Austin Osman Spare - Knowledge (XXG)

2157:"In the verity of his visionary productions we find him of the company of Blake and Fuseli and their circle; but far superior to any of them in the mastery of representational craft." His comeditative magical art is a dynamic framework of Tantric energy—which is to say contains absolute, real, intrivalent and of cosmological transcendental—proportions. It is similar to the language amalgamations in the book of Abramelin. Haydn Mackey, commenting in a radio program broadcast shortly after Spare's death, and; "There now hang on one of my walls seven of his paintings, each so different in style and character that it is almost impossible to believe that the same hand was responsible for any two of them. And there rest on a table in my sitting-room overlooking Trafalgar Square three sketchbooks full of 'automatic drawings' unique in their mastery of line, unique, too, in their daring of conception." 1146:

Borough. There he kept open house; critics and purchasers would go down, ring the bell, be admitted, and inspect the pictures, often in the company of some of the models - working women of the neighbourhood. Spare was convinced that there was a great potential demand for pictures at 2 or 3 guineas each, and condemned the practice of asking £20 for "amateurish stuff". He worked chiefly in pastel or pencil, drawing rapidly, often taking no more than two hours over a picture. He was especially interested in delineating the old, and had various models over 70 and one as old as 93.

1115:, for which Spare provided ten drawings) suggests, "When Mr. Spare was first heard of six or seven years ago he was hailed in some quarters as the new Beardsley, and as the work of a young man of seventeen his drawings had a certain amount of vigour and originality. But the years have not dealt kindly with Mr. Spare, and he must not be content with producing in his majority what passed muster in his nonage. However, his designs are not inappropriate for the crude paradoxes that form the text of this book. It is far easier to imitate an epigram than to invent one." 728:. Eager to marry off her daughter, who already had one child from an earlier relationship, Mrs Shaw soon introduced Spare to her child, Eily Gertrude Shaw (1888-1938). Spare fell in love, producing a number of portraits of Eily, before marrying her on 4 September 1911. However, the relationship between Spare and his wife was strained; unlike him, she was "unintellectual and materialistic", and disliked many of his friends, particularly the younger males, asking him to cease his association with them. 1341:

mold or even determine entirely the entire conscious personality of a person right down to the most subtle detail, this means nothing more than the fact that through repression ("forgetting") many impulses, desires, etc. have the ability to create a reality to which they are denied access as long as they are either kept alive in the conscious mind or recalled into it. Under certain conditions, that which is repressed can become even more powerful than that which is held in the conscious mind."

1436:'s thesis that "Mediation, which is the immediacy of all mental communication, is the fundamental problem of linguistic theory, and if one chooses to call this immediacy magic, then the primary problem of language is its magic. Spare's 'sentient symbols' and his 'alphabet of desire' situate this mediatory magic in a libidinal framework of Tantric—which is to say cosmological—proportions." (An alphabet of desire modelled after Spare's ideas has since been developed by 1108:

And here we must credit Mr. Spare with a considerable fund of fancy and invention, although the activities of his mind still find vent through somewhat tortuous channels. Like most young men he seems to take himself somewhat too seriously". Our critic ends his review with the observation that Spare's "drawing is often more shapeless and confused than we trust it will be when he has assimilated better the excellent influences upon which he has formed his style."

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in the mystical tradition, Spare may be regarded as one of the last English Symbolists, following closely his great influence George Frederick Watts. The recurrent motifs of androgyny, death, masks, dreams, vampires, satyrs and religious themes, so typical of the art of the French and Belgian Symbolists, find full expression in Spare's early work, along with a desire to shock the bourgeois.

1420: 482:. Journalists from the British press took a particular interest in his work, highlighting the fact that, at seventeen years of age, he was the youngest artist in the exhibition, with some erroneously claiming that he was the youngest artist to ever exhibit at the show. In 1905, he left the RCA without having received any qualifications. 423:, his artistic style focused on clear lines, which was in stark contrast to the College's emphasis on shading. Still living in his parents' home, he began dressing in unconventional and flamboyant garb, and became popular with other students at the college, with a particularly strong friendship developing between Spare and 1247:

disagreed, believing that the term "ZOS" had instead been adopted by Spare to counterbalance his own initials, "AOS", in which the A would represent the beginning of the alphabet, and the Z would represent the end. In this way, Moore argued, Spare was offering an "ultimate and transcendent expression

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During his lifetime, Spare left critics unable to place his work comfortably. Ithell Colquhoun supported his claim to have been a proto-Surrealist and posthumously the critic Mario Amaya made the case for Spare as a Pop Artist. Typically, he was both of these - and neither. A superb figurative artist

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psychology has had a heavy influence on Spare's belief, specifically that the mind has strange hidden depths in it, and that magic basically depends on activating the subconscious as much as the conscious. Despite his interest in the unconscious, Spare was deeply critical of the ideas put forward by

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It has been argued that Spare's magic depended (at least in part) upon psychological repression. According to one author, Spare's magical rationale was as follows, "If the psyche represses certain impulses, desires, fears, and so on, and these then have the power to become so effective that they can

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has resurrected an unknown English artist named Austin Osman Spare, who imitates etchings in pen and ink in the manner of Beardsley but really harks back to the macabre German romanticism. He tortured himself before the first war and would have inspired the surrealist movement had he been discovered

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Surrealism took an interest in automatism and the unconscious, and the reporter Hubert Nicholson ran a story on Spare titled "Father of Surrealism – He's a Cockney!". Jumping onto this new craze for surrealism, Spare released a set of what he described as "SURREALIST Racing Forecast Cards" for

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published in December 1909, which must have appeared around the time of Spare's 23rd birthday, is by turns condescending and grudgingly respectful, "Mr. Spare's work is evidently that of young man of talent." However, "What is more important is the personality lying behind these various influences.

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Thereafter Spare was rarely found in the purlieus of Bond St. He would teach a little from January to June, then up to the end of October, would finish various works, and from the beginning of November to Christmas would hang his products in the living-room, bedroom, and kitchen of his flat in the

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In October 1907 Spare held his first major exhibition, titled simply "Black and White Drawings by Austin O Spare", at the Bruton Gallery in London's West End. Attracting widespread interest and sensational views in the press, he was widely compared to Aubrey Beardsley, with reviewers commenting on

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and evolution, both being factors which Spare saw intertwined which furthered evolutionary progression. For these reasons, he believed in the intimate unity between humans and other species in the animal world; this was visually reflected in his art through the iconography of the horned humanoid

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for Chapman and Hall publishers. This was a short-lived project, but during its brief career it reproduced impressive figure drawing and lithographs by Spare and others. In 1925 Spare, Alan Odle, John Austen, and Harry Clarke showed together at the St George's Gallery, and in 1930 at the Godfrey

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Public awareness of Spare seems to have declined somewhat in the 1960s before the slow but steady revival of interest in his work beginning in the mid-1970s. The following passage in a discussion of an exhibit including Spare's work in the summer of 1965 suggests some critics had hoped he would

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Spare's work is remarkable for its variety, including paintings, a vast number of drawings, work with pastel, a few etchings, published books combining text with imagery, and even bizarre bookplates. He was productive from his earliest years until his death. According to Haydn Mackay, "rhythmic

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Spare held his first pub show at the Temple Bar in Walworth Road in late 1949, which again proved successful, earning Spare 250 guineas. One of those who had seen the show was publisher Michael Hall, and impressed by Spare's work, he commissioned him to help provide illustrations for his new

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Spare believed that intentionally repressed material would become enormously effective in the same way that "unwanted" (since not consciously provoked) repressions and complexes have tremendous power over the person and his or her shaping of reality. It was a logical conclusion to view the

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In May 1904, Spare held his first public art exhibition in the foyer of the Newington Public Library in Walworth Road. Here, his paintings illustrated many of the themes that would continue to inspire him throughout his life, including his mystical views about Zos and Kia. His father then

752:, which he self-published in 1913. Exploring his own mystical ideas regarding the human being and their unconscious mind, it also discussed magic and the use of sigils. "Conceived initially as a pictorial allegory the book quickly evolved into a much deeper work, drawing inspiration from 570: 1213:. Raised in the Anglican denomination of Christianity, Spare had come to denounce this monotheistic faith when he was seventeen, telling a reporter that "I am devising a religion of my own which embodies my conception of what; we are, we were, and shall be in the future." 1122:, the critic (again anonymous) seems resigned to bewilderment, "It is impossible for me to regard Mr. Spare's drawings otherwise than as diagrams of ideas which I have quite failed to unravel; I can only regret that a good draughtsman limits the scope of his appeal". 1380:

ladder. In Spare's worldview, the "soul" was actually the continuing influence of "the ancestral animals" that humans had evolved from, that could be tapped into to gain insight and qualities from past incarnations. In many ways this theory offered a unison of

1319:"A bat first grew wings and of the proper kind, by its desire being organic enough to reach the sub-consciousness. If its desire to fly had been conscious, it would have had to wait till it could have done so by the same means as ourselves, i.e. by machinery." 1427:

Spare "elaborated his sigils by condensing letters of the alphabet into diagrammatic glyphs of desire, which were to be integrated into postural (yogalike) practices—monograms of thought, for the government of energy." Spare's work is contemporaneous with

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which he called "siderealism". This work appears to have been well received. In 1947 he exhibited at the Archer Gallery, producing over 200 works for the show. It was a very successful show and led to something of a post-war renaissance of interest.

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Spare was regarded as an artist of considerable talent and good prospects, but his style was apparently controversial. Critical reaction to his work in period ranged from baffled but impressed, to patronizing and dismissive. An anonymous review of

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in 1929, but his work received little praise in the press or attention from the public. Living in poverty and with his work becoming unpopular in the mainstream London art scene, Spare contemplated suicide. He then undertook a series of

735:, a book of epigrams written by two doctors, James Bertram and F. Russell, in which his illustrations once more displayed his interest in the abnormal and the grotesque. Another notable work from this period was an illustration known as 933:. The first issue appeared in October 1922, featuring a lithograph from Spare titled "The New Eden." Faced with problems, the journal eventually decreasing in size from a folio to a quarto, and in 1924 it folded after eight issues. 1453:

Following his experience with Aleister Crowley and other Thelemites, Spare developed a hostile view of ceremonial magic and many of those occultists who practised it, describing them as "the unemployed dandies of the Brothels" in

380:. In the evenings he attended the Lambeth School of Art. Two visitors to Powell's, Sir William Blake Richmond and FH Richmond RBA, came across some of Spare's drawings, and impressed, they recommended him for a scholarship to the 1527:, who believed that Spare's artworks depicting celebrities, produced in the late 1930s and 1940s, represented "the first examples of Pop art in this country." Furthermore, he proclaimed that Spare's automatic drawings "predicted 617:. Crowley introduced himself to Spare, becoming a patron and champion of his art, which he proclaimed to be a message from the Divine. Spare subsequently submitted several drawings for publication in Crowley's Thelemite journal, 1650:

inspired by Spare. It focuses on one's individual universe and the influence of the magician's will on it. While the Zos Kia Cultus has very few adherents today, it is widely considered an important influence on the rise of

1009:. The renewed interest benefited him, with his 1936, 1937 and 1938 exhibitions in Walworth Road proving a success, and he began teaching students at his studio in what he called his Austin Spare School of Draughtsmanship. 859:, where he worked as a medical orderly. Later, he was appointed to the position of Acting Staff-Sergeant, and given the task of illustrating the conflict along with other artists based in a studio at 76 Fulham Road. 1863: 1536: 718: 3917: 643:, but although he remained in A∴A∴ until 1912, ultimately Spare never became a full member, disliking Crowley's emphasis on strict hierarchy and organisation and becoming heavily critical of the practice of 1345:

subconscious mind as the source of all magical power, which Spare soon did. In his opinion, a magical desire cannot become truly effective until it has become an organic part of the subconscious mind.

1078:, producing artworks with titles such as "Witchery", "Walpurgis Vampire" and "Satiated Succubi" and claiming that on a bus he had encountered a group of female witches on their way to the Sabbath. 773:, which was edited in Victoria Street, submitting a number of contributions to its early issues. He soon developed the idea of founding his own art magazine, suggesting the idea to the publisher 3569: 277:. Moving to various working class areas of South London over the following decades, Spare lived in poverty, but continued exhibiting his work to varying degrees of success. With the arrival of 407:

Soon, he began studying at the RCA, but was dissatisfied with the teaching he received there, becoming a truant and being disciplined by his tutors as a result. Influenced by the work of

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The couple's fourth surviving child, Austin Osman Spare was born shortly after four o'clock on the morning of 30 December 1886. Spare attended St. Agnes School, attached to a prominent

1568:. Carroll and other writers such as Ray Sherwin are seen as key figures in the emergence of some of Spare's ideas and techniques as a part of a magical movement loosely referred to as 281:

onto the London art scene during the 1930s, critics and the press once more took an interest in his work, seeing it as an early precursor to surrealist imagery. Losing his home during

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Following the culmination of the war, Spare held a comeback show in November 1947 at the Archer Gallery. A commercial success, the works on display showed the increasing influence of

1467: 308:. Spare's art once more began to receive attention in the 1970s, due to a renewed interest in Art Nouveau in Britain, with several retrospective exhibitions being held in London. 1235:" as the human body and mind, and would later adopt the term as a pseudonym for himself. Biographer Phil Baker believed that Spare derived the word from the Ancient Greek words 1466:

Spare was often described as kind and down-to-earth by his friends. A lifelong animal lover, he took care of many animals that he found near his home and was a member of the

866:, Spare had separated from his wife Eily, who had begun a relationship with another man. Focusing on the writing and illustration of a new book, 1921 saw the publication of 177:, his art was known for its clear use of line, and its depiction of monstrous and sexual imagery. In an occult capacity, he developed supposed magical techniques including 3903: 542:

images lampooning such institutions as politics and the clergy. The volume contained a number of self-portraits; he also filled many of the images with illustrations of

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in December 1879. The Spare's first child to survive was John Newton Spare, born in 1882, with William Herbert Spare following in 1883 and then Susan Ann Spare in 1885.

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would later claim that he was "strongly" homosexual but had suppressed these leanings. In contrast to this, in later life Spare would refer to a wide variety of

1646:"Zos Kia Cultus" is a term coined by Kenneth Grant, with different meanings for different people. One interpretation is that it is a form, style, or school of 921:. However, Spare discontinued the magazine after the third issue, which was published in January 1922. He then moved on the production of another art journal, 562:, leading to the release of an expanded second edition in 1909. Meanwhile, in 1907 Spare produced one of his most significant illustrations, a drawing titled 3698: 3609: 1059:(1924–2011). Spare and the Grants became great friends, frequenting a number of London pubs together and sharing books on the subject of the esoteric. 873:

by Morland Press. Edited and introduced by Frederick Carter, the book once more dealt with Spare's mystical ideas, continuing many of the themes explored in

1243:, meaning animal or beast, with Spare also being attracted to the exotic nature of the letter "z", which rarely appears in the English language. The author 654:

Spare's major patron during this period was the wealthy property developer Pickford Waller, although other admirers included Desmond Coke, Ralph Strauss,

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circles in Edwardian London, with several known gay men becoming patrons of his work. In particular he became good friends with the same-sex couple

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Some of Spare's techniques, particularly the use of sigils and the creation of an "alphabet of desire" were adopted, adapted and popularized by

4844: 1506:. He died at the hospital on the afternoon of 15 May 1956, at the age of 69. He was buried alongside his father at St. Mary's Church in the 623:, receiving payment in the form of an expensive ritual robe. Spare would also be invited to join Crowley's new Thelemite magical order, the 1048:. He also featured a number of portraits of famous movie stars in the exhibit, leading him to later gain the moniker of "the first British 677:, with Spare later characterising the latter as "the most wonderful man I have ever met." Gray would introduce Spare to the Irish novelist 389: 1150:

But Spare did not entirely disappear. During the late 1930s he developed and exhibited a style of painting based on a logarithmic form of

1086:. The fifth issue, for August–September 1950, contained an article on Spare and his work, while the sixth contained an article written by 4162: 3988: 1698: 4376: 4213: 4152: 3473: 3443: 3420: 3216: 2995: 490:

Having left higher education, Spare became employed as a bookplate designer and illustrator, with his first book commission being for

250:(1921). Alongside a string of personal exhibitions, he also achieved much press attention for being the youngest entrant at the 1904 4042: 3506: 3491: 1764: 1055:

In the spring of 1949, a recently married woman named Steffi Grant introduced herself to Spare. She introduced him to her husband

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published by Elkin Mathews. First ed 1887 (no Spare illustration). 2nd edition 1909 has a Spare illustration to the front board.

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to be useless for this, believing that it only served to reinforce the separation between ourselves and that which we desire.

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by James Bertrand Russell. Published by John Lane 1911 (ed of 350 copies). Reissued London: Temple Press, 1989 (500 copies).

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In 1900, Spare began working as a designer at Powell's glass-working business in Whitefriars Street, which had links to the

3328: 819:, arguing that it allowed the unconscious part of the mind to produce art, a theme that Spare had previously dealt with in 795:, who used the pseudonym of Francis Marsden. The first issue appeared in the summer of 1916, containing contributions from 4859: 4441: 4233: 4037: 3884: 1724: 393: 305: 3385: 3108: 4904: 4889: 4869: 4854: 4604: 4496: 4263: 2062:

The majority of the books listed above are available as modern reprints. For a more complete listing see Clive Harper's

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creature, visually depicting his belief in the innate mental connection between humanity and our non-human ancestors.

681:, whom he would subsequently befriend. The actual nature of Spare's sexuality at the time remains debated; his friend 594:

commented that "his inventive faculty is stupendous and terrifying in its creative flow of impossible horrors", while

510:(1909). In 1905, he once more exhibited at the Royal Academy's summer exhibition, having submitted a drawing known as 4783: 4431: 1523:

In 1964, the Greenwich Gallery held an exhibition of Spare's work accompanied by a catalogue essay by the Pop Artist

1432:'s attempts "to rediscover the evangelical concept of the 'word' (logos) as a magical complex image"—as well as with 940:, which contained a series of grotesque creatures; the sole copy of the book would be purchased by the art historian 3545: 1731: 4511: 4461: 4381: 4203: 4057: 1028:, Spare's flat and all the artwork in it was destroyed by a bomb on 10 May 1941, leaving him temporarily homeless. 1691: 396:, and in 1903 he won a silver medal at the National Competition of Schools of Art, where the judges, who included 3879: 993:

portraits, predominantly of young women, which he termed the "Experiments in Reality". Influenced by the work of

762: 670: 546:, of which he was a great collector. The book was finished off with an introduction authored by Scottish painter 130: 3292: 4700: 3520: 1713: 1400: 856: 792: 760:, but primarily from his experiences as an artist." The book sold poorly, and received a mixed review from the 373: 534:

newspaper. When not involved in these jobs, he devoted much of his time to illustrating a second publication,

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Review of "The Starlit Mire" (by James Bertram and F. Russel, with ten drawings by Austin Osman Spare), in

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in 1939, Spare, an ardent anti-Nazi, tried to enlist into the army, but was deemed too old. In the ensuing

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in the latter part of the 20th century, and his beliefs regarding sigils provided a key influence on the

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he was conscripted into the armed forces and worked as an official war artist. Spare attempted to revive

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was poorly received by the critics and the public, being described as a "very horrible publication" by

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Review of " The Book of Pleasure (Self-Love), the Psychology of Ecstasy" (by Austin Osman Spare) in

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Spare also believed in what he called "atavistic resurgence", the idea that the human mind contains

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in 1907. Becoming the seventh member of the order in July 1907, where he used the magical name of

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in 1878, being stationed at Snow Hill Police Station. Austin's mother, Eliza Osman, was born in

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Keith Richmond, "Discord in the Garden of Janus - Aleister Crowley and Austin Osman Spare", in

960:, which served as a criticism of British society influenced by the ideas of German philosopher 766:, which while accepting Spare's "technical mastery", was more critical of much of the content. 4637: 3998: 3792: 3655: 3502: 3487: 3469: 3439: 3416: 3242: 2991: 1943: 1581: 1548: 1413: 953: 941: 910: 868: 816: 800: 523: 356:. Taking an interest in drawing, from about the age of 12, he began taking evening classes at 246: 178: 4720: 4642: 4541: 4531: 4446: 4391: 4356: 4113: 4088: 4078: 4047: 4012: 3967: 3838: 3807: 3776: 3721: 3265: 2177: 1606: 1592: 1561: 1483: 1437: 1352: 1348: 1330: 1299:. Alternately, he thought that it might have been adopted from Madame Blavatsky in her book 1198: 1013: 930: 674: 659: 644: 604: 424: 420: 408: 385: 286: 221: 209: 170: 138: 134: 126: 102: 1134:

Philips Galleries. The 1930 show was the last West End show Spare would have for 17 years.

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early enough. He has come back in time to play a belated part in the revival of taste for

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noted that "Mr. Spare's art is abnormal, unhealthy, wildly fantastic and unintelligible".

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transcribed by Edward Pay. Published by Form at The Morland Press Ltd. 1916 (200 copies)

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based on his theories of the relationship between the conscious and unconscious self.

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in March 2020, and was described as being very different in style to his usual work.

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The Grants' influence led Spare to begin writing several new occult manuscripts, the

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disappear into obscurity forever. The critic writes that the curator of the exhibit

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in 1906. In ensuing years he would also illustrate such texts as Charles Grindrod's

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on his thought, and included a number of portraits of prominent Spiritualists like

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Oliver Bradbury & James Birch Fine Art, London, 17 November – 8 December 1984

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The summer of 1924 saw Spare produce a sketchbook of "automatic drawings" titled

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by Warren Retlaw. Privately printed, 1927. Reissued: Oxon: Mandrake Press, 2003.

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The Temple Bar (Doctors), 286 Walworth Rd. London, 28 October – 29 November 1949

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band, have a song entitled "Austin Osmanspare" on their one and only 1970 album

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figures. Although this "atavistic resurgence" was very different from orthodox

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In 1914, Spare was involved in a newly launched popular art magazine known as

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In 2016, a new street was named after Spare near his former home in London's

228:. Developing his own personal occult philosophy, he wrote a series of occult 4566: 4536: 4426: 4416: 4108: 3812: 3731: 3530: 3499:

The History of Magic in the Modern Age: A Quest for Personal Transformation.

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Zos-Kia: An Introductory Essay on the Art and Sorcery of Austin Osman Spare

404:, praised his "remarkable sense of colour and great vigour of conception." 3564: 724:

On one occasion, Spare met a middle-aged woman named Mrs Shaw in a pub in

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After becoming a practising occultist, he wrote and illustrated his first

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Woollahra, NSW: Unity Press and Bridgport, Dorset UK: Prism Press, 1994.

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Reissued with additional material including poems by Aleister Crowley as

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Echoes from the Void: Writings, Visionary Art and the New Consciousness.

1617:, and claimed that "what Spare did in art, we try to do through music." 1470:; in many photographs, he can be seen wearing the organisation's badge. 815:, Ricketts and Shannon. Spare and Carter co-wrote an article discussing 212:, he trained as a draughtsman, while also taking a personal interest in 4386: 3756: 1705: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1491: 1373: 1290: 1268: 1187: 1049: 863: 725: 651:" and for that reason had kept him back from fully entering the Order. 608: 448:. The work exhibited a variety of influences, including Theosophy, the 293: 2765:

Reissued: London: Museum Press, 1976 (facsimile; 500 numbered copies).

944:. The spring of 1925 then saw the production of a similar sketchbook, 292:

Spare's spiritualist legacy was largely maintained by his friend, the

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The Viktor Wynd Museum of Curiosities, Fine Art & Natural History

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Alpine Club Gallery (Group Exhibition), London, 22 June – 2 July 1965

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The Viktor Wynd Museum of Curiosities, Fine Art & Natural History

1507: 1333:, believing that it was the source of inspiration. He considered the 1272: 753: 719:

The Viktor Wynd Museum of Curiosities, Fine Art & Natural History

539: 333:, the daughter of a Royal Marine, and married Philip Newton Spare at 56: 2230:

Encyclopedia of the Unexplained: Magic, occultism and Parapsychology

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Robert Ansell summarized Spare's artistic contributions as follows:

746:

Over a period of several years, Spare began work on his third tome,

713:"Ascension of the Ego from Ecstasy to Ecstasy", an image taken from 3509:. See Chapter 5, "Some Other Magical Visionaries," pp. 121–34. 2003:

by Hon Mr Justice Darling. Published by Smith, Elder & Co. 1909

1490:

district, where doctors noted that he had also been suffering from

4633: 3766: 1997:

published by Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Ltd. 1909

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Artist's studio, 56a Walworth Road, Elephant, London, Autumn, 1938

1802:

Artist's studio, 56A Walworth Road, Elephant, London, Autumn, 1937

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A portrait of an old man, with a beard, by Spare was shown on the

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Spare on his views regarding the sub-conscious and conscious mind.

980:

Spare held exhibitions of his work at the St. George's Gallery in

969: 708: 647:. In turn, Crowley would claim that Spare was only interested in " 577:(1907). An "important self-portrait", it would later be bought by 568: 530:

labourers in British South Africa, which appeared in the pages of

522:. Diversifying his employment, In 1906, Spare published his first 457: 449: 330: 325:

in 1857, and moved to London, where he gained employment with the

186: 3577: 1099:

ornament grew from his hand seemingly without conscious effort."

590:

what they saw as the eccentric and grotesque nature of his work.

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Key to Spare's magico-religious views were the dual concepts of

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by Jon Lange (A children's novel based on the sorcery of Spare)

3432:

Austin Osman Spare: The Life and Legend of London's Lost Artist

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has a permanent gallery dedicated to his work - The Spare Room

3676: 1674: 1276: 1263:, to refer to a universal mind or ultimate power, akin to the 514:, featuring beaked serpents swirling around the figure of the 169:

who worked as both a draughtsman and a painter. Influenced by

862:

Spare was demobilized in 1919. Although they never gained a

3560:

A psychogeographical film of Austin Spare's London (part 1)

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Jerusalem Press: High-quality books on Spare's art and life

2064:

Revised Notes Towards A Bibliography of Austin Osman Spare.

1394:, and in later life paid a visit to the Kentish village of 1376:

memories that have their origins in earlier species on the

1280: 1186:"Zos Kia Cultus" redirects here. For the English band, see 997:, they were exhibited at the Godfrey Phillips Galleries in 885:. Intended to be populist in tone, contributions came from 749:

The Book of Pleasure (Self Love): The Psychology of Ecstasy

689:

encounters that took place at this time, including with an

639:, it was through doing so that he befriended the occultist 289:, although he continued exhibiting till his death in 1956. 165:(30 December 1886 – 15 May 1956) was an English artist and 1869:

Iceberg Projects, Chicago, IL, USA, April 19 - May 22 2022

1125:

From October 1922 to July 1924 Spare edited, jointly with

607:(1875–1947), an occultist who had founded the religion of 3346:"The visions of Austin Osman Spare - Elephant and Castle" 2068:

Significant titles published since Spare's death include

877:. The success of this book led Spare to decide to revive 474:

surreptitiously submitted two of Spare's drawings to the

3536:

AustinSpare.co.uk: Articles, Genealogy, and Bibliography

2918:

Review of "A Book of Satyrs" (by Austin Osman Spare) in

2033:(stories) by J.C. Squire published by Martin Secker 1917 2027:

by J.C. Squire. Published by The Morland Press Ltd. 1916

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The Greenwich Gallery, London, 23 July – 12 August 1964

1412:"Alphabet of Desire" redirects here. For the book, see 1111:

Two years later another anonymous review (this time of

3340: 3338: 1468:

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

831:, who proclaimed its design and layout to be "ancient 3413:

Borough Satyr: The Life And Art of Austin Osman Spare

1820:

Archer Gallery, London, 25 October – 26 November 1955

1817:

The White Bear, London, 19 November – 1 December 1953

1599:, which contained a song named "Austin Osman Spare". 3247:. Series 42. Episode 1. 1 March 2020. BBC Television 3064: 3062: 3049: 3047: 3009: 3007: 2351: 2349: 1985:

by Charles F. Grindrod. Published by David Nutt 1907

348:

church, and as a child he was brought up within the

4797: 4776: 4767: 4742: 4733: 4656: 4626: 4617: 4590: 4327: 4176: 4151: 4071: 4020: 4011: 3981: 3945: 3938: 3872: 3831: 3785: 3714: 3541:

Fulgur: Official Publishers, Biography and Articles

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Austin Osman Spare: Artist - Occultist - Sensualist

1390:, Spare greatly admired the evolutionary biologist 1305:, which refers to the idea of an ultimate power as 148: 116: 98: 90: 80: 64: 42: 23: 321:Austin's father, Philip Newton Spare, was born in 1832:The Taranman Gallery, London, 2–23 September 1974 1799:Godfrey Phillips Galleries, London, November 1930 1248:of himself at the extremities of his own being." 958:The Anathema of Zos: The Sermon to the Hypocrites 3462:Lost Envoy: The Tarot Deck of Austin Osman Spare 2336: 2334: 1979:by Ethel Rolt Wheeler. Issued by David Nutt 1906 1814:The Mansion House Tavern, 12 June – 12 July 1952 1787:The Ryder Gallery, London, 17 April – 7 May 1912 1423:A sample of sigils created by Austin Osman Spare 285:, he fell into relative obscurity following the 2922:, Vol. 16, No. 81, (December 1909), pp. 170-171 1922:Self-published; republished by John Lane, 1909 1808:Archer Gallery, London, 3–30 July November 1947 1784:The Baillie Gallery, London, 10–31 October 1912 1781:The Baillie Gallery, London, 11–31 October 1911 1317: 952:. He also began work on a new book, a piece of 948:, and then a further suite of pictures, titled 3482:Drury, Nevill. "The Magic of Austin Spare" in 2188: 2186: 1613:(formed in 1982) described Spare as being his 1440:amongst others, especially in his influential 1197:From his early years, Spare developed his own 697:with a protuberant forehead and a Welsh maid. 3911: 3692: 3603: 3109:"S5-E4 – The Birth of Chaos-Peter J. Carroll" 2948:, Vol. 26, No. 139, (October 1914), pp. 38-39 1201:philosophy which has come to be known as the 1032:Kenneth Grant and later life: 1946–1956 855:still raging, Spare was conscripted into the 466:and his own mystical ideas regarding Zos and 269:after the war before shifting his efforts to 257:After publishing a short-lived art magazine, 8: 1398:, where Darwin had written his seminal text 976:Surrealism and World War II: 1927–1945 3555:The London based Austin Osman Spare Society 3268:, Liber Null & Psychonaut, Weiser, 1987 3156:Imagining Language: An Anthology, MIT Press 2133:"The Art and Magic of Austin Osman Spare -" 791:, he was joined as co-editor by the etcher 603:One of those attracted to Spare's work was 4773: 4739: 4623: 4173: 4017: 3942: 3918: 3904: 3896: 3699: 3685: 3677: 3610: 3596: 3588: 2957:"Current and Forthcoming Exhibitions", in 2935:, Vol. 19, No. 99 (June 1911), pp. 177-177 2077:The Collected Works of Austin Osman Spare, 1882: 31: 20: 3217:"Seek Out Oddities Among The Already-Odd" 2981: 2979: 1796:The Lefevre Galleries, London, April 1929 1765:Learn how and when to remove this message 1364:, referring to them as "Fraud and Junk." 4805:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall 2961:, Vol. 107, No. 747, (June 1965), p. 330 2946:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 2933:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 2920:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 2455:, Vol. 1, No. 2, London, September 1909. 1793:St. George’s Gallery, London, March 1927 1418: 3521:Artworks by or after Austin Osman Spare 2124: 1857:, South London, September–November 2010 1595:band, released an album in 1972 called 611:in 1904, taking as its basis Crowley's 3584:, with 9 library catalogue records 2001:On the Oxford Circuit and Other Verses 1790:The Baillie Gallery, London, July 1914 1778:Bruton Galleries, London, October 1907 538:, which consisted of a series of nine 508:On the Oxford Circuit and other Verses 4865:British Army personnel of World War I 4432:Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla) 7: 2081:Axiomata & The Witches' Sabbath, 1703:adding citations to reliable sources 192:Born into a working-class family in 3989:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham 2167:, Vol. 1, No. 5, Hulton Press, 1950 1535:was heard of in England." London's 1329:Spare placed great emphasis on the 558:would be interested in re-printing 1845:Henry Boxer, London, November 1992 1209:), a term coined by the occultist 368:Artistic training: 1900–1905 14: 4900:Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers 4840:20th-century English male artists 4043:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 3494:. See Chapter 5, pp. 86–103. 3097:, Llewellyn Worldwide, 2005, p134 3095:High Magic: Theory & Practice 3084:, Llewellyn Worldwide, 2005, p133 3082:High Magic: Theory & Practice 1829:The Obelisk Gallery, London, 1972 1628:recorded a studio album entitled 631:, which had been co-founded with 526:, a satire on the use of Chinese 220:, becoming briefly involved with 4119:Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers 2161:, "The Mystery of an Artist" in 1679: 1192:Zos Kia Cultus (Here and Beyond) 3550:by James Bertram and F. Russell 1860:Atlantis Bookshop, London, 2010 1842:Gallery, London, September 1987 1690:needs additional citations for 1090:that was illustrated by Spare. 731:Around 1910, Spare illustrated 252:Royal Academy summer exhibition 4895:People from the City of London 3107:Rudolf Berger (26 July 2020). 2050:Form - A Quarterly of the Arts 1989:The Shadow of the Ragged Stone 1190:. For the Behemoth album, see 835:" and thereby out of fashion. 394:Paris International Exhibition 1: 4845:20th-century English painters 4234:Northamptonshire witch trials 4038:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor 3885:Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth 3154:Jed Rasula, Steve McCaffery, 2073:A Book of Automatic Drawings, 1879:Books written and illustrated 662:. Spare became popular among 512:The Resurrection of Zoroaster 506:(1909) and Justice Darling's 504:The Shadow of the Raggedstone 306:Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth 4743:Last person imprisoned under 4264:Bury St Edmunds witch trials 3565:Austin Osman Spare Galleries 2696:. Oxon: Mandrake Press, 1990 1331:unconscious part of the mind 1137:Spare's obituary printed in 946:A Book of Automatic Drawings 777:, who had formerly produced 196:in London, Spare grew up in 94:Drawing, painting, occultism 3953:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms 3329:"Behemoth's Zos Kia Cultus" 2176:"On Austin Osman Spare" in 1566:Liber Null & Psychonaut 1084:The London Mystery Magazine 516:ancient Persian philosopher 498:, published by the company 154:Austin Osman Spare – Art UK 4921: 4512:George and Lachlan Rattray 4382:Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis 4204:North Berwick witch trials 4058:Society of the Inner Light 3546:Spare's illustrations for 3415:. London: Fulgur Limited. 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3142: 3130: 3068: 3053: 3038: 3025: 3013: 2970: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2440: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2340: 2325: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2216: 2204: 2192: 1411: 1335:conscious part of the mind 1185: 317:Childhood: 1886–1900 16:English artist (1886–1956) 3880:Illuminates of Thanateros 3626: 3501:London: Constable, 2000. 2873:. pp. 209–211, 217. 2089:The Book of Ugly Ecstasy, 1956: 1941: 1926: 1913: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1605:of the influential early 1580:Bulldog Breed, a British 984:in 1927, and then at the 763:Times Literary Supplement 144: 112: 30: 4784:Witches' Well, Edinburgh 3460:Allen, Jonathan (2016). 3331:. Encyclopedia Metallum. 3293:"In The Realm Of Asgærd" 1531:long before the name of 1401:On the Origin of Species 1024:of London by the German 938:The Book of Ugly Ecstasy 857:Royal Army Medical Corps 431:and leftist campaigner. 374:Arts and Crafts movement 4314:Islandmagee witch trial 3963:Cunning folk in Britain 3466:Strange Attractor Press 3436:Strange Attractor Press 3411:Ansell, Robert (2005). 2959:The Burlington Magazine 2228:Richard Cavendish (ed) 2164:London Mystery Magazine 2085:From The Inferno To Zos 1983:Songs From The Classics 1482:and he was admitted to 1255:", which he pronounced 1141:of 16 May 1956 states: 486:Early career: 1906–1910 360:under the tutorship of 4880:English occult writers 4268:1645, 1662, 1655, 1694 3571:Jason (Spaceman) Jones 2986:Semple, Gavin (1995). 2037:The Youth and the Sage 1597:In the Realm of Asgærd 1529:Abstract Expressionism 1484:South Western Hospital 1424: 1321: 1179: 1170: 1148: 1068:Zoetic Grimoire of Zos 797:Edmund Joseph Sullivan 721: 671:Marc-André Raffalovich 586: 575:Portrait of the Artist 564:Portrait of the Artist 273:, in partnership with 131:Marc-André Raffalovich 4875:English male painters 4214:Aberdeen witch trials 3307:"Sounds of Blakeness" 2467:. pp. 65–69, 88, 103. 2431:, Beskin Press, 1999. 1478:In May 1956, Spare's 1422: 1251:Spare used the term " 1174: 1161: 1152:anamorphic projection 1143: 871:The Mutterings of AOS 717:(1913). now owned by 712: 656:Lord Howard de Walden 572: 417:George Frederic Watts 358:Lambeth School of Art 327:City of London Police 123:Lord Howard de Walden 4860:Art Nouveau painters 4284:Bideford witch trial 4053:Ordo Templi Orientis 3958:Anglo-Saxon paganism 3823:William S. Burroughs 3648:The Book of Pleasure 3430:Baker, Phil (2011). 3388:on 10 September 2010 2909:. pp. 228–230. 2897:. pp. 225–227. 2885:. pp. 213–214. 2861:. pp. 201–203. 2825:. pp. 177–179. 2801:. pp. 162–164. 2777:. pp. 157–158. 2732:. pp. 144–145. 2720:. pp. 137–141. 2708:. pp. 136–137. 2683:. pp. 129–133. 2659:. pp. 122–123. 2647:. pp. 116–117. 2635:. pp. 112–113. 2623:. pp. 111–112. 2599:. pp. 105–106. 2109:Psycopathia Sexualis 1929:The Book of Pleasure 1714:"Austin Osman Spare" 1699:improve this article 1671:Selected exhibitions 1514:Legacy and influence 1456:The Book of Pleasure 1368:Atavistic resurgence 1313:The unconscious mind 1239:, meaning life, and 1120:The Book of Pleasure 1118:In a 1914 review of 875:The Book of Pleasure 821:The Book of Pleasure 787:, as a successor to 715:The Book of Pleasure 703:The Book of Pleasure 390:St. Louis Exposition 382:Royal College of Art 241:The Book of Pleasure 206:Royal College of Art 85:Royal College of Art 4905:World War I artists 4890:People from Holborn 4870:British war artists 4855:Artists from London 4747:Witchcraft Act 1735 4619:Neopagan witchcraft 4412:Issobell Fergussone 3864:Robert Anton Wilson 3582:Library of Congress 3350:Elephant and Castle 2694:And Now For Reality 2097:The Valley of Fear, 1958:The Anathema of Zos 1884: 1665:Elephant and Castle 1638:in September 2002. 1356:the psychoanalysts 1302:The Secret Doctrine 1231:. Spare described " 962:Friedrich Nietzsche 845:The Anathema of Zos 829:George Bernard Shaw 614:The Book of the Law 218:Western esotericism 4600:Christian Caldwell 4477:Euphame MacCalzean 4377:Katherine Campbell 4304:Pittenweem witches 4254:Witches of Belvoir 4244:Samlesbury witches 4194:Witches of Warboys 4134:Austin Osman Spare 4124:Madeline Montalban 3844:Austin Osman Spare 3620:Austin Osman Spare 3578:Austin Osman Spare 3145:. pp. 88–89. 3028:. pp. 28–29. 2990:. London: Fulgur. 2575:. pp. 82–83. 2292:. pp. 20–21. 2244:. pp. 16–17. 1952:The Morland Press 1883: 1591:Asgærd, a British 1446:, a sourcebook of 1425: 1105:The Book of Satyrs 1088:Algernon Blackwood 1042:Arthur Conan Doyle 1016:broke out against 950:The Valley of Fear 851:In 1917, with the 722: 633:George Cecil Jones 587: 532:The Morning Leader 492:Ethel Rolt Wheeler 163:Austin Osman Spare 25:Austin Osman Spare 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4763: 4762: 4729: 4728: 4638:Alexandrian Wicca 4613: 4612: 4591:Witch hunters and 4572:Major Thomas Weir 4147: 4146: 4007: 4006: 3999:George Pickingill 3893: 3892: 3793:Genesis P-Orridge 3674: 3673: 3656:The Focus of Life 3317:on 12 April 2001. 3244:Antiques Roadshow 3041:. pp. x–xi. 1969:Books illustrated 1966: 1965: 1944:The Focus of Life 1775: 1774: 1767: 1749: 1582:psychedelic music 1549:Antiques Roadshow 1414:Ken Norris (poet) 1129:, the quarterly, 954:automatic writing 942:Gerald Reitlinger 929:and published by 925:, co-edited with 911:Walter de la Mare 893:, Herbert Furst, 869:The Focus of Life 847:: 1917–1927 841:The Focus of Life 817:automatic writing 801:Walter de la Mare 705:: 1911–1916 524:political cartoon 480:summer exhibition 335:St Bride's Church 247:The Focus of Life 183:automatic drawing 179:automatic writing 160: 159: 4912: 4774: 4740: 4721:Cecil Williamson 4648:Cochrane's Craft 4643:Gardnerian Wicca 4624: 4542:Annaple Thomsone 4532:Bessie Stevenson 4447:Gwen ferch Ellis 4392:Margaret Duchill 4357:Margaret Barclay 4174: 4089:Aleister Crowley 4079:Peter J. Carroll 4018: 4013:Ceremonial magic 3943: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3839:Aleister Crowley 3808:Peter J. Carroll 3777:Synchromysticism 3722:Cut-up technique 3701: 3694: 3687: 3678: 3664:Anathema of Zos 3640:A Book of Satyrs 3612: 3605: 3598: 3589: 3548:The Starlit Mire 3479: 3449: 3426: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3384:. Archived from 3378: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3313:. Archived from 3303: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3266:Peter J. Carroll 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3239:"Battle Abbey 1" 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3121:at 25:40 minutes 3120: 3118: 3116: 3104: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2382:. pp. 42–44, 47. 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2181: 2178:Joseph Nechvatal 2174: 2168: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2070:Poems and Masks, 2044:Magazines edited 2007:The Starlit Mire 1915:A Book of Satyrs 1885: 1866:, October 2014 - 1770: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1707: 1683: 1675: 1607:industrial music 1562:Peter J. Carroll 1510:area of London. 1438:Peter J. Carroll 1408:Magic and sigils 1349:Peter J. Carroll 1325: 1199:magico-religious 1113:The Starlit Mire 1076:witches' sabbath 1064:Logomachy of Zos 1046:Kate Fox-Jencken 1014:Second World War 931:Chapman and Hall 793:Frederick Carter 733:The Starlit Mire 660:Charles Ricketts 645:ceremonial magic 629:Argenteum Astrum 605:Aleister Crowley 560:A Book of Satyrs 536:A Book of Satyrs 425:Sylvia Pankhurst 421:Aubrey Beardsley 409:Charles Ricketts 386:South Kensington 352:denomination of 287:Second World War 222:Aleister Crowley 210:South Kensington 156: 139:Aleister Crowley 127:Charles Ricketts 119: 107:proto-surrealism 71: 53:30 December 1886 52: 50: 35: 21: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4809: 4793: 4769: 4759: 4744: 4735: 4725: 4716:Doreen Valiente 4701:Frederic Lamond 4676:Robert Cochrane 4671:Charles Cardell 4658: 4652: 4609: 4592: 4586: 4562:Beatrix Watsone 4457:Grissel Jaffray 4372:Margaret Burges 4362:Magdalene Blair 4347:Allison Balfour 4342:Margaret Aitken 4329: 4323: 4294:Paisley witches 4184:Windsor Witches 4172: 4154: 4143: 4084:Andrew Chumbley 4067: 4063:Typhonian Order 4003: 3977: 3934: 3924: 3894: 3889: 3868: 3827: 3818:Ralph Tegtmeier 3786:Notable figures 3781: 3772:Symbol of Chaos 3710: 3705: 3675: 3670: 3622: 3616: 3517: 3512: 3497:Drury, Nevill. 3476: 3459: 3456: 3454:Further reading 3446: 3429: 3423: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3279:"Bulldog Breed" 3277: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3114: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813:. pp. 175, 184. 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756:. pp. 144, 155. 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2046: 1976:Behind the Veil 1971: 1937:Self-published 1909:Self-published 1881: 1876: 1851:, Bristol, 2007 1771: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1708: 1706: 1696: 1684: 1673: 1661: 1644: 1586:Made in England 1578: 1558: 1521: 1516: 1476: 1464: 1434:Walter Benjamin 1417: 1410: 1370: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1219: 1195: 1184: 1096: 1034: 986:Lefevre Gallery 978: 923:The Golden Hind 853:First World War 849: 789:The Yellow Book 780:The Yellow Book 707: 496:Behind the Veil 488: 413:Edmund Sullivan 370: 319: 314: 271:The Golden Hind 263:First World War 152: 117: 76: 75:London, England 73: 69: 60: 54: 48: 46: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4850:Artist authors 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4696:Gerald Gardner 4693: 4688: 4686:Stewart Farrar 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4593:Witch-prickers 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4552:Issobell Young 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:Isobell Shyrie 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4507:Alison Pearson 4504: 4499: 4494: 4492:Barbara Napier 4489: 4484: 4482:Elspeth McEwen 4479: 4474: 4472:Beatrix Leslie 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4397:Geillis Duncan 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4224:Pendle witches 4221: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4033:Alpha et Omega 4030: 4024: 4022: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:Grant Morrison 3795: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3652: 3644: 3636: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3516: 3515:External links 3513: 3511: 3510: 3495: 3480: 3475:978-1907222443 3474: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445:978-1907222016 3444: 3427: 3422:978-0953101689 3421: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3373: 3370:Hotel Elephant 3362: 3334: 3320: 3298: 3284: 3270: 3258: 3230: 3219:. 9 March 2015 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3099: 3086: 3073: 3058: 3043: 3030: 3018: 3003: 2997:978-1558183421 2996: 2975: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2479:. p. 105. 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2345: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2182: 2169: 2159:Hannen Swaffer 2150: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2105:Two Grimoires, 2087:(3 Vol. Set), 2060: 2059: 2053: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2020: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1840:Morley College 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1687: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1643: 1640: 1631:Zos Kia Cultus 1577: 1574: 1557: 1556:In esotericism 1554: 1544:BBC Television 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1480:appendix burst 1475: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1409: 1406: 1392:Charles Darwin 1369: 1366: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1218: 1215: 1207:Zos–Kia Cultus 1203:Zos Kia Cultus 1183: 1182:Zos Kia Cultus 1180: 1095: 1092: 1033: 1030: 982:Hanover Square 977: 974: 919:Havelock Ellis 899:Frank Brangwyn 848: 837: 805:Frank Brangwyn 706: 699: 683:Frank Brangwyn 641:Victor Neuburg 520:Zoroastrianism 487: 484: 427:, a prominent 378:William Morris 369: 366: 362:Philip Connard 318: 315: 313: 310: 158: 157: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 120: 114: 113: 110: 109: 100: 96: 95: 92: 91:Known for 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 74: 72:(aged 69) 66: 62: 61: 55: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4917: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885:Fantastic art 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4582:Bessie Wright 4580: 4578: 4577:Janet Wishart 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Marion Walker 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Marioun Twedy 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522:Agnes Sampson 4520: 4518: 4517:Elspeth Reoch 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442:Helen Guthrie 4440: 4438: 4437:Isobel Gowdie 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Isobel Elliot 4405: 4403: 4402:Bessie Dunlop 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Margaret Bane 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274:Alloa witches 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099:Kenneth Grant 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021:Organizations 4019: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994:James Murrell 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873:Organisations 3871: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859:Postmodernism 3857: 3855: 3854:Kenneth Grant 3852: 3850: 3849:Discordianism 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632:Earth Inferno 3629: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3507:0-09-478740-9 3504: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3492:1-85327-089-X 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3311:Fortean Times 3308: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093:Frater U∴D∴, 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080:Frater U∴D∴, 3077: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2527:. p. 57. 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2443:. pp. 48, 50. 2442: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2280:. pp. 18, 20. 2279: 2274: 2271: 2268:. pp. 20, 32. 2267: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2139:. 12 May 2015 2138: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Dearest Vera, 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2031:The Gold Tree 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1901:Earth Inferno 1897: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855:Cuming Museum 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1758: 1755:December 2022 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: – 1715: 1711: 1710:Find sources: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1688:This section 1686: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533:Jack Pollock 1530: 1526: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1462:Personal life 1461: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1383:reincarnation 1379: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358:Sigmund Freud 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1211:Kenneth Grant 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1057:Kenneth Grant 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 983: 975: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:J.F.C. Fuller 912: 908: 907:Edith Sitwell 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:Robert Graves 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 870: 865: 860: 858: 854: 846: 842: 839:World War I, 838: 836: 834: 830: 826: 823:. Generally, 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781: 776: 772: 767: 765: 764: 759: 755: 751: 750: 744: 742: 741:hermaphrodite 738: 734: 729: 727: 720: 716: 711: 704: 701:Marriage and 700: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 615: 610: 606: 601: 599: 598: 593: 584: 580: 576: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:James Guthrie 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 485: 483: 481: 477: 476:Royal Academy 471: 469: 465: 464: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442: 441:Earth Inferno 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 367: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346:High Anglican 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 316: 311: 309: 307: 304:movement and 303: 299: 298:Kenneth Grant 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261:, during the 260: 255: 253: 249: 248: 243: 242: 237: 236: 235:Earth Inferno 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 67: 63: 58: 45: 41: 37:Spare in 1904 34: 29: 22: 19: 4755:Helen Duncan 4711:Alex Sanders 4691:Janet Farrar 4605:John Kincaid 4497:Alice Nutter 4467:Marie Lamont 4422:Agnes Finnie 4367:Janet Boyman 4153:Early Modern 4133: 4104:Dion Fortune 3843: 3803:Lionel Snell 3715:Key concepts 3662: 3654: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3619: 3570: 3547: 3523: at the 3498: 3483: 3461: 3431: 3412: 3390:. 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