Attalus I - Knowledge

1023:... in company with the Romans and the Athenian magistrates, he began his progress to the city in great state. For he was met, not only by all the magistrates and the knights, but by all the citizens with their children and wives. And when the two processions met, the warmth of the welcome given by the populace to the Romans, and still more to Attalus, could not have been exceeded. At his entrance into the city by the gate Dipylum the priests and priestesses lined the street on both sides: all the temples were then thrown open; victims were placed ready at all the altars; and the king was requested to offer sacrifice. Finally they voted him such high honors as they had never without great hesitation voted to any of their former benefactors: for, in addition to other compliments, they named a tribe after Attalus, and classed him among their eponymous heroes. 51: 489:, and whom the Romans and Greeks called Gauls, associating them with the Celts of what is now France, Switzerland, and northern Italy. Since the time of Philetaerus, the first Attalid ruler, the Galatians had posed a problem for Pergamon, indeed for all of Asia Minor, by exacting tributes to avoid war or other repercussions. Eumenes I had (probably), along with other rulers, dealt with the Galatians by paying these tributes. Attalus however refused to pay them, being the first such ruler recorded to do so. As a consequence, the Galatians set out to attack Pergamon, sometime around 238–235 BC. Attalus met them near the sources of the river Caicus and decisively won the resulting 1141:, where they offered the incorporation of Corinth into the Achaean League. Attalus won the support of the Sicyonians after purchasing land sacred to Apollo for them, and they erected a colossal statue of him in their market place. Later gifts to Sicyon induced the city to institute annual animal sacrifices in Attalus' honor. A meeting of the Achaean League was convened. After a heated debate and the withdrawal of some of the delegates, the rest agreed to join the Roman alliance. Attalus led his army from Cenchreae (now controlled by the allies) through the Isthmus and besieged Corinth from the north, controlling the access to 1227:

gods, not for wealth or empire, but because she saw her three sons guarding the eldest and him reigning without fear among those who were armed." When Attalus died in 197 BC at the age of 72, he was succeeded by his eldest son Eumenes II. Polybius writes "what is more remarkable than all, though he left four grown-up sons, he so well settled the question of succession, that the crown was handed down to his children's children without a single dispute." The dynasty avoiding infighting and scandal was a major element in giving them legitimacy and authority.

980: 582: 1078:, which they sacked. This ended the expedition, their ships returning to Euboea with the spoils of Acanthus. On their return, the two leaders went to Heraclea to meet with the Aetolians, who under the terms of their treaty, had asked Attalus for a thousand soldiers. He refused, citing the Aetolians' own refusal to honor Attalus' request to attack Macedonia during Philip's attack on Pergamon two years earlier. Resuming operations, Attalus and the Romans attacked but failed to take 961:, fifty-three decked warships and over one hundred and fifty smaller warships took part on the Macedonian side, with sixty-five decked warships and a number of smaller warships on the allied side. During the battle Attalus, having become isolated from his fleet and pursued by Philip, was forced to run his three ships ashore, narrowly escaping by spreading various royal treasures on the decks of the grounded ships, causing his pursuers to abandon the pursuit in favor of plunder. 651:, eldest son and successor of Seleucus II, to recover the lost territory. That said, this influence was tenuous; later historians consider any attempt to translate military success into political hegemony in these areas fraught and unlikely to have been successful. Around 226–223 BC, Attalus erected a monument to his battlefield victories in the acropolis of Pergamon, dedicated to Zeus and Athena; a slight adjustment to the artwork on coinage also occurred. 689: 662:, who then made Achaeus governor of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the Taurus. Achaeus embarked upon a remarkably successful campaign, rapidly reclaiming Asia Minor for the Seleucids. Within two years Achaeus had recovered all the lost Seleucid territories and "shut up Attalus within the walls of Pergamon". In a stroke of good fortune for Attalus, Achaeus revolted against Antiochus III around 220 BC and declared himself the Seleucid king. 1137:, allies of Macedon, had had a change in leadership which favored Rome. Attalus's relations with the rival Aetolian League had cooled after several broken promises on both sides, so mending relations with the Achaeans could potentially offer a new ally. With the hope of inducing the Achaeans to abandon Philip and join the allies, envoys were sent, including Attalus himself, to 851: 1019:, which had previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip. Attalus, with his fleet at Aegina, received an embassy from Athens inviting him to the city. A few days later, he learned that Roman ambassadors were also at Athens, and decided to visit. With the Athenians desperate for allies, his reception was extraordinary. Polybius writes: 1145:, the Corinthian port on the Gulf of Corinth. Meanwhile, the Romans moved their forces to the east of the city to control the approaches to Cenchreae, with the Achaeans held the west of Corinth. However, Corinth's garrison held out. Macedonian reinforcements arrived, the siege was abandoned, and the siege works were destroyed. Attalus and his army sailed for 439: 815:. The spoils from Oreus had been reserved for Sulpicius, who returned there, while Attalus stayed to occupy and collect the spoils from Opus. With their forces divided, Philip moved a force to relieve Opus from the occupying Pergamene army. Attalus and his troops, caught by surprise, were barely able to escape to his ships, unarmed and in disorder. 911:, which was far inland: a place where Pergamene influence was weak at best and Gallic influence was strong. Whether this was an error in Roman sources unfamiliar with the geography of Asia Minor, or Attalus was on friendly terms with the local Gallic tribes in central Asia Minor in this time period, is unclear. 888:, was dispatched to Pergamon to seek Attalus' aid in gaining an appropriate artifact to bring to Rome. According to Livy, Attalus received the delegation warmly, and "handed over to them the sacred stone which the natives declared to be 'the Mother of the Gods', and bade them carry it to Rome." The ancient 1558:

Hansen, pp. 41–43. According to Heinen, p. 432, after the expedition of 218, Attalus' kingdom was again the most powerful state in Asia Minor. Bradford & Bradford, p. 121 says "Attalus established Pergamum as a power in the Greek East, but it was to reach its greatest power and prosperity by its

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Under a treaty of alliance with Attalus, Antiochus III crossed the Taurus in 216 BC, attacked Achaeus and besieged Sardis, and in 214 BC, the second year of the siege, was able to take the city. However the citadel remained under Achaeus' control. Under the pretense of a rescue, Achaeus was

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praises "king Attalus and queen Apollonis ... because of their virtue and goodness, which they preserved for their sons, managing their education in this way wisely and well." An inscription at Pergamon represents Apollonis as saying that "she always considered herself blessed and gave thanks to the

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describes Apollonis as "a woman who for many reasons deserves to be remembered, and with honor. Her claims upon a favourable recollection are that, though born of a private family, she became a queen, and retained that exalted rank to the end of her life, not by the use of meretricious fascinations,

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The same year, Philip invaded Pergamon; although unable to take the defended city, in part due to precautions taken by Attalus to provide for additional fortifications, he demolished the surrounding temples and altars. Meanwhile, Attalus and Rhodes sent envoys to Rome, to register their complaints

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and a relative of Philip V's by marriage, had crossed the border to attack Pergamene territory. Attalus now returned to Asia to meet them, although the details of this conflict are largely unrecorded. Soon after, the Romans also abandoned Greece to concentrate their forces against Hannibal, their

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At some point prior to 241 BC, Attalus' father died. If the elder Attalus had been heir designate at some point, he died before he could ever take the throne. The younger Attalus was adopted by Eumenes I, the incumbent dynast. After Eumenes' death in 241 BC, Attalus succeeded to the

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Hansen, p. 67, says he did not die "until the beginning of autumn" citing manumission records dated to August or September 197 BC, and speculates that "he may have heard of the great Roman victory at Cynoscephalae". However Kosmetatou, p. 163, asserts that he died "probably shortly before" the

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to encourage Boeotia to join the Roman side in the war. At the council Attalus spoke first, reminding the Boeotians of the many things he and his ancestors had done for them, but during his address he stopped talking and collapsed, with one side of his body paralyzed. Attalus was taken back to

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Also in 198 BC, a renewed struggle with the Seleucid Empire began. King Antiochus III, seemingly taking advantage of Pergamene distraction with the Macedonian War, attacked while Pergamon's ability to defend itself was weak, threatening holdings in Asia Minor. Back in Greece, early in

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Bradford & Bradford, p. 121: "Attalus... commissioned a series of sculptures that depicted the defeat of the Gauls and glorified himself as the champion of Greeks against barbarians"; Wilson, p. 593: "By means of lavish sculpted dedications, Attalus depicted his victories as important

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south of the Taurus, Attalus, allied with some Thracian Gauls, recaptured his former territories in Western Asia Minor, establishing the Pergamese state as one of the powers of Asia Minor. However, Achaeus returned from victory in Selge in 217 BC and resumed hostilities with Attalus.

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on the side of Rome. He retained Aegina, but had accomplished little else; Pergamene participation in the war was ultimately "rather ineffective". Since Prusias was also included in the treaty, the conflict between Pergamon and Bithynia also ended by that time.

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Hansen, p. 31. An Inscription from the Gaul Monument located in the Athena Sanctuary on the acropolis at Pergamon reads: "King Attalos having conquered in battle the Tolistoagii Gauls around the springs of the river Kaikos thank-offering to Athena", Pollitt,

514:. The victory would be the core element of Attalus's reputation and fame. Attalus presented himself as the victorious champion of Greeks against barbarians, and commissioned much artwork and sculptures commemorating himself and the Pergamene victory. 408:, and was honored with a monument at Pergamon. It is conjectured the elder Attalus might have been considered a potential successor to Philetaerus, but Eumenes I succeeded to the throne instead. Attalus' mother Antiochis was probably related to the 1046:, convinced Rome to declare war on Philip and asked Attalus to meet up with the Roman fleet and again conduct a naval campaign, harassing Macedonian possessions in the Aegean. In the spring of 199 BC, the combined Pergamon and Roman fleets took 1230:

Apollonis died in the mid-second-century BC. In her honor, Attalus' sons built a temple in Cyzicus decorated with bas-reliefs representing several scenes of sons displaying love for their mothers, with one scene also showing love for a father.

1098:. Upon their return to Oreus and with siege equipment now ready, the city fell. The Romans enslaved captives and took them elsewhere, while the Attalids looted and occupied the city. The campaigning season now over, Attalus attended the 2676:

Greek Anthology, Volume I: Book 1: Christian Epigrams, Book 2: Description of the Statues in the Gymnasium of Zeuxippus, Book 3: Epigrams in the Temple of Apollonis at Cyzicus, Book 4: Prefaces to the Various Anthologies, Book 5: Erotic

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At the end of his reign, Attalus's kingdom was "hardly any bigger than it had been at the beginning". Antiochus III had seized large amounts of Pergamene territory for his empire, with important putatively Attalid cities such as

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who wintered there. Attalus only personally participated as a commander in the summer of 208 BC. That season, the combined fleet of thirty-five Pergamene and twenty-five Roman ships failed to take the Macedonian island of

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Pausanias writes that by "son of a bull", the oracle Phaennis "meant Attalus, king of Pergamon, who was styled bull-horned". On the acropolis of Pergamon was erected a triumphal monument, which included the famous sculpture

755:. In 211 BC, a treaty was signed between Rome and the Aetolian League, a provision of which allowed for the inclusion of certain allies of the League, Attalus being one of these. Attalus was elected one of the two 517:

As with other Attalid rulers, Pergamene royal coinage depicted a middle-aged version of Philetaerus, the dynasty's founder. Around the 230s BC, the depiction of Philetaerus changed from a plain band to a

356:. He funded art and monuments in Pergamon and in Greek cities he sought to cultivate as allies. He died in 197 BC at the age of 72, shortly before the end of the second war, having suffered an apparent 696:

While affairs in the east of his kingdom occupied much of his early reign, the west of Attalus's domain became more active later on. Attalus had sometime before 219 BC become allied with the

510:, king. While this did not increase his practical authority as his adopted father had already ruled like a king, it formally severed any relationship with the Seleucid Empire's king as a superior 1186:, would face a tough geopolitical situation. However, he had also made the city of Pergamon a great center of art and learning, and earned the respect of the Romans and others; historian 616:

and again at a second battle in the east. Three subsequent battles were fought and won against Antiochus Hierax's forces, which fought without support from the Gauls: in Hellespontine

728:. Attalus sought to burnish his regional reputation, more so than many of his contemporary rulers. In addition to fortifications, Attalus also funded art and monuments, such as a 1054:, the spoils going to the Romans and the island to Attalus. From Andros, the Pergamene forces sailed on an expedition. They made a fruitless attack on another Cycladic island, 1109:

joining a fleet of twenty Rhodian decked warships at Andros, to complete the conquest of Euboea begun the previous year. Soon joined by the Romans, the combined fleets took

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finally captured and put to death, and the citadel surrendered. By 213 BC, Antiochus III had regained control of all of his provinces in the east of Asia Minor.

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objective of preventing Philip from aiding Hannibal having been achieved. In 206 BC the Aetolians sued for peace, accepting the conditions imposed by Philip. A

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Hansen, p. 67; Kosmetatou, p. 163. Inscriptions document Pergamene benefactions to the Greeks in general and the Boeotians in particular; see Hansen, p. 19; Livy,

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during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip V. During his reign, Pergamon also repeatedly struggled with the neighboring

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named after Macedonians had recently been abolished, perhaps as recently as weeks before Attalus's visit, so the naming of these areas was open. A

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One aspect of the account which varies in sources is where exactly the stone came from. While Ovid's version says the Mother of Gods was found on

2275:, Books 13–14, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924) 877:, the Great Mother Goddess, was brought to Rome. Additionally, an unusual number of meteor showers had been seen. The interpretation of the 2770: 2692: 2506: 2425: 2378: 2353: 4259: 761:(generals) of the Aetolian League for the year 210/209 BC, and in 210 BC his troops probably participated in capturing the island of 1260:, says that Attalus died in the consulship of Cornelius and Minucius (197 BC) at the age of 72, having reigned 44 years. Polybius, 1819:) portrays Attalus as initially refusing to give up the goddess, only to relent after "the earth shook" and the goddess herself spoke. 1798: 1760: 1706: 1693: 1659: 1646: 1633: 1629: 1369: 1257: 1802: 1736: 1719: 325:, although Pergamene participation was ultimately rather minor in these wars. He conducted numerous naval operations throughout the 2749: 2715: 2662: 2641: 2620: 2601: 2580: 2556: 2530: 2496: 2474: 2450: 2402: 2328: 2303: 2280: 2244: 658:

assumed control of the Seleucid army afterward. He was offered and refused the kingship in favor of Seleucus III's younger brother

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The filial affection of the brothers as well as their upbringing is remarked on by several ancient sources. A decree of

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Several years after the first victory over the Gauls, Pergamon was again attacked by the Gauls together with their ally

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Prevented by the treaty of Phoenice from expansion in the west, Philip V of Macedon set out to extend his power in the

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wrote of a surely invented oracle's prophecy which foretold the great victory, allegedly created a generation earlier:

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to assume the title of king, sometime around 240 to 235 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis.

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achievements, and himself as the champion of Greek freedom against a renewed barbarian threat." Green, p. 339.

920: 885: 4035: 1816: 2136: 1214:, Philetaerus and Athenaeus (after Apollonis' father). Apollonis was thought to be a model of motherly love. 643:

As a result of these victories, Attalus gained putative control over all of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the

4166: 4133: 4086: 4072: 3964: 3831: 3778: 3744: 3736: 3685: 3680: 3366: 3190: 3069: 3003: 2911: 2878: 2460: 2417: 1211: 1167: 659: 143: 4299: 4294: 4201: 4067: 3899: 3788: 3783: 3749: 3706: 3675: 3547: 3472: 3409: 3386: 3305: 3290: 3280: 3275: 3260: 3200: 3195: 3180: 3049: 2954: 2944: 2906: 2680: 2569:(1984). "The Syrian–Egyptian Wars and the New Kingdoms of Asia Minor". In Wallbank; Frank William (eds.). 2232: 2222: 979: 633: 605: 529: 460: 204: 4227: 4222: 4206: 4176: 4042: 3808: 3764: 3701: 3497: 3487: 3434: 3429: 3285: 3265: 3255: 3250: 3235: 3225: 3185: 3064: 3059: 3039: 3029: 3013: 3008: 2873: 2631: 1408:

Hansen, pp. 24, 28, 31; Austin, p. 396; Kosmetatou, p. 161; Mitchell, p. 21; Green p. 151. See Strabo,

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Little is known of the early reign of Attalus. The main recorded event of the era was a battle with the

2520: 1074:, but were defeated and suffered heavy losses. They continued northeast along the Macedonian coast to 4212: 4191: 3994: 3813: 3665: 3240: 3220: 3137: 3127: 3094: 3044: 2949: 2921: 2901: 2863: 2260: 1199: 1099: 1036: 725: 683: 365: 123: 2053:

Hansen, p. 63; Allen, p. 86. However, some scholars doubt the historicity of this Seleucid invasion.

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calls Attalus's reign not merely the longest of any Attalid monarch, but also "the most laudable".

1063: 988: 984: 865:, Rome turned to Attalus, as its only friend in Asia, for help concerning a religious matter. The 823: 769: 717: 713: 318: 265: 2363:

Dreyfus, Renée; Schraudolph, Ellen (1996). "Attalid Silver Coinage of the Attic Weight Standard".

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Allen, pp. 28–34, suggests the "early 230s." Kosmetatou, p. 161 and Green, p. 150 say circa 237.

1356: 1304: 904: 828: 793: 456: 413: 2219:, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. 2180: 2149: 2023: 1929: 1723: 1680: 1582: 1413: 1261: 1886: 1869: 1856: 1740: 1676: 1607: 1590: 1586: 1560: 1537: 1494: 873:

found verses saying that if a foreigner were to make war on Italy, he could be defeated if the

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for more than a generation. The victory was celebrated with a triumphal monument at Pergamon (

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of the Council of the Aetolians, at which the Roman argued against making peace with Philip.

3974: 3793: 3444: 3328: 3230: 3023: 2998: 2540: 2442: 1785: 1095: 1087: 866: 752: 744: 688: 644: 601: 2696: 776:. Attalus himself went to Greece in July 209 BC and was joined on Aegina by the Roman 628:; near Sardis in the spring of 228 BC; and, in the final conflict of the campaign, in 4279: 3670: 3627: 3562: 3522: 3338: 3215: 3157: 3122: 3114: 2993: 2797: 1162: 992: 934: 870: 768:

In the following spring (209 BC), Philip marched south into Greece. Under command of

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in central Greece. He helped fund the fortification of Elaeus, an Aetolian stronghold in

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After a period of peace, in 218 BC, while Achaeus was involved in an expedition to

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Seleucus III was assassinated in 223 BC after crossing the Taurus into Asia Minor.

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were admired for their rearing of their four sons. He was succeeded as king by his son

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Pergamon to live out the remaining months of his life. He died around the time of the

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Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (2003). "The Attalids of Pergamon". In Erskine; Andrew (eds.).

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was that Rome needed to start a cult in Rome to this Mother Goddess to win the war.

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but by the virtue and integrity of her conduct in private and public life alike."

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Attalus styled himself as a protector of the freedoms of the Greek cities of

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Green, p. 265 says it was a member of his own army; Hansen, p. 36 by a Gaul.

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Marble head found at Pergamon dated to the 3rd century BC, currently at the

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In the spring of 198 BC, Attalus returned to Greece with twenty-three

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The prestige gained by the victory caused Attalus to take the surname of

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With arrow, sword, and spear: a history of warfare in the ancient world

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between Rome and Carthage was still continuing. A consultation of the

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struck during the reign of Attalus I, depicting Attalus' great uncle,

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in 205 BC, formally ending the war. Attalus was included as an

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and then returned to Pergamon having been away for over two years.

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Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (1999). "The Hellenistic and Roman Acropolis".

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Hansen, pp. 58–59; Errington, p. 258; Hurwit, pp. 269–271. Livy,

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The destructive army of the Gauls shall pipe; they shall lawlessly

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from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the adopted son of King

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Troy between Greece and Rome: Local Tradition and Imperial Power

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Hansen, p. 36; Kosmetatou, p. 162; Green, p. 264. See Polybius,

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by Attalus; a marble Roman copy, as the bronze original is lost.

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Warrior, Valerie M. (1996). "Events in Eastern Mediterranean".

1264:, also says that he died at 72 and reigned 44 years. Strabo, 468: 232: 162: 2679:, translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by Michael A. Tueller, 2366:

Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 2

1170:, which brought about the end of the Second Macedonian War. 792:) instead. Attalus and Sulpicius then attended a meeting in 463:, "the greatest of his achievements" was the defeat of the " 765:, acquired by Attalus as his base of operations in Greece. 2316:

The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest

2235:) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: 907:, close to Pergamon, most other accounts say it came from 1277:

Hansen, pp. 46–50; Kosmetatou, p. 163; Gruen 1990, p. 29.

592:, whose name ΦΙΛΕΤΑΙΡΟΥ is written on the reverse beside 1536:

Green, p. 265; Heinen, p. 431. Quote is from Polybius,

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197 BC, Flamininus summoned Attalus to join him at

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it, and sailed across the straight to raid elsewhere in

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and in Asia Minor. In the spring of 201 BC he took

404:. His father also won fame as a charioteer, winning at 1117:. Thus, the allies controlled all of Euboea except for 941:

to the north. These events caused Attalus, allied with

608:, and ruler of Seleucid Asia Minor from his capital at 341:

to the east, resulting in both successes and setbacks.

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Austin, Michel M. (2006). "The Attalids of Pergamum".

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Hansen, pp. 32–33. Alternative 1918 translation is at

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in Seleucid possession. Attalus's successor, his son

1303:, says that he was the cousin of Eumenes. Pausanias, 896:, and the Mother of Gods stone was said itself to be 712:. This would later bring Attalus into conflict with 2469:. University of California Press. pp. 248–265. 1751: 1749: 4142: 3973: 3880: 3822: 3735: 3656: 3463: 3385: 3337: 3314: 3156: 3113: 2984: 2930: 2887: 2854: 2651:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). "The Celts in Anatolia". 1950:Hansen, pp. 58–60; Errington, pp. 255, 261. Livy, 840:

Introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome

818:After his inglorious retreat, Attalus learned that 190: 182: 170: 158: 129: 119: 111: 103: 99: 89: 79: 71: 64: 34: 892:goddess Cybele was thus introduced to Rome as the 612:. Attalus defeated the Gauls and Antiochus at the 380:Little is known about Attalus' early life. He was 59:in Berlin; hypothesized to be depicting Attalus I. 1129:. Meanwhile, the new Roman consul for that year, 459:. According to the 2nd century AD Greek writer 2338:Bradford, Alfred S.; Pamela M. Bradford (2001). 1881:Hansen, pp. 55–57; Errington, p. 253–257. Livy, 577:Conflicts with the Seleucid Empire in Asia Minor 364:war council some months before. He and his wife 2732:. Vol. 2. London: Oxford University Press. 2018:Hansen, p. 64; Gruen 1986, pp. 179, 181; Livy, 1021: 1003:In 200 BC, Attalus became involved in the 534: 248:; 269–197 BC), was the ruler of the Greek 1976:Hansen, pp. 61–62; Grainger, pp. 33–36. Livy, 636:, the Harpasus river being a tributary of the 416:) with her marriage to Attalus' father likely 272:, whom he succeeded, and was the first of the 2831: 2397:. Vol. VII. Cambridge University Press. 2296:The Attalid Kingdom: A Constitutional History 1780: 1778: 1058:; turned back north; scavenged the fields of 537:Then having crossed the narrow strait of the 8: 2498:The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome 2119:Hansen, pp. 44–45; Hurwit, p. 271. Strabo, 2014: 2012: 724:region, in what would eventually become the 545:Ravage Asia; and God shall make it yet worse 2741:The Initiation of the Second Macedonian War 2575:. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press. 1788:; Erskine, pp. 205–224; Kosmetatou, p. 163. 1505: 1503: 1125:in preparation for an attack on Macedonian 313:. He participated in the first and second 2838: 2824: 2816: 2779: 2697:Online version at Harvard University Press 2097: 2095: 1989:Hansen, pp. 62–63; Warrior, p. 87. Livy, 1324: 1322: 995:(yellow), and other alliances such as the 547:For all who dwell by the shores of the sea 447:, a statue representing the defeat of the 49: 31: 2522:Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy 2519:(1990). "The Advent of the Magna Mater". 1855:Hansen, p. 53; Walbank p. 505; Polybius, 1581:Hansen, p. 43; Heinen, p. 440. Polybius, 983:Aegean Sea region around 200 BC, showing 561:Who shall bring a doom on all the Gauls. 412:royal family (perhaps a granddaughter of 2435:Grainger, John D. (2002). "Approaches". 2239:; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918) 1784:Hansen, pp. 50–52, 434–436; Gruen 1990, 937:fleet stationed there. He then besieged 549:For a little while. But soon the son of 2636:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 159–174. 2131: 2129: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1240: 1082:. They left a small force at Oreus to 2344:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1963:Hansen, p. 61; Grainger, p. 33. Livy, 1484:Hansen, pp. 34–35; Green, pp. 264–265. 854:1st century BC Roman marble statue of 420:by Philetaerus to solidify his power. 333:for Pergamon during the first war and 279:Attalus won an important victory, the 3770:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 2613:The Attalids of Pergamon and Anatolia 500:, "savior", following the example of 7: 4238:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 2765:. Routledge. pp. 114–115, 593. 2633:A Companion to the Hellenistic World 2438:The Roman War of Antiochus the Great 1559:alliance with Rome". See Polybius, 736:(then part of the Aetolian League). 27:King of Pergamon, reigned 241–197 BC 2730:A Historical Commentary on Polybius 2170:Hansen, p. 45; Austin, pp. 370–371. 1121:. The allied fleet then sailed for 1066:, for food; and continued north to 2683:No. 67, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2501:. University of California Press. 1475:Dreyfus & Schraudolph, p. 107. 305:) and Attalus taking the surname " 25: 747:in 215 BC caused concern in 2463:(1993). "The Road to Sellasia". 1846:Hansen, p. 53; Errington p. 252. 1268:, says that he reigned 43 years. 1011:with Macedonian support invaded 915:Macedonian hostilities of 201 BC 720:and the preeminent power in the 553:shall stir up a helper for them, 473:). The Galatians were immigrant 1755:Hansen, pp. 49–50; Gruen 1990, 829:treaty was drawn up at Phoenice 2762:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 2710:. Cambridge University Press. 2615:. Cambridge University Press. 1316:Hansen, p. 19; Austin, p. 400. 1035:(suburb) was also named after 861:In 205 BC, following the 708:, near the mouth of the river 692:Mediterranean region in 218 BC 481:, who had recently settled in 1: 4242:in most of their territories. 3040:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 2572:The Cambridge Ancient History 2394:The Cambridge Ancient History 1509:Hansen, p. 36; Green, p. 265. 700:, a union of Greek states in 573:, commemorating this battle. 396:, and Eumenes, the father of 1797:Erskine, p. 210. See Livy, 811:, the chief city of eastern 504:. He also declared himself 4260:3rd-century BC Greek people 3035:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 2657:. Oxford University Press. 2298:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2294:Allen, Reginald E. (1983). 1671:Hansen, p. 47; Gruen 1990, 1602:Hansen, p. 46; Gruen 1990, 884:A Roman delegation, led by 803:, on the northern coast of 384:and the son of Attalus and 348:as well as the champion of 4316: 2759:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). 2708:Art in the Hellenistic Age 2321:Cambridge University Press 1898:Hansen, p. 57; Pausanias, 1868:Hansen, p. 54. Polybius, 1131:Titus Quinctius Flamininus 1094:while the Romans attacked 972: 918: 843: 681: 491:Battle of the Caecus River 469: 434:Battle of the Caecus River 431: 281:Battle of the Caecus River 233: 208: 163: 4236: 2940:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 2804: 2795: 2787: 2782: 2371:University of Texas Press 2002:Hansen, pp. 63–64; Livy, 1718:Hansen, pp. 48–49; Livy, 1368:Hansen, pp. 28–31; Livy, 1090:, with Attalus attacking 604:, the younger brother of 231: 48: 39: 3301:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 3100:Cleopatra VII Philopator 2744:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 2685:Harvard University Press 2549:Cornell University Press 2545:The Attalids of Pergamon 2412:Erskine, Andrew (2003). 2237:Harvard University Press 2192:Kosmetatou, pp. 168–170. 921:Battle of Chios (201 BC) 4275:3rd-century BC monarchs 4098:'s attempted rule with 3779:Mithridates V Euergetes 3191:Antiochus III the Great 3004:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 2945:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 2869:Alexander III the Great 2418:Oxford University Press 1435:Hansen, pp. 31; 216–219 1299:Hansen, p. 26; Strabo, 1286:Hansen, p. 26; Strabo, 1168:Battle of Cynoscephalae 1133:, had learned that the 799:The Romans sacked both 751:, then involved in the 739:Philip's alliance with 660:Antiochus III the Great 428:Defeat of the Galatians 329:, gained the island of 321:as a loyal ally of the 287:, a group of migratory 3882:Monarchs of Cappadocia 3784:Mithridates VI Eupator 3306:Philip II Philoromaeus 3291:Antiochus XII Dionysus 3281:Demetrius III Eucaerus 3276:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 3261:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 3201:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 3196:Seleucus IV Philopator 3181:Seleucus II Callinicus 3080:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 2955:Demetrius II Aetolicus 2726:Walbank, Frank William 2704:Pollitt, Jerome Jordan 2681:Loeb Classical Library 2593:The Athenian Acropolis 2233:Loeb Classical Library 1206:. They had four sons, 1025: 1000: 875:Mater Deum Magna Idaea 858: 693: 634:Battle of the Harpasus 606:Seleucus II Callinicus 597: 564: 452: 4290:Second Macedonian War 3824:Monarchs of Commagene 3745:Mithridates I Ctistes 3286:Philip I Philadelphus 3266:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 3256:Antiochus VIII Grypus 3251:Seleucus V Philometor 3236:Antiochus VII Sidetes 3226:Antiochus VI Dionysus 3186:Seleucus III Ceraunus 3085:Berenice IV Epiphanea 3030:Ptolemy VI Philometor 3014:Ptolemy IV Philopator 3009:Ptolemy III Euergetes 2874:Philip III Arrhidaeus 2228:Description of Greece 2062:Hansen, p. 66; Livy, 1941:Walbank, pp. 533–535. 1735:Hansen, p. 49; Livy, 1705:Hansen, p. 48; Livy, 1692:Hansen, p. 47; Livy, 1658:Hansen, p. 47; Livy, 1645:Hansen, p. 47; Livy, 1628:Hansen, p. 46; Livy, 1256:Hansen, p. 26. Livy, 1042:Sulpicius Galba, now 1005:Second Macedonian War 982: 975:Second Macedonian War 969:Second Macedonian War 853: 691: 649:Seleucus III Ceraunus 614:Battle of Aphrodisium 584: 441: 392:, the founder of the 4285:First Macedonian War 4270:People from Pergamon 3658:Monarchs of Bithynia 3241:Alexander II Zabinas 3221:Demetrius II Nicator 3138:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 3105:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 3070:Ptolemy XI Alexander 3045:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 2950:Antigonus II Gonatas 2525:. Brill Publishers. 2261:Evelyn S. Shuckburgh 1100:Eleusinian Mysteries 886:M. Valerius Laevinus 726:First Macedonian War 684:First Macedonian War 678:First Macedonian War 124:Apollonis of Cyzicus 4240:Hellenistic satraps 3271:Antiochus X Eusebes 3206:Antiochus V Eupator 3148:Cleopatra Selene II 3075:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3060:Ptolemy X Alexander 3055:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 3019:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 2960:Antigonus III Doson 2611:Kaye, Noah (2022). 2466:Alexander to Actium 1395:, see also Austin, 718:Antigonid Macedonia 714:Philip V of Macedon 360:while addressing a 319:Philip V of Macedon 309:" and the title of 4144:Monarchs of Epirus 3977:Cimmerian Bosporus 3737:Monarchs of Pontus 3296:Cleopatra Selene I 3176:Antiochus II Theos 3166:Seleucus I Nicator 3133:Demetrius the Fair 3115:Monarchs of Cyrene 1828:Hansen, pp. 50–52. 1772:Kosmetatou, p. 163 1572:Hansen, pp. 42–43. 1328:Hansen, pp. 27-28. 1039:, Attalus's wife. 1001: 859: 794:Heraclea Trachinia 781:P. Sulpicius Galba 694: 598: 453: 424:Pergamene throne. 414:Seleucus I Nicator 4265:Kings of Pergamon 4247: 4246: 3727:Socrates Chrestus 3216:Alexander I Balas 3211:Demetrius I Soter 3171:Antiochus I Soter 2917:Antipater Etesias 2814: 2813: 2805:Succeeded by 2772:978-0-415-97334-2 2693:978-0-674-99688-5 2541:Hansen, Esther V. 2508:978-0-520-05737-1 2427:978-0-19-926580-0 2380:978-0-88401-091-3 2355:978-0-275-95259-4 1518:Allen, pp. 38–39. 1062:off the coast of 863:Peace of Phoenice 266:Pergamene Kingdom 264:) and the larger 198: 197: 16:(Redirected from 4307: 4039: 3955:Ariobarzanes III 3329:Ptolemy Epigonos 3231:Diodotus Tryphon 3024:Cleopatra I Syra 2999:Ptolemy Keraunos 2840: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2798:King of Pergamon 2788:Preceded by 2780: 2776: 2755: 2733: 2721: 2668: 2647: 2626: 2607: 2586: 2562: 2547:(2nd ed.). 2536: 2512: 2480: 2456: 2443:Brill Publishers 2431: 2408: 2384: 2359: 2334: 2309: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2146: 2140: 2133: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2016: 2007: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1753: 1744: 1733: 1727: 1716: 1710: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1600: 1594: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1498: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1447: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1406: 1400: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1297: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1198:Attalus married 1096:Larissa Cremaste 965:against Philip. 879:oracle of Delphi 867:Second Punic War 753:Second Punic War 645:Taurus Mountains 602:Antiochus Hierax 555:A dear son of a 522:entwined with a 472: 471: 247: 244: 241: 237: 236: 235: 219: 216: 213: 210: 166: 165: 164:Άτταλος Α΄ Σωτήρ 115:197 BC (aged 72) 66:King of Pergamon 53: 32: 21: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4232: 4138: 4129:Mithridates III 4033: 3976: 3975:Monarchs of the 3969: 3950:Ariobarzanes II 3935:Ariarathes VIII 3876: 3862:Mithridates III 3818: 3760:Mithridates III 3731: 3652: 3459: 3387:Greco-Bactrians 3381: 3333: 3310: 3152: 3109: 2994:Ptolemy I Soter 2980: 2926: 2883: 2850: 2844: 2810: 2801: 2793: 2773: 2758: 2752: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2702: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2610: 2604: 2596:. CUP Archive. 2589: 2583: 2565: 2559: 2539: 2533: 2517:Gruen, Erich S. 2515: 2509: 2485:Gruen, Erich S. 2483: 2477: 2459: 2453: 2434: 2428: 2411: 2405: 2389:Errington, R.M. 2387: 2381: 2362: 2356: 2337: 2331: 2312: 2306: 2293: 2290: 2231:, Books I–II, ( 2216:History of Rome 2207: 2205:Ancient sources 2202: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2017: 2010: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1796: 1792: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1754: 1747: 1734: 1730: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1601: 1597: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1420: 1407: 1403: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1196: 1029:Athenian tribes 993:Seleucid Empire 987:(light green), 977: 971: 957:. According to 923: 917: 871:Sibylline Books 848: 842: 698:Aetolian League 686: 680: 579: 563: 560: 554: 548: 546: 544: 542: 436: 430: 394:Attalid dynasty 378: 339:Seleucid Empire 315:Macedonian Wars 274:Attalid dynasty 245: 242: 239: 217: 214: 211: 177:Attalid dynasty 154: 60: 57:Pergamon Museum 35:Attalus I Soter 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Neoptolemus II 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4082:Mithridates II 4079: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4048:Paerisades III 4045: 4040: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3945:Ariobarzanes I 3942: 3937: 3932: 3930:Ariarathes VII 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3905:Ariarathes III 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 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2141: 2125: 2112: 2110:Hansen, p. 67. 2103: 2091: 2081: 2068: 2055: 2046: 2044:Hansen, p. 66. 2037: 2028: 2008: 1995: 1982: 1969: 1956: 1943: 1934: 1921: 1908: 1891: 1874: 1861: 1848: 1839: 1837:Hansen, p. 52. 1830: 1821: 1790: 1774: 1765: 1745: 1728: 1711: 1698: 1685: 1664: 1651: 1638: 1621: 1612: 1595: 1574: 1565: 1551: 1549:Hansen, p. 39. 1542: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1499: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1455: 1437: 1428: 1418: 1401: 1383: 1374: 1361: 1348: 1339: 1337:Green, p. 340. 1330: 1318: 1309: 1292: 1279: 1270: 1249: 1247:Green, p. 264. 1239: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1195: 1192: 1135:Achaean League 997:Achaean League 991:(orange), the 970: 967: 916: 913: 841: 838: 679: 676: 578: 575: 570:The Dying Gaul 535: 444:The Dying Gaul 429: 426: 377: 374: 323:Roman Republic 302:The Dying Gaul 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 149: 146: 141: 135: 133: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4312: 4301: 4300:197 BC deaths 4298: 4296: 4295:269 BC births 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Neoptolemus I 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063:Mithridates I 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Paerisades IV 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4016:Paerisades II 4014: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005:Spartokos III 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940:Ariarathes IX 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3925:Ariarathes VI 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910:Ariarathes IV 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:Ariarathes II 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867:Antiochus III 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3842:Mithridates I 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3717:Nicomedes III 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3548:Demetrius III 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503:Antimachus II 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3493:Apollodotus I 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3450:Eucratides II 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3415:Euthydemus II 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143:Ptolemy Apion 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3050:Cleopatra III 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2751:3-515-06853-8 2747: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717:9780521276726 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2664:0-19-815029-6 2660: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2643:1-4051-3278-7 2639: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2622:9781009279567 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2603:0-521-41786-4 2599: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2582:0-521-23445-X 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2567:Heinen, Heinz 2564: 2560: 2558:0-8014-0615-3 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2532:90-04-09051-7 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2476:0-520-08349-0 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2452:90-04-12840-9 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2404:0-521-23448-4 2400: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2330:0-521-82860-0 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2305:0-19-814845-3 2301: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2281:0-674-99246-6 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2245:0-674-99104-4 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2101:Allen, p. 86. 2098: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:. Polybius, 1674: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606:. Polybius, 1605: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1346:Kaye, p. 314. 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1188:Esther Hansen 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 976: 968: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 922: 914: 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 857: 852: 847: 839: 837: 834: 830: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 690: 685: 677: 675: 671: 668: 663: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 595: 591: 587: 583: 576: 574: 572: 571: 562: 558: 552: 540: 533: 531: 527: 525: 524:laurel wreath 521: 515: 513: 509: 508: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 466: 462: 458: 450: 446: 445: 440: 435: 427: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 229: 225: 224: 206: 205:Ancient Greek 202: 193: 189: 185: 181: 178: 175: 173: 169: 161: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 134: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4202:Alexander II 4058:Paerisades V 4021:Spartokos IV 3985:Paerisades I 3960:Ariarathes X 3915:Ariarathes V 3890:Ariarathes I 3872:Antiochus IV 3857:Antiochus II 3789:Pharnaces II 3750:Ariobarzanes 3722:Nicomedes IV 3712:Nicomedes II 3638:Apollophanes 3623:Hippostratos 3538:Heliokles II 3498:Demetrius II 3478:Antimachus I 3440:Eucratides I 3435:Demetrius II 3420:Antimachus I 3405:Euthydemus I 3356: 3090:Ptolemy XIII 3065:Berenice III 2912:Antipater II 2879:Alexander IV 2796: 2761: 2740: 2729: 2707: 2675: 2672:Paton, W. R. 2653: 2632: 2612: 2592: 2571: 2544: 2521: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2465: 2461:Green, Peter 2437: 2413: 2393: 2365: 2340: 2315: 2295: 2271: 2255: 2227: 2215: 2200:Bibliography 2188: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2144: 2115: 2106: 2084: 2071: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2022:; Polybius, 1998: 1985: 1972: 1959: 1946: 1937: 1924: 1911: 1894: 1885:; Polybius, 1877: 1864: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1810: 1793: 1768: 1739:; Polybius, 1731: 1722:; Polybius, 1714: 1701: 1688: 1667: 1654: 1641: 1624: 1619:Kaye, p. 20. 1615: 1598: 1577: 1568: 1554: 1545: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1458: 1431: 1421: 1412:; Polybius, 1404: 1386: 1377: 1364: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1312: 1295: 1282: 1273: 1252: 1243: 1229: 1224:Antiochus IV 1221: 1197: 1172: 1151: 1107:quinqueremes 1104: 1041: 1026: 1022: 1002: 963: 924: 902: 893: 883: 874: 860: 832: 817: 798: 767: 756: 738: 695: 672: 664: 653: 642: 624:the king of 599: 568: 565: 559:-reared bull 536: 528: 516: 505: 497: 495: 454: 442: 422: 379: 343: 300: 291:tribes from 278: 256:(modern-day 222: 221: 220:), surnamed 200: 199: 40: 29: 4223:Pyrrhus III 4207:Olympias II 4177:Alexander I 4034: [ 4031:Spartokos V 3900:Ariamnes II 3847:Antiochus I 3809:Pythodorida 3765:Pharnaces I 3686:Zipoetes II 3681:Nicomedes I 3598:Artemidoros 3593:Menander II 3533:Antialcidas 3518:Agathokleia 3473:Demetrius I 3465:Indo-Greeks 3455:Heliocles I 3410:Demetrius I 3400:Diodotus II 3377:Eumenes III 3372:Attalus III 3347:Philetaerus 3316:Lysimachids 3128:Berenice II 3095:Ptolemy XIV 2977:(pretender) 2907:Alexander V 2889:Antipatrids 2847:Hellenistic 2802:241–197 BC 2489:Patrocinium 2035:Kaye, p. 47 1805:. The poet 1355:Pausanias, 1161:council in 1027:Two of the 1009:Acarnanians 894:Magna Mater 590:Philetaerus 586:Tetradrachm 502:Antiochus I 485:in central 390:Philetaerus 283:, over the 148:Philetaerus 80:Predecessor 4254:Categories 4213:Pyrrhus II 4192:Alcetas II 4157:Tharrhypas 4124:Gepaepyris 4096:Scribonius 3990:Satyros II 3920:Orophernes 3832:Ptolemaeus 3814:Polemon II 3707:Prusias II 3676:Zipoetes I 3648:Strato III 3573:Theophilos 3553:Philoxenus 3508:Menander I 3488:Agathocles 3430:Agathocles 3395:Diodotus I 3367:Attalus II 3362:Eumenes II 3324:Lysimachus 2932:Antigonids 2808:Eumenes II 2179:Polybius, 2148:Polybius, 1928:Polybius, 1235:References 1184:Eumenes II 1113:and later 1072:Cassandrea 1015:, causing 973:See also: 919:See also: 844:See also: 833:adscriptus 822:, king of 722:Aegean Sea 716:, king of 682:See also: 539:Hellespont 487:Asia Minor 432:See also: 376:Early life 370:Eumenes II 354:barbarians 297:Asia Minor 144:Attalus II 139:Eumenes II 94:Eumenes II 75:241–197 BC 4197:Pyrrhus I 4162:Alcetas I 4068:Pharnaces 4043:Kamasarye 4026:Leukon II 4010:Hygiainon 3965:Archelaus 3804:Polemon I 3702:Prusias I 3643:Strato II 3633:Zoilos II 3628:Dionysios 3608:Archebius 3578:Peukolaos 3543:Polyxenos 3483:Pantaleon 3425:Pantaleon 3357:Attalus I 3352:Eumenes I 3158:Seleucids 2986:Ptolemies 2975:Philip VI 2922:Sosthenes 2902:Philip IV 2897:Cassander 2864:Philip II 2791:Eumenes I 2493:Clientela 2487:(1986). " 2272:Geography 2256:Histories 2223:Pausanias 1757:pp. 29–30 1462:Pollitt, 1200:Apollonis 1123:Cenchreae 1037:Apollonis 989:Macedonia 947:Byzantium 905:Mount Ida 820:Prusias I 778:proconsul 758:strategoi 706:Calydonia 530:Pausanias 461:Pausanias 457:Galatians 449:Galatians 398:Eumenes I 386:Antiochis 366:Apollonis 285:Galatians 270:Eumenes I 201:Attalus I 194:Antiochis 151:Athenaeus 90:Successor 84:Eumenes I 18:Attalos I 4228:Deidamia 4209:(regent) 4182:Aeacides 4119:Aspurgus 4012:(regent) 3995:Prytanis 3837:Sames II 3693:(regent) 3666:Boteiras 3613:Telephos 3603:Hermaeus 3558:Diomedes 3528:Strato I 3513:Zoilos I 3339:Attalids 3026:(regent) 2965:Philip V 2728:(1967). 2706:(1986). 2687:, 2014. 2677:Epigrams 2654:Anatolia 2543:(1971). 2251:Polybius 2020:32.19–23 2004:32.16,17 1991:31.46–47 1904:31.9, 14 1902:; Livy, 1900:1.36.5–6 1786:pp. 5–33 1759:. Livy, 1630:23.33–34 1258:33.21–22 1216:Polybius 1180:Thyatira 1159:Boeotian 1143:Lechaeum 1115:Carystus 1088:Thessaly 1076:Acanthus 1064:Magnesia 1060:Skiathos 1052:Cyclades 985:Pergamon 959:Polybius 955:Erythrae 935:Egyptian 933:and the 909:Pessinus 898:meteoric 890:Phyrgian 824:Bithynia 790:Skopelos 770:Pyrrhias 745:Carthage 741:Hannibal 710:Acheloos 638:Maeander 626:Bithynia 512:suzerain 507:basileus 418:arranged 410:Seleucid 362:Boeotian 352:against 346:Anatolia 317:against 254:Pergamon 42:Basileus 4218:Ptolemy 4172:Arybbas 4152:Admetus 4134:Cotys I 4114:Polemon 4109:Polemon 4105:Dynamis 4100:Dynamis 4091:Dynamis 4087:Asander 4077:Dynamis 4073:Asander 4000:Eumelos 3799:Arsaces 3774:Laodice 3697:Ziaelas 3691:Etazeta 3568:Epander 3563:Amyntas 2970:Perseus 2856:Argeads 2674:(ed.), 2420:, USA. 2135:Paton, 2089:battle. 1591:8.17–23 1587:7.15–18 1451:10.15.3 1212:Attalus 1208:Eumenes 1204:Cyzicus 1202:, from 1176:Phocaea 1155:Elateia 1147:Piraeus 1127:Corinth 1119:Chalcis 1111:Eretria 1092:Pteleum 1056:Kithnos 1050:in the 951:Cyzicus 702:Aetolia 656:Achaeus 632:at the 622:Ziaelas 618:Phrygia 483:Galatia 470:Γαλάται 406:Olympia 258:Bergama 215:Attalos 209:Ἄτταλος 186:Attalus 172:Dynasty 4280:Cybele 3794:Darius 3588:Nicias 3583:Thraso 3523:Lysias 2849:rulers 2769: 2748: 2714: 2691: 2661: 2640: 2619: 2600: 2579: 2555: 2529: 2505: 2473: 2449: 2424: 2401: 2377: 2352: 2327: 2302: 2279: 2267:Strabo 2243: 2137:p. 149 2121:13.4.2 1952:31.5–8 1817:IV 326 1737:28.5–7 1410:13.4.2 1397:p. 405 1301:13.4.2 1288:13.4.2 1266:13.4.2 1194:Family 1163:Thebes 1139:Sicyon 1084:invest 1048:Andros 1044:consul 1017:Athens 1013:Attica 943:Rhodes 927:Aegean 856:Cybele 846:Cybele 813:Locris 807:, and 805:Euboea 786:Lemnos 763:Aegina 734:Delphi 610:Sardis 594:Athena 551:Cronus 520:diadem 479:Thrace 402:Delphi 358:stroke 350:Greeks 335:Andros 331:Aegina 327:Aegean 293:Thrace 289:Celtic 262:Turkey 243:Savior 191:Mother 183:Father 120:Spouse 107:269 BC 4107:with 4089:with 4075:with 4038:] 3772:with 3445:Plato 3123:Magas 2181:18.41 2150:22.20 2024:18.16 1978:31.45 1965:31.28 1930:16.25 1917:31.14 1812:Fasti 1799:29.10 1761:29.12 1724:10.42 1707:27.33 1694:27.30 1681:22.11 1673:p. 29 1660:27.29 1647:26.24 1604:p. 29 1583:5.107 1464:p. 85 1414:18.41 1393:p. 85 1370:38.16 1357:1.8.1 1305:1.8.1 1262:18.41 1080:Oreus 1068:Mende 939:Chios 931:Samos 801:Oreus 774:Lamia 667:Selge 630:Caria 498:Soter 477:from 475:Celts 465:Gauls 382:Greek 307:Soter 250:polis 234:Σωτήρ 228:Greek 223:Soter 159:Greek 131:Issue 72:Reign 2767:ISBN 2746:ISBN 2712:ISBN 2689:ISBN 2659:ISBN 2638:ISBN 2617:ISBN 2598:ISBN 2577:ISBN 2553:ISBN 2527:ISBN 2503:ISBN 2491:and 2471:ISBN 2447:ISBN 2422:ISBN 2399:ISBN 2375:ISBN 2350:ISBN 2325:ISBN 2300:ISBN 2277:ISBN 2241:ISBN 2211:Livy 2077:33.2 2064:33.1 1887:16.1 1883:31.2 1870:16.6 1857:16.2 1807:Ovid 1741:11.7 1720:28.5 1679:and 1677:9.42 1608:4.65 1561:5.77 1538:4.48 1495:4.48 1178:and 1033:deme 949:and 809:Opus 749:Rome 730:stoa 557:Zeus 311:king 112:Died 104:Born 3671:Bas 2495:". 2346:121 743:of 732:at 467:" ( 252:of 4256:: 4036:ru 2695:. 2551:. 2445:. 2441:. 2416:. 2373:. 2369:. 2348:. 2323:. 2319:. 2269:, 2259:, 2253:, 2225:, 2213:, 2128:^ 2094:^ 2011:^ 1815:, 1803:11 1801:, 1777:^ 1748:^ 1634:38 1632:, 1589:, 1585:, 1502:^ 1440:^ 1321:^ 1210:, 1149:. 1007:. 945:, 900:. 640:. 493:. 372:. 260:, 238:, 230:: 207:: 2839:e 2832:t 2825:v 2775:. 2754:. 2734:. 2720:. 2699:. 2667:. 2646:. 2625:. 2606:. 2585:. 2561:. 2535:. 2511:. 2479:. 2455:. 2430:. 2407:. 2383:. 2358:. 2333:. 2308:. 2283:. 2247:. 2183:. 2152:. 2139:. 2123:. 2079:. 2066:. 2026:. 2006:. 1993:. 1980:. 1967:. 1954:. 1932:. 1919:. 1906:. 1889:. 1872:. 1859:. 1809:( 1763:. 1743:. 1726:. 1709:. 1696:. 1683:. 1662:. 1649:. 1636:. 1610:. 1593:. 1563:. 1540:. 1497:. 1466:. 1453:. 1416:. 1372:. 1359:. 1290:. 999:. 596:. 541:, 246:' 240:' 226:( 218:' 212:' 203:( 20:)

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