704:
42:
433:
802:. Among sharks, the heart consists of four parts arranged serially: blood flows into the most posterior part, the sinus venosus, and then to the atrium which moves it to the third part, the ventricle, before it reaches the conus anteriosus, which itself is connected to the ventral aorta. This is considered a primitive arrangement, and many vertebrates have condensed the atrium with the sinus venosus and the ventricle with the conus anteriosus.
271:
1844:
643:. (3) The atrial contractions must be gentle enough so that the force of contraction does not exert significant back pressure that would impede venous flow. (4) The "let go" of the atria must be timed so that they relax before the start of ventricular contraction, to be able to accept venous flow without interruption.
790:
Many other animals, including mammals, also have four-chambered hearts, which have a similar function. Some animals (amphibians and reptiles) have a three-chambered heart, in which the blood from each atrium is mixed in the single ventricle before being pumped to the aorta. In these animals, the left
588:, which provides access to the left atrium; this connects the two chambers, which is essential for fetal blood circulation. At birth, when the first breath is taken fetal blood flow is reversed to travel through the lungs. The foramen ovale is no longer needed and it closes to leave a depression (the
456:
is characterized as being in one of four groups: windsock, cactus, cauliflower, and chicken wing. The LAA appears to "function as a decompression chamber during left ventricular systole and during other periods when left atrial pressure is high". It also modulates intravascular volume by secreting
630:
to the heart that would occur during ventricular systole if the veins ended at the inlet valves of the heart. In normal physiologic states, the output of the heart is pulsatile, and the venous inflow to the heart is continuous and non-pulsatile. But without functioning atria, venous flow becomes
634:
Atria have four essential characteristics that cause them to promote continuous venous flow. (1) There are no atrial inlet valves to interrupt blood flow during atrial systole. (2) The atrial systole contractions are incomplete and thus do not contract to the extent that would block flow from the
646:
By preventing the inertia of interrupted venous flow that would otherwise occur at each ventricular systole, atria allow approximately 75% more cardiac output than would otherwise occur. The fact that atrial contraction is 15% of the amount of the succeeding ventricular ejection has led to a
1711:"Images in cardiovascular medicine. The case of a disappearing left atrial appendage thrombus: direct visualization of left atrial thrombus migration, captured by echocardiography, in a patient with atrial fibrillation, resulting in a stroke"
813:, the ventricle is almost entirely divided by a septum, but retains an opening through which some mixing of blood occurs. In birds, mammals, and some other reptiles (alligators in particular) the partitioning of both chambers is complete.
647:
misplaced emphasis on their role in pumping up the ventricles (the so-called "atrial kick"), whereas the key benefit of atria is in preventing circulatory inertia and allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart.
610:
Within the fetal right atrium, blood from the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava flow in separate streams to different locations in the heart; this has been reported to occur through the
376:(lat: auricula atrii dextra) is located at the front upper surface of the right atrium. Looking from the front, the right atrial appendage appears wedge-shaped or triangular. Its base surrounds the
281:
Humans have a four-chambered heart consisting of the right and left atrium, and the right and left ventricle. The atria are the two upper chambers which pump blood to the two lower ventricles.
249:
to move blood to the ventricles. Each atrium is roughly cube-shaped except for an ear-shaped projection called an atrial appendage, previously known as an auricle. All animals with a
635:
veins through the atria into the ventricles. During atrial systole, blood not only empties from the atria to the ventricles, but blood continues to flow uninterrupted from the
480:. The left atrial appendage can serve as an approach for mitral valve surgery. The body of the left atrial appendage is anterior to the left atrium and parallel to the left
476:
The left atrial appendage can be seen on a standard posteroanterior X-ray, where the lower level of the left hilum becomes concave. It can also be seen clearly using
141:
900:
2261:
550:
1876:
1683:
595:
In some cases, the foramen ovale fails to close. This abnormality is present in approximately 25% of the general population. This is known as a
683:
results in the flow of blood in the reverse direction β from the left atrium to the right β which reduces cardiac output, potentially causing
113:
1823:
1693:
904:
703:
1937:
1454:
950:
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The atrium was formerly called the 'auricle'. That term is still used to describe this chamber in some other animals, such as the
1932:
856:"Recording of blood pressure from the left auricle and the pulmonary veins in human subjects with interauricular septal defect"
731:
557:
501:
743:
492:, the left atrial appendage fibrillates rather than contracts resulting in blood stasis that predisposes to the formation of
477:
1343:
Naksuk, Niyada; Padmanabhan, Deepak; Yogeswaran, Vidhushei; Asirvatham, Samuel J. (August 2016). "Left Atrial
Appendage".
763:
622:
In human physiology, the atria facilitate circulation primarily by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart during
530:
then spreads across both atria causing them to contract, forcing the blood they hold into their corresponding ventricles.
136:
769:
466:
2339:
2116:
1869:
1632:(video produced by University of Arizona Biomedical Communications; demonstration of atrial effect begings at 13:43).
522:(SA node) is located in the posterior aspect of the right atrium, next to the superior vena cava. This is a group of
380:. The right atrial appendage is a pouch-like extension of the right atrium and is covered by a trabecula network of
809:, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is mixed in the ventricle before being pumped out to the body's organs; in
462:
2140:
538:
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250:
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when a drop in atrial pressure (which indicates a drop in blood volume) is detected. This triggers a release of
2409:
527:
96:
734:
may be performed at the time of any open-heart surgery to prevent future clot formation within the appendage.
707:
CT scan of the chest showing a thrombus in the left atrial appendage (left: axial plane, right: coronal plane)
974:
2120:
2033:
2001:
1989:
651:
297:
292:. As the atria do not have valves at their inlets, a venous pulsation is normal, and can be detected in the
1848:
855:
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2100:
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separates the right atrium from the left atrium; this is marked by a depression in the right atrium β the
345:
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209:
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994:"A comprehensive review of the anatomical variations in the right atrium and their clinical significance"
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2186:
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2028:
1947:
585:
534:
361:
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484:. The left pulmonary artery passes posterosuperiorly and is separated from the atrial appendage by the
805:
With the advent of lungs came a partitioning of the atrium into two parts divided by a septum. Among
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2132:
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2051:
1952:
1251:
Radakovic D, Penov K, Lazarus M, Madrahimov N, Hamouda K, Schimmer C, Leyh RG, Bening C (June 2023).
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680:
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1449:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 145.
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2334:
1917:
712:
569:
489:
458:
320:. The sinus venarum is the adult remnant of the sinus venosus and it surrounds the openings of the
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is partly responsible for venous drainage; it derives from the embryonic left superior vena cava.
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2006:
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312:, which act as a boundary inside the atrium and the smooth-walled part of the right atrium, the
1113:
Edgerton JR (2020). "Current State of
Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion: How and When".
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2011:
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begins to be formed as one chamber, which over the following two weeks becomes divided by the
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992:
Shereen, Rafik; Lee, Sang; Salandy, Sonja; Roberts, Wallisa; Loukas, Marios (November 2019).
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2016:
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798:, the circulatory system is very simple: a two-chambered heart including one atrium and one
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2144:
2128:
2124:
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309:
262:. Auricles in this modern terminology are distinguished by having thicker muscular walls.
216:
1304:"Mitral valve reoperation through the left atrial appendage in a patient with mesocardia"
1253:"The completeness of the left atrial appendage amputation during routine cardiac surgery"
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Ashrafian H (July 2006). "The Coanda effect and preferential right atrial streaming".
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have a tendency to form in the left atrial appendage. The clots may dislodge (forming
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damage to the brain, kidneys, or other organs supplied by the systemic circulation.
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1153:"Left atrial appendage: structure, function, and role in thromboembolism: Review"
1064:"A review of the LARIAT device: insights from the cumulative clinical experience"
225:
There are two atria in the human heart β the left atrium receives blood from the
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High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch β the
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1080:
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atrium still serves the purpose of collecting blood from the pulmonary veins.
626:. By being partially empty and distensible, atria prevent the interruption of
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1500:
938:
603:. It is mostly unproblematic, although it can be associated with paradoxical
129:
125:
1709:
Parekh A, Jaladi R, Sharma S, Van Decker WA, Ezekowitz MD (September 2006).
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1752:"Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion during Cardiac Surgery to Prevent Stroke"
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1404:
1388:"Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion during Cardiac Surgery to Prevent Stroke"
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risk, surgeons may choose to close it during open-heart surgery, using a
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and the coronary sinus. Attached to each atrium is an atrial appendage.
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The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the left and right
810:
720:
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Also of importance in maintaining the blood flow are the presence of
631:
pulsatile, and the overall circulation rate decreases significantly.
497:
284:
The right atrium and ventricle are often referred to together as the
943:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
941:. In Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.).
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which spontaneously depolarize to create an action potential. The
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The right atrium receives and holds deoxygenated blood from the
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352:, which it then sends down to the right ventricle through the
1641:
1655:
The Gross
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd ed.)
1812:
Doris R. Helms; Carl W. Helms; Robert J. Kosinski (1997).
1302:
Guhathakurta S, Kurian VM, Manmohan G, Cherian KM (2004).
416:(left atrioventricular valve) for pumping out through the
1445:
Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; Anne M.R. Agur (2010).
541:. This is located between the atria and the ventricles.
1688:(7th revised ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 567.
1203:
Arora, Yingyot; Jozsa, Felix; Soos, Michael P. (2023),
1583:
1581:
1579:
448:) (lat: auricula atrii sinistra), which has a tubular
277:
anatomy, right ventricle seen on right of illustration
1671:. Robert M. Anderson. 1999 – via Google Books.
412:, which it pumps to the left ventricle (through the
2371:
2325:
2307:
2252:
2234:
2227:
2165:
2075:
2068:
1963:
1900:
1893:
1815:
Biology in the
Laboratory: With BioBytes 3.1 CD-ROM
1669:"The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System"
135:
119:
107:
95:
83:
78:
66:
56:
51:
34:
730:In those with uncontrollable atrial fibrillation,
1807:
1805:
1569:The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
1588:Anderson R.M.; Fritz J.M.; O'Hare J.E. (1967).
1211:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
939:"The Jugular Venous Pressure and Pulse Contour"
920:"Jugular Venous Pressure: Causes and Prognosis"
580:into the left atrium and the right atrium. The
473:, where they enter into the blood circulation.
229:, and the right atrium receives blood from the
1642:Discussion of atrial effect in text Chapter 1.
1590:"The Mechanical Nature of the Heart as a Pump"
1205:"Anatomy, Thorax, Heart Left Atrial Appendage"
1057:
1055:
866:(2). American Journal of Physiology: 267β271.
860:American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content
715:, mitral valve disease, and other conditions,
1870:
8:
1468:
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204:. The blood in the atria is pumped into the
1146:
1144:
288:, and the left atrium and ventricle as the
241:, the atria receive blood while relaxed in
2231:
2072:
1967:
1897:
1877:
1863:
1855:
1750:Whitlock, Richard P.; et al. (2021).
1386:Whitlock, Richard P.; et al. (2021).
903:. American Heart Association. 8 May 2020.
549:The left atrium is supplied mainly by the
436:Left atrial appendage shown at upper right
40:
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1319:
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1268:
1176:
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986:
984:
1062:Srivastava MC, See VY, Price MJ (2015).
658:in the atria, which send signals to the
584:has an opening in the right atrium, the
1685:Human physiology: From cells to systems
846:
2137:moderator band/septomarginal trabecula
152:
31:
1198:
1196:
452:structure. LAA anatomy as seen in a
46:Front view of heart showing the atria
7:
1658:See "Chapter 1: Normal Physiology."
1573:See "Chapter 1: Normal Physiology."
687:, and in severe or untreated cases
185:
1630:The Determinants of Cardiac Output
907:from the original on 20 June 2010.
300:. Internally, there are the rough
25:
1728:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.617886
1492:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.524371
1475:"Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke"
1151:Al-Saady NM; et al. (1999).
1115:Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
998:Translational Research in Anatomy
901:"Roles of Your Four Heart Valves"
639:right through the atria into the
537:(AV node) is another node in the
1842:
1345:JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology
918:Tidy, Colin (20 December 2021).
872:10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.150.2.267
699:Left atrial appendage thrombosis
478:transesophageal echocardiography
463:atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
356:, which in turn sends it to the
1756:New England Journal of Medicine
1392:New England Journal of Medicine
732:left atrial appendage occlusion
558:oblique vein of the left atrium
551:left circumflex coronary artery
502:left atrial appendage occlusion
467:brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
744:Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
1:
1818:. W. H. Freeman. p. 36.
1308:Texas Heart Institute Journal
764:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
316:, which are derived from the
200:that receives blood from the
1609:10.1016/0002-8703(67)90313-4
1257:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
1047:Human heart anatomy diagram.
786:Amphibian Β§ Circulation
770:Premature atrial contraction
2340:sternopericardial ligaments
2117:valve of inferior vena cava
1682:Sherwood, Lauralee (2008).
1447:Clinically oriented anatomy
1357:10.1016/j.jacep.2016.06.006
1236:Corne; et al. (2002).
937:Applefeld, Mark M. (1990).
2426:
1938:posterior interventricular
1270:10.1186/s12872-023-03330-8
1127:10.1016/j.ccep.2019.10.001
1011:10.1016/j.tria.2019.100046
820:
779:
553:, and its small branches.
511:
253:have at least one atrium.
2352:epicardium/visceral layer
2141:crista supraventricularis
2042:
1970:
1933:anterior interventricular
1081:10.1186/s40064-015-1289-8
654:. These are low-pressure
539:cardiac conduction system
514:Cardiac conduction system
496:. Because of consequent
251:closed circulatory system
147:
39:
1240:. Churchill Livingstone.
1049:Retrieved on 2010-07-02.
1034:"Structure of the Heart"
738:Functional abnormalities
528:cardiac action potential
2121:valve of coronary sinus
2034:atrioventricular septum
2002:interventricular septum
1546:10.1378/chest.130.1.300
782:Fish Β§ Circulation
652:atrial volume receptors
298:jugular venous pressure
27:Part of the human heart
2359:fold of left vena cava
2109:limbus of fossa ovalis
1597:American Heart Journal
975:"Embryo Images Online"
823:anatomical terminology
708:
592:) in the atrial wall.
572:at about two weeks, a
437:
374:right atrial appendage
368:Right atrial appendage
346:smallest cardiac veins
342:anterior cardiac veins
278:
184:'entry hall';
174:
149:Anatomical terminology
2155:pulmonary circulation
1769:10.1056/NEJMoa2101897
1405:10.1056/NEJMoa2101897
1238:Chest X-Ray Made Easy
723:), which may lead to
706:
535:atrioventricular node
442:left atrial appendage
435:
428:Left atrial appendage
362:pulmonary circulation
273:
227:pulmonary circulation
2384:Coronary circulation
2213:systemic circulation
2052:intervenous tubercle
1851:at Wikimedia Commons
1169:10.1136/hrt.82.5.547
854:Cournand, A (1947).
681:atrial septal defect
675:Atrial septal defect
601:atrial septal defect
597:patent foramen ovale
459:natriuretic peptides
422:systemic circulation
235:systemic circulation
192:) is one of the two
2335:fibrous pericardium
713:atrial fibrillation
624:ventricular systole
490:atrial fibrillation
245:, then contract in
2379:Circulatory system
2347:serous pericardium
2309:Pericardial cavity
2007:trabeculae carneae
1980:interatrial septum
1473:Homma, S. (2005).
835:Left atrial volume
821:This article uses
754:Atrial tachycardia
709:
582:interatrial septum
438:
386:interatrial septum
378:superior vena cava
338:inferior vena cava
334:superior vena cava
279:
202:circulatory system
73:Circulatory system
2397:
2396:
2389:Coronary arteries
2367:
2366:
2317:pericardial sinus
2277:Bachmann's bundle
2267:cardiac pacemaker
2262:Conduction system
2223:
2222:
2113:crista terminalis
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2012:chordae tendineae
1985:pectinate muscles
1847:Media related to
1762:(22): 2081β2091.
1398:(22): 2081β2091.
759:Sinus tachycardia
711:In patients with
508:Conduction system
382:pectinate muscles
306:crista terminalis
302:pectinate muscles
183:
163:
162:
158:
16:(Redirected from
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2187:atrial appendage
2151:pulmonary artery
2101:atrial appendage
2073:
2047:cardiac skeleton
2017:papillary muscle
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1721:(13): e513β514.
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1571:(2nd ed., 2012).
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1485:(7): 1063β1072.
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945:. Butterworths.
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830:Atrial syncytium
679:In an adult, an
574:primitive atrium
486:transverse sinus
392:. The atria are
358:pulmonary artery
210:atrioventricular
206:heart ventricles
187:
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155:edit on Wikidata
142:7099 85574, 7099
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18:Atrium (anatomy)
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2145:pulmonary valve
2129:right ventricle
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1990:terminal sulcus
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1885:Anatomy of the
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1027:
991:
989:
982:
973:
972:
968:
953:
936:
935:
931:
917:
916:
912:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
853:
852:
848:
843:
826:
819:
788:
778:
766:β several types
740:
701:
685:cardiac failure
677:
672:
620:
566:
547:
524:pacemaker cells
520:sinoatrial node
516:
510:
482:pulmonary veins
430:
410:pulmonary veins
406:
370:
354:tricuspid valve
330:
268:
159:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2423:
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2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2195:left ventricle
2171:
2169:
2163:
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2160:
2159:
2091:coronary sinus
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
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2062:
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2058:
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2031:
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2009:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
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1956:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1904:
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1837:External links
1835:
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1825:978-0716731467
1824:
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1695:978-0495391845
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1653:Anderson, RM.
1645:
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1567:Anderson, RM.
1559:
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1378:
1351:(4): 403β412.
1335:
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1163:(5): 547β554.
1140:
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471:coronary sinus
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1603:(1): 92β105.
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612:CoandΔ effect
608:
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586:foramen ovale
583:
579:
578:septum primum
575:
571:
570:embryogenesis
563:
561:
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554:
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544:
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531:
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387:
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379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
318:sinus venosus
315:
314:sinus venarum
311:
307:
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287:
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276:
272:
265:
263:
261:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:cardiac cycle
237:. During the
236:
232:
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223:
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55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2372:Blood supply
2244:heart valves
2206:
2203:aortic sinus
2199:aortic valve
2191:mitral valve
2174:
2148:
2133:infundibulum
2105:fossa ovalis
2097:right atrium
2084:
1974:
1814:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1654:
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1237:
1231:
1220:, retrieved
1208:
1160:
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1118:
1114:
1108:
1071:
1068:SpringerPlus
1067:
1042:
1028:
1001:
997:
969:
942:
932:
923:
913:
895:
883:. Retrieved
863:
859:
849:
804:
793:
789:
729:
710:
693:sudden death
678:
660:hypothalamus
649:
645:
633:
621:
609:
607:and stroke.
605:embolization
596:
594:
590:fossa ovalis
567:
555:
548:
545:Blood supply
532:
517:
475:
450:trabeculated
445:
441:
439:
414:mitral valve
407:
390:fossa ovalis
373:
371:
331:
328:Right atrium
313:
294:jugular vein
283:
280:
257:
255:
224:
220:heart valves
208:through the
189:
166:
164:
114:A12.1.00.017
89:
29:
2327:Pericardium
2236:Endocardium
2183:left atrium
2087:venae cavae
2077:Right heart
1928:interatrial
1849:Heart atria
1715:Circulation
1479:Circulation
717:blood clots
664:vasopressin
628:venous flow
564:Development
504:procedure.
494:blood clots
404:Left atrium
394:depolarised
322:venae cavae
286:right heart
275:Right heart
231:venae cavae
79:Identifiers
2254:Myocardium
2167:Left heart
1997:ventricles
1540:(1): 300.
1263:(1): 308.
1222:24 October
1209:StatPearls
1004:: 100046.
841:References
780:See also:
641:ventricles
304:, and the
290:left heart
1796:234747730
1501:0009-7322
1432:234747730
1020:202002161
800:ventricle
670:Disorders
469:into the
461:, namely
266:Structure
217:tricuspid
2404:Category
2069:Chambers
1964:Internal
1944:borders
1923:coronary
1788:33999547
1737:17000914
1554:16840419
1519:16103257
1424:33999547
1373:46891270
1365:29759858
1330:15562857
1289:37340354
1280:10283164
1217:31985999
1187:10525506
1135:32067640
1100:26405642
961:21250143
905:Archived
885:20 March
880:20258383
817:See also
794:In most
725:ischemic
618:Function
348:and the
259:Mollusca
243:diastole
2282:AV node
2272:SA node
1901:Surface
1894:General
1617:6016029
1510:3723385
1178:1760793
1091:4574041
1074:: 522.
924:Patient
811:turtles
568:During
454:CT scan
398:calcium
296:as the
247:systole
233:of the
196:in the
182:
102:D006325
57:Part of
52:Details
2228:Layers
2143:), β
2024:valves
1822:
1794:
1786:
1735:
1692:
1615:
1552:
1517:
1507:
1499:
1453:
1430:
1422:
1371:
1363:
1328:
1321:521780
1318:
1287:
1277:
1215:
1185:
1175:
1133:
1098:
1088:
1018:
959:
949:
878:
784:, and
721:emboli
498:stroke
465:, and
384:. The
213:mitral
175:Δtrium
167:atrium
90:atrium
68:System
35:Atrium
2209:aorta
2189:) β
2029:cusps
1975:atria
1948:right
1918:sulci
1887:heart
1792:S2CID
1593:(PDF)
1534:Chest
1428:S2CID
1369:S2CID
1157:Heart
1016:S2CID
807:frogs
637:veins
599:, an
488:. In
418:aorta
198:heart
190:atria
171:Latin
153:[
85:Latin
61:Heart
2211:and
2205:) β
2153:and
2123:) β
1953:left
1913:apex
1908:base
1820:ISBN
1784:PMID
1733:PMID
1690:ISBN
1613:PMID
1550:PMID
1515:PMID
1497:ISSN
1451:ISBN
1420:PMID
1361:PMID
1326:PMID
1285:PMID
1224:2023
1213:PMID
1183:PMID
1131:PMID
1096:PMID
990:>
957:PMID
947:ISBN
887:2022
876:PMID
796:fish
691:and
556:The
533:The
518:The
420:for
372:The
360:for
215:and
180:lit.
165:The
130:4054
126:4022
109:TA98
97:MeSH
1774:hdl
1764:doi
1760:384
1723:doi
1719:114
1605:doi
1542:doi
1538:130
1505:PMC
1487:doi
1483:112
1410:hdl
1400:doi
1396:384
1353:doi
1316:PMC
1275:PMC
1265:doi
1173:PMC
1165:doi
1123:doi
1086:PMC
1076:doi
1006:doi
868:doi
864:150
446:LAA
396:by
310:His
308:of
186:pl.
137:FMA
121:TA2
2406::
2197:β
2193:β
2181:β
2147:β
2139:,
2135:,
2127:β
2119:,
2115:,
2111:,
2107:,
2103:,
2095:β
2089:,
1804:^
1790:.
1782:.
1772:.
1758:.
1754:.
1731:.
1717:.
1713:.
1611:.
1601:73
1599:.
1595:.
1578:^
1548:.
1536:.
1513:.
1503:.
1495:.
1481:.
1477:.
1465:^
1426:.
1418:.
1408:.
1394:.
1390:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1324:.
1312:31
1310:.
1306:.
1283:.
1273:.
1261:23
1259:.
1255:.
1207:,
1195:^
1181:.
1171:.
1161:82
1159:.
1155:.
1143:^
1129:.
1119:12
1117:.
1094:.
1084:.
1070:.
1066:.
1054:^
1014:.
1002:17
1000:.
996:.
983:^
955:.
922:.
874:.
862:.
858:.
695:.
666:.
614:.
424:.
400:.
364:.
344:,
340:,
336:,
222:.
188::
177:,
173::
128:,
2215:)
2207:(
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2185:(
2179:)
2175:(
2157:)
2149:(
2131:(
2099:(
2093:)
2085:(
1878:e
1871:t
1864:v
1828:.
1798:.
1776::
1766::
1739:.
1725::
1698:.
1619:.
1607::
1556:.
1544::
1521:.
1489::
1459:.
1434:.
1412::
1402::
1375:.
1355::
1349:2
1332:.
1291:.
1267::
1189:.
1167::
1137:.
1125::
1102:.
1078::
1072:4
1036:.
1022:.
1008::
977:.
963:.
926:.
889:.
870::
825:.
444:(
169:(
157:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
