517:in
445:).
342:as
304:to
281:of
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