392:
489:
630:
404:
531:
105:
681:
506:, each having a specific purpose, having been updated as enemy constructions were overrun and examined, even testing some to destruction for effectiveness. They incorporated standard features, such as an entrance door at right angles, armoured air intake, 30-millimetre (1.2 in) steel doors, ventilation and telephones, internal walls lined with wood, and an emergency exit system. There were over 200 standardised armour parts.
71:
553:
be conscripted. Companies failing to complete their work on time, which was always possible as the OT controlled the material and manpower of each firm, could find themselves closed down, or more likely fined, or taken over or merged with another firm to make a more efficient larger unit. Successful firms however could make attractive profits.
446:(OT) was instructed to undertake the building of 200–250 strong points in each of the larger islands. The plan was finalised by the OT and submitted to Hitler. The original defence order was reinforced with a second dated 20 October 1941, following a Fuhrer conference on 18 October to discuss the engineers' assessment of requirements. The
741:, which is closest to Britain. Hitler had decreed that one-twelfth of the steel and concrete used in the Atlantic Wall should go to the Channel Islands, because of the propaganda value of controlling British territory. The islands were some of the most densely fortified areas in Europe, with a host of
721:
areas were intentionally flooded. Rommel believed that
Germany would inevitably be defeated unless the invasion could be stopped on the beach, declaring, "It is absolutely necessary that we push the British and Americans back from the beaches. Afterwards it will be too late; the first 24 hours of the
612:
troops. The
Germans were defeated at St. Nazaire, but had little difficulty in repulsing the attack at Dieppe, where they inflicted heavy casualties. Although the Dieppe raid was a disaster for the Allies, it alarmed Hitler, who was sure an Allied invasion in the West would shortly follow. Following
552:
The OT supplied supervisors and labour as well as organising supplies, machinery and transport to supplement the staff and equipment of construction companies. Many of them were German, however construction companies in occupied counties bid for contracts. Companies could apply for OT work or could
465:
remained concentrated around ports until late in 1943, when defences were increased in other areas. This decision required the army engineers and the OT to organise quickly. Massive supplies of cement, steel reinforcing and armour plate would be required and everything would need to be transported.
1416:
The coast defence along the North Cape down to the
Spanish border, included artillery pieces and naval guns from 105 mm to 406 mm and were organised into over 800 batteries. In addition, there were over 250 batteries of guns ranging from 75 mm to 90 mm, including anti-aircraft
560:
Labour comprised skilled volunteers, engineers, designers and supervisors, who were paid and treated well. Second came volunteer workers, often skilled technicians, such as carpenters, plumbers, electricians and metal workers. Again, these workers were paid, took holidays and were well treated.
556:
The OT obtained quotes for necessary works and signed contracts with each construction company setting out the price and terms of the contract, such as bonus payments for efficiency, including the wage rates and bonus payments for OT workers (which depended on their nationality and skill). There
579:
OT Cherbourg in
January 1944 dealt with 34 companies with 15,000 workers and 79 sub contractors. Daily, weekly and monthly reports showing progress, work variations, material used, stocks of material, labour hours used per skill type, the weather, equipment inventory and quality, level of
644:
was assigned to improve the wall's defences. Believing the existing coastal fortifications to be entirely inadequate, he immediately began strengthening them. Rommel's main concern was Allied air power. He had seen it first-hand when fighting the
British and Americans in
513:
To offset shortages, captured equipment from the French and other occupied countries armies were incorporated in the defences, casemates designed for non-German artillery, anti tank and machine guns and the use of turrets from obsolete tanks in
329:, and thousands of artillery pieces were stationed in its defences. Today, ruins of the wall exist in all of the nations where it was built, although many structures have fallen into the ocean or have been demolished over the years.
359:
declared war on
Germany. Poland's geographical location, however, prevented the Allies from intervening directly. Four weeks into the attack, the Germans had successfully occupied Poland. Less than a month after this victory,
756:
However, the
Channel Islands lacked strategic significance and the Allies bypassed them when they invaded Normandy. As a result, the German garrisons stationed on the islands did not surrender until 9 May 1945—one day after
561:
Next came unskilled forced labour, paid very little and treated quite harshly. Lastly came effective slave labour, paid little, badly fed and treated very harshly. The OT ran training courses to improve labour skills.
1298:
509:
The standardisation greatly simplified the manufacture of equipment, the supply of materials and the budgetary and financial control of the construction as well as the speed of planning for construction projects.
374:(German high command; OKW) was convinced that preparations would take at least until the following year. After furious arguments, Hitler reluctantly agreed to wait. In May 1940, three massive German army groups
782:
Many major ports and positions were incorporated into the
Atlantic Wall, receiving heavy fortifications. Hitler ordered all positions to fight to the end, and some of them remained in German hands until
649:, and it had left a profound impression on him. He feared that any German counterattack would be broken up by Allied aircraft long before it could make a difference. Under his direction, hundreds of
1312:, and the United Kingdom. The question has been raised over whether France should declare the wall a National Monument to ensure it is preserved; however no government so far has envisaged this.
761:. The garrison on Alderney did not surrender until 16 May. As most of the German garrisons surrendered peacefully, the Channel Islands are host to some of the best-preserved Atlantic Wall sites.
703:, the Germans had laid almost six million mines in Northern France. More gun emplacements and minefields extended inland along roads leading away from the beaches. In likely landing spots for
1377:
438:. These were provided the next day and by 13 June 1941 Hitler had made a decision. Ordering additional men to the Islands and having decided the defences were inadequate, lacking tanks and
2597:
391:
2428:
568:
imposed a compulsory labour system, drafting some 600,000 French workers to construct these permanent fortifications along the Dutch, Belgian, and French coasts facing the
2567:
1046:
2476:
488:
629:
2562:
1294:
Many French construction companies benefited financially from helping construct the
Atlantic Wall; these companies were not penalised during the post war period.
2587:
2370:
2542:
668:
were placed in waters just offshore. Little known was that touch sensitive mines were placed atop the beach obstacles. The intent was to destroy the Allied
600:
in March 1942, successfully destroyed German pumping machinery for, and severely damaged, the
Normandy dry dock and installations. The second attack was the
2547:
788:
403:
1446:
1042:
734:
447:
787:. Several of the port fortresses were resupplied by submarines after being surrounded by Allied Forces. The defenders of these positions included
2552:
572:. Efficiency of the OT decreased in late 1943 and 1944 as a result of manpower pressures, fuel shortages and the bombing of worksites, such as
2557:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2288:
2269:
2250:
2231:
2212:
2118:
2099:
549:. OT was the chief engineering group responsible for the design and construction of the wall's major gun emplacements and fortifications.
1301:. Some of the beach fortifications have toppled or are underwater, while those further inland still exist mainly due to their location.
1989:
1606:
1535:
1510:
1382:
2189:
2166:
2144:
2072:
1657:
248:
2518:
2438:
2390:
1483:
1015:
2577:
764:
The commander in Guernsey produced books giving detailed pictures, plans and descriptions of the fortifications in the island,
742:
530:
1297:
Immediately after the war, there was little interest in preserving the wall due to the negative memories associated with the
784:
2482:
461:
No. 40, which called for the creation of an "Atlantic Wall". He ordered naval and submarine bases to be heavily defended.
416:
1622:
2592:
1092:
1075:
519:
2582:
955:
836:
370:
580:
supervision, employee absences, staffing levels, deaths and problems experienced all had to be filed with the OT.
2434:
1032:
1005:
2607:
477:
2602:
988:
903:
853:
689:
280:
2497:
The Atlantic Wall and its significance in Allied planning for the D-Day landings are featured in the novel
680:
317:, where its size and strength were usually exaggerated. The fortifications included colossal coastal guns,
2537:
2091:
646:
534:
A British soldier poses next to the recently captured German 380 mm gun Todt Battery at Cap Gris Nez.
338:
1437:
Lohmann W. & Hildebrand H., Die Deutsche Kriegsmarine, Verlag Hans-Henning Podzun, Bad Nauheim (1956)
861:
758:
356:
201:
2342:
Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army And The Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944
450:
of the Channel Islands was to make them into an impregnable fortress to be completed within 14 months.
546:
268:
31:
2505:
2064:
1140:
963:
650:
458:
306:
1308:. In 2011, renewed efforts to preserve the wall were spearheaded by organisations in Germany, the
2454:
2405:
2052:
1217:
750:
653:
618:
614:
348:
264:
260:
193:
57:
2504:
The many constructions of the Wall still standing have been photographed by Jonathan Andrew and
2345:
2326:
2307:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2246:
2227:
2208:
2204:
2185:
2162:
2140:
2136:
2114:
2095:
2068:
1985:
1653:
1602:
1531:
1506:
1112:
1100:
980:
938:
886:
700:
693:
593:
538:
502:(standard build) system used books of plans for each of over 600 approved types of bunker and
443:
439:
364:
issued a directive stating that Germany must be ready for an offensive through France and the
318:
197:
1188:
911:
873:
777:
375:
296:
1329:
1067:
828:
731:
704:
637:
Early in 1944, with an Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe becoming ever more likely,
569:
469:
435:
322:
314:
185:
2366:
295:(German Navy) maintained a separate coastal defence network, organised into a number of
2572:
2084:
1387:
1321:
878:
542:
279:. The manning and operation of the Atlantic Wall was administratively overseen by the
272:
1487:
2531:
2181:
2057:
898:
713:
669:
657:
638:
462:
396:
365:
310:
2386:
2154:
1392:
1337:
1305:
927:
711:, the Germans emplanted slanted poles with sharpened tops, which the troops called
641:
565:
431:
408:
361:
344:
291:
276:
252:
218:
175:
110:
48:
2481:(television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from
2017:
664:
and antitank obstacles were planted on the beaches, and underwater obstacles and
1397:
1357:
1309:
1237:
1058:
656:
were built on the beaches, or sometimes slightly inland, to house machine guns,
601:
589:
256:
189:
61:
2178:
Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications And Defense Systems in World War II
1650:
Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II
588:
Throughout most of 1942–43, the Atlantic Wall remained a relaxed front for the
1353:
1208:
1062:
665:
597:
420:
1626:
608:
in August 1942 to test the German defences and provide combat experience for
576:
sites, where some volunteer workers refused to work in such dangerous areas.
17:
2128:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1260:
950:
792:
746:
708:
661:
573:
326:
285:
231:
2111:
Smashing The Atlantic Wall: The Destruction of Hitler's Coastal Fortresses
70:
2460:
1087:
1000:
823:
738:
685:
503:
498:
427:
1361:
1345:
1135:
975:
848:
718:
313:
workers were drafted to build it. The wall was frequently mentioned in
454:
was created to command the project of fortifying the Channel Islands.
1365:
1325:
1212:
1160:
1027:
923:
609:
605:
473:
412:
302:
621:
in the West, 15 further divisions to shore up the German positions.
305:
ordered the construction of the fortifications in 1942 through his
1183:
679:
628:
529:
487:
402:
390:
1702:
1700:
1693:. Military Intelligence Records Section, London Branch. May 1945.
255:
between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and
27:
Extensive system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany
2201:
Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications And Defences 1939–45
592:
troops manning it, with only two large-scale British attacks.
557:
could be several construction companies working on each site.
411:
visiting the Atlantic Wall defences near the Belgian port of
457:
It was six months later on 23 March 1942 that Hitler issued
378:
France and the Low Countries in little more than six weeks.
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
426:
Prior to the Atlantic Wall decision, following a number of
352:
2281:
The Channel Islands 1941–45: Hitler's Impregnable Fortress
1378:
British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War
2059:
D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle Of World War II
1324:
was never fully completed, many bunkers still exist near
2224:
Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos
1749:
1747:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
633:
German soldiers placing landing craft obstructions, 1943
1927:
1925:
1923:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
343:
World War II in Europe began on 1 September 1939, with
2004:
1561:
1559:
415:, part of the fortifications which today comprise the
492:
Camouflaged German torpedo battery in northern Norway
2387:"Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France Preserve It?"
2018:"Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France preserve it?"
692:in Normandy, destroyed by naval gunfire during the
227:
212:
207:
181:
171:
153:
145:
137:
129:
124:
116:
98:
93:
85:
77:
41:
2406:"Jersey – My Island – History – German Occupation"
2083:
2056:
1706:
1505:. The History Press; New edition (30 June 2004).
1047:Liberation of the German-occupied Channel Islands
472:claimed that the wall stretched from the cape of
1818:
1794:
2598:German occupation of Jersey during World War II
2243:Cadogan Guide Dordogne, the Lot & Bordeaux
1842:
1830:
1550:
2371:United States Army Center of Military History
2133:A History of Us: War, Peace And All That Jazz
1470:
564:Massive numbers of workers were needed. The
8:
1914:
1503:The German Occupation of the Channel Islands
717:("Rommel's Asparagus"). Low-lying river and
2279:Stephenson, Charles; Taylor, Chris (2013).
1718:
2159:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45
2030:
1691:Handbook of the Organisation Todt - part 1
797:
38:
2568:World War II sites in the Channel Islands
2501:(Endeavour Press, 2015) by Kevin Doherty.
2433:(television documentary). United States:
1943:
1530:. The Studio Publishing Services (2002).
672:before they could unload on the beaches.
1967:
1955:
1902:
1878:
1866:
1770:
1753:
1043:German occupation of the Channel Islands
2262:Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Fortress Europe
2176:Kaufmann, J. E.; Robert, Jurga (2003).
1890:
1854:
1782:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1430:
1409:
1304:One of the best preserved parts is the
541:(OT), formed in 1933, had designed the
2241:Pauls, Michael; Facaros, Dana (2007).
1584:
2563:World War II sites in the Netherlands
2385:Schofield, Hugh (13 September 2011).
2323:Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Pas De Calais
1931:
1806:
1565:
1528:Guernsey Occupied but Never Conquered
7:
2588:Buildings and structures in Alderney
1449:The Atlantic Wall: History and Guide
816:
2543:German World War II defensive lines
604:, launched near the French port of
249:coastal defences and fortifications
120:Partially demolished; mostly intact
2548:World War II sites of Nazi Germany
2459:(television documentary). France:
2408:. British Broadcasting Corporation
1486:. Festung Guernsey. Archived from
1383:Czechoslovak border fortifications
613:Dieppe, Hitler gave Field Marshal
545:during the prewar years along the
395:Construction of the Atlantic Wall
81:Coastal defence and fortifications
25:
1599:German Fortifications of Guernsey
785:Germany's unconditional surrender
660:, and light and heavy artillery.
309:No. 40. More than half a million
2391:British Broadcasting Corporation
2300:U-Boat Bases And Bunkers 1941–45
1016:German fortification of Guernsey
103:
69:
1:
2553:World War II sites in Belgium
2086:The Allied Invasion of Europe
1501:Cruickshank, Charles (2004).
1484:"History:Fortifying Guernsey"
737:, particularly the island of
452:Festungspionierkommandeur XIV
417:Atlantic Wall Open Air Museum
247:) was an extensive system of
2558:World War II sites in France
1819:Stephenson & Taylor 2013
1795:Stephenson & Taylor 2013
1648:Kaufmann, J.E.; et al.
722:invasion will be decisive."
2222:Mountbatten, Chris (2007).
2109:Delaforce, Patrick (2005).
1165:Erich Julius Mülbe, Oberst
1093:Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth
1076:Allied siege of La Rochelle
751:coastal artillery positions
2624:
2298:Williamson, Louis (2012).
2264:. University of Michigan.
2260:Saunders, Anthony (2001).
2245:. New Holland Publishers.
1843:Kaufmann & Robert 2003
1831:Kaufmann & Robert 2003
1551:Kaufmann & Robert 2003
956:Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben
837:Fortifications of Alderney
775:
371:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
336:
29:
2020:. BBC. 13 September 2011.
1036:then Friedrich Hüffmeier
1033:Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
1009:then Friedrich Hüffmeier
1006:Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
283:, with some support from
68:
54:
46:
2344:. D & M Publishers.
1915:Pauls & Facaros 2007
2325:. Casemate Publishers.
2321:Williams, Paul (2013).
2113:. Casemate Publishers.
1980:Prieur, Jerome (2010).
1707:The Great Landings 2009
1652:. Da Capo Press, 2007.
989:Allied siege of Dunkirk
904:Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke
854:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
743:Hohlgangsanlage tunnels
690:Longues-sur-Mer battery
448:permanent fortification
263:against an anticipated
2578:Coastal fortifications
2437:. 2009. Archived from
2340:Zuehlke, Mark (2009).
2092:Rosen Publishing Group
2082:Darman, Peter (2012).
2005:Hitler's Atlantic Wall
1623:"The Regelbau concept"
1601:. Guernsey Armouries.
735:were heavily fortified
696:
634:
535:
493:
434:asked for maps of the
430:raids, on 2 June 1941
423:
400:
351:. Two days later, the
339:Causes of World War II
244:
2283:. Osprey Publishing.
2199:McNab, Chris (2014).
1597:Gavey, Ernie (2001).
862:Battle of the Scheldt
759:Victory in Europe Day
683:
632:
617:, the overall German
533:
491:
406:
394:
202:Battle of the Scheldt
2065:Simon & Schuster
547:Franco-German border
289:ground forces. The
269:Nazi-occupied Europe
208:Garrison information
89:1670 miles (2687 km)
32:Atlantic Wall (film)
2506:Stephan Vanfleteren
1785:, pp. 221–222.
1629:on 18 November 2016
1553:, pp. 196–197.
1141:Wilhelm Fahrmbacher
964:Battle of Cherbourg
699:By the time of the
651:reinforced concrete
2593:Operation Overlord
2456:The Great Landings
2435:World Media Rights
1471:Lightning War 2009
1218:Andreas von Aulock
1105:12 September 1944
943:30 September 1944
916:19 September 1944
891:22 September 1944
807:Garrison strength
789:foreign volunteers
697:
635:
619:Commander-in-Chief
615:Gerd von Rundstedt
536:
494:
424:
401:
349:invasion of Poland
194:Operation Overlord
99:Controlled by
58:Continental Europe
30:For the film, see
2583:Nazi architecture
2351:978-1-926685-80-9
2332:978-1-84884-817-7
2313:978-1-78200-002-0
2304:Osprey Publishing
2290:978-1-4728-0375-7
2271:978-0-7509-4554-7
2252:978-1-86011-354-3
2233:978-1-4067-5957-0
2214:978-1-78200-828-6
2205:Osprey Publishing
2137:Oxford University
2120:978-1-84415-256-8
2101:978-1-4488-9234-1
1982:Le Mur Atlantique
1821:, pp. 64–65.
1797:, pp. 11–12.
1282:
1281:
1176:7 September 1944
1113:Le Verdon-sur-Mer
1101:Operation Astonia
981:Friedrich Frisius
939:Operation Undergo
932:Ludwig Schroeder
887:Operation Wellhit
594:Operation Chariot
539:Organisation Todt
526:Organisation Todt
444:Organisation Todt
440:coastal artillery
297:sea defence zones
237:
236:
198:Operation Undergo
56:Western coast of
16:(Redirected from
2615:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2294:
2275:
2256:
2237:
2218:
2195:
2172:
2150:
2124:
2105:
2089:
2078:
2062:
2053:Ambrose, Stephen
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1722:
1719:Mountbatten 2007
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1625:. Archived from
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1490:on 9 April 2016.
1480:
1474:
1468:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1276:1 November 1944
1189:Hans Michahelles
912:Battle for Brest
866:8 November 1944
818:
798:
778:Festung Norwegen
766:Festung Guernsey
596:, launched near
459:Führer Directive
307:Führer Directive
223:
141:Forced labourers
109:
107:
106:
94:Site information
73:
64:
39:
21:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2608:Border barriers
2528:
2527:
2515:
2499:Villa Normandie
2488:
2486:
2485:on 2 April 2015
2475:
2466:
2464:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2441:on 2 April 2015
2427:
2424:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2297:
2291:
2278:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2240:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2198:
2192:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2081:
2075:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2033:, pp. 7–8.
2031:Williamson 2012
2029:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1667:
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694:Allied landings
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570:English Channel
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265:Allied invasion
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1944:Delaforce 2005
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2182:Da Capo Press
2179:
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2164:
2161:. Macmillan.
2160:
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2155:Hastings, Max
2152:
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42:Atlantic Wall
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Atlantic wall
2521:Atlantikwall
2520:
2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2429:
2410:. Retrieved
2394:. Retrieved
2374:. Retrieved
2341:
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2012:
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1939:
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1855:Zuehlke 2009
1850:
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1814:
1802:
1790:
1783:Ambrose 1994
1778:
1771:Assault Plan
1714:
1690:
1649:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1617:
1598:
1592:
1546:
1527:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1488:the original
1478:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1412:
1393:Maginot line
1338:Scheveningen
1319:
1306:Todt Battery
1303:
1296:
1293:
1285:Preservation
1253:11 May 1945
1153:10 May 1945
928:Cap Gris-Nez
841:16 May 1945
781:
765:
763:
755:
729:
712:
709:parachutists
698:
647:North Africa
642:Erwin Rommel
636:
587:
578:
566:Vichy regime
563:
559:
555:
551:
537:
518:pill boxes (
515:
512:
508:
497:
495:
476:down to the
468:
456:
451:
432:Adolf Hitler
425:
409:Erwin Rommel
399:in the 1940s
369:
362:Adolf Hitler
345:Nazi Germany
342:
301:
292:Kriegsmarine
290:
284:
277:World War II
253:Nazi Germany
245:Atlantikwall
240:
238:
219:Erwin Rommel
176:World War II
172:Battles/wars
125:Site history
111:Nazi Germany
49:Nazi Germany
36:
1891:Jersey 2015
1585:Darman 2012
1398:Mareth line
1358:Scandinavia
1310:Netherlands
1242:Hans Junck
1238:St. Nazaire
1117:Otto Prahl
1080:9 May 1945
1059:La Rochelle
1051:9 May 1945
1020:9 May 1945
993:8 May 1945
684:One of the
666:naval mines
602:Dieppe Raid
520:tobruk pits
516:tobrukstand
281:German Army
257:Scandinavia
222:(1943–1944)
190:Dieppe Raid
146:In use
62:Scandinavia
2532:Categories
2129:Hakim, Joy
1984:. Denoël.
1932:McNab 2014
1807:McNab 2014
1566:Hakim 1995
1425:References
1417:artillery.
1354:Den Helder
1209:Saint-Malo
1063:La Pallice
813:Surrender
804:Commander
776:See also:
772:Fortresses
662:Land mines
598:St Nazaire
421:Raversijde
337:See also:
333:Background
215:commanders
1633:10 August
1356:, and in
1350:Noordwijk
1342:The Hague
1334:Walcheren
1316:Elsewhere
1261:Zeebrugge
951:Cherbourg
801:Location
793:Waffen-SS
747:casemates
719:estuarine
686:casemates
654:pillboxes
574:V-weapons
327:artillery
319:batteries
286:Luftwaffe
275:, during
271:from the
251:built by
243:(German:
232:Wehrmacht
228:Occupants
154:Materials
149:1942–1945
133:1942–1944
117:Condition
2489:22 March
2478:Overlord
2467:22 March
2461:France 2
2445:22 March
2412:25 March
2396:25 March
2376:22 March
2157:(2004).
2131:(1995).
2055:(1994).
1372:See also
1088:Le Havre
1001:Guernsey
874:Boulogne
824:Alderney
795:troops.
739:Alderney
610:Canadian
504:casemate
499:Regelbau
484:Regelbau
428:commando
387:Creation
159:Concrete
47:Part of
2046:Printed
2041:Sources
1362:Denmark
1346:Katwijk
1336:, near
1268:14,000
1245:35,000
1222:12,000
1168:60,000
1145:25,000
1136:Lorient
1097:14,000
1072:11,500
1039:11,600
1012:11,700
985:12,000
976:Dunkirk
960:47,000
908:38,000
883:10,000
858:90,000
849:Antwerp
705:gliders
688:of the
382:History
376:overran
323:mortars
261:defence
2463:. 2009
2360:Online
2348:
2329:
2310:
2287:
2268:
2249:
2230:
2211:
2188:
2165:
2143:
2117:
2098:
2071:
1988:
1656:
1605:
1534:
1509:
1451:, 2012
1366:Norway
1326:Ostend
1290:France
1213:Dinard
1193:5,000
1161:Ostend
1120:3,500
1028:Jersey
935:7,500
924:Calais
833:3,200
810:Notes
749:, and
606:Dieppe
474:Norway
442:, the
413:Ostend
357:France
325:, and
311:French
303:Hitler
182:Events
108:
86:Length
2573:Walls
2422:Media
1404:Notes
1332:, on
1184:Royan
899:Brest
676:D-Day
259:as a
165:Steel
130:Built
2519:The
2491:2015
2469:2015
2447:2015
2414:2015
2398:2015
2378:2015
2346:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2069:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1654:ISBN
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