445:
undertaken by
Ibrahim on behalf of the state. By late 1887, tensions among the Druze was at boiling point. Conflict with the Sulut had renewed in Lajat and in the ensuing conflict, Ottoman troops intervened and killed between twenty and eighty-five Druze fighters. The Sulut subsequently raided a Druze caravan, killing two and seizing sixty camels. Amid this conflict, Ibrahim stayed out of the fray, causing many Druze to view him as a collaborator with the Ottomans. The following year, the governor of Damascus announced measures that brought the Druze further into Damascus's fold; among the measures was a demand to pay tax arrears, to open five state schools, hand over bandits sought by the authorities and the formation of a gendarme commanded by Ibrahim.
387:, Umm al-Rumman and Mujaymir to their sheikhdom, and Sahwat Balatah, Khirbet Awad, Jubayb, Kanakir and al-Ruha to their zone of influence. Relations with the Hamdan and Bani Amer clans further deteriorated and the latter families joined the Bedouin Sulut tribe in their war against Ismail in 1868. To put an end to the war, Rashid Pasha replaced Ismail with his son Ibrahim and divided Jabal Hauran into four subdistricts based on the boundaries of the Druze sheikhdoms. The Bani al-Atrash sheikhdom by then had been expanded to include 18 villages (out of some 62 Druze villages in Jabal Hauran).
343:, the volcanic mountainous region in eastern Hauran where Druze settlement was concentrated. Wakid and his clan were backed Bani Amer, Azzam, Hanaydi, Abu Assaf and Abu Fakhr clans in the power struggle with the Bani al-Atrash, whose only major ally among the prominent Druze clans was the Qal'ani family. Ismail built a rapport with the British consul in Damascus and virtually all Druze correspondence with the British and French consuls of Damascus bore Ismail's signature. The Ottomans treated Ismail as the
457:" was renewed in 1890 and the clans were again expelled from the peasant villages. The Bani al-Atrash and their rivals were restored after Ottoman intervention. The Ottomans' restoration of Bani al-Atrash to their former position was conditioned on a major agrarian reform whereby the peasants were given the right to own property; many became landowners as a result. The shared Druze faith of the dominant clans and the peasants smoothed over relations between them.
466:
1803:
1792:
1335:
421:
facilitate the construction of an
Ottoman garrison in the latter region. The Druze sheikhs rejected the demands, and Ibrahim al-Atrash opposed the appointment of Talhuq and was incensed at Midhat Pasha's administrative reforms. Midhat Pasha was replaced by Hamdi Pasha in August 1880, roughly coinciding with an incident in which
1007:
477:
In the early 1890s, Shibli succeeded
Ibrahim and contested control over Jabal Hauran which was placed under a governor from outside the district. The Ottomans used the Bedouin Ruwala tribe as an ally and the latter raided Shibli's headquarters in 'Ara, killing four of its inhabitants. Shibli resolved
347:
ruler of the Druze, although the Hamdan sheikhs continued to assert their traditional authority over the Druze of Jabal Hauran. The sheikhs of the major traditional families petitioned the
British consul to compel the authorities to appoint Wakid as the "first sheikh" of Jabal Hauran in October 1856.
331:
tribes. While at times there were hostilities with the
Bedouin, Ismail forged friendly ties with the tribes and eventually established an alliance with them against the Ottomans. His son Shibli was a poet who adopted the Bedouin poetic style and whose poems were recited by tribesmen spanning the area
415:
This relative autonomy of Jabal Hauran changed with the appointment of Midhat Pasha as governor of
Damascus in 1878. The governor used two violent incidents between the Druze and the Hauran plainsmen as an opportunity to launch an expedition to enforce direct Ottoman rule in Jabal Hauran. In October
265:
in the early or mid-19th century, but a number of theories exist as to the circumstances of their migration. One view holds that a certain
Muhammad (the grandfather of Ismail al-Atrash) settled the family there, while another view holds that three brothers of the family from the village of Tursha in
448:
The Bani al-Atrash were forced from their villages during a peasant revolt in 1889, which was initially instigated by clan's chief rival, but resulted in the other prominent clans' expulsion as well. Ibrahim had fought the peasants in June, but was forced to retreat to
Damascus along with the other
233:
The origins of the Bani al-Atrash family are obscure, according to Druze historian Kais Firro, who asserts that like other prominent Middle
Eastern families, "genealogical trees were only reconstructed after the consolidation of a family's power". The Bani al-Atrash claim descent from Ali al-Aks, a
444:
The official elevation of
Ibrahim, which coincided with an increased Ottoman military presence in Jabal Hauran, was met with dissatisfaction among many Druze, sheikhs and peasants alike. They were particularly angered at the new system of taxation, which was better enforced than years past and was
507:
Between their arrival in Jabal Hauran in the middle to late 19th century until 1963, the Bani al-Atrash was the most prominent clan in Jabal Hauran's social hierarchy. They were divided into three sub-clans, the Bani Isma'il, Bani Hammud and Bani Najm. They were based in the southern half of the
420:
and gave him authority over a Druze gendarme and established an appeals court and new administrative council. He demanded that the Druze sheikhs pay 10,000 Turkish liras to compensate for the expedition's expenses and give consent for the construction of a road between Jabal Hauran and Lajat to
629:
did not end the prestige and kinship loyalties of the prominent clans, including the al-Atrash, who continued to have paramount sheikh. While most leading members of the Ba'ath Party from the Druze community hailed from families on the lower socioeconomic scale, a member of the Bani al-Atrash,
348:
However, by then, Ismail was the clear power in the region. From his military headquarters in al-Qurayya, his rule marked a significant shift in power relations in the Hauran. In the 1830s, the Bedouin tribes were dominant and the inhabitants of Druze villages were still obligated to pay
399:
of Ara, prompting clashes between the latter's partisans within the family and its allied clans. The dispute was settled by the mediation of the authorities in Damascus and Shibli recognized his brother's leadership in January 1870. Early in his administration, Ibrahim captured
433:) to al-Karak's inhabitants, who were officially blamed for instigating the massacre, the establishment of an Ottoman garrison outside of as-Suwayda and a series of subdistrict appointments for the Bani al-Atrash sheikhs. Accordingly, Ibrahim al-Atrash was recognized as
486:
on charges of inciting a revolt against the empire. Shibli's brother Yahya organized al-Atrash allies, the Azzam, Abu Fakhr and Nasr clans to retaliate against the Ottomans. The allies assaulted and besieged the Ottoman garrison at
327:) and encouraged Druze and Christian settlement in al-Qurayya. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, he consolidated his role as the Druze military chieftain in his coreligionists’ entanglements with the Ottoman authorities and local
278:, which means "the deaf" in Arabic, derives from Muhammad's deaf son. It subsequently became an appellation by which Muhammad's family was known. One of Muhammad's son, Ibrahim al-Atrash, was killed in Hauran during the
404:, the Al Hamdan's principal headquarters. The move consolidate Atrash dominance among the Druze sheikhs and expanded the family's territory. Peace ensued in Jabal Hauran in the following years, and although a Turkish
532:, al-Annat, al-Hawiyah, al-Ghariyah and Dhibin. However, their influence also extended to the northern half, where they rivaled the Druze Bani Amer and Halabiyah clans. Religiously, Druze society is divided into
356:, while the Muslim villagers in the Hauran plain continued to do so. Instead, Bedouin tribes paid Ismail in return for permission to water their flocks at fountains and reservoirs located in Ismail's territory.
425:
from al-Karak killed three Druze men, prompting the Druze to massacre 105 inhabitants of the village. A commission was overseen by Hamdi Pasha which eventually concluded with a large Druze payment of
204:
Ismail was succeeded by his eldest son Ibrahim and following the latter's death, by Ismail's other son Shibli. Al-Atrash sheikhs led the Druze in numerous revolts against the Ottomans, including the
315:
in the 1840s. Ismail acquired a battlefield reputation among the Druze and succeeded al-Aryan as the virtual leader of the Druze after the latter's death. Ismail was based in the village of
1057:
552:
were not privy to Druze religious secrets made up the majority of the community. While the Bani al-Atrash were the dominant clan of the Druze social elite, they were generally
437:
of as-Suwayda, Shibli in 'Ira, their brother Muhammad in Salkhad and their ally Hazima Hunaydi in al-Majdal. Furthering the Atrash's official legitimacy, Ibrahim was appointed
311:, Muhammad's grandson, joined the Druze leader Shibli al-Aryan of Wadi al-Taym in his military intervention on behalf of the Druze of Mount Lebanon in their conflict with the
634:, played a major leadership role in the party in the mid-1960s. In 1984, al-Amir Salim al-Atrash was chosen for this role and accorded the "cloak of leadership" by the three
1513:
638:
of the Jabal. The role of Bani al-Atrash sheikh was more ceremonial or symbolic and he had little political power. In the 1990s, the clan had around 5,000 members.
363:. The latter had been a stronghold of the Hamdan clan, but was conquered by Ismail in 1857. Ismail's intervention on behalf of his coreligionists during the
395:
Ismail died in November 1869 and a power struggle consequently ensued between his sons Ibrahim and Shibli. The former was recognized by Rashid Pasha as the
181:
authorities and European consuls, Ismail consolidated al-Atrash power. By the early 1880s, the family controlled eighteen villages, chief among which were
1493:
491:, and several rebels and troops were killed. The Ottomans and Druze sheikhs came to an agreement whereby Shibli would be released and a member of the
598:
in the 1920s. Fleeing the French occupation of Syria, 'Alia al-Mundhir al-Atrash, from the House of Sultan al-Atrash, and her three children, Fuad,
242:. This claim is affirmed by several historians of the family, but is viewed skeptically by Firro. Some members of the family claim descent from the
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and later became naturalized citizens. After successful musical careers, Asmahan, Fuad and Farid al-Atrash were buried at the
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583:). Their influence started to wane after unification and independence of Syria, especially with the death of
1639:
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Atrash sheikhs and request Ottoman support. The situation was temporarily settled through mediation by the
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is Arabic for "the deaf" and derives from one the family's deaf patriarchs. The al-Atrash clan migrated to
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209:
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became the paramount ruling Druze family of Jabal Hauran in the mid-19th century, taking over from
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1616:
1548:
1503:
1390:
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482:. Before he could launch an operation against the Ruwala, he was arrested by the authorities in
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further boosted his prestige. In 1866, Ismail was made the regional governor of Jabal Hauran by
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173:. Through his battlefield reputation and his political intrigues with other Druze clans,
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1674:
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150:
47:
1821:
1771:
1754:
1744:
1364:
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247:
352:(tribute) to the Bedouin. By the early 1850s, however, the Druze no longer paid the
1766:
1594:
1468:
1195:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
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422:
384:
287:
267:
198:
158:
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and became independent of the Druze sheikhs who ruled the area. He formed his own
676:(stage name of Amal al-Atrash), Syrian/Lebanese-Egyptian singer, sister of Farid.
1447:
1294:
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In the 1850s, Ismail rivaled the Hamdan sheikh Wakid al-Hamdan for supremacy in
243:
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1734:
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17:
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271:
170:
1008:"علياء المنذر: هربت بأبنائها من سورية لمصر وقدمت للفن فريد الأطرش وأسمهان"
1606:
359:
By 1860, the Bani al-Atrash sheikhdom consisted of al-Qurayya, Bakka and
412:, the Druze sheikhdom system was largely left alone by the authorities.
1569:
1324:
673:
603:
513:
492:
454:
380:
328:
186:
174:
101:
1584:
1369:
1309:
611:
572:
483:
376:
262:
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162:
78:
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migrated to Hauran and settled on territory controlled by the Druze
1694:
1601:
1579:
1574:
1299:
1267:
615:
595:
591:
540:. The latter consisted of the religious leaders of the community (
521:
464:
146:
73:
51:
1611:
1564:
499:, Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi was appointed governor of Jabal Hauran.
416:
1879, he appointed Sa'id Talhuq, a Druze from Mount Lebanon, as
1240:
667:
161:
in the early 19th century, and under the leadership of their
1074:
Architecture for the Dead : Cairo's Medieval Necropolis
508:
mountain, inhabiting or controlling 16 towns and villages:
1236:
1039:. 2010-09-12. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12
261:
The Bani al-Atrash's founders likely migrated to the
134:
1703:
1667:
1625:
1557:
1461:
1435:
1404:
1383:
1342:
1274:
1171:"The Ottoman Reforms and Jabal al-Duruz, 1860–1914"
107:
85:
65:
57:
43:
32:
1214:
1514:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
590:Some members of the Atrash family emigrated from
1056:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
666:, Syrian/Lebanese-Egyptian singer and virtuoso
1252:
1173:. In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.).
559:In 1909, Zuqan al-Atrash led an unsuccessful
478:to retaliate and formed an alliance with the
8:
1077:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 96.
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35:
1100:
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606:) were sponsored by Egypt's prime minister
375:. By 1867, the Bani al-Atrash added Malah,
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453:, but the revolt, which was known as the "
1494:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
660:, Syrian politician. Son of Sultan Pasha.
153:in southwestern Syria. The family's name
1133:. Kegan Paul International. p. 55.
1071:Kadi, Galila El; Bonnamy, Alain (2007).
1217:Asmahan's Secrets: Woman, War, and Song
1014:(in Arabic). 2008-05-23. Archived from
707:
238:mountain in the western countryside of
1175:Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration
1049:
556:, with the exception of some members.
29:
621:The coming to power of the socialist
602:, and Amal al-Atrash (later known as
7:
130:
36:
25:
698:, Jordanian journalist and writer
575:in 1923 and 1925–1927, headed by
1802:
1801:
1790:
1499:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
1333:
692:, Lebanese actor and voice actor
528:, Malah, Samad, Umm al-Rumman,
1474:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
1198:. Princeton University Press.
548:) and their subordinates. The
212:, was the chief leader of the
1:
1713:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine
1221:. University of Texas Press.
1539:Druze in Mandatory Palestine
365:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
258:rule (14th–17th centuries).
1853:Political families of Syria
1519:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
332:between the Hauran and the
135:
1869:
1331:
1130:Dictionary of Arab History
301:
1785:
1828:Arabic-language surnames
1360:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana
740:Firro 1992, pp. 185–186.
682:, first governor of the
1479:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
1453:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb
1213:Zuhur, Sherifa (2000).
1151:A History of the Druzes
1127:Bidwell, Robin (1998).
684:State of Jabal al-Druze
627:1963 Syrian coup d'état
520:, Qaysama, 'Anz, 'Ira,
1640:Maronite-Druze dualism
1635:Christianity and Druze
1524:Hauran Druze Rebellion
1192:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
1154:. Vol. 1. BRILL.
585:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
567:once again during the
474:
210:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
208:. One of its sheikhs,
1760:List of Israeli Druze
1489:Mount Lebanon Emirate
1350:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
473:, Syria, October 1895
468:
391:Leadership of Ibrahim
246:, the Druze power in
1777:Persecution of Druze
1740:Druze Arabic dialect
1544:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
1355:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
1169:Firro, Kais (2005).
1148:Firro, Kais (1992).
469:Shibli al-Atrash in
461:Leadership of Shibli
298:Leadership of Ismail
218:French rule in Syria
81:(early 19th century)
1833:Syrian Druze people
1797:Religion portal
1730:Alam al-Din dynasty
1320:Seven Durzi pillars
962:Firro 1992, p. 229.
942:Firro, ed., p. 159.
912:Firro, ed., p. 158.
894:Firro, ed., p. 157.
848:Firro 1992, p. 194.
834:Firro 1992, p. 192.
820:Firro, pp. 190–191.
811:Firro 1992, p. 191.
802:Firro 1992, p. 190.
793:Firro 1992, p. 189.
784:Firro 1992, p. 187.
760:Firro 1992, p. 186.
731:Firro 1992, p. 185.
571:until 1918 and the
214:Great Syrian Revolt
1617:Salman the Persian
1549:Qalb Loze massacre
1504:Battle of Ain Dara
1391:Epistles of Wisdom
1375:Muhammad al-Darazī
1037:"Fareed Al Atrach"
997:Zuhur 2000, p. 39.
475:
206:1910 Hauran revolt
108:Connected families
1815:
1814:
1668:Druze communities
1652:Judaism and Druze
1626:Relationship with
1529:Jabal Druze State
1509:1838 Druze Revolt
1443:Al-Khidr Festival
1422:Khalwat al-Bayada
1343:Important figures
1228:978-0-292-79807-6
1113:Zuhur 2000, p. 38
1084:978-977-416-074-5
1018:on 6 January 2023
880:Firro, ed. p. 156
860:Firro, ed. p. 155
652:Syrian Revolution
503:Twentieth century
441:in January 1883.
408:administered the
280:1838 Druze revolt
141:), also known as
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
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1848:Al-Atrash family
1805:
1804:
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1723:Sultan al-Atrash
1590:John the Baptist
1395:Rasa'il al-Hikma
1337:
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1177:. I. B. Tauris.
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650:, leader of the
648:Sultan al-Atrash
636:shuyukh al-uqqal
632:Mansur al-Atrash
577:Sultan al-Atrash
542:shuyukh al-uqqal
451:shuyukh al-uqqal
309:Ismail al-Atrash
304:Ismail al-Atrash
284:Bashir Shihab II
167:Ismail al-Atrash
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94:Sultan al-Atrash
90:Ismail al-Atrash
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1750:Jumblatt family
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1647:Islam and Druze
1628:other religions
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988:Batatu, p. 357.
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696:Laila Al-Atrash
690:Jihad Al-Atrash
680:Salim al-Atrash
664:Farid al-Atrash
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642:Notable members
581:Zuqan al-Atrash
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334:Sinai Peninsula
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274:clan. The name
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1695:Druze diaspora
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18:Atrash family
1767:Majid Arslan
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1675:Syrian Druze
1595:Saint George
1534:Mountain War
1484:Ma'n dynasty
1469:Wadi al-Taym
1427:Nabi Shu'ayb
1412:Druze Khalwa
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1120:Bibliography
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1073:
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1041:. Retrieved
1031:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:the original
1012:القدس العربي
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623:Ba'ath Party
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165:(chieftain)
159:Jabal Hauran
154:
151:Jabal Hauran
142:
136:
122:
120:
111:Bani Isma'il
48:Jabal Hauran
1448:Eid Al Adha
1405:Holy places
1300:Esotericism
1295:Divine call
625:during the
569:Arab Revolt
427:blood money
115:Bani Hammud
72:, northern
27:Family name
1822:Categories
1735:Amin Tarif
1205:0691002541
1161:9004094377
1043:2023-01-06
1022:2023-01-06
703:References
518:al-Qurayya
510:al-Suwayda
495:family of
402:as-Suwayda
317:al-Qurayya
254:and early
244:Ma'an clan
191:al-Qurayya
183:as-Suwayda
61:"the Deaf"
1436:Holy days
1315:Theophany
614:Plain in
561:rebellion
497:Jerusalem
489:al-Mazraa
480:Bani Saqr
439:qaimmaqam
418:qaimmaqam
406:qaimmaqam
325:sheikhdom
321:mashaykha
313:Maronites
276:al-atrash
171:Al Hamdan
155:al-atrash
137:al-Aṭrash
123:al-Atrash
113:Bani Najm
76:(claimed)
58:Etymology
33:al-Atrash
1843:Surnames
1807:Category
1706:Features
1607:Muhammad
1558:Prophets
1286:Mowahhid
1052:cite web
579:(son of
565:Ottomans
544:, sing.
345:de facto
290:army of
288:Egyptian
286:and the
216:against
177:tribes,
133:
1570:Abraham
1462:History
1325:Walayah
1275:Beliefs
674:Asmahan
670:player.
604:Asmahan
514:Salkhad
493:Khalidi
455:Ammiyya
381:Salkhad
329:Bedouin
256:Ottoman
250:during
229:Origins
224:History
187:Salkhad
179:Ottoman
175:Bedouin
145:, is a
102:Asmahan
86:Members
1585:Elijah
1370:Shuaib
1310:Taqiya
1225:
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612:Fustat
573:French
554:juhhal
550:juhhal
534:juhhal
484:Shaqqa
377:Dhibin
354:khuwwa
350:khuwwa
272:Hamdan
263:Hauran
252:Mamluk
240:Aleppo
163:sheikh
131:الأطرش
127:Arabic
79:Hauran
37:الأطرش
1704:Other
1602:Moses
1580:Khidr
1575:Jesus
1384:Texts
1268:Druze
616:Cairo
600:Farid
596:Egypt
592:Syria
538:uqqal
526:Urman
522:Rasas
435:mudir
431:diyya
410:qadaa
397:mudir
385:Urman
199:Urman
147:Druze
74:Syria
52:Akkar
1612:Noah
1565:Adam
1223:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1058:link
536:and
530:Awas
361:'Ira
197:and
195:'Ira
121:The
668:oud
594:to
471:Ira
1824::
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1050:{{
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