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614:’s appearance in the North as unauthorized, the truth is much more meaningful. Some scholars say that by dispensing with the romantic notion that the novel appeared in a "bootleg" edition, Homestead debunks the hard and fast distinction between Northern and Southern readerships as an invention of historians and critics rather than an accurate reflection of reading practices of the period. However, a great number of discrepancies exist between the version published in the North and the version published in the South, which remove huge portions of the text which romanticize the Southern heroes that are portrayed.
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443:, which she later claimed was written by candlelight while nursing wounded Confederates. The novel is about Southern women making the ultimate sacrifice for the Confederacy; it promoted the desire for an independent national culture and reflected Southern values of the time. She sent a copy of this book with a letter to the publishers through the blockade. It was carried safely to
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and the author was recompensed with large financial returns. The "high flown" language in which it was written, and the rare literary attainments of the little barefoot heroine drew forth severe criticism, and some one even ventured on a parody, "St. Twelvemo"; but all this could not affect the popularity of the book. People were eager for her next work, and after
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610:, published in 1864, was popular with Southerners and Northerners alike. Melissa Homestead writes that the transportation of the novel to New York was deliberate, done in installments and nearly simultaneous with the novel's preparation for publication in the South. Thus, while previous critics, scholars and biographers have all treated
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was her most famous and it was frequently adapted for both the stage and screen and perhaps the most controversial. It was about the independence of women: although women did not need men, and could achieve independence, they also could save men from their tendency to apostasy. The novel inspired the
521:
sold a million copies within four months. It featured sexual tension between the protagonist St. Elmo, who was cynical, and the heroine Edna Earl, who was beautiful and devout. It became one of the most popular novels of the 19th century. Towns, hotels, steamboats and plantations were named after it,
539:
who had fallen into social disfavor for having welcomed the
Federal occupation of Mobile too warmly. Because of her delicate health, Lorenzo objected seriously to her writing, and at his request, she discontinued it and devoted herself to decorating her home and grounds. Colonel Wilson died in 1892.
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was published, in 1868, she married
Confederate veteran Colonel Lorenzo Madison Wilson, becoming Augusta Evans Wilson. He was 27 years her senior. Colonel Wilson acquired wealth in banking, railroads, and wholesale groceries. Not far from her home at Georgia Cottage, they settled in a columned house
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as a silent film and a 1950s film showing how its story might have been told at a time when Eudora Welty, William
Faulkner and Tennessee Williams were the face of Southern fiction. Interviews from the film as well as photographs and other exhibits have been collected in an online 'museum' on Wilson
675:
from the perspective of a
Southern patriot, and her literary activities during the American Civil War, she can be deemed as having contributed decisively to the literary and cultural development of the Confederacy in particular, and of the South in general. She was inducted into the
219:, was issued in 1859 and became at once popular, still selling well when the American Civil War began. Cut off from the world of publishers, and intensely concerned for the cause of secession, she wrote nothing more until several years later when she published her third story,
459:. It was entered according to the Confederate States of America, and dedicated to the soldiers of the Confederate army. Some portions of the manuscript were scribbled in pencil while sitting up with the sick soldiers in "Camp Beulah" near Mobile. A Federal officer in
265:). Her mother was Sarah S. Howard and her father was Matthew R. Evans. She was a descendant on her mother's side from the Howards, a prominent Georgia family. She received little formal education, but was reportedly a voracious reader at an early age.
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began the theme of female education in her novels. It sold over 22,000 copies during its first year of publication and established her as
Alabama's first professional author. Her family used the proceeds from her literary success to purchase
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love story. It told the story of one orphan's spiritual journey from religious skepticism to devout faith. She presented the manuscript to her father as a
Christmas gift in 1854. It was published anonymously in 1855.
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Time and time again flattering offers came for her to contribute to magazines and papers, but she refused. Not even a proposition to let her name her own price for a serial could tempt her. One publisher offered
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1140:
Southern
Literature from 1579–1895: A Comprehensive Review, with Copions Extracts and Criticisms. For the Use of Schools and the General Reader, Containing an Appendix with a Full List of Southern Authors
664:
Wilson had become wealthy through her marriage and her literary earnings and retired from writing during her final years. She died of a heart attack in Mobile on May 9, 1909, and is buried in Mobile's
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for the defense of the community, wrote patriotic addresses, and set up a hospital near her residence. The hospital was dubbed Camp Beulah in honor of her novel. She also corresponded with
General
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the general setting, if not the specific details, seems to be the Jones's El Dorado. In 1878, the home was purchased by
Captain and Mrs. James J. Slade who changed its name to
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The beauty and purity of
Christian truth she coins from the crucible in which her mystic alchemy is cast. She never wavers in the sacred faith of a pure and true religion.
668:. Her beloved Ashland burned to the ground in 1926. However, Georgia Cottage is still standing with a historical marker on Springhill Avenue designating it as her home.
584:. Critics have praised the intellectual competence of her female characters, but as her heroes eventually succumb to traditional values, Wilson has been described as an
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was that she swallowed an unabridged dictionary." Wilson was the first American woman author to earn over $ 100,000. This would be a record unsurpassed until
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ended, Evans was educated by her mother. During the Mexican war, San Antonio was the rendezvous for the United States troops sent to assist General
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which he could find. A Northern publisher reportedly obtained a copy and published it, but swore he would pay no royalties to so "arch a rebel."
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A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life
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Her father suffered bankruptcy and lost the family's Sherwood Hall property in the 1840s. He moved his family of ten from Georgia to
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Bogard, Robert, "Amelia Barr, Augusta Evans Wilson, and the Sentimental Novel, MARAB, Vol 2, No. 1 (Winter 1965–66), pp. 13–25.
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in Mobile. The couple attended St. Francis Street Methodist Church. Wilson became the first lady of Mobile society, supplanting
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552:" form, not to interfere with her library-bound editions, but this permission was never granted. She received a check for
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2006:
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Staff report (May 25, 2015). "Rick Bragg, Harper Lee will be among Alabama Writers' Forum's inductees". Tuscaloosa News.
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Her books were banned by the American Library Association in 1881: "by reason of sensation or immoral qualities".
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227:. This book was burned by some protesters. After the war closed, Wilson travelled to New York with the copy of
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1954:
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naming of towns, hotels, steamboats, and a cigar brand. The book's heroine, Edna Earl, became the namesake of
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expostulated with him, and finally secured a contract by which the author would receive royalties. General
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The Civil War cut Evans off from her publishers, so it was many years before she published her third novel
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in 1977 and was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8, 2015.
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After the Civil War ended, Evans went to New York to take the manuscript of her most ambitious effort,
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journalist named James Reed Spalding, but broke off the engagement in 1860, because Spalding supported
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appeared, could not rest satisfied until they heard that another would soon be given them. Soon after
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AL.com: New film on Augusta Evans Wilson, Mobile literary star from another era, gets free premiere
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was produced by Alabama filmmaker Robert Clem in 2016, the 150th anniversary of the publication of
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were also popular. In 1868, she married Lorenzo Madison Wilson, of Alabama, and they resided at
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505:(1866). She finished the celebrated novel at the home of her aunt, Mary Howard Jones (wife of
284:, and Evans memories of her childhood in San Antonio during the war inspired her first novel.
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Augusta Evans Wilson papers, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama
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1212:
American Authors: A Hand-book of American Literature from Early Colonial to Living Writers
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341:, Evans became a staunch supporter of the Confederacy. Her brothers had joined the
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215:, was written when she was still young and published by Harpers. Her second book,
1174:. Vol. 4 (Public domain ed.). Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.
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973:"The Publishing History of Augusta Jane Evans' Confederate Novel, Macaria"
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Willard & Livermore (1893) record her maiden name as August C. Evans.
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Wilson's style was severely criticized as "pedantic." She wrote in the
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Nineteenth-Century American Women's Novels: Interpretative Strategies
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published in 1954. The novel also inspired a parody of itself called
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The film combines documentary interviews and dramatized scenes from
1215:(Public domain ed.). Franklin printing and publishing Company.
233:, which was published and met with great success. Her later works,
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1324:
The Yellowhammer War: The Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Willard & Livermore (1893) record her year of birth as 1856.
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Willard, Frances Elizabeth; Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1893).
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373:", she wrote to a friend. She became active in the subsequent
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Evans; May 8, 1835 – May 9, 1909), was an American author of
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if she would only allow them to publish her books in cheap "
1143:(Public domain ed.). B.F. Johnson Publishing Company.
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seized and burned every copy of the Confederate edition of
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at every fire! And my fingers fairly itched to touch off a
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The Life and Works of Augusta Jane Evans Wilson, 1835–1909
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The Life and Works of Augusta Jane Evans Wilson, 1835–1909
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Augusta Jane Evans was born on May 8, 1835, in Columbus,
1279:
The Reconstruction of White Southern Womanhood, 1865–1895
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451:. The book had already been published by a bookseller in
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People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
1075:"Foundation for New Media - The Passion of Miss Augusta"
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St. Twel'mo, or the Cuneiform Cyclopedist of Chattanooga
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one critic maintained, "the trouble with the heroine of
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before it ever went to press. Ten years elapsed between
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History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography
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Augusta J.E. Wilson article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
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1168:Owen, Thomas McAdory; Owen, Marie Bankhead (1921).
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The Woman's Story: As Told by Twenty American Women
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696:and her career. Brenda Ayres wrote the biography,
333:declared their independence and seceded from the
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1343:Fire and Fiction: Augusta Jane Evans in Context
843:(2nd ed.). Richmond: West & Johnson.
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517:in honor of the novel which it had inspired.
404:. Evans also visited Confederate soldiers at
357:. "O! I longed for a Secession flag to shake
8:
495:(1914), based on the novel by Augusta Evans.
299:By 1849, Evans' parents moved the family to
2735:People of Alabama in the American Civil War
1236:(Public domain ed.). Moulton. p.
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1276:Censer, Jane Turner (September 30, 2003).
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287:In 1850, at the age of fifteen, she wrote
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272:, and Augusta was ten when they moved to
200:in 1881. She was the first woman to earn
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345:and, when she traveled to visit them in
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307:, at age 18; it was published in 1859.
1398:Works by or about Augusta Evans Wilson
1303:. Cambridge University Press Archive.
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946:National Register of Historic Places,
683:A film and website on Wilson entitled
1389:Works by or about Augusta Jane Wilson
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861:
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179:
7:
1321:Noe, Kenneth W. (January 10, 2014).
2755:Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
2715:20th-century American women writers
2705:19th-century American women writers
907:
223:, dedicated to the soldiers of the
1209:Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1894).
626:'s heroine (Edna Earle Ponder) in
25:
1297:Harris, Susan K. (May 25, 1990).
291:, a sentimental, moralistic, and
1874:Mary Elizabeth Phillips Thompson
1380:Works by or about Augusta Wilson
1372:
1219:
1198:
1157:
1126:
1122:(Public domain ed.). Hurst.
1105:
660:Mrs. Augusta Evans Wilson (1894)
165:
2745:Women in the American Civil War
2710:20th-century American novelists
2700:19th-century American novelists
1327:. University of Alabama Press.
1252:Ayres, Brenda (March 3, 2016).
1116:Holloway, Laura Carter (1889).
840:Macaria; or Altars of Sacrifice
196:. Her books were banned by the
149:
2725:Writers from Columbus, Georgia
2287:Mary Celesta Johnson Weatherly
392:. She nursed sick and wounded
349:, her party was fired upon by
1:
673:Confederate States of America
339:Confederate States of America
2730:Writers from Mobile, Alabama
2007:Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis
1455:Alabama Women's Hall of Fame
1039:Alabama Women's Hall of Fame
891:Willard & Livermore 1893
678:Alabama Women's Hall of Fame
384:Evans had been engaged to a
303:. She wrote her next novel,
198:American Library Association
2049:Elizabeth Burford Bashinsky
1636:Annie Rowan Forney Daugette
1371:(public domain audiobooks)
1356:Works by Augusta Jane Evans
685:The Passion of Miss Augusta
580:, sentimental style of the
491:A frame from the lost film
29:American writer (1935–1909)
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1515:Margaret Murray Washington
1412:December 17, 2013, at the
837:Evans, Augusta J. (1864).
671:Given her support for the
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2356:
2144:
2133:
1922:
1911:
1827:Chamintney Stovall Thomas
1785:Mildred Westervelt Warner
1689:
1678:
1620:Augusta Jane Evans Wilson
1472:
1461:
289:Inez: A Tale of the Alamo
213:Inez, a Tale of the Alamo
164:
41:
18:Augusta Jane Evans Wilson
2720:American women novelists
2012:Mary George Jordan Waite
1986:Frances Scott Fitzgerald
1981:Bessie Morse Bellingrath
1955:Frances Virginia Praytor
1557:Loraine Bedsole Tunstall
1531:Edwina Donnelly Mitchell
1494:Julia Strudwick Tutwiler
1317:New Georgia Encyclopedia
749:At the Mercy of Tiberius
566:At the Mercy of Tiberius
243:At the Mercy of Tiberius
2656:Mahala Ashley Dickerson
2266:Juliette Hampton Morgan
2156:Florence Golson Bateman
1790:Katherine White-Spunner
1365:Works by Augusta Wilson
640:. One reviewer wrote:
207:Wilson was a native of
188:and a supporter of the
2760:Censorship in the arts
2750:Novelists from Alabama
2491:Sarah Haynsworth Gayle
2470:Kathryn Tucker Windham
2400:Evelyn Daniel Anderson
2384:Margaret Charles Smith
2091:Martha Foster Crawford
2054:Maude McKnight Lindsay
1939:Octavia Walton Le Vert
1869:Katherine Cooper Cater
1832:Martha Strudwick Young
1701:Kathleen Moore Mallory
1341:Riepina, Anne Sophia,
1137:Manly, Louise (1895).
948:http://www.nps.gov/nr/
661:
646:
496:
436:
316:on Springhill Avenue.
139:Lorenzo Madison Wilson
2619:Emera Frances Griffin
2533:Jeanne Friegel Berman
2070:Hattie Hooker Wilkins
1594:Ruth Robertson Berrey
659:
642:
507:Colonel Seaborn Jones
490:
422:
276:, in 1845. After the
204:through her writing.
2308:Martha Crystal Myers
2282:Virginia Foster Durr
2075:Marion Walker Spidle
1965:Julia Tarrant Barron
1769:Clara Weaver Parrish
1764:Anne Mathilde Bilbro
1641:Patti Ruffner Jacobs
1022:Owen & Owen 1921
971:Homestead, Melissa.
414:P.G.T. de Beauregard
394:Confederate soldiers
371:chivalric civilities
343:3rd Alabama Regiment
278:Mexican–American War
2614:Vivian Malone Jones
2528:Jessie Welch Austin
2224:Bess Bolden Walcott
2198:Idella Jones Childs
2117:Juliet Opie Hopkins
2096:Maria Howard Weeden
1960:Anna Linton Praytor
1848:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1743:Chrysostom Moynahan
1615:Amelia Gayle Gorgas
1578:Marie Bankhead Owen
608:Altars of Sacrifice
509:), "El Dorado". In
477:George Henry Thomas
369:in answer to their
186:Southern literature
176:Augusta Jane Wilson
116:Southern literature
2661:Alice Lee (lawyer)
2454:Hazel Mansell Gore
2438:Frances C. Roberts
2433:Zora Neale Hurston
2340:Coretta Scott King
2240:Nancy Batson Crews
2028:Doris Marie Bender
1806:Blanche Evans Dean
1727:Elizabeth Johnston
1706:Ruby Pickens Tartt
1510:Agnes Ellen Harris
1041:. State of Alabama
775:Alabama literature
662:
638:Charles Henry Webb
497:
453:Richmond, Virginia
437:
329:After most of the
274:San Antonio, Texas
211:. Her first book,
194:American Civil War
57:Augusta Jane Evans
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2640:Allison Wetherbee
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2512:Sara Crews Finley
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2177:Ida Vines Moffett
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2112:Margaret H. Booth
1934:Maud McLure Kelly
1907:
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1811:Katherine Vickery
1748:Loula Friend Dunn
1722:Tallulah Bankhead
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1573:Dixie Bibb Graves
1360:Project Gutenberg
1334:978-0-8173-1808-6
1310:978-0-521-38288-5
1289:978-0-8071-4816-7
1265:978-1-317-02557-3
910:, p. 125-48.
876:, p. 151-52.
666:Magnolia Cemetery
572:Critical response
455:, and printed in
209:Columbus, Georgia
173:
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90:Magnolia Cemetery
62:Columbus, Georgia
16:(Redirected from
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2405:Ada Ruth Stovall
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2219:Louise Branscomb
2203:Jane Lobman Katz
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1991:Zelda Fitzgerald
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1662:Carrie A. Tuggle
1599:Annie Lola Price
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1402:Internet Archive
1393:Internet Archive
1384:Internet Archive
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469:J. B. Lippincott
225:Confederate Army
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1024:, p. 1782.
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935:Rutherford 1894
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706:
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433:Georgia Cottage
390:Abraham Lincoln
331:Southern states
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314:Georgia Cottage
301:Mobile, Alabama
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152: 1868)
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537:Madame Le Vert
484:
483:Post-war years
481:
457:South Carolina
447:, and then to
351:Union soldiers
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1484:Hallie Farmer
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1282:. LSU Press.
1281:
1280:
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1267:
1261:
1258:. Routledge.
1257:
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1250:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:public domain
1218:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:public domain
1197:
1193:
1181:
1173:
1172:
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1164:public domain
1156:
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1150:9780527608200
1146:
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1134:
1133:public domain
1125:
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1104:
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1018:
1015:
1012:, p. 60.
1011:
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990:
986:
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964:
961:, p. 92.
960:
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874:Holloway 1889
870:
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598:Edith Wharton
595:
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582:Victorian Age
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449:New York City
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293:anti-Catholic
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124:
122:Notable works
120:
117:
114:
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106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:Resting place
84:
80:
71:
67:
63:
56:
52:
48:Evans in 1890
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
2598:Janie Shores
1890:Gwen Bristow
1853:Lella Warren
1489:Helen Keller
1342:
1323:
1299:
1278:
1254:
1246:Bibliography
1232:
1211:
1170:
1139:
1118:
1087:
1078:
1055:
1045:February 20,
1043:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1017:
1005:
976:. Retrieved
966:
954:
942:
869:
857:
839:
832:
827:, p. 1.
798:
789:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
728:
722:
716:
710:
697:
692:
688:
684:
682:
670:
663:
647:
643:
633:
627:
624:Eudora Welty
618:
616:
611:
607:
603:
602:
593:
589:
586:antifeminist
575:
565:
561:
557:
542:
527:
523:
518:
510:
500:
498:
492:
464:
440:
438:
428:
424:
423:Evans wrote
408:. She sewed
383:
379:propagandist
370:
367:red-hot-ball
366:
362:
358:
328:
308:
304:
298:
288:
286:
267:
256:
242:
238:
234:
228:
220:
216:
212:
206:
175:
174:
125:
74:(1909-05-09)
26:
2695:1909 deaths
2690:1835 births
1188:|work=
1100:Attribution
1035:"Inductees"
1010:Harris 1990
959:Censer 2003
406:Chickamauga
398:Fort Morgan
355:Fort Monroe
253:Early years
247:Spring Hill
202:US$ 100,000
192:during the
190:Confederacy
72:May 9, 1909
59:May 8, 1835
2684:Categories
2554:Harper Lee
2324:Rosa Parks
2303:Fran McKee
2182:Sibyl Pool
998:Ayres 2016
862:Manly 1895
825:Ayres 2016
810:References
636:(1867) by
617:Her novel
554:US$ 15,000
546:US$ 25,000
473:J.C. Derby
402:Mobile Bay
96:Occupation
2261:Vera Hall
1190:ignored (
1180:cite book
689:St. Elmo.
550:paperback
416:in 1862.
375:Civil War
361:in their
359:defiantly
337:into the
325:Civil War
160:Signature
1410:Archived
1369:LibriVox
978:June 20,
908:Noe 2014
849:12417415
769:See also
743:Infelice
730:St. Elmo
700:(2016).
693:St. Elmo
619:St. Elmo
594:St. Elmo
590:St. Elmo
578:domestic
562:Infelice
519:St. Elmo
515:St. Elmo
511:St. Elmo
502:St. Elmo
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461:Kentucky
429:St. Elmo
410:sandbags
386:New York
347:Virginia
239:Infelice
230:St. Elmo
127:St. Elmo
104:Language
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717:Beulah
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558:Vashti
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471:&
445:Havana
320:Career
309:Beulah
305:Beulah
241:; and
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217:Beulah
134:Spouse
99:Author
81:, U.S.
64:, U.S.
2576:2020s
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781:Notes
606:, or
588:. Of
377:as a
363:teeth
353:from
335:Union
148:(
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112:Genre
2649:2023
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1329:ISBN
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1192:help
1145:ISBN
1047:2012
980:2011
845:OCLC
711:Inez
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