1538:) are used. Numerical models solve the differential equations governing the concentrations of chemicals in the atmosphere. They can be very simple or very complicated. One common trade off in numerical models is between the number of chemical compounds and chemical reactions modeled versus the representation of transport and mixing in the atmosphere. For example, a box model might include hundreds or even thousands of chemical reactions but will only have a very crude representation of mixing in the atmosphere. In contrast, 3D models represent many of the physical processes of the atmosphere but due to constraints on computer resources will have far fewer chemical reactions and compounds. Models can be used to interpret observations, test understanding of chemical reactions and predict future concentrations of chemical compounds in the atmosphere. These models can be global (simulating the entire earth) or they can be regional (focused on only a specific region). The trade-off between the two approaches is their resolution as well as the amount of detail they can provide; global models usually have lower horizontal resolution and represent less complex chemical mechanisms but they simulate a larger area, while regional models do not simulate the entire globe but focus on one area with higher resolution and more detail. One important current trend is for atmospheric chemistry modules to become one part of earth system models in which the links between climate, atmospheric composition and the biosphere can be studied. These types of models allow the coupling of different compartments of the earth, such as the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere; allowing the users to analyze the complicated interactions between them.
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Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to understanding the sources and sinks of pollutants and naturally occurring compounds. These experiments are performed in controlled environments that allow for the individual evaluation of specific chemical reactions or the assessment of properties
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In the 20th century atmospheric science moved on from studying the composition of air to a consideration of how the concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and the chemical processes which create and destroy compounds in the air. Two particularly important examples of
1377:
Observations, lab measurements, and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry. Progress in atmospheric chemistry is often driven by the interactions between these components and they form an integrated whole. For example, observations may tell us that more of a chemical
1422:
giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but are limited in the vertical and horizontal space they provide observations from. Some surface based instruments e.g.
361:
Visualisation of composition by volume of Earth's atmosphere. Water vapour is not included as it is highly variable. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing krypton) has one millionth of the volume of the entire block. Data is from
349:. Atmospheric chemists seek to understand the causes of these problems, and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them, allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated.
1549:). In this approach a set of constituents are chosen and the automatic code generator will then select the reactions involving those constituents from a set of reaction databases. Once the reactions have been chosen the
1386:
Observations of atmospheric chemistry are essential to our understanding. Routine observations of chemical composition tell us about changes in atmospheric composition over time. One important example of this is the
749:
Besides the more major components listed above, Earth's atmosphere also has many trace gas species that vary significantly depending on nearby sources and sinks. These trace gases can include compounds such as
1378:
compound exists than previously thought possible. This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase our scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained.
1238:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents with very small concentrations. One particularly important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of
329:. It has also been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include
2389:
Simpson, I. J.; Blake, N. J.; Barletta, B.; Diskin, G. S.; Fuelberg, H. E.; Gorham, K.; Huey, L. G.; Meinardi, S.; Rowland, F. S.; Vay, S. A.; Weinheimer, A. J.; Yang, M.; Blake, D. R. (2010).
2741:
1306:
such as the effects of changing climate on the recovery of the ozone hole and vice versa but also interaction of the composition of the atmosphere with the oceans and terrestrial
1427:
can provide concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but are still restricted in the horizontal region they can cover. Many observations are available on line in
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313:
The composition and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and
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The mean molecular mass of dry air is 28.97 g/mol. *The content of the gas may undergo significant variations from time to time or from place to place. The
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1290:. Instead of concentrating on atmospheric chemistry in isolation the focus is now on seeing it as one part of a single system with the rest of the
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of a particular atmospheric constituent. Types of analysis that are of interest includes both those on gas-phase reactions, as well as
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amounts near the surface of some additional gases are listed below. In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains particulates as
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which quantifies how the rate in which molecules are split apart by sunlight and what resulting products are. In addition,
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In the 21st century the focus is now shifting again. Atmospheric chemistry is increasingly studied as one part of the
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which has a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs and can be smelt in concentrations as low as 0.47 ppb. Some
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In order to synthesize and test theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry, computer models (such as
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The first scientific studies of atmospheric composition began in the 18th century, as chemists such as
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Kinetic and photochemical data evaluated by the IUPAC Subcommittee for Gas
Kinetic Data Evaluation
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2391:"Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C
1391:- a series of measurements from 1958 to today which show a steady rise in of the concentration of
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Future of
Atmospheric Research: Remembering Yesterday, Understanding Today, Anticipating Tomorrow
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338:
1271:. Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between
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This article is about field of academic study. For composition of the Earth's atmosphere, see
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and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as
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317:. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as
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1410:), ships and balloons. Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by
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2016:
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1952:
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1402:). Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made in observatories such as that on
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17:
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Nobel
Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone, talking to Nobel Laureate
27:
Branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the atmosphere is studied
2964:
2747:
NASA-JPL Chemical
Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies
2726:
2362:
Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics - from Air Pollution to Climate Change, 3rd ed
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1989:
1984:
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Schematic of chemical and transport processes related to atmospheric composition
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1302:. An especially important driver for this is the links between chemistry and
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Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change
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2565:"New NASA Satellite Maps Show Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality"
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that describe their time evolution can be automatically constructed.
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832:
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2591:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016).
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1994:
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made the first measurements of the composition of the atmosphere.
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is a large constituent observational database in a common format.
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Brasseur, Guy P.; Orlando, John J.; Tyndall, Geoffrey S. (1999).
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1974:
1957:
1935:
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Some models are constructed by automatic code generators (e.g.
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An illustrated elementary assessment of the composition of air
2069:
1467:
2742:
Environmental
Science Published for Everybody Round the Earth
2537:"UK: In 1st, global temps average could be 1 degree C higher"
2595:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 15.
2714:
2511:"Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record, Report Says"
2278:"Atmospheric chemistry - Latest research and news | Nature"
1444:
reactions that are relevant to the formation and growth of
2634:
Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J.; Pitts, James N., Jr. (2000).
1406:
and on mobile platforms such as aircraft (e.g. the UK's
754:
which are particularly damaging to the ozone layer, and
1448:. Also of high importance is the study of atmospheric
2334:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"
783:
Composition (ppt by volume unless otherwise stated)
3611:
3372:
3288:
3209:
3159:
3035:
2978:
2854:
2709:WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006
1263:is created and maintained, and the explanation of
393:Chemical composition of atmosphere according to
2492:"Press Release - 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
794:Clean continental, Seinfeld & Pandis (2016)
1408:Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements
397:. Axis: Altitude (km), Content of volume (%).
274:and that of other planets is studied. It is a
2803:
2649:Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros N. (2006).
2563:Cole, Steve; Gray, Ellen (14 December 2015).
2217:
1429:Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases
240:
8:
2771:Calculators for use in atmospheric chemistry
2736:The Cambridge Atmospheric Chemistry Database
2477:On the Production of Ozone by Chemical Means
37:
2636:Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere
1502:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2810:
2796:
2788:
2224:
2210:
1560:
247:
233:
36:
2442:
1522:Learn how and when to remove this message
2509:St. Fleur, Nicholas (10 November 2015).
2253:Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion
779:
400:
325:and bombardment by solar particles from
2621:Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change
2360:Seinfeld, John; Pandis, Spyros (2016).
2269:
1572:
404:Average composition of dry atmosphere (
195:
177:
130:
88:
1397:ongoing measurements of atmospheric CO
470:Minor constituents (mole fractions in
2653:(2nd Ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2399:volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO
7:
3725:
2698:, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1980
2683:(3rd Ed.). Oxford University Press.
2498:. Nobel Prize Org. October 11, 1995.
1500:adding citations to reliable sources
1325:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
3749:
2666:Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere
2258:Tropospheric ozone depletion events
1460:coefficients can also be obtained.
1414:with important instruments such as
2301:Cairns, Iver (23 September 1999).
211:Glossary of tropical cyclone terms
25:
2423:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3748:
3736:
3724:
3713:
3712:
2535:Ritter, Karl (9 November 2015).
2193:
1472:
1363:2014 - global air quality levels
1353:
1317:
45:
3782:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1551:ordinary differential equations
2757:Atmospheric Chemistry Glossary
153:Climate variability and change
1:
3077:Interface and colloid science
2831:Glossary of chemical formulae
1251:this were the explanation by
1245:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
738:vary by season and location.
712:Highly variable (about 0–3%);
2761:Sam Houston State University
2474:Shoenbein, C. (1843-01-01).
714:typically makes up about 1%
427:Dry clean air near sea level
3354:Bioorganometallic chemistry
2841:List of inorganic compounds
2694:J. V. Iribarne, H. R. Cho,
2668:(2nd Ed.). Academic Press.
2623:. Oxford University Press.
2121:Severe weather terminology
1583:Temperate and polar seasons
1365:(released 14 December 2015)
3808:
3280:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3251:Enantioselective synthesis
3231:Physical organic chemistry
3184:Organolanthanide chemistry
2679:Wayne, Richard P. (2000).
2480:. Royal Society of London.
429:(standard ISO 2533 - 1975)
374:The composition of common
276:multidisciplinary approach
221:Glossary of climate change
29:
3708:
2869:Electroanalytical methods
2826:
2444:10.5194/acp-10-11931-2010
1536:chemical transport models
782:
725:
718:
711:
698:
468:
403:
278:of research and draws on
216:Glossary of tornado terms
3624:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3540:Supramolecular chemistry
3179:Organometallic chemistry
2681:Chemistry of Atmospheres
2308:The University of Sydney
3787:Environmental chemistry
3562:Combinatorial chemistry
3473:Food physical chemistry
3436:Environmental chemistry
3320:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3246:Retrosynthetic analysis
3067:Chemical thermodynamics
3050:Spectroelectrochemistry
2993:Computational chemistry
2664:Warneck, Peter (2000).
2364:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
969:Dichlorodifluoromethane
353:Atmospheric composition
280:environmental chemistry
206:Glossary of meteorology
3634:of element discoveries
3480:Agricultural chemistry
3468:Carbohydrate chemistry
3359:Bioinorganic chemistry
3224:Alkane stereochemistry
3169:Coordination chemistry
2998:Mathematical chemistry
2864:Instrumental chemistry
2766:Tropospheric chemistry
2719:Paul Crutzen Interview
2182:Tropical cyclone terms
1281:Frank Sherwood Rowland
1220:
951:Trichlorofluoromethane
398:
386:
367:
3777:Atmospheric chemistry
3629:Timeline of chemistry
3526:Post-mortem chemistry
3511:Clandestine chemistry
3441:Atmospheric chemistry
3364:Biophysical chemistry
3196:Solid-state chemistry
3146:Equilibrium chemistry
3055:Photoelectrochemistry
1789:Extratropical cyclone
1713:Air-mass thunderstorm
1218:
799:Simpson et al. (2010)
745:Trace gas composition
392:
373:
360:
260:Atmospheric chemistry
74:Atmospheric chemistry
3619:History of chemistry
3574:Chemical engineering
3349:Bioorganic chemistry
3099:Structural chemistry
2836:List of biomolecules
2721:- freeview video of
2303:"Earth's Atmosphere"
2149:Weather modification
1747:Anticyclonic tornado
1547:Kinetic PreProcessor
1496:improve this section
1269:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
1180:Carbon tetrafluoride
62:Atmospheric dynamics
39:Atmospheric sciences
3642:The central science
3596:Ceramic engineering
3521:Forensic toxicology
3494:Chemistry education
3392:Radiation chemistry
3374:Interdisciplinarity
3327:Medicinal chemistry
3265:Fullerene chemistry
3141:Microwave chemistry
3010:Molecular mechanics
3005:Molecular modelling
2696:Atmospheric Physics
2435:2010ACP....1011931S
2429:(23): 11931–11954.
2144:Weather forecasting
1980:Rain and snow mixed
1806:Subtropical cyclone
1331:of anthropogenic CO
1164:Sulfur hexafluoride
264:atmospheric science
57:Atmospheric physics
41:
32:Atmosphere of Earth
18:Atmospheric chemist
3685:Chemical substance
3547:Chemical synthesis
3516:Forensic chemistry
3397:Actinide chemistry
3339:Clinical chemistry
3020:Molecular geometry
3015:Molecular dynamics
2970:Elemental analysis
2923:Separation process
2776:2010-12-09 at the
2731:Vega Science Trust
2638:. Academic Press.
2515:The New York Times
2339:The New York Times
2332:(3 October 2013).
2243:Ozone-oxygen cycle
2200:Weather portal
1816:Atlantic hurricane
1794:European windstorm
1701:Volcanic lightning
1662:Cumulonimbus cloud
1435:Laboratory studies
1348:; 9 November 2015)
1265:photochemical smog
1221:
399:
387:
368:
339:photochemical smog
272:Earth's atmosphere
3764:
3763:
3700:Quantum mechanics
3665:Chemical compound
3648:Chemical reaction
3586:Materials science
3504:General chemistry
3499:Amateur chemistry
3427:Photogeochemistry
3412:Stellar chemistry
3382:Nuclear chemistry
3303:Molecular biology
3270:Polymer chemistry
3241:Organic synthesis
3236:Organic reactions
3201:Ceramic chemistry
3191:Cluster chemistry
3121:Chemical kinetics
3109:Molecular physics
2988:Quantum chemistry
2901:Mass spectrometry
2602:978-0-309-44565-8
2234:
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1229:Antoine Lavoisier
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292:computer modeling
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16:(Redirected from
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3660:Chemical element
3315:Chemical biology
3174:Magnetochemistry
3151:Mechanochemistry
3104:Chemical physics
3045:Electrochemistry
2950:Characterization
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1723:Dry thunderstorm
1618:Tropical seasons
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1361:Nitrogen dioxide
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1225:Joseph Priestley
1090:Carbon disulfide
1073:Hydrogen sulfide
1042:Carbonyl sulfide
780:
767:
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618:Nitrogen dioxide
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343:greenhouse gases
315:living organisms
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116:Tropical cyclone
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3601:Polymer science
3557:Click chemistry
3552:Green chemistry
3446:Ocean chemistry
3422:Biogeochemistry
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3284:
3256:Total synthesis
3219:Stereochemistry
3205:
3155:
3072:Surface science
3062:Thermochemistry
3031:
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2945:Crystallography
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2778:Wayback Machine
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2614:Further reading
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2192:
2187:
2186:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1892:Ground blizzard
1652:
1642:
1641:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1585:
1559:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1493:
1477:
1466:
1437:
1400:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1322:
1233:Henry Cavendish
1213:
1185:
1169:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1111:
1095:
1078:
1061:
1030:
1012:
995:
978:
974:
956:
939:
935:
918:
902:
898:
882:
878:
862:
858:
842:
838:
806:Carbon monoxide
763:
760:
759:
758:
756:
747:
737:
733:
713:
689:
673:
668:Sulphur dioxide
656:
639:
623:
593:
576:
545:
500:
458:
441:
428:
376:nitrogen oxides
355:
335:ozone depletion
262:is a branch of
253:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:Soil chemistry
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3463:Food chemistry
3460:
3458:Carbochemistry
3455:
3453:Clay chemistry
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3408:Astrochemistry
3404:Cosmochemistry
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:Radiochemistry
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3344:Neurochemistry
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3275:Petrochemistry
3272:
3267:
3262:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Spin chemistry
3133:
3131:Photochemistry
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Femtochemistry
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2928:Chromatography
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2846:Periodic table
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2703:External links
2701:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2647:
2632:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2583:
2555:
2527:
2501:
2483:
2466:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2374:
2352:
2321:
2293:
2282:www.nature.com
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Climate change
2169:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2107:Severe weather
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:Megacryometeor
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1555:
1530:
1529:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1450:photochemistry
1436:
1433:
1398:
1393:carbon dioxide
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1335:emissions are
1332:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1253:Sydney Chapman
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1195:Total gaseous
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:Sulfur dioxide
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
972:
965:
964:
961:
958:
954:
947:
946:
943:
941:
937:
933:
926:
925:
922:
920:
916:
909:
908:
905:
903:
900:
896:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
869:
868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
836:
829:
828:
825:
823:
816:
815:
812:
809:
802:
801:
796:
791:
785:
784:
761:
746:
743:
740:
739:
735:
731:
723:
722:
716:
715:
710:
703:
702:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
680:
679:
676:
674:
671:
664:
663:
660:
658:
654:
647:
646:
643:
641:
637:
630:
629:
626:
624:
621:
614:
613:
610:
608:
601:
600:
597:
595:
591:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
567:
566:
563:
560:
553:
552:
549:
546:
543:
536:
535:
532:
529:
522:
521:
518:
515:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:Carbon dioxide
491:
490:
487:
484:
477:
476:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
432:
431:
424:
416:
410:
409:
406:mole fractions
354:
351:
347:global warming
255:
254:
252:
251:
244:
237:
229:
226:
225:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
200:
199:
193:
192:
191:
190:
182:
181:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
158:Climate change
155:
150:
149:
148:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
113:
112:
111:
106:
93:
92:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
71:
70:
69:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3804:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Chemical bond
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:Stoichiometry
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:Nanochemistry
3533:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Semisynthesis
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Sonochemistry
3092:
3090:
3089:Cryochemistry
3087:
3083:
3082:Micromeritics
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Wet chemistry
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:0-19-850375-X
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:0-12-735632-0
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:0-471-82857-2
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:0-12-257060-X
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:0-19-510521-4
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2375:9781119221173
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Tornado terms
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:United States
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Air pollution
2015:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:Precipitation
1908:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1481:This section
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1456:data such as
1455:
1454:thermodynamic
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:heterogeneous
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1389:Keeling Curve
1381:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Gordon Dobson
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
991:
990:Chloromethane
988:
987:
983:
980:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
952:
949:
948:
944:
942:
931:
928:
927:
923:
921:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
781:
778:
776:
772:
768:
753:
744:
729:
728:concentration
724:
721:
717:
708:
705:
704:
701:
697:
693:
691:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
652:
649:
648:
644:
642:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
589:
588:Nitrous oxide
586:
585:
581:
578:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
475:
473:
467:
463:
460:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
425:
423:
422:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
402:
396:
391:
385:
381:
377:
372:
365:
359:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:in which the
265:
261:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:
228:
227:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
198:
194:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
180:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
154:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
129:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
91:
87:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
33:
19:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3567:Biosynthesis
3440:
3417:Geochemistry
3332:Pharmacology
3308:Cell biology
3298:Biochemistry
3126:Spectroscopy
3025:VSEPR theory
2874:Spectroscopy
2818:Branches of
2723:Paul Crutzen
2695:
2680:
2665:
2650:
2635:
2620:
2592:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2568:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2540:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2476:
2469:
2426:
2422:
2407:, CO, NO, NO
2384:
2361:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2337:
2330:Zimmer, Carl
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2306:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2238:Oxygen cycle
2030:
1953:Diamond dust
1877:Winter storm
1708:Thunderstorm
1540:
1533:
1518:
1509:
1494:Please help
1482:
1438:
1385:
1376:
1336:
1328:
1288:Earth system
1285:
1277:Mario Molina
1273:Paul Crutzen
1249:
1237:
1222:
1106:Formaldehyde
1007:Bromomethane
820:Nitric oxide
811:40-200 ppb
798:
793:
788:
770:
748:
719:
707:Water vapour
699:
657:, in winter
640:, in summer
469:
426:
419:Dry air per
418:
413:
364:NASA Langley
312:
296:oceanography
259:
258:
196:
73:
3755:WikiProject
2980:Theoretical
2965:Calorimetry
2727:Harry Kroto
2576:14 December
2548:11 November
2520:11 November
2167:Meteorology
2102:Meteorology
1990:Snow roller
1985:Snow grains
1948:Ice pellets
1897:Snow squall
1828:Storm surge
1774:Anticyclone
1730:Mesocyclone
1718:Thundersnow
1667:Arcus cloud
1458:Henry's law
1382:Observation
1373:Methodology
1261:ozone layer
1259:of how the
1025:Iodomethane
771:approximate
662:up to 0.02
645:up to 0.07
628:up to 0.02
384:temperature
321:emissions,
308:climatology
304:volcanology
288:meteorology
132:Climatology
90:Meteorology
3771:Categories
3591:Metallurgy
3290:Biological
2856:Analytical
2287:2022-10-06
2264:References
2161:Glossaries
2097:Jet stream
2036:Convection
2022:Atmosphere
1970:Cloudburst
1833:Dust storm
1799:Nor'easter
1769:Fire whirl
1764:Dust devil
1757:Waterspout
1684:Heat burst
1679:Microburst
1637:Wet season
1625:Dry season
1412:satellites
1395:(see also
1346:simulation
1308:ecosystems
1292:atmosphere
1155:11.2 ppb
752:CFCs/HCFCs
197:Glossaries
3792:Chemistry
3653:Catalysis
3161:Inorganic
2955:Titration
2820:chemistry
2453:1680-7324
2345:3 October
2092:Heat wave
2087:Cold wave
2031:Chemistry
1882:Ice storm
1872:Firestorm
1784:Polar low
1752:Landspout
1735:Supercell
1696:Lightning
1674:Downburst
1630:Harmattan
1564:Part of
1512:June 2019
1483:does not
1404:Mauna Loa
1300:geosphere
1296:biosphere
1247:in 1840.
1135:8.6 ppb
1123:Acetylene
1115:9.1 ppb
331:acid rain
323:lightning
268:chemistry
3719:Category
3675:Molecule
3612:See also
3037:Physical
2774:Archived
2461:62782723
1963:Freezing
1924:Freezing
1887:Blizzard
1566:a series
1557:See also
1543:Autochem
1464:Modeling
1446:aerosols
1339:absorbed
1082:15–340
1064:70–200
913:Methanol
873:Isoprene
678:up to 1
571:Hydrogen
464:20.946%
461:20.946%
447:78.084%
444:78.084%
436:Nitrogen
395:altitude
188:Aeronomy
179:Aeronomy
163:category
146:category
121:category
104:category
79:category
67:category
3731:Commons
3695:Alchemy
3211:Organic
2542:AP News
2431:Bibcode
2411:, NO, O
2314:7 April
2117:Extreme
2063:Physics
2053:Climate
2041:Physics
1931:Graupel
1919:Drizzle
1867:Sirocco
1850:Monsoon
1821:Typhoon
1779:Cyclone
1742:Tornado
1689:Derecho
1574:Weather
1504:removed
1489:sources
1304:climate
1211:History
1202:0.209
1197:mercury
1098:15–45
930:Ethanol
893:Benzene
853:Propane
814:97 ppb
775:aerosol
557:Krypton
540:Methane
380:dry air
319:volcano
300:geology
284:physics
270:of the
141:Climate
99:Weather
3743:Portal
2889:UV-Vis
2729:, the
2687:
2672:
2657:
2642:
2627:
2599:
2459:
2451:
2415:and SO
2372:
2125:Canada
2080:Season
2010:Topics
1855:Amihan
1843:Haboob
1838:Simoom
1650:Storms
1605:Autumn
1600:Summer
1595:Spring
1590:Winter
1420:MOPITT
1143:Ethene
1044:, OCS
1016:9–10
984:532.3
963:252.7
833:Ethane
734:and CH
684:Iodine
612:0.087
526:Helium
520:18.18
517:18.18
453:Oxygen
327:corona
168:portal
109:portal
2916:MALDI
2884:Raman
2457:S2CID
2366:Wiley
2130:Japan
2058:Cloud
2046:River
1995:Slush
1657:Cloud
1425:LIDAR
1241:ozone
1199:, Hg
1172:7.3
1047:510
1036:0.36
981:530
971:, CCl
960:237
953:, CCl
924:1967
822:, NO
808:, CO
730:of CO
720:Notes
700:Water
694:0.01
670:*, SO
651:Ozone
634:Ozone
607:, Xe
605:Xenon
599:0.34
582:0.53
579:0.53
565:1.14
562:1.14
559:, Kr
534:5.24
531:5.24
528:, He
514:, Ne
497:*, CO
489:9340
486:9340
483:, Ar
481:Argon
3670:Atom
2938:HPLC
2685:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2578:2015
2570:NASA
2550:2015
2522:2015
2449:ISSN
2403:, CH
2370:ISBN
2347:2013
2316:2021
2112:List
2075:Mist
1975:Snow
1958:Rain
1936:Hail
1862:Gale
1487:any
1485:cite
1418:and
1416:GOME
1343:NASA
1329:half
1298:and
1279:and
1255:and
1231:and
1188:79
1182:, CF
1166:, SF
1092:, CS
1067:102
1058:, SO
1050:413
1027:, CH
1019:7.7
1009:, CH
1001:503
992:, CH
915:, CH
887:311
867:200
847:781
686:*, I
653:*, O
636:*, O
620:, NO
551:1.9
548:1.9
542:, CH
512:Neon
506:430
503:430
421:NASA
382:vs.
345:and
302:and
3680:Ion
2911:ICP
2894:NMR
2759:at
2439:doi
2070:Fog
1545:or
1498:by
1337:not
1327:if
1267:by
1243:by
1158:20
1145:, C
1125:, C
1112:CO
1108:, H
1075:, H
1013:Br
996:Cl
945:75
940:OH
932:, C
919:OH
907:11
895:, C
875:, C
855:, C
835:, C
827:16
789:Gas
590:, N
573:, H
472:ppm
455:, O
438:, N
414:Gas
378:in
3773::
3410:/
3406:/
3258:/
2933:GC
2906:EI
2879:IR
2567:.
2539:.
2513:.
2494:.
2455:.
2447:.
2437:.
2427:10
2425:.
2421:.
2397:10
2395:–C
2368:.
2336:.
2305:.
2280:.
1568:on
1431:.
1310:.
1294:,
1283:.
1275:,
1227:,
1079:S
1031:I
957:F
709:*
594:O
408:)
341:,
337:,
333:,
310:.
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
3644:"
3640:"
2811:e
2804:t
2797:v
2691:.
2676:.
2661:.
2646:.
2631:.
2605:.
2580:.
2552:.
2524:.
2463:.
2441::
2433::
2419:"
2417:2
2413:3
2409:2
2405:4
2401:2
2393:2
2378:.
2349:.
2318:.
2290:.
2225:e
2218:t
2211:v
1525:)
1519:(
1514:)
1510:(
1506:.
1492:.
1399:2
1341:(
1333:2
1184:4
1168:6
1151:4
1149:H
1147:2
1131:2
1129:H
1127:2
1110:2
1094:2
1077:2
1060:2
1029:3
1011:3
994:3
977:2
975:F
973:2
955:3
938:5
936:H
934:2
917:3
901:6
899:H
897:6
881:8
879:H
877:5
861:8
859:H
857:3
841:6
839:H
837:2
766:S
762:2
757:H
736:4
732:2
688:2
672:2
655:3
638:3
622:2
592:2
575:2
544:4
499:2
474:)
457:2
440:2
366:.
248:e
241:t
234:v
34:.
20:)
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