998:, India (South Asia). In this study, researchers found distinct differences among the participant's experience with voices. In the San Mateo, CA sample all but three of the participants referred to their experience of hearing voices with "diagnostic labels, and even diagnostic criteria readily", they also connected "hearing voices" with being "crazy". For the Accra, Ghana sample, almost no participants referenced a diagnosis and instead they spoke about voices as having "a spiritual meaning and as well as a psychiatric one". In the Chennai, India sample, similarly to the Ghana interviewees, most of the participants did not reference a diagnosis and for many of these participants, the voices they heard were of people they knew and people they were related to, "voices of kin". Another key finding that was identified in this research study is that "voice-hearing experience outside the West may be less harsh". Finally, researchers found that "different cultural expectations about the mind, or about the way people expect thoughts and feelings to be private or accessible to spirits or persons" could be attributed to the differences they found across the participants.
1034:
voice-hearers in the general population: A literature review", which compared 17 studies on auditory hallucinations in participants from nine countries, found that "differences in the prevalence of can be attributed to true variations based on gender, ethnicity and environmental context". The studies took place from 1894 to 2007 and the nine countries in which the studies took place were the United
Kingdom, Philippines, United States, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and New Zealand. The same literature review highlighted that "studies that their data by gender report a higher frequency of women reporting hallucinatory experiences of some kind". Although generally speaking hallucinations (including auditory) are related to psychotic diagnoses and schizophrenia, the presence of hallucinations does not exclusively mean that someone has a psychotic or schizophrenic episode or diagnosis.
1122:
reporting an external origin feel the voice as coming from the environment. The external origins vary in the patients' description: some hear the voice in front of their ears, some attribute the ambient surrounding noise, like running water or wind, as the source. This sometimes influences patients' behaviours as they believe people around them can also hear these audible thoughts, therefore they may avoid social events and public places to prevent others from hearing their thoughts. Besides, study suggests that the locus of the voice may change as the patients' hallucinations develop. There's a trend of internalization of external perceptions, which means patients will locate the source of their hallucination from external objects to internal subjectivity over time.
1139:
majority of the patients, both male and female, labeled the sounds they heard as male voices. However, younger patients tend to hear younger voices, which suggests that the voices in the hallucination may share age with the patients but not gender. What's more, voices in the hallucination usually differ from the patients' own voices in accents. They reported the voices they heard as coming from different regions or social classes with them. Some patients may develop skills to control their hallucinations to a certain extent through some kind of cognitive focusing. They can't eliminate the voices, but through cognitive focusing or suggestive behaviours (e.g. swallowing), they can control the onset and offset of their hallucination.
1006:(undergraduate and postgraduate psychology students)", researchers interviewed participants and asked them about " their understanding of experiences that could be considered to be psychotic or labelled schizophrenic, what questions they would ask someone who came seeking help and they we asked about their understanding of the terms schizophrenia and psychosis". The participants were also people who either had worked with psychosis or schizophrenia or had experienced psychosis or schizophrenia. In this study, researchers found that the participants understood these experiences labelled "psychotic" or "schizophrenic" through multiple models. Taken directly from the article, the researchers wrote that there is "no
1143:
hallucinations, while 38% experienced exclusively internal hallucinations; however, another study by Leudar et al. found that exclusively internal hallucinations were more common at 71%, with exclusively external hallucinations in only 18% of patients. Historically, experiencing hallucinations as external has been understood to indicate a more severe psychopathology, but the empirical support for such a conclusion is lacking.
1249:, poses one theory among many but stands as a reasonable example of the literature. Given standing evidence towards the involvement of the inner voice in auditory hallucinations, he proposes two alternative hypotheses on the origins of auditory hallucinations in the non-psychotic. They both rely on an understanding of the internalization process of the inner voice.
1216:, and functional fMRI. Together, they allow insight into how the brain reacts to auditory stimuli, be they external or internal. Such methods allowed researchers to find a correlation between a decreased gray matter of the left temporal lobe and difficulties in processing external sound stimuli in hallucinating patients.
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in 1996, about half of the patients (46%) with audible thoughts claimed that the hallucination has somehow taken the place of their conscience in making decisions and judgement. They tend to follow the voice's instructions when confronting dilemmas in their daily lives. The study also suggests that a
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A 35-year-old painter heard a quiet voice with an 'Oxford accent'. The volume was slightly lower than that of normal conversation and could be heard equally well with either ear. The voice would say, 'I can't stand that man, the way he holds his brush he looks like a poof.' He immediately experienced
1005:
participants subcategorized within one or more of the following groups including: "tangata Māori (people seeking wellness/service users), Kaumatua/Kuia (elders), Kai mahi (cultural support workers), Managers of mental health services, clinicians (psychiatrists, nurses, and psychologists) and students
891:
which depicts Wilson's hallucinations as a source of musical inspiration, constructing songs that were partly designed to converse with them. Wilson has said of the voices: "Mostly derogatory. Some of its cheerful. Most of it isn't." To combat them, his psychiatrist advised that he "talk humorously
426:
Not all who experience hallucinations find them to be distressing. The relationship between an individual and their hallucinations is personal, and everyone interacts with their troubles in different ways. There are those who hear solely malevolent voices, solely benevolent voices, those that hear a
1177:
There is now substantial evidence that auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in psychotic patients are manifestations of disorganized speech capacity at least as much as, and even more than, being genuinely auditory phenomena. Such evidence comes mainly from research carried out on the neuroimaging
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disease or ipsilateral ear disease. Researchers also came up with hypotheses that audible thought may result from damage in the right hemisphere, which causes the malfunction of prosodic construction. If this happens, the left hemisphere may misinterpret the patients' own thoughts as alien, leading
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Studies have suggested that damage to specific brain areas may relate to the formation of audible thought. Patients who attribute the hallucination to an external locus are more likely to report the voice coming from the right. This unilateral characteristic can be explained by either contralateral
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If categorized by patients' subjective feelings about where the voices come from, audible thoughts can be either external or internal. Patients reporting an internal origin of the hallucination claim that the voices are coming from somewhere inside their body, mainly in their own heads, while those
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were first introduced in order to remove "the mad dogs" from the streets. These asylums acted as prisons until the late 18th century. This is when doctors began the attempt to treat patients. Often attending doctors would douse patients in cold water, starve them, or spin patients on a wheel. Soon,
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children. These studies indicate a remarkably high percentage of children (up to 14% of the population sampled) experienced sounds or voices without any external cause, although "sounds" are not considered by psychiatrists to be examples of auditory hallucinations. Differentiating actual auditory
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of AVHs. Interestingly, this evidence is in line with clinical insights of the classical psychiatric school (de Clérambault) as well as of (Lacanian) psychoanalysis. According to the latter, the experience of the voice is linked more to speech as a chain of articulated signifying elements than to
1033:
Research has found that auditory hallucinations and hallucinations more broadly are not necessarily a symptom of "severe mental health" and instead might be more commonplace than assumed and also experienced by people in the general population. According to a literature review, "The prevalence of
123:
There are three main categories into which the hearing of talking voices often fall: a person hearing a voice speak one's thoughts, a person hearing one or more voices arguing, or a person hearing a voice narrating their own actions. These three categories do not account for all types of auditory
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have found that "developing countries (non-Western) experience far higher rates of recovery from 'schizophrenia' than
Western countries". The researchers further articulate that these findings may be due to culturally specific meaning created about the experience of schizophrenia, psychosis, and
665:
Another key to therapy is to help patients see that they do not need to obey the voices that they are hearing. It has been seen in patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations that therapy might help confer insight into recognising and choosing to not obey the voices that they hear.
657:
has been shown to help decrease the frequency and distressfulness of auditory hallucinations, particularly when other psychotic symptoms were presenting. Enhanced supportive therapy has been shown to reduce the frequency of auditory hallucinations, the violent resistance the patient displayed
325:
describes voice hearing in patients with a wide variety of medical conditions, as well as his own personal experience of hearing voices. Genetic correlations have been identified with auditory hallucinations, but most work with non-psychotic causes of auditory hallucinations is still ongoing.
1010:
Māori way of understanding psychotic experiences". Instead, as part of understanding these experiences, the participants combined both "biological explanations and Māori spiritual beliefs", with a preference for cultural and psychosocial explanations. For example, 19 participants spoke about
1116:
A 32-year-old housewife complained of a man's voice. The voice would repeat almost all the patient's goal-directed thinking, even banalest thoughts. The patient would think 'I must put the kettle on', and after a pause of not more than one second the voice would say 'I must put the kettle
1142:
The exact differences between external hallucinations (those experienced as though caused by external stimuli) and internal hallucinations (experienced as occurring "in internal space") remain unclear. According to the study by Nayani and David, 49% of patients hear exclusively external
1331:
also reduce the severity of hallucinations. Psychology research shows that the first step in treatment is for the patient to realize that the voices they hear are a creation of their own mind. This realization allows patients to reclaim a measure of control over their lives.
4823:
1092:
Patients who experience audible thoughts will hear the voice repeating their own thoughts either as or after the thought comes into their minds. The first kind of audible thought, the voice and the thought appear simultaneously, was named by German psychiatrist
967:= 1,080) disclosed having experienced more auditory hallucinations in the last year than any other hallucinations from the date of the interview. Further, the study found the highest rates of both auditory hallucinations and visual hallucinations in both of the
979:= 324, auditory hallucinations were reported by 85.4%, and visual hallucinations were reported by 50.8% of participants. These findings are in line with other studies that have found that visual hallucinations were reported more in traditional cultures.
1303:
Alternatively, the disruption could occur during the process of re-externalizing one's inner voice, resulting in an apparent second voice that seems alien to the individual; a problem that would be interpreted as a level four to level one error.
4211:
4196:
1294:
A disruption could occur during the normal process of internalizing one's inner voice, where the individual would not interpret their own voice as belonging to them; a problem that would be interpreted as a level one to level four error.
4816:
131:
also occur. In these, people more often hear snippets of songs that they know, or the music they hear may be original. They may occur in mentally sound people and with no known cause. Other types of auditory hallucinations include
2190:
Bartha R, al-Semaan YM, Williamson PC, Drost DJ, Malla AK, Carr TJ, et al. (June 1999). "A short echo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the left mesial-temporal lobe in first-onset schizophrenic patients".
4809:
2757:
Matheson SL, Green MJ, Loo C, Carr VJ (May 2010). "Quality assessment and comparison of evidence for electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for schizophrenia: a systematic meta-review".
1047:
Audible thoughts, also called thought sonorisation, is a kind of auditory verbal hallucination. People with this hallucination constantly hear a voice narrating one's own thoughts out loud. This idea was first defined by
899:
progressing to increasingly unusual preoccupations and then to bizarre beliefs "in which I believed wholeheartedly". One author wrote of their hallucinations: "they deceive, derange and force me into a world of crippling
1269:
involves the capacity to maintain a private external dialogue, as seen in children voicing the actions of play using dolls or other toys, or someone talking to themselves while repeating something they had written down.
4500:
383:
Auditory verbal hallucinations attributed to an external source, rather than internal, are considered the defining factor for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The voices heard are generally destructive and
2570:
Penn DL, Meyer PS, Evans E, Wirth RJ, Cai K, Burchinal M (April 2009). "A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations".
904:". In many cases, the delusional beliefs could be seen as fairly rational explanations for abnormal experiences: "I increasingly heard voices (which I'd always call 'loud thoughts')... I concluded that
1286:
is the final level in the internalization process. It involves the capacity to think in terms of pure meaning without the need to put thoughts into words in order to grasp the meaning of the thought.
932:) states that "transient hallucinatory experiences may occur without a mental disorder"; put differently, short or temporary hallucinations are not exclusive to being diagnosed with a mental disorder.
3032:
376:
scans. Other research shows an enlargement of temporal white matter, frontal gray matter, and temporal gray matter volumes (those areas crucial to both inner and outer speech) when compared to
982:
A 2015 published study, "Hearing Voices in
Different Cultures: A Social Kindling Hypothesis" compared the experiences of three groups of 20 participants who met the criteria for schizophrenia (
1195:
There is on-going research that supports the prevalence of auditory hallucinations, with a lack of other conventional psychotic symptoms (such as delusions, or paranoia), particularly in pre-
674:
Between 25% and 30% of schizophrenia patients do not respond to antipsychotic medication which has led researchers to look for alternate sources to help them. Two common methods to help are
3094:
Bauer SM, Schanda H, Karakula H, Olajossy-Hilkesberger L, Rudaleviciene P, Okribelashvili N, et al. (2011-05-01). "Culture and the prevalence of hallucinations in schizophrenia".
3551:
Humpston CS, Broome MR (September 2016). "The spectra of soundless voices and audible thoughts: Towards an integrative model of auditory verbal hallucinations and thought insertion".
3810:
Askenazy FL, Lestideau K, Meynadier A, Dor E, Myquel M, Lecrubier Y (September 2007). "Auditory hallucinations in pre-pubertal children. A one-year follow-up, preliminary findings".
1019:
but it wouldn't stop and in truth I knew what I had to do, help my people, I didn't want the responsibility but here I am. They helped me understand it and told me what to do with it
1242:
It is suspected that deficits in the left temporal lobe attribute that lead to spontaneous neural activity cause speech misrepresentations that account for auditory hallucinations.
3410:
Mellor CS (July 1970). "First rank symptoms of schizophrenia. I. The frequency in schizophrenics on admission to hospital. II. Differences between individual first rank symptoms".
423:
in patients has been shown to involve failure of top-down regulation of resting-state networks and up-regulation of effort networks, further impeding normal cognitive functioning.
4161:
3300:
925:
446:
have also been known to correlate with auditory hallucinations, but tend to be milder than their psychosis-induced counterpart. Auditory hallucinations are a relatively common
2065:
Shin SE, Lee JS, Kang MH, Kim CE, Bae JN, Jung G (January 2005). "Segmented volumes of cerebrum and cerebellum in first episode schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations".
777:. In other cases of extreme symptomatology, individuals were seen as being reduced to animals by a curse; these individuals were either left on the streets or imprisoned in
2801:
Pompili M, Lester D, Dominici G, Longo L, Marconi G, Forte A, et al. (May 2013). "Indications for electroconvulsive treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review".
5141:
818:
There were no effective treatments for hallucinations at this time. Conventional thought was that clean food, water, and air would allow the body to heal itself (
404:
hypothesis, proposed as a possible cause for schizophrenia, may also have implications in auditory hallucinations, which are suspected to be triggered by altered
1973:
Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Frith C, Cahill C, Holmes A, Grootoonk S, et al. (November 1995). "A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia".
1257:
The internalization process of the inner voice is the process of creating an inner voice during early childhood and can be separated into four distinct levels.
722:, auditory hallucinations were often viewed as either a gift or curse by God or the gods (depending on the specific culture). According to the Greek historian
2483:
Brugger P, Regard M, Landis T, Oelz O. Hallucinatory experiences in extreme-altitude climbers. Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999 Jan;12(1):67-71
3976:"What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence for Case Formulation-Driven CBT for Psychosis? Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Effect on Hallucinations and Delusions"
3862:
Jones SR, Fernyhough C (March 2007). "Neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal hallucinations: a critical review and theoretical integration".
2994:
380:. This implies that functional and structural abnormalities in the brain, both of which may have a genetic component, can induce auditory hallucinations.
3897:
Allen P, Aleman A, McGuire PK (August 2007). "Inner speech models of auditory verbal hallucinations: evidence from behavioural and neuroimaging studies".
3013:
478:, and drug use. Auditory hallucinations can also occur in mentally healthy individuals during the altered state of consciousness while falling asleep (
851:, a famous music composer, spent the end of his life experiencing auditory hallucinations. One night he claimed to have been visited by the ghost of
686:
or ECT has been shown to reduce psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia, mania, and depression, and is often used in psychiatric hospitals.
4303:
4254:
1410:
4376:
1539:
1437:
5126:
4607:
230:. The perception of auditory hallucinations corresponds to the experience of actual external hearing, despite the absence of any sound itself.
2413:"A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals"
975:= 76, auditory hallucinations were reported by 90.8% and visual hallucinations were reported by 53.9% of participants. In the Nigeria sample,
4125:
4104:
4085:
4025:"Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2956:
2551:
1865:
561:
140:. In the latter, people will hear music playing in their mind, usually songs they are familiar with. These hallucinations can be caused by:
3360:
Kaufmann C, Agalawatta N, Masson M, Malhi GS (May 2017). "Phenomenal
Insights: Extraordinary auditory hallucinations-Thought sonorisation".
1517:
2026:"Neuroanatomy of "hearing voices": a frontotemporal brain structural abnormality associated with auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia"
1200:
hallucinations from "sounds" or a normal internal dialogue is important since the latter phenomena are not indicative of mental illness.
4419:
3737:
Mitropoulos GB (January 2020). "Auditory Verbal
Hallucinations in Psychosis: Abnormal Perceptions or Symptoms of Disordered Thought?".
2269:
Fox MD, Raichle ME (September 2007). "Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging".
749:), while the more pervasive delusions and symptomatology were often viewed as possession by demonic forces as punishment for misdeeds.
3272:
3033:"Inside Brian Wilson's room: The famed Beach Boy opens up about mental illness, medication, manipulation and the movie about his life"
1789:"Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: the role of cognitive, brain structural and genetic disturbances in the left temporal lobe"
916:
According to research on hallucinations, both with participants from the general population and people diagnosed with schizophrenia,
4743:
4508:
3598:
3464:
1489:
1135:
689:
679:
1109:
And the second kind in which the voice comes after the thought appears is called echo de la pensée in French, namely thought echo.
2234:
Green MF, Hugdahl K, Mitchell S (March 1994). "Dichotic listening during auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia".
1011:
psychotic experiences as sometimes being a sign of matakite (giftedness). One of the
Kaumatua/Kuia (elders) was quoted as saying:
642:). These medical approaches may allow the person to function normally but are not a cure as they do not eradicate the underlying
501:
School of
Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day could trigger the phenomenon. Intoxication of
895:
The onset of delusional thinking is most often described as being gradual and insidious. Patients have described an interest in
730:(A.D. 14–37), a sailor named Thamus heard a voice cry out to him from across the water, "Thamus, are you there? When you reach
497:
consumption has been linked to an increase in the likelihood of experiencing auditory hallucinations. A study conducted by the
251:
3138:
Beavan V, Read J, Cartwright C (June 2011). "The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: a literature review".
282:
262:
1477:
3947:
Fernyhough C (2004). "Alien voices and inner dialogue: towards a developmental account of auditory verbal hallucinations".
419:
by showing that patients do not generally exhibit what is a functionally normal right ear advantage. Inhibitory control of
4548:
277:
3614:
Docherty, Nancy M.; Dinzeo, Thomas J.; McCleery, Amanda; Bell, Emily K.; Shakeel, Mohammed K.; Moe, Aubrey (2015-05-04).
1263:
involves the capacity to maintain an external dialogue with another person, i.e. a toddler talking with their parent(s).
548:
Extreme altitude
Mountain climbers, especially lone ones, can experience auditory hallucinations due to a combination of
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4308:
4247:
1324:
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were known to experience auditory hallucinations while breathing in certain psychoactive vapors (such as the smoke from
654:
377:
369:
267:
85:
an auditory hallucination, the affected person hears a sound or sounds that did not come from the natural environment.
4115:
2319:
Chadwick P, Birchwood M (February 1994). "The omnipotence of voices. A cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations".
5021:
4757:
4528:
4356:
634:. If the primary diagnosis is a mood disorder (with psychotic features), adjunctive medications are often used (e.g.,
303:
3690:"Self-recognition deficits in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations: a meta-analysis of the literature"
2708:"Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of auditory hallucinations: a preliminary open-label study"
806:
beginning in the late 18th century was that auditory hallucinations were the result of a disease in the brain (e.g.,
3301:"Ngā Whakāwhitinga (standing at the crossroads): How Māori understand what Western psychiatry calls "schizophrenia""
4801:
4518:
2663:
Shergill SS, Murray RM, McGuire PK (August 1998). "Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments".
1179:
1131:
1080:, however, this hallucination is not exclusively found among people with schizophrenia, but also among patients of
210:, suggesting that they are better attributed to speech misrepresentations. It is assumed through research that the
88:
A common form of auditory hallucination involves hearing one or more voices without a speaker present, known as an
4909:
4723:
4346:
1316:
1026:
832:
683:
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568:
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The following areas of the brain have been found to be active during auditory hallucinations, through the use of
443:
256:
4538:
4513:
4392:
4371:
874:
293:
1612:"Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia"
1178:
of AVHs, on the so-called "inner" and "subvocal" speech, on "voices" experienced by deaf patients, and on the
5121:
4424:
4240:
594:
510:
451:
227:
133:
113:
3589:
Stanghellini G (2019). Stanghellini G, Raballo A, Broome MR, Fernandez AV, Fusar-Poli P, Rosfort R (eds.).
2854:"Should we treat auditory hallucinations with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? A metaanalysis"
176:, memorable music that persists in one's mind. Reports have also mentioned that it is also possible to get
5136:
4728:
4665:
4490:
4366:
3242:
1351:
1328:
883:
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when used to treat auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia is done at a low frequency of 1
459:
361:
200:
177:
4323:
2110:"Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in people with auditory hallucinations"
1312:
987:
782:
427:
mix of the two, and those that see them as either malevolent or benevolent and not believing the voice.
317:
203:
78:
1924:"Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: current perspectives in brain stimulation treatments"
1223:
has shown increased blood and oxygen flow to speech-related areas of the left temporal lobe, including
855:
and wrote down the music that he was hearing. Thereafter, he began making claims that he could hear an
1543:
4785:
4770:
4670:
4602:
4590:
4480:
1982:
1762:
1564:
Engmann B, Reuter M (April 2009). "Spontaneous perception of melodies – hallucination or epilepsy?".
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of the hallucinations. Other cognitive and behavioural therapies have been used with mixed success.
471:
137:
104:
whatsoever may hear voices, including those under the influence of mind-altering substances, such as
3247:
1664:
Ikuta T, DeRosse P, Argyelan M, Karlsgodt KH, Kingsley PB, Szeszko PR, Malhotra AK (December 2015).
1064:" has long been questioned, this idea remains important for its historical and descriptive value in
100:, and this phenomenon is often used to diagnose these conditions. However, individuals without any
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498:
385:
308:
101:
3616:"Internal versus external auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: symptom and course correlates"
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methods suggest that people with schizophrenia have major deficits in the functioning of the left
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2006:
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924:, there is a relationship between culture and hallucinations. In relation to hallucinations, the
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2995:"Bill Pohlad wants 'Love & Mercy' to take you inside the genius of Beach Boy Brian Wilson"
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1998:
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549:
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215:
49:
3503:
Nayani TH, David AS (January 1996). "The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey".
3454:
2616:"Auditory hallucination coping techniques and their relationship to psychotic symptomatology"
1850:
1433:
222:, also underlie auditory hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations correspond with spontaneous
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Dierks T, Linden DE, Jandl M, Formisano E, Goebel R, Lanfermann H, Singer W (March 1999).
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whatever the voice was saying as his own thoughts, to the exclusion of all other thoughts.
935:
In a study of 1,080 people with a schizophrenia diagnosis from seven countries of origin:
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639:
606:
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572:
518:
223:
153:
105:
75:
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that presents itself in the form of disembodied voices. They formed a major component of
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1986:
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2167:
2150:
1950:
1923:
1815:
1788:
1739:
1714:
1690:
1665:
1638:
1611:
1482:
Musical
Illusions and Phantom Words: How Music and Speech Unlock Mysteries of the Brain
1209:
1061:
1053:
1049:
921:
870:
778:
742:
635:
526:
435:
389:
211:
17:
4220:
2676:
2511:
2494:
2462:
2204:
2078:
1730:
5115:
5026:
4780:
4738:
4733:
4660:
4575:
4565:
4446:
4328:
4263:
4040:
3766:
3572:
3256:
3167:
2975:
2787:
2632:
2615:
1473:
1320:
1166:
1153:
1094:
1073:
1069:
1057:
856:
823:
803:
719:
624:
578:
522:
506:
420:
416:
405:
339:
298:
219:
117:
97:
71:
3926:
3532:
3439:
3389:
3107:
2838:
2692:
2649:
2600:
2528:
2298:
2220:
2094:
4975:
4790:
4626:
3839:
3335:
2348:
2108:
Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Fukuda R, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK (June 2003).
2010:
1220:
968:
866:
827:
this gave way to brain-specific treatments with the most famous examples including
365:
322:
315:
However, numerous persons surveyed reported no diagnosis. In his popular 2012 book
181:
165:
3750:
3631:
3151:
2814:
2771:
2584:
1787:
Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Specht K, Steen VM, van Wageningen H, Jørgensen HA (2008).
5098:
5073:
4570:
4463:
4298:
4167:
3672:
1276:
is the first internal level in speech. This involves the capacity to carry out
878:
766:
758:
486:
358:
238:
In 2015 a small survey reported voice hearing in persons with a wide variety of
4023:
Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022).
2870:
2853:
1899:
1882:
27:
Form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus
5088:
5066:
5061:
5013:
4914:
4899:
4836:
4641:
4631:
4451:
4205:
4172:
3910:
3875:
3823:
3564:
3516:
3423:
1805:
1681:
1628:
1356:
1065:
819:
770:
757:
Treatment in the ancient world is ill-documented, but there are some cases of
746:
659:
631:
538:
479:
206:. Newer research has found that they coincide with the left superior temporal
157:
145:
82:
54:
3991:
3639:
3373:
3319:
2429:
1577:
859:
singing to him. As his condition worsened, the angelic voices developed into
5093:
5036:
4998:
4970:
4904:
4870:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4775:
4616:
4580:
4475:
4434:
4429:
4351:
4313:
4131:
3705:
2042:
2025:
1715:"Experiences of hearing voices: analysis of a novel phenomenological survey"
1184:
944:
917:
762:
735:
525:
in general, especially in high doses. Withdrawal from certain drugs such as
401:
393:
335:
287:
192:
185:
169:
93:
4058:
4009:
3918:
3883:
3831:
3758:
3723:
3657:
3381:
3327:
3219:
3159:
3115:
2879:
2830:
2779:
2743:
2724:
2641:
2592:
2520:
2448:
2397:
2290:
2212:
2176:
2135:
2086:
2051:
1959:
1908:
1824:
1748:
1699:
1666:"Subcortical modulation in auditory processing and auditory hallucinations"
1647:
1025:
An important finding highlighted in this study is that studies done by the
470:
Auditory hallucinations have been known to manifest as a result of intense
172:. This should be distinguished from the commonly experienced phenomenon of
3784:. Vol. II. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 610–612.
3524:
3431:
3264:
2684:
2379:
2340:
2332:
2255:
2247:
2126:
2109:
2002:
1165:
A good amount of the research done has focused primarily on patients with
350:). In schizophrenia, people show a consistent increase in activity of the
5056:
5051:
5046:
4990:
4963:
4875:
4865:
4468:
4414:
2364:"Hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease"
1371:
1228:
1196:
1157:
the patients to misconceive their thoughts as coming from another voice.
1097:
as Gedankenlautwerden, a German word stands for "thoughts become aloud".
952:
901:
852:
828:
727:
723:
628:
582:
534:
530:
494:
455:
447:
355:
351:
4188:
3974:
Turner DT, Burger S, Smit F, Valmaggia LR, van der Gaag M (March 2020).
3070:
3053:
2822:
1940:
1713:
Woods A, Jones N, Alderson-Day B, Callard F, Fernyhough C (April 2015).
5083:
5041:
4948:
4935:
4923:
4882:
4840:
4406:
3210:
3193:
1346:
995:
956:
936:
731:
514:
180:
from listening to music for long periods of time. Other causes include
173:
141:
109:
2362:
Wilson RS, Gilley DW, Bennett DA, Beckett LA, Evans DA (August 2000).
1208:
To explore the auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, experimental
658:
towards said hallucinations, and an overall decrease in the perceived
396:
patients. The causal basis of hallucinations has been explored on the
4200:
2998:
1994:
1411:"Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained A challenge"
940:
542:
161:
149:
3194:"Hearing Voices in Different Cultures: A Social Kindling Hypothesis"
2282:
191:
In the past, the cause of auditory hallucinations was attributed to
4162:"The voice inside: A practical guide to coping with hearing voices"
2706:
Rosenberg O, Roth Y, Kotler M, Zangen A, Dannon P (February 2011).
1883:"Psychotic symptoms as a continuum between normality and pathology"
1030:
hearing voices as well as "positive expectations around recovery".
5078:
4943:
4318:
1499:
1077:
991:
960:
929:
860:
807:
774:
693:
239:
207:
128:
769:, those with auditory hallucinations were sometimes subjected to
4958:
4232:
1213:
908:". Some cases have been described as an "auditory ransom note".
761:
being used to attempt treatment, while the common treatment was
373:
4805:
4236:
3688:
Waters F, Woodward T, Allen P, Aleman A, Sommer I (June 2012).
2852:
Tranulis C, Sepehry AA, Galinowski A, Stip E (September 2008).
2024:
Gaser C, Nenadic I, Volz HP, Büchel C, Sauer H (January 2004).
1280:, as seen in reading to oneself or going over a list silently.
1173:
Auditory verbal hallucinations as symptoms of disordered speech
3456:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)
3017:
2495:"Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations"
2463:"Too Much Coffee Can Make You Hear Things That Are Not There"
3192:
Luhrmann TM, Padmavati R, Tharoor H, Osei A (October 2015).
2614:
Hayashi N, Igarashi Y, Suda K, Nakagawa S (December 2007).
2544:
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing - The craft of caring
781:. It was the latter response that eventually led to modern
3014:"Why Films About Musicians Leave So Much Music Off Screen"
1169:, and beyond that drug-resistant auditory hallucinations.
963:, researchers found that 74.8% of the total participants (
906:
other people were putting these loud thoughts into my head
4097:
Sensory deception: a scientific analysis of hallucination
1016:
I never wanted to accept it, I said no it isn't, it isn't
765:
and prayer in an attempt to placate the gods. During the
623:
The primary means of treating auditory hallucinations is
2917:
Laqueur T (2007-09-03). "Spirited Away". pp. 36–42.
585:
in speech and vision, including primary auditory cortex.
4117:
Hallucinations: The Science of Idiosyncratic Perception
3674:
The right cerebral hemisphere and psychiatric disorders
3591:
The Oxford handbook of phenomenological psychopathology
1212:
use approaches such as dichotic listening, structural
3237:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2970:
2968:
926:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
545:
can also produce hallucinations, including auditory.
4178:
3362:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
5012:
4989:
4934:
4851:
4756:
4701:
4650:
4601:
4556:
4547:
4499:
4405:
4385:
4337:
4279:
4270:
4182:
1239:The causes of auditory hallucinations are unclear.
971:countries, Ghana and Nigeria. In the Ghana sample,
892:to them", which he says has helped "a little bit".
48:
40:
35:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3234:
2936:
2368:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
798:Auditory hallucinations were rethought during the
338:, the premier cause of auditory hallucinations is
218:and production, which are lateralized to the left
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
388:, adding to the state of artificial reality and
3498:
3496:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3233:American Psychiatric Association (2013-05-22).
1659:
1657:
1013:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
802:. As a result, the predominant theory in the
226:of the left temporal lobe, and the subsequent
4817:
4248:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3797:Écrits: The first complete edition in English
3593:. Oxford University Press. pp. 790–794.
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
2944:The Oxford companion to United States history
2938:"Mental Health Institutions (Insane Asylums)"
1001:In a qualitative study of 57 self-identified
8:
4120:. American Psychological Association (APA).
3299:Taitimu M, Read J, McIntosh T (April 2018).
2565:
2563:
1514:"Rare Hallucinations Make Music In The Mind"
680:repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
1610:Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M (May 2009).
1052:, who included this symptom as one of the "
4824:
4810:
4802:
4553:
4276:
4255:
4241:
4233:
4179:
4175:. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2009.
3812:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
3453:American Psychiatric Association. (2013).
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
1767:National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
1060:. Although the diagnostic reliability of "
835:, and branding the skull with a hot iron.
603:: processes hearing and speech perception.
32:
4048:
3999:
3739:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
3713:
3647:
3246:
3209:
3069:
2869:
2733:
2723:
2631:
2510:
2438:
2428:
2387:
2166:
2125:
2041:
1949:
1939:
1898:
1814:
1804:
1738:
1689:
1637:
1627:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2546:(2nd ed.). England: Hodder Arnold.
2155:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
569:Transverse temporal gyri (Heschl's gyri)
74:that involves perceiving sounds without
4377:Depression in childhood and adolescence
2151:"On the neurobiology of hallucinations"
1856:. In Macpherson F, Platchias D (eds.).
1413:. Scientific American Mind (March 2013)
1383:
368:, and paralimbic regions; confirmed by
5142:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
2947:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p.
1928:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1849:Fernyhough C, Jones SR (August 2013).
3584:
3582:
3459:. American Psychiatric Publications.
2976:"Brian Wilson – A Powerful Interview"
2620:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1922:Nathou C, Etard O, Dollfus S (2019).
1434:"Hearing Voices: Some People Like It"
7:
3241:. American Psychiatric Association.
3054:"First-person accounts of delusions"
1851:"Thinking aloud about mental voices"
1540:"IPod hallucinations face acid test"
1520:from the original on 5 December 2006
1516:. ScienceDaily.com. August 9, 2000.
1478:"Hallucinations of music and speech"
1440:from the original on 2 November 2006
591:: speech and language comprehension.
4420:Depression (differential diagnoses)
3553:Review of Philosophy and Psychology
2411:de Leede-Smith S, Barkus E (2013).
1881:Stip E, Letourneau G (March 2009).
1284:Level four (condensed inner speech)
1274:Level three (expanded inner speech)
1134:study conducted by Tony Nayani and
986:= 60) from three places, including
609:: Regulation of voluntary movement.
597:: contains primary auditory cortex.
3961:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.09.001
3899:International Review of Psychiatry
2236:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1253:Internalization of the inner voice
25:
4744:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
4509:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
4168:A salience dysregulation syndrome
4153:"Anthropology and Hallucinations"
3412:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2321:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2114:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2079:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.11.005
1432:Thompson A (September 15, 2006).
822:). Beginning in the 16th century
734:, take care to proclaim that the
690:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
521:and other substances can produce
4041:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277
3799:. New York: Norton. p. 447.
3257:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
2900:("The Obsolescence of Oracles").
2633:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01741.x
3108:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.06.008
2417:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1793:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1100:Example of Gedankenlautwerden:
1027:World Health Organization (WHO)
869:, songwriter and co-founder of
552:, social isolation and stress.
484:hallucinations) and waking up (
252:Borderline personality disorder
2858:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1887:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1460:Oxford Hand Book of Psychiatry
344:auditory verbal hallucinations
283:Post-traumatic stress disorder
263:Dissociative identity disorder
92:. This may be associated with
1:
5127:Effects of psychoactive drugs
4095:Bentall RP, Slade PD (1988).
4078:The anatomy of hallucinations
2677:10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00052-8
2512:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80715-1
2205:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00007-4
1731:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00006-1
1290:Disruption to internalization
1261:Level one (external dialogue)
278:Obsessive compulsive disorder
90:auditory verbal hallucination
4719:Dialectical behavior therapy
4714:Cognitive behavioral therapy
4534:Rating scales for depression
3751:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001089
3632:10.1080/13546805.2014.991387
3152:10.3109/09638237.2011.562262
2815:10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.005
2772:10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.002
2712:Annals of General Psychiatry
2585:10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.009
2271:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1860:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1542:. Vnunet.com. Archived from
1325:cognitive behavioral therapy
1191:Non-psychotic symptomatology
696:to the left temporoparietal
655:Cognitive behavioral therapy
431:Mood disorders and dementias
268:Generalized anxiety disorder
5022:Sensory processing disorder
4529:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
4357:Seasonal affective disorder
4080:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co.
3198:Topics in Cognitive Science
3031:Gilstrap P (June 3, 2015).
1484:. Oxford University Press.
1245:Charles Fernyhough, of the
571:: found within the primary
304:Substance-induced psychosis
5158:
4519:General Behavior Inventory
4114:Larøi F, Aleman A (2008).
3864:Clinical Psychology Review
3677:. Oxford University Press.
2871:10.1177/070674370805300904
1900:10.1177/070674370905400302
1670:Behavioural Brain Research
1267:Level two (private speech)
4724:Electroconvulsive therapy
4347:Major depressive disorder
3911:10.1080/09540260701486498
3876:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.001
3824:10.1007/s00787-006-0577-9
3780:de Clérambault G (1942).
3620:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
3565:10.1007/s13164-015-0232-9
3517:10.1017/s003329170003381x
3424:10.1192/S0007125000192116
3012:Powers A (July 7, 2015).
2993:Tapley K (May 21, 2015).
1806:10.3389/neuro.09.006.2007
1682:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.009
1629:10.3389/neuro.01.001.2009
1616:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1538:Young K (July 27, 2005).
1357:Hypnagogic hallucinations
1317:antipsychotic medications
1112:Example of thought echo:
684:Electroconvulsive therapy
676:electroconvulsive therapy
627:medications which affect
342:, and these are known as
234:Associated with diagnoses
4539:Young Mania Rating Scale
4514:Child Mania Rating Scale
4393:Schizoaffective disorder
4372:Major depressive episode
3374:10.1177/0004867417703488
3320:10.1177/1363461518757800
3308:Transcultural Psychiatry
3140:Journal of Mental Health
3096:Comprehensive Psychiatry
2430:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367
1068:. Audible thoughts is a
875:schizoaffective disorder
810:), and treated as such.
452:neurocognitive disorders
294:Schizoaffective disorder
148:(often resulting from a
96:disorders, most notably
4666:Atypical antipsychotics
4425:Emotional dysregulation
3949:New Ideas in Psychology
601:Primary auditory cortex
595:Superior temporal gyrus
228:primary auditory cortex
134:exploding head syndrome
18:Auditory hallucinations
5031:Auditory hallucination
4729:Involuntary commitment
4491:Reduced affect display
4367:Melancholic depression
4157:The Making of Religion
4099:. London: Croom Helm.
3992:10.1093/schbul/sbaa045
3980:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3694:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3505:Psychological Medicine
2803:Schizophrenia Research
2760:Schizophrenia Research
2725:10.1186/1744-859X-10-3
2665:Schizophrenia Research
2573:Schizophrenia Research
1719:The Lancet. Psychiatry
1352:Hearing Voices Network
1329:metacognitive training
1084:in their manic phase.
1023:
994:, Ghana (Africa), and
726:, during the reign of
242:diagnoses, including:
195:suppression by way of
178:musical hallucinations
64:auditory hallucination
36:Auditory hallucination
4324:Mixed affective state
3706:10.1093/schbul/sbq144
2898:De defectu oraculorum
2380:10.1136/jnnp.69.2.172
2333:10.1192/bjp.164.2.190
2248:10.1176/ajp.151.3.357
2193:Biological Psychiatry
2149:Boksa P (July 2009).
2127:10.1192/bjp.182.6.525
2043:10.1093/cercor/bhg107
1313:Psychopharmacological
988:San Mateo, California
783:psychiatric hospitals
736:great god Pan is dead
4786:Kay Redfield Jamison
4771:Frederick K. Goodwin
4591:Valproate semisodium
4481:Psychotic depression
3058:Psychiatric Bulletin
1247:University of Durham
138:musical ear syndrome
4888:Anterograde amnesia
4709:Clinical psychology
4524:Hypomania Checklist
4362:Atypical depression
4076:Johnson FH (1978).
3782:OEvre Psychiatrique
3071:10.1192/pb.24.9.333
2067:Psychiatry Research
1987:1995Natur.378..176S
1941:10.2147/NDT.S168801
1436:. LiveScience.com.
1315:treatments include
1278:internal monologues
1062:first-rank symptoms
1054:first-rank symptoms
1043:General information
839:Society and culture
499:La Trobe University
460:Alzheimer's disease
309:Delusional disorder
214:involved in normal
102:psychiatric disease
4893:Retrograde amnesia
4833:Signs and symptoms
4702:Non-pharmaceutical
3671:Cutting J (1990).
3211:10.1111/tops.12158
3052:Stanton B (2000).
1396:Medical dictionary
579:Left temporal lobe
503:psychoactive drugs
413:dichotic listening
197:executive function
127:Hallucinations of
5109:
5108:
4981:Suicidal ideation
4799:
4798:
4752:
4751:
4676:Lithium carbonate
4622:Dextroamphetamine
4440:Suicidal ideation
4401:
4400:
4230:
4229:
4127:978-1-4338-0311-6
4106:978-0-7099-3961-0
4087:978-0-88229-155-0
2958:978-0-19-508209-8
2935:Boyer PS (2001).
2553:978-1-4987-5958-8
2542:Barker P (2009).
2199:(11): 1403–1411.
1981:(6553): 176–179.
1867:978-0-262-01920-0
1458:Semple D (2005).
1362:Intrusive thought
897:psychic phenomena
889:biographical film
490:hallucinations).
476:sleep deprivation
398:cellular receptor
311:(non-prominently)
216:speech perception
60:
59:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5149:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4803:
4691:Lithium toxicity
4653:mood stabilizers
4603:Sympathomimetics
4586:Sodium valproate
4554:
4281:Bipolar disorder
4277:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4234:
4180:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4130:. Archived from
4110:
4091:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3986:(5): 1072–1085.
3971:
3965:
3964:
3944:
3931:
3930:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3859:
3844:
3843:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3795:Lacan J (2006).
3792:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3500:
3471:
3470:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3357:
3340:
3339:
3305:
3296:
3279:
3278:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3189:
3172:
3171:
3135:
3120:
3119:
3091:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:Ability Magazine
2972:
2963:
2962:
2940:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2901:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2766:(1–3): 201–210.
2754:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1995:10.1038/378176a0
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1855:
1846:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1607:
1582:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1367:Speech synthesis
1342:Auditory imagery
1132:phenomenological
1082:bipolar disorder
1070:positive symptom
1056:" in diagnosing
1038:Audible thoughts
922:mental illnesses
912:Cultural effects
884:Love & Mercy
644:thought disorder
640:mood stabilizers
466:Transient causes
444:major depression
440:bipolar disorder
273:Major depression
247:Bipolar disorder
124:hallucinations.
33:
21:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5008:
4985:
4930:
4919:Lightheadedness
4847:
4830:
4800:
4795:
4748:
4697:
4686:Lithium sulfate
4681:Lithium citrate
4646:
4637:Methylphenidate
4606:
4597:
4558:Anticonvulsants
4543:
4495:
4486:Racing thoughts
4397:
4381:
4333:
4266:
4261:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4191:
4155:, chapter from
4149:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4113:
4107:
4094:
4088:
4075:
4072:
4070:Further reading
4067:
4066:
4029:JAMA Psychiatry
4022:
4021:
4017:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3861:
3860:
3847:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3502:
3501:
3474:
3467:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3359:
3358:
3343:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3282:
3275:
3248:10.1.1.988.5627
3232:
3231:
3227:
3191:
3190:
3175:
3137:
3136:
3123:
3093:
3092:
3079:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2934:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2891:
2887:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2283:10.1038/nrn2201
2268:
2267:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2030:Cerebral Cortex
2023:
2022:
2018:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1763:"Schizophrenia"
1761:
1760:
1756:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1609:
1608:
1585:
1566:Nervenheilkunde
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1492:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:. Oxford Press.
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1338:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1255:
1237:
1206:
1193:
1175:
1163:
1149:
1147:Pathophysiology
1130:According to a
1128:
1090:
1045:
1040:
914:
849:Robert Schumann
846:
841:
816:
796:
791:
755:
741:The oracles of
716:
711:
709:Ancient history
706:
672:
652:
636:antidepressants
621:
616:
607:Globus pallidus
573:auditory cortex
558:
556:Pathophysiology
468:
433:
334:In people with
332:
236:
224:neural activity
212:neural pathways
199:failure of the
154:sleep disorders
70:, is a form of
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5122:Hallucinations
5114:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5004:Russell's sign
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4912:
4910:Disequilibrium
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Emil Kraepelin
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4668:
4663:
4661:Antipsychotics
4657:
4655:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4458:Sleep disorder
4454:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4208:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:Classification
4177:
4176:
4164:
4159:
4148:
4147:External links
4145:
4144:
4143:
4126:
4111:
4105:
4092:
4086:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4035:(5): 417–429.
4015:
3966:
3932:
3905:(4): 407–415.
3889:
3870:(2): 140–154.
3845:
3818:(6): 411–415.
3802:
3787:
3772:
3729:
3700:(4): 741–750.
3680:
3663:
3626:(3): 187–197.
3606:
3599:
3578:
3559:(3): 611–629.
3538:
3472:
3465:
3445:
3418:(536): 15–23.
3395:
3368:(5): 538–539.
3341:
3314:(2): 153–177.
3280:
3274:978-0890425558
3273:
3265:2027.42/138395
3225:
3204:(4): 646–663.
3173:
3146:(3): 281–292.
3121:
3102:(3): 319–325.
3077:
3064:(9): 333–336.
3044:
3023:
3004:
2985:
2964:
2957:
2920:
2902:
2885:
2864:(9): 577–586.
2844:
2793:
2749:
2698:
2671:(3): 137–150.
2655:
2626:(6): 640–645.
2606:
2579:(1–3): 52–59.
2559:
2552:
2534:
2505:(3): 615–621.
2485:
2476:
2454:
2403:
2374:(2): 172–177.
2354:
2327:(2): 190–201.
2304:
2277:(9): 700–711.
2261:
2242:(3): 357–362.
2226:
2182:
2161:(4): 260–262.
2141:
2120:(6): 525–531.
2100:
2057:
2016:
1965:
1914:
1893:(3): 140–151.
1873:
1866:
1830:
1779:
1754:
1725:(4): 323–331.
1705:
1653:
1583:
1556:
1530:
1505:
1490:
1465:
1450:
1424:
1401:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1254:
1251:
1236:
1233:
1210:neurocognitive
1205:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1127:
1124:
1089:
1086:
1050:Kurt Schneider
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
913:
910:
871:the Beach Boys
845:
842:
840:
837:
824:insane asylums
815:
812:
795:
792:
790:
787:
779:insane asylums
773:or trial as a
754:
751:
743:ancient Greece
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
671:
668:
651:
648:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
576:
557:
554:
523:hallucinations
467:
464:
436:Mood disorders
432:
429:
421:hallucinations
411:Studies using
408:transmission.
390:disorientation
378:control groups
331:
328:
321:, neurologist
318:Hallucinations
313:
312:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
249:
235:
232:
201:frontoparietal
58:
57:
52:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5154:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:Medical signs
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5027:Hallucination
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Karl Leonhard
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Psychotherapy
4737:
4735:
4734:Light therapy
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Oxcarbazepine
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Carbamazepine
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Hallucination
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:Comorbidities
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4329:Rapid cycling
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:Mood disorder
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4134:on 2008-12-21
4133:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3600:9780191841903
3596:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:(1): 177–89.
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:9780890425572
3462:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3437:
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2465:. 8 June 2011
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2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
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1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
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1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
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1937:
1934:: 2105–2117.
1933:
1929:
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1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
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1884:
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1858:Hallucination
1852:
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1560:
1557:
1546:on 2007-12-20
1545:
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1491:9780190206833
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1322:
1321:Meta-analyses
1318:
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1296:
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1186:
1181:
1180:phenomenology
1172:
1170:
1168:
1167:schizophrenia
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:temporal lobe
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:Anthony David
1133:
1126:Phenomenology
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:August Cramer
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:according to
1075:
1074:schizophrenia
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:schizophrenia
1055:
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1042:
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898:
893:
890:
886:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
857:angelic choir
854:
850:
844:Notable cases
843:
838:
836:
834:
833:shock therapy
830:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
804:western world
801:
800:enlightenment
793:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:ancient world
713:
708:
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681:
677:
669:
667:
663:
661:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
625:antipsychotic
618:
613:
608:
605:
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587:
584:
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430:
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418:
417:temporal lobe
414:
409:
407:
406:glutamatergic
403:
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381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
349:
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341:
340:schizophrenia
337:
330:Schizophrenia
329:
327:
324:
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319:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Schizophrenia
297:
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289:
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220:temporal lobe
217:
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198:
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171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
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147:
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125:
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119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:schizophrenia
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
72:hallucination
69:
65:
56:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5030:
4976:Irritability
4835:relating to
4791:Mogens Schou
4627:Escitalopram
4456:
4210:
4195:
4166:
4156:
4136:. Retrieved
4132:the original
4116:
4096:
4077:
4032:
4028:
4018:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3952:
3948:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3867:
3863:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3745:(1): 81–84.
3742:
3738:
3732:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3666:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3590:
3556:
3552:
3508:
3504:
3455:
3448:
3415:
3411:
3365:
3361:
3311:
3307:
3236:
3228:
3201:
3197:
3143:
3139:
3099:
3095:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3036:
3026:
3007:
2988:
2979:
2943:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2823:11567/691409
2809:(1–3): 1–9.
2806:
2802:
2796:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2576:
2572:
2543:
2537:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2457:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2324:
2320:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2073:(1): 33–42.
2070:
2066:
2060:
2036:(1): 91–96.
2033:
2029:
2019:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1857:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1772:November 20,
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1673:
1669:
1622:(1): 34–45.
1619:
1615:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1508:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1386:
1311:
1302:
1299:Re-expansion
1293:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1225:Broca's area
1221:neuroimaging
1218:
1207:
1194:
1176:
1164:
1150:
1141:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1046:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
983:
981:
976:
972:
969:West African
964:
934:
920:and related
915:
894:
882:
867:Brian Wilson
865:
847:
817:
797:
794:Presentation
759:therapeutics
756:
740:
717:
714:Presentation
688:
673:
664:
653:
622:
589:Broca's area
581:: processes
559:
547:
511:amphetamines
492:
485:
480:
469:
434:
425:
410:
382:
366:hypothalamus
347:
343:
333:
323:Oliver Sacks
316:
314:
237:
190:
182:hearing loss
166:encephalitis
126:
122:
114:amphetamines
89:
87:
83:experiencing
67:
63:
61:
5099:Hypergeusia
5074:Synesthesia
4610:and similar
4571:Lamotrigine
4464:Hypersomnia
4304:Bipolar NOS
4299:Cyclothymia
2896:Book 5:17,
1572:: 217–221.
1392:"Paracusia"
1219:Functional
879:Bill Pohlad
767:Middle Ages
539:anxiolytics
487:hypnopompic
400:level. The
359:subcortical
41:Other names
5116:Categories
5089:Hypogeusia
5067:Hyperosmia
5062:Phantosmia
5014:Perception
4954:Depression
4915:Presyncope
4900:Convulsion
4837:perception
4642:Sertraline
4632:Fluoxetine
4452:Mood swing
4339:Depression
4294:Bipolar II
4173:Jim van Os
4138:2009-10-27
2892:Plutarch,
1550:2008-04-10
1524:2006-12-31
1500:2018051786
1444:2014-02-01
1378:References
1323:show that
1308:Treatments
1066:psychiatry
887:(2014), a
820:sanatorium
814:Treatments
789:Pre-modern
771:trepanning
753:Treatments
747:bay leaves
660:malignancy
632:metabolism
619:Medication
614:Treatments
481:hypnagogic
458:) such as
454:(formerly
257:Depression
188:activity.
158:narcolepsy
146:brain stem
55:Psychiatry
5132:Psychosis
5094:Dysgeusia
4999:Verbosity
4971:Hostility
4905:Dizziness
4871:Psychosis
4861:Confusion
4853:Cognition
4845:behaviour
4776:John Cade
4617:Bupropion
4581:Valproate
4549:Treatment
4501:Diagnosis
4476:Psychosis
4435:Dysphoria
4430:Anhedonia
4352:Dysthymia
4314:Hypomania
4309:Childhood
4289:Bipolar I
3955:: 49–68.
3767:209343186
3640:1354-6805
3573:143723991
3243:CiteSeerX
3168:207498701
2788:205066500
1676:: 78–81.
1578:0722-1541
1474:Deutsch D
1409:Yuhas D.
1185:sensorium
945:Lithuania
918:psychosis
763:sacrifice
682:(rTMS).
583:semantics
535:hypnotics
531:sedatives
519:marijuana
450:of major
402:glutamate
394:psychotic
336:psychosis
288:Psychosis
193:cognitive
186:epileptic
170:abscesses
94:psychotic
68:paracusia
50:Specialty
44:Paracusia
5057:Parosmia
5052:Dysosmia
5047:Hyposmia
4991:Behavior
4964:Paranoia
4876:Delusion
4866:Delirium
4469:Insomnia
4415:Delusion
4407:Symptoms
4272:Spectrum
4059:35320347
4010:32221536
3927:36150316
3919:17671873
3884:17123676
3832:17468968
3759:31834193
3724:21147895
3658:25530157
3533:22410079
3440:26706017
3390:12954351
3382:28415876
3328:29455628
3220:26349837
3160:21574793
3116:21497227
2880:18801220
2839:23937445
2831:23499244
2780:20117918
2744:21303566
2718:(1): 3.
2693:44717839
2650:24562332
2642:18081625
2601:16144725
2593:19176275
2529:18585395
2521:10197540
2449:23882203
2398:10896689
2299:15979590
2291:17704812
2221:11674654
2213:10356621
2177:19568476
2136:12777344
2095:39689670
2087:15708299
2052:14654460
1960:31413576
1909:19321018
1825:18958220
1749:26360085
1700:26275927
1648:19753095
1518:Archived
1476:(2019).
1438:Archived
1372:Tinnitus
1336:See also
1229:thalamus
1227:and the
1197:pubertal
1187:itself.
1161:Research
953:Pakistan
902:paranoia
853:Schubert
829:lobotomy
728:Tiberius
724:Plutarch
629:dopamine
505:such as
495:caffeine
456:dementia
448:sequelae
438:such as
392:seen in
356:striatal
352:thalamic
174:earworms
156:such as
106:cannabis
81:. While
79:stimulus
76:auditory
5084:Ageusia
5042:Anosmia
4949:Anxiety
4936:Emotion
4924:Vertigo
4883:Amnesia
4841:emotion
4758:History
4671:Lithium
4171:, from
4050:8943641
4001:7505201
3840:6079543
3715:3406529
3649:4372463
3525:8643757
3432:5479324
3336:3367729
2894:Moralia
2735:3045391
2685:9720119
2440:3712258
2423:: 367.
2389:1737043
2349:6659161
2341:8173822
2256:8109643
2168:2702442
2011:4340029
2003:7477318
1983:Bibcode
1951:6662171
1816:2525988
1740:4580735
1691:4641005
1639:2695389
1417:2 March
1347:Earworm
1204:Methods
996:Chennai
990:(USA),
957:Nigeria
949:Georgia
937:Austria
861:demonic
732:Palodes
718:In the
704:History
650:Therapy
550:hypoxia
543:opioids
527:alcohol
515:cocaine
386:emotive
259:(mixed)
144:on the
142:lesions
110:cocaine
4651:Other
4124:
4103:
4084:
4057:
4047:
4008:
3998:
3925:
3917:
3882:
3838:
3830:
3765:
3757:
3722:
3712:
3656:
3646:
3638:
3597:
3571:
3531:
3523:
3463:
3438:
3430:
3388:
3380:
3334:
3326:
3271:
3245:
3218:
3166:
3158:
3114:
2999:HitFix
2955:
2878:
2837:
2829:
2786:
2778:
2742:
2732:
2691:
2683:
2648:
2640:
2599:
2591:
2550:
2527:
2519:
2499:Neuron
2469:2 July
2447:
2437:
2396:
2386:
2347:
2339:
2297:
2289:
2254:
2219:
2211:
2175:
2165:
2134:
2093:
2085:
2050:
2009:
2001:
1975:Nature
1958:
1948:
1907:
1864:
1823:
1813:
1747:
1737:
1698:
1688:
1646:
1636:
1576:
1498:
1488:
1235:Causes
941:Poland
873:, has
863:ones.
698:cortex
670:Others
541:, and
472:stress
362:nuclei
204:sulcus
162:tumors
150:stroke
116:, and
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