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504:. Terms such as "audio technician", "sound technician", "audio engineer", "audio technologist", "recording engineer", "sound mixer", "mixing engineer" and "sound engineer" can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a "sound engineer" or "recording engineer" is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title
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872:(FOH) mixing console to the stage so musicians can hear themselves while performing. Monitor engineers usually have a separate audio system from the FOH engineer and manipulate audio signals independently from what the audience hears so they can satisfy the requirements of each performer on stage. In-ear systems, digital and analog mixing consoles, and a variety of speaker enclosures are typically used by monitor engineers. In addition most monitor engineers must be familiar with wireless or RF (radio-frequency) equipment and often must communicate personally with the artist(s) during each performance.
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best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem-solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allows them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres—
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543:, and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person.
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830:– the person who masters the final mixed stereo tracks (or sometimes a series of audio stems, which consists in a mix of the main sections) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall sound of the record in the final step before commercial duplication. Mastering engineers use principles of equalization,
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Systems engineer – responsible for the design setup of modern PA systems, which are often very complex. A systems engineer is usually also referred to as a "crew chief" on tour and is responsible for the performance and day-to-day job requirements of the audio crew as a whole along with the FOH audio
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in 1976, men "didn't want to work for a woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and in the vocal booth." When Jonell
Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman,
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There certainly are efforts to chronicle women's role and history in audio. Leslie Gaston-Bird wrote Women in Audio, which includes 100 profiles of women in audio through history. Sound Girls is an organization focused on the next generation of women in audio, but also has been building up resources
334:
is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre. Architectural
Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.
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An audio engineer is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multi-track recorders and workstations, plug-ins and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is increasingly important for the audio engineer to understand software and hardware
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Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get the
608:, women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality". The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female."
580:, for example. This knowledge of musical style is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world.
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is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study.
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is another organization that has been working to highlight women and nonbinary people in all areas of live and recorded sound through an online zine and podcast featuring interviews of current audio engineers and producers.
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There are four distinct steps to the commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of the production.
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Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies. Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g.
817:
Assistant engineer – often employed in larger studios, allowing them to train to become full-time engineers. They often assist full-time engineers with microphone setups, session breakdowns and in some cases, rough
134:
audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for
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is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a
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topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to
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production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in the field of sound and media are women. "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the
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by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women. Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning
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In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.
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716:, Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies. Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry".
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824:– a person who creates mixes of multi-track recordings. It is common to record a commercial record at one studio and have it mixed by different engineers in other studios.
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189:. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in
205:, but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in the audio and acoustic industry.
564:, broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are
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854:. This usually includes planning and installation of loudspeakers, cabling and equipment and mixing sound during the show. This may or may not include running the
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Wireless microphone engineer, or A2. This position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event.
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or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in
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712:. KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth. At a meeting of the
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is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as
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868:– a person running foldback sound during a live event. The term "foldback" comes from the old practice of "folding back" audio signals from the
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algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as
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integration, from synchronization to analog to digital transfers. In their daily work, audio engineers use many tools, including:
858:. A live/sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance.
523:. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including
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for film, radio, television, music and video games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a
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who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as
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Sound engineering is increasingly seen as a creative profession where musical instruments and technology are used to produce
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system. This is a sound-only position concerned with implementation, not to be confused with the interdisciplinary field of
2490:"Women account for less than 5 percent of producers and engineers — but maybe not for long - Cover Story - Nashville Scene"
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with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience.
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manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers.
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Studio engineer – an engineer working within a studio facility, either with a producer or independently.
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and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events.
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knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer…"
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In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or
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Technical
Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA).
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Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio,
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592:(WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of
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Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as
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Bader, Rolf (2018). "Musical
Acoustics and Signal Processing". In Bader, Rolf (ed.).
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of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of
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One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own
2397:"Women in Audio: Contributions and Challenges in Music Technology and Production"
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844:– broadly an artist who produces soundtracks or sound effects content for media.
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A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate
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manufacturer), or carry out research in a university. Some positions, such as
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to fine-tune the sound timbre and dynamics and to achieve a louder recording.
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Engineer involved in the recording, reproduction, or reinforcement of sound
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Women's Audio
Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in
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sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and
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Mathew, Marlene; Grossman, Jennifer; Andreopoulou, Areti (2016-09-20).
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691:, delivering a string of Top 10 hits in the 1970s and 1980s including "
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2231:. Springer Handbooks. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 25–28.
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is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems.
236:
manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g.,
34:
An audio engineer with audio console, at a recording session at the
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788:, engineer and producer for Tool, System of a Down, and Johnny Cash
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2177:
Acoustics in the Built
Environment: Advice for the Design Team
850:
Front of House (FOH) engineer, or A1. – a person dealing with
293:
220:
Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a
2609:
1917:"Audio Engineer Job Description: Salary, Skills, & More"
2610:
A free collection of online audio tools for audio engineers
1978:"The Engineers Who Changed Recording: Fathers Of Invention"
2636:
324:
Acoustic diffusing mushrooms hanging from the roof of the
232:. Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g.
2562:"Jonathan Wilson: Fanfare Reviving The West Coast Sound"
1861:
The difference between a producer and an audio engineer
2588:
1836:"Which Type Of Sound Engineer Are You Destined To Be?"
453:
The production, computer processing and perception of
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Recording engineer – the engineer who records sound.
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304:, or identify and categorize audio content through
143:systems, carry out research on audible sound for
2264:. Acoustical Society of America. Archived from
508:to any individual not a registered member of a
300:). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform
2107:"PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix"
61:, balancing and adjusting sound sources using
3531:
2660:
2322:
2320:
2318:
370:), sound systems in architectural acoustics,
264:The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS (
8:
2526:. (2nd ed.) Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp.
880:, which typically requires a college degree.
500:equipment, including large and small format
2599:Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians
2130:
2128:
1786:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
266:Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
4471:
4010:
3559:
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3516:
2715:
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2594:Audio engineering formulas and calculators
2372:"Womens Audio Mission - GuideStar Profile"
2329:"Why are female record producers so rare?"
2305:"Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?"
2260:Speech Communication Technical Committee.
2229:Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology
2137:Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition
600:" and none won either award. According to
2139:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336.
2293:. (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press
1827:
708:and we already had one"—a reference to
693:Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You
510:professional engineering licensing body
3447:Electrical and electronics engineering
2632:Audio White Papers, Articles and Books
2457:Women, Music, Culture: An Introduction
2413:
2402:
2055:"Physics and music technology degrees"
913:Correcting a room's frequency response
673:Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album
671:who became the first woman to win the
425:, and the perception and cognition of
2459:. Taylor & Francis. p. 304.
2021:
2019:
7:
3480:
2085:"Job profiles: Acoustics consultant"
4765:Global Recording Artist of the Year
4733:Highest-grossing live music artists
3490:
2605:Recording engineer video interviews
2524:Yamaha Sound Reinforcement Handbook
1958:from the original on 8 January 2010
701:I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)
647:and directories of women in audio.
401:; the human voice (the physics and
216:at a vintage Neve recording console
2053:University of Salford, Acoustics.
604:, audio engineer and professor at
556:Category:Audio engineering schools
157:Category:Audio engineering schools
25:
2347:"Gale - User Identification Form"
1927:from the original on 23 July 2018
687:was the first female producer in
484:position, mixing sound for a band
117:electronic/electrical engineering
4894:
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4880:
3910:Artists and repertoire (A&R)
3641:Universal Music Publishing Group
3499:
3489:
3479:
3470:
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3339:
2303:Ncube, Rosina (September 2013).
1754:
794:, producer and record executive
667:is a mixer, record producer and
4331:Entertainment Monitoring Africa
2615:Audio Engineering online course
2507:"Front of House (FOH) Engineer"
2105:Acoustical Society of America.
2026:Acoustical Society of America.
1868:from the original on 2021-12-15
1781:Institute of Professional Sound
139:, specify the requirements for
36:Danish Broadcasting Corporation
4831:Largest recorded music markets
4738:Highest-grossing concert tours
1:
2601:at the US Department of Labor
2164:. Academic Press. p. 32.
1892:. 25 May 2009. Archived from
1776:Category:Acoustical engineers
763:, British electronics pioneer
719:Other notable women include:
623:(2014 Grammy winner), author
270:Acoustical Society of America
4887:Record production portal
3703:Independent UK record labels
2697:List of engineering branches
2522:Davis, G., Jones R. (1990).
2399:. Audio Engineering Society.
2160:Morfey, Christopher (2001).
1998:"Graduate Jobs in Acoustics"
1948:"What Is Audio Engineering?"
933:Digital-to-analog converters
928:Analog-to-digital converters
535:, live sound reinforcement,
4755:Most-attended concert tours
2432:"A More Inclusive Industry"
2327:Savage, Mark (2012-08-29).
2291:Modern Recording Techniques
892:who mixes audio tracks for
419:music information retrieval
306:music information retrieval
292:or perceptual coding (e.g.
203:sound reinforcement systems
4972:
4770:Wealthiest musical artists
4623:Best-selling music artists
2175:Templeton, Duncan (1993).
2083:National Careers Service.
1801:History of sound recording
938:Digital audio workstations
553:
345:Sound reinforcement system
342:
154:
4874:
4341:New Zealand singles chart
3465:
3337:
2682:
2589:Audio Engineering Society
2455:Dunbar, Julie C. (2010).
2237:10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5
949:Dynamic range compressors
714:Audio Engineering Society
4931:Broadcasting occupations
4811:Christian music industry
4326:GfK Entertainment charts
3970:Professional audio store
1886:"Interview with Phil Ek"
1771:Category:Audio engineers
1762:Record production portal
852:live sound reinforcement
675:in 1998 for her work on
606:Berklee College of Music
413:of musical instruments;
280:Audio engineers develop
242:faculty (academic staff)
132:Research and development
127:Research and development
4218:Music streaming service
3651:Disney Music Publishing
3358:Bachelor of Engineering
3200:Engineering mathematics
2637:AES Pro Audio Reference
2179:. Architectural Press.
2162:Dictionary of Acoustics
1996:University of Salford.
1915:Rosenberg McKay, Dawn.
1000:Notable audio engineers
332:Architectural acoustics
316:Architectural acoustics
282:audio signal processing
276:Audio signal processing
230:architectural acoustics
137:audio signal processing
4941:Mass media occupations
4936:Filmmaking occupations
4760:Most-attended concerts
4728:Highest-paid musicians
3457:Structural engineering
3452:Mechanical engineering
3195:Engineering management
2412:Cite journal requires
2262:"Speech Communication"
2135:Pohlmann, Ken (2010).
1986:magazine, October 2004
954:Audio data compressors
914:
775:White Trash With Money
754:Young, Loud and Snotty
550:Education and training
485:
473:
364:portable media players
354:
328:
217:
183:electrical engineering
179:acoustical engineering
38:
4841:Most valuable records
4836:Most expensive albums
4791:Album-equivalent unit
4321:Italian singles chart
4178:Promotional recording
3646:Warner Chappell Music
3636:Sony Music Publishing
3631:BMG Rights Management
3437:Aerospace engineering
3350:Engineering education
2513:Entertainment Careers
1442:Bruce Robb (producer)
912:
703:". When she moved to
590:Women's Audio Mission
479:
469:
352:
323:
268:) coding used by the
212:Noted audio engineer
211:
171:broadcast engineering
53:) helps to produce a
33:
4946:Occupations in music
4816:Environmental impact
4716:Best-selling singles
3729:Digital music stores
3378:Graduate certificate
2541:McDonough Management
2289:Huber, D.M. (1995).
2202:"ASA TCMU Home Page"
847:Live sound engineer
782:, recording engineer
629:St. Lawrence Quartet
376:wave field synthesis
310:acoustic fingerprint
272:with some revision.
246:Doctor of Philosophy
77:, reproduction, and
4846:Music certification
4826:Largest music deals
4704:Best-selling albums
4537:The Country Network
4316:Irish Singles Chart
3965:Musical instruments
3363:Bachelor of Science
3205:Engineering physics
3189:Engineering drawing
2711:Interdisciplinarity
2028:"Acoustics and You"
1864:, 10 October 2013,
1840:www.sheffieldav.com
1739:Charles De Schutter
1127:Charles De Schutter
898:television programs
769:, a co-producer on
494:sound reinforcement
417:of concert venues;
67:dynamics processing
4359:SNEP singles chart
4134:Extended play (EP)
3905:Album cover design
2965:Telecommunications
2870:Naval architecture
2620:2008-11-21 at the
1142:Mark "Flood" Ellis
915:
886:Re-recording mixer
878:system engineering
828:Mastering engineer
678:The Globe Sessions
613:professional audio
486:
474:
445:sounds immersive.
443:binaural recording
355:
329:
218:
145:video game console
51:recording engineer
39:
4926:Audio engineering
4921:Audio electronics
4908:
4907:
4851:Parental Advisory
4806:Bootleg recording
4796:A-side and B-side
4653:
4606:
4605:
4522:The Music Factory
4364:Sverigetopplistan
4288:Argentina Hot 100
4254:Music competition
4244:Concert residency
4183:Phonograph record
4153:
4113:
4112:
3940:Music and fashion
3925:Entertainment law
3793:
3792:
3754:Virgin Megastores
3556:and organizations
3513:
3512:
3442:Civil engineering
3388:Licensed engineer
3383:Engineer's degree
3335:
3334:
3167:Building services
3150:Health technology
3011:Chemical reaction
2960:Signal processing
2246:978-3-662-55004-5
2186:978-0-7506-0538-0
2146:978-0-07-166347-2
1921:About.com Careers
1791:Audio restoration
1714:"Big Mick" Hughes
1597:Kenneth Wilkinson
1567:Michael B. Tretow
1492:Eberhard Sengpiel
1322:George Massenburg
1167:David R. Ferguson
1102:Bob Clearmountain
1037:Michael J. Bishop
964:Signal processors
471:Live sound mixing
411:physical modeling
395:Musical acoustics
390:Musical acoustics
353:The Pyramid Stage
326:Royal Albert Hall
302:echo cancellation
222:bachelor's degree
199:recording studios
121:signal processing
45:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
4963:
4956:Music production
4897:
4896:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4651:
4472:
4369:UK singles chart
4301:Canadian Hot 100
4193:Compact cassette
4131:
4078:Session musician
4053:Hip hop producer
4011:
3945:Music journalism
3877:Rhythm and blues
3595:IFPI (worldwide)
3560:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3343:
2930:Electromechanics
2716:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2626:Creative Commons
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:Go.galegroup.com
2343:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:. Archived from
2197:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:on 8 August 2020
2057:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2000:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1832:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1327:Mario J. McNulty
1247:Leslie Ann Jones
959:Music sequencers
866:Monitor engineer
780:Leslie Ann Jones
761:Delia Derbyshire
659:music label was
368:tablet computers
339:Electroacoustics
167:computer science
111:or professional
59:live performance
21:
18:Audio technician
4971:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4951:Audio engineers
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4774:
4602:
4541:
4461:
4456:Top of the Pops
4421:Musica e dischi
4373:
4258:
4222:
4142:Cassette single
4120:
4109:
4063:Record producer
4009:
3980:Radio promotion
3950:Music publisher
3935:Music executive
3930:Music education
3897:
3891:
3789:
3758:
3712:
3655:
3619:
3563:Representatives
3555:
3554:Major companies
3549:
3544:
3514:
3509:
3461:
3408:
3392:
3368:Master's degree
3344:
3331:
3245:Instrumentation
3108:
3050:
3016:Electrochemical
2969:
2955:Radio frequency
2894:
2821:
2785:Municipal/Urban
2709:
2707:
2701:
2678:
2673:
2642:
2622:Wayback Machine
2585:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2537:"Andrew Scheps"
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2494:Nashville Scene
2488:
2487:
2474:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2411:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2004:on 6 March 2016
1995:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1896:on 19 July 2011
1884:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1638:Bernie Grundman
1617:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1602:Jonathan Wilson
1557:Phil Thornalley
1512:Chris Steinmetz
1457:Elliot Scheiner
1372:Paul Northfield
1287:Chris Lord-Alge
1222:David Hentschel
1187:Rudy Van Gelder
1182:Humberto Gatica
1011:
1007:
1002:
984:Mixing consoles
907:
890:post-production
822:Mixing engineer
804:
802:Sub-disciplines
736:, engineer for
724:Sylvia Robinson
665:Trina Shoemaker
661:Cordell Jackson
621:Angelique Kidjo
586:
558:
552:
525:post-production
521:record producer
490:sound recording
464:
451:
438:Psychoacoustics
435:
433:Psychoacoustics
403:neurophysiology
392:
347:
341:
318:
278:
262:
260:Sub-disciplines
226:master's degree
159:
153:
129:
107:can refer to a
103:Alternatively,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4861:Surprise album
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4654:
4649:United Kingdom
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4296:Brasil Hot 100
4290:
4282:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4249:Music festival
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4213:Music download
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4154:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4105:Sound engineer
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4068:Rhythm section
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4000:Talent manager
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Easy listening
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3547:Music industry
3545:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3397:Related topics
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Sustainability
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3179:Geoengineering
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3160:Rehabilitation
3157:
3155:Pharmaceutical
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Bioinformatics
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:Semiconductors
3096:
3091:
3089:Nanotechnology
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2805:Transportation
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2583:External links
2581:
2579:
2578:
2566:Sound On Sound
2553:
2528:
2515:
2499:
2472:
2466:978-0415875622
2465:
2447:
2436:SoundGirls.org
2423:
2414:|journal=
2387:
2363:
2338:
2314:
2309:Sound on Sound
2295:
2279:
2268:on 4 June 2013
2252:
2245:
2219:
2192:
2185:
2167:
2152:
2145:
2124:
2097:
2072:
2045:
2015:
1988:
1983:Sound on Sound
1969:
1938:
1907:
1877:
1851:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:Sound follower
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:Owsley Stanley
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:George Peckham
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Robert Venable
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Devin Townsend
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Stephen Street
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Da-Hong Seetoo
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Resul Pookutty
1409:
1404:
1402:Lynn Peterzell
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Maxime Le Guil
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Andrew Jackson
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1047:David Bottrill
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944:Audio plug-ins
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888:– a person in
883:
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870:front of house
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856:foldback sound
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842:Sound designer
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697:Blue Heartache
669:sound engineer
649:Women in Sound
625:Salman Rushdie
617:Kronos Quartet
594:women in music
585:
582:
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482:front of house
463:
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415:room acoustics
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372:surround sound
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141:public address
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105:audio engineer
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47:sound engineer
43:audio engineer
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4347:Rolling Stone
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4336:Oricon charts
4334:
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4083:Backup singer
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4005:Tour promoter
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2860:Manufacturing
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2850:Biomechanical
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2748:Environmental
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2376:Guidestar.org
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2113:on 2013-05-14
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2034:on 2017-03-08
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2016:
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1946:Smith, S. E.
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1683:Gavin Lurssen
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1572:Derek Varnals
1570:
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1552:Ken Townshend
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1542:Wharton Tiers
1540:
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1532:Bill Szymczyk
1530:
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1525:
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1357:Roger Nichols
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1352:Evgeny Murzin
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1315:
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1312:George Martin
1310:
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1307:Mike Marciano
1305:
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1302:Reinhold Mack
1300:
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1292:Tom Lord-Alge
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1207:Mick Guzauski
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1200:
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1192:Nigel Godrich
1190:
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1065:
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979:Preamplifiers
977:
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792:Ethel Gabriel
790:
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749:The Dead Boys
746:
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735:
732:
729:
728:hip hop music
725:
722:
721:
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715:
711:
710:Wendy Waldman
706:
702:
698:
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690:
689:country music
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674:
670:
666:
663:(1923–2004).
662:
658:
657:rock and roll
653:
650:
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642:
638:
634:
630:
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588:According to
584:Role of women
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423:music therapy
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384:vehicle audio
381:
380:movie theater
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360:mobile phones
351:
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214:Roger Nichols
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79:reinforcement
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71:audio effects
68:
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19:
4892:
4878:
4856:Record sales
4821:Hidden track
4611:Achievements
4595:
4590:The X Factor
4588:
4581:
4574:
4569:Star Academy
4567:
4560:
4553:
4454:
4447:
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4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4378:Publications
4346:
4306:Circle Chart
4293:
4285:
4277:
4239:Concert tour
4162:Double album
4104:
4088:Ghost singer
4073:Orchestrator
4058:Horn section
3985:Record label
3920:Distribution
3827:Experimental
3799:Major genres
3785:Ticketmaster
3733:iTunes Store
3690:
3689:
3667:
3666:
3585:Music Canada
3421:Engineering
3267:Mechatronics
3124:
3120:Agricultural
2770:Geotechnical
2738:Construction
2641:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2511:Get in Media
2510:
2502:
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2456:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2405:cite journal
2390:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
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2354:. Retrieved
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2308:
2298:
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2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2255:
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2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:the original
2195:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2136:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2063:. Retrieved
2059:the original
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1991:
1981:
1976:Daley, Dan,
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:the original
1880:
1870:, retrieved
1860:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1668:Rodney Mills
1587:Andy Wallace
1502:Norman Smith
1497:Mike Shipley
1447:Susan Rogers
1437:Emitt Rhodes
1397:Dave Pensado
1392:Alan Parsons
1382:Hugh Padgham
1377:Gary Paczosa
1362:Clif Norrell
1342:Alan Moulder
1337:Yuri Morozov
1297:Malinda Lowe
1272:Greg Ladanyi
1267:Eddie Kramer
1217:Wally Heider
1132:Jack Douglas
1112:Mike Crossey
1057:Iain Burgess
1032:Sylvia Massy
1022:Jim Anderson
1017:Steve Albini
994:Loudspeakers
916:
864:Foldback or
805:
786:Sylvia Massy
774:
752:
737:
734:Susan Rogers
718:
683:
676:
654:
645:
610:
602:Susan Rogers
587:
570:
559:
545:
514:
498:broadcasting
487:
462:Practitioner
452:
436:
399:synthesizers
393:
356:
330:
279:
263:
254:Toningenieur
253:
219:
160:
130:
104:
102:
91:
63:equalization
50:
46:
42:
40:
4866:White label
4801:Backmasking
4618:Music award
4597:Rising Star
4393:HitQuarters
4272:ARIA Charts
4188:Eight-track
4173:Music video
4150:Maxi single
4098:Ghostwriter
4093:Vocal coach
4048:Disc jockey
4021:Arrangement
3990:Record shop
3960:Music venue
3955:Music store
3915:Disc jockey
3775:Live Nation
3770:CTS Eventim
3692:Independent
3495:Wikiproject
3250:and Control
3240:Information
3064:Biomaterial
2994:Bioresource
2985:/Bioprocess
2983:Biochemical
2935:Electronics
2706:Specialties
2676:Engineering
1890:HitQuarters
1796:Audiography
1724:Bill Porter
1653:Dale Becker
1562:John Travis
1452:Scott Salem
1432:Phil Ramone
1422:Bill Putnam
1417:Bill Porter
1347:Jack Mullin
1257:Neil Kernon
1252:Toshi Kasai
1152:Jack Endino
1092:Fred Catero
1072:Terry Brown
1062:Chuck Britz
1052:Helmut Burk
974:Microphones
832:compression
747:, producer
745:Genya Ravan
739:Purple Rain
685:Gail Davies
637:Tanya Tagaq
633:world music
566:autodidacts
537:advertising
496:, or sound
195:engineering
187:electronics
83:microphones
4915:Categories
4721:by country
4709:by country
4467:Television
4449:Smash Hits
4354:Sino Chart
4227:Live shows
4138:12" single
4026:Songwriter
4014:Production
3822:Electronic
3763:Live music
3624:Publishers
3605:PROMUSICAE
3414:Glossaries
3235:Industrial
3215:Facilities
3210:Explosives
3135:Biomedical
3130:Automation
3079:Metallurgy
2989:Biological
2940:Microwaves
2900:Electrical
2845:Automotive
2827:Mechanical
2800:Structural
2765:Geological
2753:Ecological
2743:Earthquake
2571:27 October
2546:27 October
2441:2022-06-27
2381:2017-03-02
1872:2019-12-08
1845:2019-02-05
1823:References
1697:Live sound
1688:Mike Bozzi
1678:Bob Weston
1663:Bob Ludwig
1648:Ted Jensen
1633:Kevin Gray
1592:Dan Wallin
1537:Mike Terry
1517:Mike Stone
1507:H. Sridhar
1472:Tom Scholz
1467:Al Schmitt
1407:Tony Platt
1367:Alex Tumay
1282:James Lock
1242:Glyn Johns
1237:Andy Johns
1227:Bones Howe
1197:Doug Grean
1172:Steve Fisk
1122:Nick Davis
1117:Terry Date
1097:Roy Cicala
1087:Dru Castro
1077:John Burns
989:Amplifiers
969:Headphones
796:RCA Victor
771:Toby Keith
767:Lari White
554:See also:
541:multimedia
343:See also:
244:require a
238:automobile
155:See also:
4786:Album era
4680:Brazilian
4652:(Females)
4583:The Voice
4556:franchise
4517:MuchMusic
4482:Channel V
4400:Hot Press
4386:Billboard
4294:Billboard
4286:Billboard
4278:Billboard
4146:CD single
4043:Conductor
3995:Road crew
3975:Promotion
3898:and roles
3780:LiveStyle
3717:Retailers
3680:Universal
3373:Doctorate
3287:Packaging
3257:Logistics
3230:Geomatics
3191:/graphics
3084:Molecular
3074:Corrosion
3056:Materials
3036:Petroleum
3026:Molecular
2908:Broadcast
2890:Tribology
2840:Aerospace
2775:Hydraulic
2356:3 October
1709:Dan Healy
1628:Mike Dean
1623:Tom Coyne
1611:Mastering
1482:Ken Scott
1477:Jim Scott
1212:Roy Halee
1162:Bob Ezrin
1082:Ian Caple
1027:Dave Aron
1005:Recording
905:Equipment
705:Nashville
578:pop music
562:fine arts
290:Auto-Tune
234:headphone
163:acoustics
151:Education
109:scientist
55:recording
4899:Category
4743:by women
4576:The Four
4562:Popstars
4475:Channels
4407:Kerrang!
4036:Lyricist
4031:Composer
3475:Category
3404:Engineer
3312:Software
3307:Security
3282:Ontology
3272:Military
3262:Robotics
3225:Forensic
3145:Clinical
3104:Surfaces
3094:Polymers
3069:Ceramics
3046:Reaction
2975:Chemical
2913:Computer
2835:Acoustic
2790:Offshore
2758:Sanitary
2618:Archived
2333:BBC News
1956:Archived
1952:wiseGeek
1925:Archived
1866:archived
1806:Loudness
1748:See also
1729:Dave Rat
1658:Bob Katz
1427:Bob Rock
1332:Joe Meek
1137:Tom Dowd
836:limiting
730:producer
726:, early
635:artists
506:engineer
502:consoles
113:engineer
4695:Swedish
4690:Italian
4685:British
4675:Belgian
4661:Genre:
4639:Germany
4634:Finland
4349:Top 100
4280:Hot 100
4234:Concert
4208:Airplay
4166:Mixtape
4121:formats
4119:Release
3896:Sectors
3862:New Age
3842:Hip hop
3812:Country
3749:Kaspien
3698:Concord
3485:Commons
3327:Textile
3322:Systems
3292:Privacy
3277:Nuclear
3041:Process
2999:Genetic
2945:Optical
2925:Control
2918:outline
2885:Thermal
2875:Railway
2815:Railway
2810:Traffic
2733:Coastal
2692:Outline
2687:History
2628:Licence
1816:Tape op
699:" and "
598:Grammys
517:masters
480:At the
407:singing
250:Germany
191:science
175:physics
87:pre-amp
4629:Brazil
4546:Series
4264:Charts
4129:Single
3872:Reggae
3837:Gospel
3724:Amazon
3685:Warner
3505:Portal
3302:Survey
3297:Safety
3184:Design
3004:Tissue
2880:Sports
2865:Marine
2855:Energy
2780:Mining
2624:under
2463:
2272:22 May
2243:
2212:22 May
2183:
2143:
2117:22 May
2090:13 May
2065:17 May
2038:13 May
2008:13 May
1962:17 May
1900:Sep 3,
940:(DAWs)
818:mixes.
641:Wu Man
631:, and
455:speech
449:Speech
366:, and
75:mixing
4779:Other
4748:Latin
4665:Latin
4644:Japan
4157:Album
3887:World
3857:Metal
3852:Latin
3807:Blues
3669:Major
3125:Audio
3113:Other
3031:Paper
2950:Power
2795:River
2720:Civil
1931:8 Dec
529:video
427:music
248:. In
94:sound
57:or a
4627:In:
4554:Idol
4527:Viva
4512:Tr3s
4507:MTV2
4497:Mnet
4492:Fuse
4414:Mojo
3882:Rock
3847:Jazz
3832:Folk
3739:Fnac
3708:AAMG
3675:Sony
3615:SNEP
3610:RIAA
3590:FIMI
3575:BVMI
3570:ARIA
3220:Fire
3021:Food
2573:2015
2548:2015
2461:ISBN
2418:help
2358:2018
2274:2013
2241:ISBN
2214:2013
2181:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2119:2013
2092:2013
2067:2013
2040:2013
2010:2013
1964:2013
1933:2019
1902:2010
1702:List
1616:List
1010:List
834:and
695:", "
639:and
576:and
574:rock
533:film
531:and
527:for
382:and
374:and
298:Opus
201:and
185:and
69:and
4532:VH1
4502:MTV
4487:CMT
4428:NME
4203:DVD
3867:Pop
3744:HMV
3600:PMB
3580:BPI
3430:M–Z
3425:A–L
3172:MEP
2708:and
2233:doi
896:or
773:'s
409:);
405:of
378:in
308:or
296:or
294:MP3
193:or
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