410:
very soon, as there are no longer any professional programs in audiology which offer the master's degree. Minimum requirements for the AuD degree include a minimum of 75 semester hours of post-baccalaureate study, meeting prescribed competencies, passing a national exam offered by Praxis Series of the
Educational Testing Service, and practicum experience that is equivalent to a minimum of 12 months of full-time, supervised experience. Most states have continuing education renewal requirements that must be met to stay licensed. Audiologists can also earn certification from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association or through the American Board of Audiology (ABA). Currently, there are over 70 AuD programs in the United States.
950:
310:, Audiologists must hold a Master of Audiology, Master of Clinical Audiology, Master of Audiology Studies or alternatively a bachelor's degree from overseas certified by the private agency Vocational Education, Training and Assessment Services (VETASSESS). Although audiologists in Australia are not required to be a member of any professional body, audiology graduates can undergo a clinical training program or internship leading to accreditation with Audiology Australia (AudA) or the Australian College of Audiology (ACAud) which involves supervised practice and professional development, and typically lasts one year.
264:(ISA) was founded in 1952 to "…facilitate the knowledge, protection and rehabilitation of human hearing" and to "…serve as an advocate for the profession and for the hearing impaired throughout the world." It promotes interactions among national societies, associations and organizations that have similar missions, through the organization of a biannual world congress, through the publication of the scientific peer-reviewed
27:
422:) in audiology from an accredited university graduate or professional program before practicing. All states require licensing, and audiologists may also carry national board certification from the American Board of Audiology or a certificate of clinical competence in audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
347:
In Canada, a masters of science (MSc) is the minimum requirement to practice audiology in the country. The profession is regulated in New
Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, where it is illegal to practice without being registered as a full member in the
330:
was the first university to offer a bachelor's degree, and it started operations in 1977. At the federal level, the recognition of the educational programs and the profession of speech pathologist and audiologist took place on
December 9, 1981, signed by President João Figueiredo (law no. 6965). The
199:
Audiologists are trained in anatomy and physiology, hearing aids, cochlear implants, electrophysiology, acoustics, psychophysics and psychoacoustics, neurology, vestibular function and assessment, balance disorders, counseling and communication options such as sign language. Audiologists may also run
409:
In the United States, audiologists are regulated by state licensure or registration in all 50 states and the
District of Columbia. Starting in 2007, the doctor of audiology (AuD) became the entry-level degree for clinical practice for some states, with most states expected to follow this requirement
465:
Audiology in Turkey started in 1968 as an audiology master's degree program at
Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat. The program, which was carried out as Audiology until 1989, has been revised since this year and continued as "Audiology and Speech Disorders"
413:
In the past, audiologists have typically held a master's degree and the appropriate healthcare license. However, in the 1990s the profession began to transition to a doctoral level as a minimum requirement. In the United States, starting in 2007, audiologists were required to receive a doctoral
456:
In South Africa, there are currently five institutions offering training in audiology. The institutions offer different qualifications that make one eligible for practicing audiology in South Africa. The qualifications are as follows, I) B. Audiology, II) BSc. Audiology, III) B. Communication
313:
To provide rehabilitative services to eligible pensioners, war veterans, and children and young adults under the age of 26 as part of the
Hearing Services Program, an audiologist must hold a qualified practitioner (QP) number which can be sought by first obtaining accreditation.
430:
In
Pakistan, a master's or doctoral degree in audiology is required to practice this profession. This medical degree must come from a recognised institute, most of which are government, otherwise the person didn't get the license to practice the audiology.
65:, otoacoustic emission measurements, and electrophysiologic tests), audiologists aim to determine whether someone has normal sensitivity to sounds. If hearing loss is identified, audiologists determine which portions of hearing (high, middle, or low
244:
is credited with coining the term in the 1940s, saying the then-prevalent term "auricular training" sounded like a method of teaching people how to wiggle their ears. The first US university course for audiologists was offered by
Carhart at
476:
61:) is a branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders. Audiologists treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage. By employing various testing strategies (e.g. behavioral
466:
Master's and
Doctoral education. The first undergraduate program was opened in 2011, and as of 2011, Audiologist has become a profession defined and officially recognized by the state of the Republic of Turkey.
457:
Pathology (Audiology), and IV) B. Speech
Language Pathology and Audiology (BSLP&A). All practicing audiologists are required to be registered with the Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA).
435:
issues the practicing license to all the medical students. Besides these, the person who provides the medical instruments to these doctors should also have the certificate of accreditation, issued by the
200:
a neonatal hearing screening program which has been made compulsory in many hospitals in US, UK and India. An audiologist usually graduates with one of the following qualifications: BSc, MSc(Audiology),
228:
in publications has been traced back only as far as 1946. The creator of the term remains unknown, but Berger identified possible originators as Mayer BA Schier, Willard B Hargrave, Stanley Nowak,
172:. They counsel families through a new diagnosis of hearing loss in infants, and help teach coping and compensation skills to late-deafened adults. They also help design and implement personal and
1731:
1087:
448:
The exercise of audiologist profession in Portugal necessarily imply the qualifications degree in audiology or legally equivalent as defined in Decree-Law 320/99 of August 11 Article 4.
2070:
2501:
2437:
2427:
188:
devices to help prevent hearing loss. Audiologists are trained to evaluate peripheral vestibular disorders originating from pathologies of the vestibular portion of the
364:
To practice audiology, professionals need to have either a bachelor's or a master's degree in audiology and be registered with Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI).
1724:
212:, depending on the program and country attended. In 2018, a report by CareerCast found the occupation of audiologist to be the third least stressful job surveyed.
2261:
1080:
2412:
2063:
1717:
393:
Fast-track conversion Diploma for those with a BSc in another relevant science subject, available at Southampton, Manchester, UCL, London, and Edinburgh
2387:
1073:
2494:
437:
2056:
736:
687:
655:
193:
177:
2487:
2254:
1174:
569:
287:
265:
261:
1505:
2422:
549:
2452:
2447:
2309:
2013:
2671:
2369:
2247:
1999:
1673:
1226:
604:
397:
2702:
2462:
2397:
1995:
1668:
1534:
1281:
1271:
907:
Bamford, John (10 December 2001). "Editorial -Sound, British Journal of Audiology, International Journal of Audiology".
492:
117:
298:
that provides information of audiology education and practice around the world. Summary information is provided below:
104:
In addition to diagnosing audiologic and vestibular pathologies, audiologists can also specialize in rehabilitation of
2135:
2033:
1663:
1298:
1276:
1216:
481:
432:
2561:
2270:
1964:
1293:
1221:
579:
327:
93:
or vestibular abnormality is present, they will provide recommendations for interventions or rehabilitation (e.g.
2510:
1960:
1875:
1831:
1310:
517:
269:
185:
339:
can be tracked in Brazilian publications since 1946. The work of audiologists in Brazil was described in 2007.
2707:
2140:
1843:
1549:
1544:
1241:
894:
2284:
2157:
1893:
1835:
1522:
533:
528:
497:
246:
1041:
703:
69:) are affected, to what degree (severity of loss), and where the lesion causing the hearing loss is found (
2467:
2402:
2319:
1483:
86:
1023:
972:
Bevilacqua, Maria Cecilia; Novaes, Beatriz Caiuby; Morata, Thais C. (2008-01-01). "Audiology in Brazil".
2596:
2521:
2392:
2164:
1991:
1325:
543:
2611:
2591:
1978:
1776:
1579:
1376:
893:
Raymond Carhart (1912-1975) Papers, 1938-1975. Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois.
614:
584:
326:, audiology training is part of speech pathology and audiology undergraduate, four-year courses. The
229:
137:
291:
2661:
2626:
2546:
2359:
2334:
2324:
2152:
1861:
1628:
201:
815:
196:. In addition, many audiologists work as auditory or acoustic scientists in a research capacity.
2712:
2692:
2221:
2174:
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1655:
1633:
1621:
1493:
1426:
1246:
1005:
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564:
165:
790:
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2026:
1956:
1920:
1857:
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1570:
1446:
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173:
145:
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2179:
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1320:
981:
916:
554:
523:
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487:
161:
121:
98:
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1809:
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169:
149:
141:
2717:
2102:
2048:
1839:
1813:
1791:
1517:
1461:
1381:
1347:
589:
82:
1024:"CICIC::Information for foreign-trained audiologists and speech-language pathologists"
2686:
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2601:
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2130:
1587:
1556:
1473:
1456:
1421:
1337:
1236:
609:
252:
Audiology was born of interdisciplinary collaboration. The substantial prevalence of
192:. They also provide treatment for certain vestibular and balance disorders, such as
47:
1709:
1009:
936:
753:"Scope of practice in audiology. Ad Hoc Committee on scope of Practice in Audiology"
272:'s efforts towards addressing the needs of the hearing impaired and deaf community.
2656:
2631:
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2314:
2226:
2200:
2169:
1211:
1132:
920:
619:
502:
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specializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disorders of the
90:
62:
1065:
645:
2666:
2457:
2364:
2147:
2079:
1986:
1416:
1206:
1122:
559:
477:
Audiology and hearing health professionals in developed and developing countries
295:
125:
109:
94:
66:
26:
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2354:
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2117:
2107:
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1973:
1611:
1186:
1137:
985:
507:
113:
74:
2239:
993:
928:
866:
768:
128:
use. Audiologists can provide hearing health care from birth to end-of-life.
2621:
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2379:
2339:
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2082:
1937:
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1154:
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1109:
895:
http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/raymond_carhart.pdf
574:
307:
189:
181:
78:
70:
1001:
839:
Berger, KW (1976). "Genealogy of the words "audiology" and "audiologist"".
776:
752:
180:, school hearing screening programs, and provide special or custom fitted
2304:
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2008:
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874:
A Biographical Memoir by Robert Galambos (National Academy of Sciences)
594:
538:
20:
380:
There are currently five routes to becoming a registered audiologist:
16:
Branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders
1305:
372:
Three Malaysian educational institutions offer degrees in audiology.
356:
A BSc (Hons) in audiology and speech language pathology is required.
323:
650:(3 ed.). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. p. ix.
1288:
38:
25:
682:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1951:
1822:
2483:
2243:
2052:
1713:
1069:
156:, or balance problems. They dispense, manage, and rehabilitate
419:
415:
260:
inspired the creation of the field as it is known today. The
209:
205:
50:
148:. Audiologists are trained to diagnose, manage and/or treat
160:
and assess candidacy for and map hearing implants, such as
396:
BSc(Hons) in clinical physiology (audiology) available at
1028:
Occupational profiles for selected trades and professions
951:"Hearing Services Program: How can I deliver services?"
2411:
2378:
2277:
2209:
2188:
2116:
2093:
1929:
1913:
1906:
1790:
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1752:
1654:
1578:
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1472:
1399:
1390:
1369:
1360:
1336:
1257:
1194:
1185:
1108:
2438:North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service
2428:Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland
438:Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC)
2495:
2255:
2064:
1725:
1081:
8:
731:(2nd ed.). New York Stuttgart: Thieme.
194:Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
41:
2502:
2488:
2480:
2262:
2248:
2240:
2071:
2057:
2049:
1910:
1756:
1732:
1718:
1710:
1575:
1396:
1366:
1191:
1088:
1074:
1066:
727:Roeser, Ross J.; Clark, Jackie L. (2013).
550:European Federation of Audiology Societies
433:Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC)
841:Journal of the American Audiology Society
256:observed in the veteran population after
2388:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes
348:appropriate provincial regulatory body.
636:
89:). If an audiologist determines that a
400:(all applicants must be NHS employees)
7:
974:International Journal of Audiology
816:"The Least Stressful Jobs of 2018"
570:International Society of Audiology
288:International Society of Audiology
266:International Journal of Audiology
262:International Society of Audiology
178:newborn hearing screening programs
101:, appropriate medical referrals).
14:
729:Roeser's audiology desk reference
2423:Cleft Lip and Palate Association
2453:Shriners Hospitals for Children
2448:Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal
791:"Your Baby's Hearing Screening"
268:and by offering support to the
236:. In a biographical profile by
2310:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2014:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
1484:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
921:10.1080/00305364.2001.11745250
680:Handbook of clinical audiology
1:
2000:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
1227:promontory of tympanic cavity
867:"Hallowell Davis (1896—1992)"
708:American Academy of Audiology
605:Speech and language pathology
398:Glasgow Caledonian University
384:FdSc in hearing aid audiology
118:auditory processing disorders
2463:Transforming Faces Worldwide
2398:Popliteal pterygium syndrome
1996:Medial vestibulospinal tract
909:British Journal of Audiology
644:Gelfand, Stanley A. (2009).
493:Auditory processing disorder
2413:National and international
2370:Speech and language therapy
2136:Eustachian tube dysfunction
2034:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1217:secondary tympanic membrane
763:(2 Suppl 16): 12–15. 1996.
482:Auditory brainstem response
2734:
2562:Emergency medical services
2271:Cleft lip and cleft palate
1965:Lateral vestibular nucleus
1222:prominence of facial canal
580:Noise induced hearing loss
274:
51:
18:
2517:
2511:Allied health professions
1961:Medial vestibular nucleus
986:10.1080/14992020701770843
518:Bone anchored hearing aid
270:World Health Organization
176:hearing safety programs,
2602:Music and arts therapist
2285:Advance practice nursing
2141:Patulous Eustachian tube
1876:Medial geniculate nuclei
1242:aditus to mastoid antrum
704:"What Is an Audiologist"
678:Katz, Jack, ed. (2015).
170:bone conduction implants
2567:Hemodialysis technician
1894:Primary auditory cortex
1844:Superior olivary nuclei
1042:"AuD Facts | Audiology"
647:Essentials of Audiology
534:Dichotic listening test
529:Computational audiology
498:Auditory verbal agnosia
328:University of São Paulo
294:, which is a portal in
247:Northwestern University
2612:Occupational therapist
2468:Smile Angel Foundation
2403:Van der Woude syndrome
2320:Orthodontic technology
953:. Department of Health
87:central nervous system
46:, "to hear"; and from
42:
31:
2662:Respiratory therapist
2597:Medical transcription
2547:Clinical psychologist
2522:Anesthesia technician
2393:Pierre Robin syndrome
2165:Middle ear barotrauma
1992:Vestibulospinal tract
1233:Posterior structures
585:Otoacoustic emissions
544:Electronystagmography
275:Further information:
220:The use of the terms
29:
2592:Medical technologist
2542:Cardiac physiologist
2278:Related specialities
2158:Gradenigo's syndrome
1979:Flocculonodular lobe
1777:Otoacoustic emission
1474:Cochlear duct /
1438:Perilymphatic space
1338:Auditory tube /
897:Accessed 2006-07-31.
615:Spatial hearing loss
138:health care provider
136:An audiologist is a
2703:Rehabilitation team
2652:Radiation therapist
2627:Pharmacy technician
2360:Respiratory therapy
2335:Pediatric dentistry
1656:Semicircular canals
1629:Vestibular aqueduct
166:middle ear implants
2175:Perforated eardrum
1890:Acoustic radiation
1862:Inferior colliculi
1634:endolymphatic duct
1622:Otolithic membrane
1535:Tectorial membrane
1494:Reticular membrane
1299:posterior ligament
1247:pyramidal eminence
1203:Medial structures
565:Hearing impairment
186:hearing protection
146:vestibular systems
32:
2680:
2679:
2587:Medical physicist
2577:Medical assistant
2572:Massage therapist
2527:Aquatic therapist
2477:
2476:
2380:Related syndromes
2237:
2236:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2027:Vestibular cortex
1957:Vestibular nuclei
1921:Vestibular system
1902:
1901:
1858:Lateral lemniscus
1782:Tullio phenomenon
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1689:crista ampullaris
1639:endolymphatic sac
1571:Vestibular system
1565:
1564:
1447:Cochlear aqueduct
1356:
1355:
1294:superior ligament
1282:anterior ligament
1272:superior ligament
1160:Auricular muscles
1143:intertragic notch
1046:www.audiology.org
738:978-1-60406-398-1
689:978-1-4511-9163-9
657:978-1-60406-044-7
625:World Hearing Day
162:cochlear implants
99:cochlear implants
30:Audiological exam
2725:
2672:Speech therapist
2552:Dental hygienist
2532:Athletic trainer
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2180:Tympanosclerosis
2153:Bezold's abscess
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
1943:Vestibular nerve
1911:
1828:Cochlear nucleus
1757:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1679:Ampullary cupula
1576:
1506:Stria vascularis
1489:Basilar membrane
1397:
1367:
1311:annular ligament
1277:lateral ligament
1192:
1090:
1083:
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757:ASHA. Supplement
749:
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693:
675:
669:
668:
666:
664:
641:
555:Global Audiology
524:Cochlear implant
513:Balance disorder
488:Auditory agnosia
390:MSc in audiology
387:BSc in audiology
292:Global Audiology
122:cochlear implant
54:
53:
45:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2708:Auditory system
2683:
2682:
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2676:
2637:Physiotherapist
2513:
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2478:
2473:
2443:Operation Smile
2414:
2407:
2374:
2345:Plastic surgery
2273:
2268:
2238:
2233:
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2184:
2120:
2112:
2089:
2080:Diseases of the
2077:
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1810:Spiral ganglion
1786:
1772:Bone conduction
1767:Auditory system
1748:
1738:
1708:
1695:
1650:
1646:Ductus reuniens
1561:
1540:Sulcus spiralis
1511:Spiral ligament
1475:
1468:
1432:Cochlear cupula
1412:Vestibular duct
1392:Auditory system
1386:
1352:
1340:Eustachian tube
1339:
1332:
1253:
1196:Tympanic cavity
1181:
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242:Hallowell Davis
238:Robert Galambos
234:Raymond Carhart
230:Norman Canfield
218:
134:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2325:Otolaryngology
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2235:
2234:
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2207:
2206:
2204:
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2198:
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2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
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2161:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:Otitis externa
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1947:
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1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1848:
1847:
1840:Trapezoid body
1818:
1817:
1814:Cochlear nerve
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1740:Physiology of
1739:
1737:
1736:
1729:
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1714:
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1701:
1700:
1697:
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1560:
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1554:
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1518:Organ of Corti
1514:
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1486:
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1470:
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1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1348:Torus tubarius
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:tensor tympani
1323:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
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1172:
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1125:
1114:
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1092:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1033:
1015:
964:
942:
915:(6): 327–328.
899:
886:
858:
831:
820:CareerCast.com
807:
782:
744:
737:
719:
695:
688:
670:
656:
635:
633:
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607:
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590:Otolaryngology
587:
582:
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562:
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541:
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376:United Kingdom
374:
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353:
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344:
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319:
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303:
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283:
280:
217:
214:
133:
130:
83:auditory nerve
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2730:
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2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
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2696:
2694:
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2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Social worker
2665:
2663:
2660:
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2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Public health
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2582:Medical coder
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2568:
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2132:
2131:Cholesteatoma
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
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2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
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2084:
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2062:
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2055:
2054:
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2035:
2032:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
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1557:Spiral limbus
1555:
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1422:Tympanic duct
1420:
1418:
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1237:mastoid cells
1235:
1234:
1232:
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1175:pars flaccida
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691:
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659:
653:
649:
648:
640:
637:
631:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:Speech banana
608:
606:
603:
601:
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593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
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469:
467:
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451:
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441:
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425:
423:
421:
417:
411:
405:United States
404:
399:
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392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
375:
373:
367:
365:
359:
357:
351:
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329:
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159:
155:
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147:
143:
139:
131:
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127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:hearing tests
60:
59:
49:
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
2657:Radiographer
2632:Phlebotomist
2607:Nutritionist
2536:
2315:Orthodontics
2289:
2227:tympanometry
2201:Hearing loss
2170:Otitis media
2020:
2007:
1985:
1972:
1950:
1936:
1883:
1869:
1851:
1821:
1799:
1539:
1212:round window
1050:. Retrieved
1048:. 2014-06-05
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
980:(2): 45–50.
977:
973:
967:
955:. Retrieved
945:
912:
908:
902:
889:
877:. Retrieved
873:
861:
847:(2): 38–44.
844:
840:
834:
823:. Retrieved
819:
810:
799:. Retrieved
797:. 2017-06-19
794:
785:
760:
756:
747:
728:
722:
711:. Retrieved
707:
698:
679:
673:
661:. Retrieved
646:
639:
620:Tympanometry
503:Audiometrist
464:
455:
452:South Africa
447:
429:
412:
408:
379:
371:
363:
355:
346:
336:
332:
331:terms
321:
312:
305:
285:
282:Requirements
277:Leo Doerfler
258:World War II
254:hearing loss
251:
225:
221:
219:
198:
158:hearing aids
135:
103:
95:hearing aids
91:hearing loss
56:
34:
33:
2642:Prosthetist
2617:Optometrist
2537:Audiologist
2458:Smile Train
2365:Social work
2148:Mastoiditis
1987:spinal cord
1523:stereocilia
1476:scala media
1417:Helicotrema
1207:oval window
1096:Anatomy of
560:Hearing Aid
337:audiologist
296:Wikiversity
249:, in 1946.
226:audiologist
132:Audiologist
126:hearing aid
124:use and/or
110:hyperacusis
67:frequencies
2687:Categories
2433:Interplast
2355:Psychology
2350:Psychiatry
2330:Pediatrics
2118:Middle ear
2108:Otomycosis
2087:middle ear
1974:cerebellum
1806:Hair cells
1674:Horizontal
1612:Kinocilium
1377:membranous
1370:Labyrinths
1187:Middle ear
1138:antitragus
1052:2016-09-18
957:22 January
825:2021-09-15
801:2019-02-14
713:2023-11-01
632:References
508:Audiometry
352:Bangladesh
335:and
290:maintains
184:and other
174:industrial
114:misophonia
75:middle ear
2713:Acoustics
2693:Audiology
2622:Orthotist
2557:Dietitian
2340:Physician
2300:Dietetics
2295:Dentistry
2290:Audiology
2222:pneumatic
2095:Outer ear
1938:inner ear
1801:inner ear
1669:Posterior
1580:Vestibule
1528:tip links
1501:Endolymph
1462:Boettcher
1442:Perilymph
1362:Inner ear
1321:stapedius
1155:Ear canal
1128:antihelix
1110:Outer ear
994:1499-2027
929:0300-5364
769:1072-8929
575:Listening
546:(ENG/VNG)
333:audiology
308:Australia
302:Australia
222:audiology
190:inner ear
182:ear plugs
79:inner ear
71:outer ear
35:Audiology
2305:Genetics
2217:Otoscope
2196:Ear pain
2189:Symptoms
2022:cerebrum
2009:thalamus
1885:cerebrum
1871:thalamus
1853:midbrain
1832:Anterior
1684:Ampullae
1664:Superior
1550:internus
1545:externus
1457:Claudius
1427:Modiolus
1317:Muscles
1259:Ossicles
1010:36199642
1002:18236235
937:78271611
879:July 17,
663:17 March
600:Otoscope
470:See also
444:Portugal
426:Pakistan
414:degree (
368:Malaysia
154:tinnitus
142:auditory
106:tinnitus
19:Compare
2698:Otology
2470:(China)
2123:mastoid
1930:Pathway
1914:General
1907:Balance
1792:Pathway
1760:General
1753:Hearing
1746:hearing
1742:balance
1617:Otolith
1600:Saccule
1588:Utricle
1407:Cochlea
1400:General
1267:Malleus
1165:Eardrum
1148:earlobe
1118:Auricle
1102:balance
1098:hearing
777:8680260
595:Otology
539:Earplug
216:History
204:, STI,
150:hearing
85:and/or
21:otology
1836:Dorsal
1605:macula
1593:macula
1453:Cells
1306:Stapes
1133:tragus
1008:
1000:
992:
935:
927:
853:789309
851:
775:
767:
735:
686:
654:
520:(BAHA)
461:Turkey
343:Canada
324:Brazil
318:Brazil
58:-logia
52:-λογία
43:audīre
37:(from
2718:Sound
2210:Tests
2083:outer
1289:Incus
1123:helix
1006:S2CID
933:S2CID
870:(PDF)
795:NIDCD
484:(ABR)
360:India
232:, or
208:, or
48:Greek
39:Latin
2121:and
2085:and
1952:pons
1838:) →
1823:pons
1744:and
1382:bony
1170:umbo
1100:and
998:PMID
990:ISSN
959:2021
925:ISSN
881:2010
849:PMID
773:PMID
765:ISSN
733:ISBN
684:ISBN
665:2015
652:ISBN
286:The
224:and
168:and
144:and
982:doi
917:doi
420:PhD
418:or
416:AuD
322:In
306:In
210:ScD
206:PhD
202:AuD
2689::
1998:,
1963:,
1892:→
1860:→
1842:→
1834:,
1812:→
1808:→
1044:.
1026:.
1004:.
996:.
988:.
978:47
976:.
931:.
923:.
913:35
911:.
872:.
843:.
818:.
793:.
771:.
761:38
759:.
755:.
706:.
440:.
240:,
164:,
152:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
97:,
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2024::
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1994:(
1989::
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1959:(
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1945:→
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1887::
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1855::
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1830:(
1825::
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1733:e
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1055:.
1030:.
1012:.
984::
961:.
939:.
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883:.
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845:2
828:.
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741:.
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667:.
23:.
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