Augusta Triumphans - Knowledge (XXG)

547:, swearing, and alcohol abuse. The latter include the introduction of an efficient system of surveillance and lighting of the streets. First of all, it is necessary to substitute the current inept watch with a body of competent and physically strong men. These new guards should carry firearms, swords, and a horn to alert their co-workers. They should be assigned to areas which are not too large to be effectively monitored. In particular, "no watchman" should "stand above twenty doors distant from his fellow". Moreover, they ought to be given salaries in recognition of their efforts. Secondly, streets need to be rendered visible a night. Therefore, it is important to set up a reasonable number of lamps which are technically capable of providing adequate lighting. 319: 435: 27: 226:. It would prevent many mothers from freeing themselves of their illegitimate offspring through abortion or abandonment in parishes which do not offer them decent living conditions. Section two shows how a real academy of music would "prevent the expensive importation of foreign musicians, & c". Section three firstly offers advice to rescue "youths and servants" from moral corruption. Secondly, it denounces certain social evils: prostitution, gambling, and a series of dissolute manners to spend one's free time on Sunday such as alcohol misuse. Thirdly, it makes a digression on husbands's abuses of their wives and comments about contemporary private 515: 210:

invited to make proposals without fearing to be ridiculed. They should exclusively focus on offering honest advice. In addition, the possible shortcomings of their projects should be forgiven in that "It is a kind of good action to mean well, and the intention ought to palliate the failure". As for the English, they are described as the least clement nation towards such individuals. They "treat them in the vilest manner" and it is because of this reason that their country is "esteemed so bad at invention". In the second opening paragraph, the narrator explains the reason why he has written this

558:. Throughout the 18th-century, large numbers of Englishmen denounced what they saw as the high degree of social immorality and the difficulty of prosecuting victimless offences. From 1690 on they gathered and founded a series of Societies. During the early decades they concentrated on organising and conducting the prosecution of targeted sinners. They could take you to court for offences such as drunkenness, swearing, gaming and sodomy. Later their members shifted their attention to teaching religious and moral values through the delivery of sermons and the production and distribution of 393: 2654: 246:

would be most inconvenient to lug them backwards and forwards". He then expands his "discourse on madhouses", particularly by offering a suggestion to impede the unjust confinement of widows or other women who find themselves with a fortune and no male guidance. In order to prevent them from becoming victims of greedy and manipulatory "strangers", the nearest male relative should succeed the deceased gentleman in the management of the estate.

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to the Restoration. Some of its shortcomings were also reported in the city marshals' accounts of the 1690s. They noticed that poor areas could not afford financing this service. Moreover, watchmen would not carry appropriate weapons and, in some cases, would leave before shift ended. In the 1720s, a significant public debate over crime prevention was ongoing and Defoe participated to it through a series of pamphlets. In addition to

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their own devices. and are less likely to fall into temptation. Young men who are sent to Cambridge or Oxford, on the other hand, waste their time drinking rather than learning themselves. Secondly, by daily returning to their family's quarter, they contribute to the cultural flourish of London society; they can spread the academic knowledge they acquire through conversation. Overall, the privileged beneficiary of this plan is the

368:(1727). In the early eighteenth century, a large number of abandoned children. were either left on the streets of London or put into the care of parishes. However, the latter were not considered reliable. Some dissipated the money which was supposed to be spent on the support of children; others were accused of entrusting orphans to the care of dishonest nurses selected on the basis of the cheapness of the service they provided. 602:

compared to other issues, was considered of the utmost importance to prevent crime. By rendering places visible to both pedestrians and part-time officers, life was made difficult for felons and this point was highlighted in petitions to Parliament. Street lighting eventually became a public system through the Lighting Act of 1736. It was financed by taxes and provided by private companies.

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for the sole purpose of getting rid of them. In the second place, he points out that they do not guarantee adequate treatment of patients in that their staffs neglect or abuse them. In the light of this, he suggests substituting them with "licensed madhouses" which are "subject to proper visitation and inspection" and where nobody can be "sent without due reason, inquiry, and authority".

125:, is a man in his sixties who offers suggestions for the improvement of London. In particular, he fosters the establishment of a university, an academy of music, a hospital for foundlings and licensed institutions for the treatment of mental diseases. Moreover, he encourages the introduction of measures to prevent moral corruption and street robbery. 275:. In its introduction, the author points out that his country "swarms with a multitude of" planners. This project-oriented climate originates from the widespread need to cope with contemporary problems and chaos. Moreover, since no other age was characterised by such a trend, his epoch could be defined as a "Projecting Age". 245:

begins with rejecting his initial idea of founding a London university composed of "only a hall or public room". Rather, "it should be a large house or inn, in the nature of a college, with store of convenient rooms for gentlemen, not only to study separately, but wherein to lodge their books, for it

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reflects also upon the contemporary system of private madhouses and denounces its inefficiency. In the first place, he notices that it allows the institutionalisation of individuals who are affected by no mental disease. For instance, they frequently admit healthy wives. confined by abusive husbands

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encourages the introduction of measures to render servants faithful to their job. Firstly, they should be offered salaries which are not excessively high. In particular, their amount could be set on the basis of their capability of working and managing money. Secondly, the judicial system should not

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Lastly, Defoe's fictitious speaker fosters the establishment of an academy of music "to prevent the expensive importation of foreign musicians & c.". He points out that the then existing Italian opera, which is financed by upper class lovers of this art, is "improperly called academy" in that it

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The second cultural peculiarity is the night watch which existed since the thirteenth century. It consisted of men monitoring the streets during dark hours. It had been introduced to favour safety at night together with the enforcement of rules of curfew. Early criticism about this system date back

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offers suggestions for the enhancement of the city of London. It begins with two introductory paragraphs. The former is a brief reflection on "projecting heads" and the attitude of the English towards them."Projecting heads", that is to say individuals who create schemes for social improvement, are

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Eighteenth-century London was populated by a large number of migrants seeking job opportunities. Being alone and unaware of city dangers, they could easily become pray of unscrupulous people. Young girls, for instance, could be led into prostitution by manipulative individuals approaching them at

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promotes the foundation of a university, an academy of music and a hospital for foundlings. He begins with calling for a university in London and stresses the reasons for making it non-residential. Firstly, by keep living under the same roof with their families of origin, students are not left to

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Subsequently, Andrew Moreton urges the establishment of a foundling hospital. This would prevent many mothers from getting rid of their illegitimate offspring through abortion or abandoning them in parishes which are incapable of offering them adequate shelter. This issue recurs in Defoe's other

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moves on to illustrate the project upon which he has reflected most. He fosters the establishment of a London university to oppose the contemporary corruption of learning and education. Subsequently, four titled sections come one after the other and present other schemes for social improvement.

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deals with street lighting in connection with night watch. As J. M. Beattie explains, several changes were made to the urban environment of London for the purpose of improving aspects such as paving and the availability of drinkable water. Plans were also made to improve street lighting which,

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aims to prevent street robbery "first by heavenly, and then by earthly means". The former consist in "enforcing and encouraging a reformation of manners, by suppressing of vice and immorality, and punishing profaneness and licentiousness". Widespread immoral habits are the reading of lustful

180:. It highlights his ambitious aim of making London stand out even at a universal level. This city has a significant role in both his biography and work. Firstly, his travels started and ended in this place. Secondly, it is "the implicit or explicit setting" of the majority of his writings. 345:

whose residential areas are included in the list of places where Moreton advises establishing colleges: Westminster, St. James and Ormond Street. This social group is also invited to finance the whole project "by subscription".

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their arrival. Procurers could take the advantage of "the custom of mistresses to meet the wagons which brought country girls to London in order to find and engage servants". According to M. Dorothy George, "the first scene in

214:. He wants to make good use of the remaining time of his life by putting innovative proposals down on paper. On the whole, this work is intended to be the "testimony of" his "good will to" his "fellow-creatures". 253:, begins with briefly congratulating the addressee for his "election into the chamberlainship of the city of London". He subsequently poses a series of questions to understand the purpose of "the orphan's tax". 372:

just hires costly foreign musicians. It does not encourage the "propagation of science, by training up persons thereto from younger to riper years, under the instruction and inspection of proper artists". When

498:(1798). On this point, Elizabeth Foyster claims that this "was an issue which caused much concern in eighteenth-century England". Men's right to confine their wives was frequently debated. In the essay 412:

allow them to resign without just cause. Lastly, masters ought not to abuse them. This scheme aims primarily to keep servants away from idleness and bad company that may lead them into vice and crime.

502:(2002), she argues that husbands' detention of their spouses in family dwellings and madhouses had become a new form of conjugal violence. Her study is based on documents of the 461:

In the eighteenth century, private madhouses were much discussed. Nicholas Hervey points out that Defoe was "among the first to question the practice of these institutions in

384:. Founded in 1719, it became operative in 1720. Thanks to governmental subsidies, it could afford to pay salaries which were "beyond the theatre's inherent capacity to pay". 620: 293:(1719). They respectively are an explicit and an implicit treatment of the same topic. In addition to be characterised by opposite approaches, they differ in perspective. 137: 2762: 2519: 475:(1762). in which the hero of the title criticises unfair detention in madhouses. and reflects upon the difference between sanity and mental illness. In 1763, the 612: 230:. Section four encourages the adoption of measures to stop street robbery. They include moral education and the introduction of a competent and paid body of 590: 318: 2945: 2935: 2593: 686: 434: 2746: 2560: 921: 885: 785: 2820: 2331:"Social Projects" (2008), Daniel Defoe. The Collection of the Lily Library, Indiana University Bloomington, retrieved 25 October 2015, < 488:"attacked the way husbands were able to confine their wives for the most spurious of reasons". This practice was later also denounced by 249:

At the end of the pamphlet is attached a letter "To Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Robinson" which is dated "Sept. 23, 1728". Its signatory,

2828: 2777: 503: 514: 26: 1942: 1896: 1847: 2940: 2754: 2910: 2930: 2801: 2641: 642: 572: 392: 2633: 159:(1729). They respectively deal with the high salary of servants, disrespect towards elders, corruption of parishes, and 2925: 2677: 675: 2770: 2553: 578: 743: 173:(1697). Compared to this earlier work, however, they are more project-oriented than focused on moral criticism. 2915: 2879: 2860: 2730: 664: 631: 584: 155: 143: 2836: 2338:

Foyster, E. (2002), "At the Limits of Liberty: married women and confinement in eighteenth-century England",

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is titled "Omissions". It is a revision of two aspects of the projects which have been illustrated so far.

2785: 2723: 555: 471: 422: 397: 381: 295: 283: 271: 169: 2887: 2609: 2546: 708: 527: 697: 718: 443: 227: 2701: 2685: 2693: 2511: 494: 489: 377: 2104: 2920: 2411: 2317:, London, Paris, New York & Melbourne: Cassell & Company, retrieved 25 October 2015, < 1962: 1916: 1867: 1576: 1541: 1314: 1306: 1268: 1260: 724: 223: 2325: 299:

is socially oriented in that it addresses issues which are of importance for a whole community.

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Il Fascino Inquieto dell'utopia. Percorsi Storici e Letterari in Onore di Marialuisa Bignami

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Il Fascino Inquieto dell'utopia. Percorsi Storici e Letterari in Onore di Marialuisa Bignami

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De Michelis, L. (2014). ""Augusta Triumphans": Daniel Defoe e l'utopia civica di Londra".

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De Michelis, L. (2014). ""Augusta Triumphans": Daniel Defoe e l'utopia civica di Londra".

713: 532: 466: 448: 417: 402: 301: 289: 200: 188: 1567:(1). University of California Press on behalf of the American Musicological Society: 82. 1532:(1). University of California Press on behalf of the American Musicological Society: 32. 2324:"18th Century Opera" (2015), Victoria and Albert Museum, retrieved 30 October 2015, < 2277: