571:, also in the uniform of an NKVD colonel. This sojourn in Berlin became 10 years in the Soviet Union. Riehl and his staff, including their families, were flown to Moscow on 9 July 1945. Flying Riehl and his staff to Russia demonstrates the importance the Soviets placed on the production of uranium in their atomic bomb project. Eventually, Riehl's entire laboratory was dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union. The dismantling of his laboratory began even while Riehl was being held by the Soviets in Berlin.
607:, carrying out "Mission 889", dropped 1,506 tons of high-explosive and 178 tons of incendiary bombs on the plant, apparently classified as a "German Army HQ" as the target in official USAAF records of the time. Riehl visited the site with the Russians and said that the facility was mostly destroyed. Riehl also recalled long after the war that the Russians knew precisely why the Americans had bombed the facility – the attack had been directed at them rather than the Germans.
25:
1111:
1125:
614:
facility in
Oranienburg, they found nearly 100 tons of fairly pure uranium oxide. The Soviet Union took this uranium as reparations, which amounted to between 25% and 40% of the uranium taken from Germany and Czechoslovakia at the end of the war. Khariton said the uranium found there saved the Soviet
539:
arrived one day in NKVD colonel's uniforms. The use of
Russian nuclear physicists in the wake of Soviet troop advances to identify and “requisition” equipment, materiel, intellectual property and personnel useful to the Russian atomic bomb project is similar to the American
527:, as American, British, and Russian military forces were closing in on Berlin, Riehl and some of his staff moved to a village west of Berlin, to try to assure occupation by British or American forces. In mid-May 1945, with the assistance of Riehl's colleague
69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
586:
Oranienburg plant was involved in the production of uranium and thorium metals. Since the plant was to be in the future Soviet zone of occupation and the
Russian troops would arrive there before the Allies, General
79:
1196:
55:
1191:
1206:
574:
Work of the
American Operation Alsos teams, in November 1944, uncovered leads which took them to a company in Paris that handled rare earths and had been taken over by the
1171:
1176:
481:. Adding to the capabilities in the final stages of metallic uranium production were the strengths of the Degussa corporation's capabilities in metals production.
797:
Hentschel and
Hentschel, 1996, 369 and 373, Appendix F (see the entry for Nikolaus Riehl and Kurt Diebner), and Appendix D (see the entry for Auergesellschaft).
455:, on the technical use of nuclear energy from uranium, Riehl recognized a business opportunity for the company, and, in July of that year, he went to the
1201:
1181:
89:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1186:
440:
department. From 1937, he was head of the optical engineering department. From 1939 to 1945, he was the director of the scientific headquarters.
97:
753:
Document 74. Siegfried FlĂĽgge: Exploiting Atomic Energy. From the
Laboratory Experiment to the Uranium Machine – Research Results in Dahlem
599:
that the plant be destroyed by aerial bombardment to deny its uranium production equipment to the
Russians. On Thursday, 15 March 1945, 612
1156:
292:, was later intimately involved in the financing of and influencing the direction of scientific entities in Germany. Among them were the
436:, he continued his industrial career at Auergesellschaft, as opposed to working in academia. From 1927, he was a staff scientist in the
767:
Hentschel and
Hentschel, 1996, 369, Appendix F (see the entry for Nikolaus Riehl), and Appendix D (see the entry for Auergesellschaft).
1096:
1081:
1035:
1025:
1011:
997:
983:
1143:
641:
507:
413:
110:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1152:
1062:. The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in
879:
876:
827:
Laboratory No. 2 was in Moscow. It was later known as the
Laboratory for Measuring Instruments (LIPAN) and then the
567:
The two colonels requested that Riehl join them in Berlin for a few days, where he also met with nuclear physicist
561:
1130:
568:
490:
351:. During the WWI the enterprise (like other mine safety companies in Europe and the US) started to manufacture
294:
105:
126:
739:
1030:
Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006)
564:
Laboratory No. 2 went to Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia in support of acquisitions for the project.
390:
250:
211:
74:
119:
600:
360:
828:
452:
356:
355:
for the military, and continued with industrial gas masks after that. In 1920, Auergesellschaft,
515:, had lattices of 6,800 uranium oxide cubes (about 25 tons), in the nuclear moderator paraffin.
1092:
1077:
1040:
Macrakis, Kristie "Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany" (Oxford, 1993)
1031:
1021:
1007:
993:
979:
592:
549:
409:
183:
101:
701:
604:
470:
368:
461:(HWA, Army Ordnance Office) to discuss the production of uranium. The HWA was interested.
226:(Degea, German Gas Light Company), was founded in 1892 through the combined efforts of the
1070:
883:
596:
553:
541:
536:
457:
329:. In 1906, the OSRAM light bulb was developed; its name was formed from the German words
214:, a multinational US corporation. Auergesellschaft became a limited corporation in 1960.
37:
1116:
578:. This, combined with information gathered in the same month through an Alsos team in
532:
405:
239:
203:
1165:
588:
557:
378:
plant, 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Berlin, was constructed in 1926, and their
322:
274:
235:
191:
171:
1002:
Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator)
524:
512:
433:
429:
417:
266:
258:
163:
151:
511:. The G-1 experiment performed at the HWA testing station, under the direction of
310:, a large chemical company with extensive experience in the production of metals.
1148:
528:
478:
375:
363:(AEG) combined their electric lamp production with the formation of the company
299:
270:
187:
167:
1106:
1045:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949
579:
545:
262:
159:
645:
1063:
473:, set up an industrial-scale production of high-purity uranium oxide at the
437:
421:
231:
1059:
182:
compounds. In 1934, the corporation was acquired by the German corporation
505:(Army Ordnance Office) in Gottow, under the German nuclear energy project
484:
The Auer Oranienburg plant provided the uranium sheets and cubes for the
352:
348:
1076:(American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996)
1018:
Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956
444:
326:
318:
307:
282:
278:
246:
243:
179:
175:
108:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
736:
Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?
488:(uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor) experiments conducted at the
448:
337:
227:
195:
147:
556:. In early 1945, the Soviets initiated an effort similar to Alsos (
202:
equipment, material, and staff to the Soviet Union for use in their
1089:
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949
877:
Archived "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces, March 1945."
858:
Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F, see the entry for Riehl.
716:
Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Riehl.
397:
became a limited corporation in 1960 and is now known as MSA Auer.
548:, former head of security on the American atomic bomb effort, the
364:
1074:
Stalin’s Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb
66:
1004:
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
755:
reprinted in English in Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 197-206.
18:
677:
Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix D; see the entry for
190:
plant began the development of industrial-scale, high-purity
775:
773:
560:). Forty out of fewer than 100 Russian scientists from the
664:
662:
298:(Kaiser Wilhelm Society) and its research institutes. The
158:
had manufacturing and research activities in the areas of
78:
to this template: there are already 1,868 articles in the
976:
Hitler’s Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
306:, and it was purchased in 1934 by the German corporation
1138:
469:
With the interest of the HWA, Riehl, and his colleague
990:
Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
257:. Their main research activities, up to the close of
814:
812:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
443:
Auergesellschaft had a substantial amount of “waste”
416:
in 1927, under the guidance of the nuclear physicist
552:, and its chief scientist was the eminent physicist
497:(KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics) and the
62:
58:
a machine-translated version of the German article.
763:
761:
198:search teams, at the close of World War II, sent
706:. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Mines.
1197:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1945
1052:German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project
104:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
742:Volume 27, Issues 23/24, 402-410 (June 1939).
8:
1192:Companies acquired from Jews under Nazi rule
1207:Manufacturing companies established in 1960
544:. The military head of Alsos was Lt. Col.
367:. In 1935, Auergesellschaft developed the
751:Also see the article by Siegfried FlĂĽgge
615:Union a year on its atomic bomb project.
610:When a Soviet search team arrived at the
146:was founded in 1892 with headquarters in
1172:Manufacturing companies based in Berlin
624:
1177:Chemical companies established in 1892
725:Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 4-5, 8, and 68.
83:
361:Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft
7:
849:Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72 and 80.
829:Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy
424:. He initially took a position with
451:. After reading a paper in 1939 by
934:Groves, 1962, 220-222 and 230-231.
428:, where he became an authority on
212:Mine Safety Appliances Corporation
116:{{Translated|de|Auergesellschaft}}
14:
1202:1945 disestablishments in Germany
788:Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 13 and 69.
1149:Clippings about Auergesellschaft
1123:
1109:
317:had their first subsidiaries in
23:
1182:Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
700:Katz, Sidney Hershberg (1929).
1187:1892 establishments in Germany
114:You may also add the template
1:
916:Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 77-79.
889:. Retrieved: 3 December 2020.
806:Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72.
690:Macrakis, 1993, 18-20 and 22.
531:, Russian nuclear physicists
491:Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft’s
253:. It was the forerunner of
1058:Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30
562:Soviet atomic bomb project's
447:from which it had extracted
288:Geheimrat Koppel, who owned
1153:20th Century Press Archives
1056:The Nonproliferation Review
703:Industrial Gas Masks Abroad
295:Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft
127:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
86:will aid in categorization.
1223:
779:Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 13.
408:received his doctorate in
61:Machine translation, like
1131:Nuclear technology portal
831:. See Oleynikov, 2000, 4.
668:Riel and Seitz, 1996, 10.
595:, recommended to General
569:Yulii Borisovich Khariton
501:(testing station) of the
432:. While he completed his
382:was constructed in 1938.
38:the corresponding article
420:and the nuclear chemist
230:entrepreneur and banker
224:Deutsche GasglĂĽhlicht AG
907:Naimark, 1995, 205-207.
898:Bernstein, 2001, 50-51.
740:Die Naturwissenschaften
125:For more guidance, see
391:Mine Safety Appliances
302:forced Koppel to sell
251:Carl Auer von Welsbach
840:Oleynikov, 2000, 3-5.
642:"History of MSA Auer"
582:, confirmed that the
389:merged with American
98:copyright attribution
1069:Riehl, Nikolaus and
1050:Oleynikov, Pavel V.
952:Holloway, 1995, 111.
601:B-17 Flying Fortress
414:University of Berlin
357:Siemens & Halske
194:production. Special
140:The industrial firm
1144:History of MSA Auer
1043:Naimark, Norman M.
1006:(Birkhäuser, 1996)
978:(Copernicus, 2001)
961:Oleynikov, 2000, 9.
943:Naimark, 1995, 236.
818:Oleynikov, 2000, 7.
591:, commander of the
495:Institut fĂĽr Physik
150:. Up to the end of
1091:(Cambridge, 1993)
988:Groves, Leslie M.
974:Bernstein, Jeremy
925:Walker, 1993, 156.
882:2013-09-27 at the
867:Walker, 1993, 183.
529:Karl GĂĽnter Zimmer
523:Near the close of
347:, for the element
336:, for the element
106:interlanguage link
1066:(Chelyabinsk-70).
734:Siegfried FlĂĽgge
593:Manhattan Project
550:Manhattan Project
465:Oranienburg Plant
410:nuclear chemistry
369:luminescent light
206:project. In 1958
186:. In 1939, their
138:
137:
50:
46:
1214:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1016:Holloway, David
992:(De Capo, 1962)
962:
959:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
890:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
825:
819:
816:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
768:
765:
756:
749:
743:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
707:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:Auergesellschaft
675:
669:
666:
657:
656:
654:
653:
644:. Archived from
638:
612:Auergesellschaft
605:Eighth Air Force
584:Auergesellschaft
576:Auergesellschaft
475:Auergesellschaft
453:Siegfried FlĂĽgge
426:Auergesellschaft
395:Auergesellschaft
387:Auergesellschaft
315:Auergesellschaft
304:Auergesellschaft
290:Auergesellschaft
255:Auergesellschaft
236:Privy Councillor
210:merged with the
208:Auergesellschaft
200:Auergesellschaft
156:Auergesellschaft
143:Auergesellschaft
117:
111:
85:
84:|topic=
82:, and specifying
67:Google Translate
48:
45:(September 2024)
44:
27:
26:
19:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1162:
1161:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1071:Frederick Seitz
1047:(Belknap, 1995)
971:
966:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
893:
884:Wayback Machine
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
826:
822:
817:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
771:
766:
759:
750:
746:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
699:
698:
694:
689:
685:
676:
672:
667:
660:
651:
649:
640:
639:
626:
621:
603:bombers of the
597:George Marshall
554:Samuel Goudsmit
542:Operation Alsos
537:Lev Artsimovich
521:
503:Heereswaffenamt
467:
458:Heereswaffenamt
403:
220:
134:
133:
132:
115:
109:
51:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1120:
1117:Germany portal
1104:
1103:External links
1101:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1067:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1014:
1000:
986:
970:
967:
964:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
820:
808:
799:
790:
781:
769:
757:
744:
727:
718:
709:
692:
683:
670:
658:
623:
622:
620:
617:
520:
517:
499:Versuchsstelle
466:
463:
406:Nikolaus Riehl
402:
401:Nikolaus Riehl
399:
380:Auer-Glaswerke
240:Leopold Koppel
219:
216:
204:nuclear weapon
136:
135:
131:
130:
123:
112:
90:
87:
75:adding a topic
70:
59:
52:
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1219:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1097:0-521-43804-7
1094:
1090:
1087:Walker, Mark
1086:
1083:
1082:0-8412-3310-1
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:0-19-926750-2
1033:
1029:
1027:
1026:0-300-06056-4
1023:
1020:(Yale, 1994)
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:0-8176-5312-0
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
998:0-306-80189-2
995:
991:
987:
985:
984:0-387-95089-3
981:
977:
973:
972:
968:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
901:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
873:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
830:
824:
821:
815:
813:
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
774:
770:
764:
762:
758:
754:
748:
745:
741:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
705:
704:
696:
693:
687:
684:
680:
674:
671:
665:
663:
659:
648:on 2017-08-11
647:
643:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
625:
618:
616:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Leslie Groves
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
559:
558:Russian Alsos
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
533:Georgy Flerov
530:
526:
519:Russian Alsos
518:
516:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:GĂĽnter Wirths
464:
462:
460:
459:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
398:
396:
393:Corporation;
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
339:
335:
333:
328:
324:
323:United States
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:radioactivity
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:and inventor
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:uranium oxide
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:radioactivity
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:
128:
124:
121:
113:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
81:
80:main category
77:
76:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
1088:
1073:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
969:Bibliography
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
886:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
823:
802:
793:
784:
752:
747:
735:
730:
721:
712:
702:
695:
686:
678:
673:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
611:
609:
583:
575:
573:
566:
525:World War II
522:
513:Kurt Diebner
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
486:Uranmaschine
485:
483:
474:
468:
456:
442:
434:Habilitation
430:luminescence
425:
418:Lise Meitner
404:
394:
386:
384:
379:
373:
343:
341:
331:
330:
314:
312:
303:
293:
289:
287:
267:Luminescence
259:World War II
254:
223:
221:
207:
199:
164:luminescence
155:
152:World War II
142:
141:
139:
102:edit summary
93:
73:
43:
35:
479:Oranienburg
376:Oranienburg
300:Third Reich
285:compounds.
271:rare earths
263:gas mantles
188:Oranienburg
168:rare earths
160:gas mantles
1166:Categories
652:2007-11-16
580:Strasbourg
546:Boris Pash
508:Uranverein
261:, were on
1064:Snezhinsk
887:usaaf.net
477:plant in
438:radiology
422:Otto Hahn
412:from the
353:gas masks
313:By 1901,
277:, and on
232:Geheimrat
120:talk page
72:Consider
40:in German
880:Archived
385:In 1958
349:tungsten
244:Austrian
242:and the
96:provide
1155:of the
1151:in the
445:uranium
327:England
319:Austria
308:Degussa
283:thorium
279:uranium
247:chemist
218:History
184:Degussa
180:thorium
176:uranium
118:to the
100:in the
42:.
16:Company
1095:
1080:
1060:(2000)
1034:
1024:
1010:
996:
982:
449:radium
374:Their
359:, and
340:, and
338:osmium
325:, and
321:, the
228:Jewish
196:Soviet
174:, and
148:Berlin
619:Notes
365:OSRAM
63:DeepL
1093:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1022:ISBN
1008:ISBN
994:ISBN
980:ISBN
535:and
342:Wolf
334:mium
281:and
222:The
178:and
94:must
92:You
56:View
1157:ZBW
1139:MSA
344:RAM
65:or
1168::
1054:,
811:^
772:^
760:^
738:,
661:^
627:^
371:.
332:OS
273:,
269:,
265:,
238:)
170:,
166:,
162:,
154:,
1084:.
681:.
655:.
234:(
129:.
122:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.