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classification system where athletes are classified according to their functional ability to carry out specific skills within their competing sport(s). Different sports use either one or both systems in order to classify competing athletes. Generally speaking functional classification is primarily used for physical impairments and general classification for visually or intellectually impaired athletes. During the 1960 Summer
Paralympics the only disability groups competing were those with spinal cord injuries or poliomyelitis. Classification was based on a medical examination to determine if the athlete was a complete or incomplete paraplegic or tetraplegic. The competitors with poliomyelitis were further classified as they often were incomplete and had varying levels of sensation in paralyzed limbs. Because of this they were allocated points to differentiate between different levels of sensation and therefore functional ability.
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are athletes with same or similar disabilities. Two athletes who present with the same type and level of disability may have two different levels of functional ability. It is therefore necessary to classify athletes according to a set of criteria. Athletes are only allowed to compete with those of a similar classification to allow for a more fair and balanced competition. Use of a disability classification system can be thought of in a similar vein as to having weight classes for particular sports or not allowing men and women to compete together in certain sports, so as to provide a more even playing field.
266:, athletes were required to compete in multiple sports. For Australian athletes, the trip to the games was the first time they had traveled internationally. The Australian team had a team doctor, who frequently doubled as the team manager. Most Australian athletes traveled with only one wheelchair, in which they competed in multiple sports. The wheelchair they used in the Paralympics was the one that they used for their everyday life.
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1077:(INAIL) assisted with accommodating the Australian team during the time of the games. These games were crucial as the success of them meant the potential for the Paralympic games to be run in conjunction with every Olympic Games. This expanding concept would run in the same year and the same city only a few weeks after the Olympic Games.
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thanking the
Italian organizers of the games. He then awarded INAIL a banner of the Stoke Mandeville Games, the highest honor that the Stoke Mandeville Committee could bestow. The President of INAIL, Signor Morelli, then gave the closing speech with Donna Carla Gronchi declaring the first Paralympic games officially closed.
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Different disabilities impact on functional ability to varying degrees. Almost always this impact is one that leads to a competitive disadvantage in sport, hence the differentiation between the
Olympic and Paralympic Games. Athletes with different impairments are impacted in different ways but so too
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and
Charlie Atkinson had personally reviewed to utilize after traveling to Rome to inspect the stadium. This was not to be however as several of the required facilities within the stadium including the lifts and access areas were nonoperational so the grounds were unsuitable. A change had to be made
254:
held in Rome, Italy were the first
Paralympic Games. The organizers viewed the event as a chance to help athletes rehabilitate: The primary purpose was not competition. The Australians who were involved as support staff and organizers were mostly medical and medical support personnel. There were no
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The opening ceremony took place on 18 September in the Acqua
Acetose sports ground at 5:00 pm. The ceremonies began with a parade of the competing nation's starting with the British teams, as the originators of the Paralympic games, followed by other nations in alphabetical order. Given Rome was the
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Some of the
Australian team were unhappy with the officiating efforts by the representatives of the IPC (International Paralympic Committee) as the Australian's felt that they were being unfairly dealt with. Specific instances and primary accounts have stated that the actions the athletes made were
269:
The
Olympic Village was not designed with disabled athletes in mind. Housing was built on stilts, with steep stairs leading up to many entrances. These stairs were covered with ramps, but Australian and other athletes found the ramps to be so steep that they could not get into a building without
1113:
host city the
Italian teams were the last to enter the sports ground. When all the teams were lined up they were then inspected by Camillo Giardino (Italian Minister for Health), Cesare Merzagora (President of the Italian Senate) and Dr Guttmann. After an opening speech by the President of INAIL,
285:
The aim of these games from an
Australian and world sporting perspective were undertaken as a concept to witness how the idea of a Paralympic Games would be accepted and how it would run as a new international meet. The Games for Australia specifically were used to better their knowledge over the
1125:
The closing ceremony took place on 25 September in the Palazzo dello Sport at 9:00 pm. Proceedings took place in the presence of the Patron of the Games, Donna Carla Gronchi, the wife of the Italian Prime Minister. Donna Carla presented some trophies to athletes before Dr Guttmann gave a speech
1138:
In the modern Olympic games these decisions of who can compete against who is made by a panel of classifiers using two different types of classification systems; a general classification system where the type as well as the degree of impairment is classified and a sport specific or functional
281:
The Australian contingent were going into the games with no prior information on the other competing countries and were written to be apprehensive in relation to commencing the games as they had no indication of the abilities of their competitors.
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The competition was at the time terrific. But when you think of what they do today, it wasn't the same. You had to be in more than one sport to participate in the Games. It was so different than today where athletes focus on one sport.
898:*The medals had on the back of them separate engravings of the event competed in. The morning before the closing ceremony saw that Pope John XXIII was in attendance and gave an address to the entire Paralympic competitive assembly.
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Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Rhodesia, Sweden, Switzerland, United States and Yugoslavia.
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Boys, I can't really waste Australian funds. You know the public subscribed money so we could come over for a reason. I think we should just go around and look at Rome and some of the villages on the outskirts.
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to the grounds that had to be used; this stadium was the Tre Fontane Sports Ground. In addition the original accommodation was not built for para athletes which made accessibility incredibly difficult.
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The games had no bids made to host the Paralympics and as Rome was selected in June 1955 to host the Olympic Games, the Paralympics were decided to follow. The Italian
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Daphne Hilton (nee Ceeney) interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
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Australia won 3 gold, 6 silver and 1 bronze medals in four sports and finished 7th overall behind Italy, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, USA and Norway
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Australian competitors who were blind or amputees because they were not allowed to compete in these games and would not be allowed to compete until the
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Bruno Moretti interviewed by Nikki Henningham in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
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Bill Mather-Brown interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
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Kevin Cunningham interviewed by Ian Jobling in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2011
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Cheshire, D. J. E. (1960). The 1960 International Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralysed; The ninth international Stoke Mandeville Games. The Cord.
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Chris O'Brien interviewed by Ian Jobling in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia,2011
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Frank Ponta interviewed by Robin Poke in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Libraty of Australia, 2010
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Gary Hooper interviewed by Rob Willis in the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies oral history project, National Library of Australia, 2010
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The Australian team succeeded well beyond their original expectations by attaining the level of success in medal numbers they achieved.
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information regarding the specialized equipment improvements they could make after comparing their own to those of the other countries.
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It was a really big effort because they didn't know how we were going to travel - we didn't know how we were going to travel either.
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Brittain, I. (2012). From Stoke Mandeville to Stafford: A history of the Summer Paralympic Games. Illinois. US.
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There were no noted mascots for these games however the logo used was the same that had been created for the
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disciplined differently than that compared to when the European country participants did the same things.
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Several oral histories are available online from Australian athletes who competed at the Games.
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From Stoke Mandeville To Stratford - A history of the Summer Paralympic Games
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IPC. (2015). Official Website of the Paralympic Movement Retrieved from
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International Paralympic Committee (2010). "50 Years - Remember Rome".
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Video of 1960 Australian Team members reflecting on the Games in Rome
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http://www.paralympic.org/search-results?search_value=1960+medals
1117:, the games were officially declared open by Professor Giardina.
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Instituto per l’Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro
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Acqua Acetosa was the requested sporting facility that Dr
2047:. Melbourne: Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. p. 19.
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Australian Team in Singapore on their way to the Games
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the assistance of one or two people pushing them up.
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Wheelchair basketball at the 1960 Summer Paralympics
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1861:Gilbert & Schantz, Keith & Otto J. (2008).
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1996:"The Original Wheelchair Basketball team honoured"
2020:. Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from
1798:. Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from
1681:Wheelchair fencing at the 1960 Summer Paralympics
1670:There were no female competitors at these games.
1609:There were no female competitors at these games.
1497:There were no female competitors at these games.
1959:"Basketball Win to Australia at the Paralympics"
1863:The Paralympic Games - Empowerment or Side Show?
1694:Australian 1960 Paralympics Team 50 year reunion
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233:
1426:There were no male competitors at these games
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1168:Australian team disembarking from their plane
1057:% of participating countries winning a medal
8:
2045:A fortunate accident - a boy from Balranald
1508:Table tennis at the 1960 Summer Paralympics
1172:Australia had 12 athletes competing at the
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431:Women's 50 m Breaststroke Complete Class 5
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2090:(3). International Paralympic Committee.
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1783:International Paralympic Committee 2010
1768:International Paralympic Committee 2010
1756:International Paralympic Committee 2010
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1452:Swimming at the 1960 Summer Paralympics
1108:Australian Team at the Opening Ceremony
813:
2380:Nations at the 1960 Summer Paralympics
1884:Beverley Times (WA : 1905 - 1977)
1345:Archery at the 1960 Summer Paralympics
7:
2018:"Australian paralympic hall of fame"
1909:. Perth: T. Beck. pp. 202–205.
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1049:Number of Countries winning a medal
1998:. Australian Basketball Association
1796:"History of the Summer Paralympics"
393:Women's 50 m Crawl Complete Class 5
299:1960 Summer Paralympics medal table
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902:Final Medal Tally (Top 6 Nations)
2156:Images from the 1960 Paralympics
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125:Summer Paralympics appearances (
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545:Men's Precision Javelin Throw B
507:Men's Precision Javelin Throw A
56:Australian Paralympic Committee
1848:The Paralympic Games Explained
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1886:. 19 December 1963. p. 3
2385:Australia at the Paralympics
2141:Reflections by team members
1733:Australia at the Paralympics
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252:1960 Summer Paralympic Games
1934:. Brisbane: Keeaira Press.
1905:Mather-Brown, Bill (2002).
1880:"TERENCE IS A SPECIAL BABY"
1832:. Common Ground Publishing.
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469:Women's St. Nicholas Round
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1865:. Meyer & Meyer (UK).
1238:The team officials were;
1130:Disability Classification
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18:Sporting event delegation
2390:1960 in Australian sport
1706:David Cheshire, Manager,
1257:, NSW (Remedial Gymnast)
355:Men's St. Nicholas Round
2193:1960 Summer Paralympics
1932:Step by step we conquer
1930:Epstein, Vicki (2002).
1174:1960 Summer Paralympics
1069:Preparing for the Games
583:Women's Javelin Throw C
257:1976 Summer Paralympics
26:1960 Summer Paralympics
2043:Coombs, Kevin (2005).
1846:Brittain, Ian (2010).
1828:Brittain, Ian (2012).
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1515:Wheelchair Basketball
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791:Wheelchair basketball
718:Medals by discipline
297:Further information:
1907:The fight in the dog
1143:The Games Themselves
621:Women's Club Throw C
293:Australian Medalists
1965:. 21 September 1960
1627:Wheelchair Fencing
1214:Christopher O'Brien
277:The Australian Team
2024:on 7 February 2012
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1334:(now Hilton), NSW
1243:Dr. David Cheshire
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972:Fed. Rep. Germany
814:Wheelchair fencing
701:Women's Shot Put C
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2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
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1960:
1954:
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1565:Bruno Moretti
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1476:Bruno Moretti
1474:
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1469:
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1459:Table Tennis
1458:
1457:
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1440:Daphne Ceeney
1438:
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1263:(Nurse), VIC.
1262:
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1251:(Physio), WA.
1250:
1249:John Johnston
1247:
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1209:Bruno Moretti
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1179:Daphne Ceeney
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704:
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694:
689:
688:Daphne Ceeney
683:
673:
672:
669:
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664:
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659:
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654:
653:Bruno Moretti
647:
641:
631:
630:
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624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
609:
608:Daphne Ceeney
603:
593:
592:
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586:
584:
581:
579:
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571:
570:Daphne Ceeney
565:
555:
554:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
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527:
517:
516:
513:
510:
508:
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500:
495:
489:
479:
478:
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472:
470:
467:
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462:
457:
456:Daphne Ceeney
451:
441:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
419:
418:Daphne Ceeney
413:
403:
402:
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396:
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391:
389:
386:
381:
380:Daphne Ceeney
375:
365:
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316:
313:
310:
309:
305:
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292:
290:
287:
283:
276:
274:
271:
267:
265:
262:At the first
260:
258:
253:
246:
243:
242:Daphne Hilton
237:
228:
219:
216:
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211:
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206:
204:
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64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
44:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
16:
2358:
2338:West Germany
2150:
2140:
2100:
2087:
2065:Bibliography
2044:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1931:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1883:
1862:
1856:
1850:. Routledge.
1847:
1829:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1790:
1763:
1719:Kevin Coombs
1716:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1638:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1542:Kevin Coombs
1540:
1535:
1526:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1434:
1421:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1273:
1266:
1237:
1194:Kevin Coombs
1171:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1111:
1091:
1086:Joan Scruton
1079:
1072:
1065:
897:
889:
854:Table tennis
680: Bronze
658:Table Tennis
638: Silver
600: Silver
562: Silver
532:Garry Hooper
524: Silver
486: Silver
448: Silver
288:
284:
280:
272:
268:
261:
248:
239:
234:
137:
15:
2333:Switzerland
2318:Netherlands
1941:0 958529191
1785:, p. 8
1770:, p. 9
1758:, p. 6
1644:Frank Ponta
1570:Frank Ponta
1555:Gary Hooper
1532:John Turich
1373:Gary Hooper
1369:Frank Ponta
1307:Ross Sutton
1303:Frank Ponta
1255:Kevin Betts
1234:John Turich
1204:Ross Sutton
1199:Frank Ponta
1184:Gary Hooper
723:Discipline
494:Frank Ponta
436:1:29:9 mins
342:Ross Sutton
69:.paralympic
2374:Categories
2343:Yugoslavia
2054:0957713142
1969:31 October
1916:0958000107
1739:References
1679:See also:
1618:See also:
1506:See also:
1450:See also:
1402:See also:
1352:Athletics
1343:See also:
410: Gold
372: Gold
334: Gold
229:Background
2359:Australia
2231:Argentina
1721:, athlete
1411:Swimming
1261:Fred Ring
1152:Team List
772:Athletics
696:Athletics
668:2nd Place
616:Athletics
578:Athletics
540:Athletics
502:Athletics
244:, athlete
2215:Rhodesia
1727:See also
1286:Archery
992:Austria
835:Swimming
426:Swimming
388:Swimming
127:overview
41:IPC code
2352:Oceania
2298:Ireland
2283:Finland
2278:Belgium
2273:Austria
2257:Lebanon
2224:America
2151:Images
1096:Games.
1032:Norway
921:Bronze
918:Silver
753:Archery
706:11.34 m
588:11.34 m
474:469 pts
464:Archery
360:670 pts
350:Archery
323:Result
62:Website
2328:Sweden
2323:Norway
2303:Israel
2288:France
2266:Europe
2236:Canada
2208:Africa
2051:
2028:29 May
2002:29 May
1938:
1913:
1890:7 June
1806:29 May
1633:State
1521:State
1465:State
1416:State
1358:State
1292:State
1279:Events
932:Italy
924:Total
890:
872:Total
747:Total
550:66 pts
512:66 pts
320:Event
317:Sport
311:Medal
109:Bronze
103:Silver
91:Medals
2313:Malta
2308:Italy
2201:Italy
1666:Women
1630:Name
1605:Women
1518:Name
1493:Women
1462:Name
1435:Women
1387:Women
1355:Name
1327:Women
1289:Name
915:Gold
909:Rank
626:11.34
398:47sec
314:Name
115:Total
2250:Asia
2197:Rome
2049:ISBN
2030:2012
2004:2012
1971:2014
1936:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1892:2017
1808:2012
1673:N/A
1612:NIL
1595:VIC
1589:NSW
1580:VIC
1500:NIL
1484:VIC
1444:NSW
1429:NIL
1396:NSW
1380:NSW
1337:NSW
1320:QLD
1317:NSW
912:NPC
250:The
218:2024
213:2020
208:2016
203:2012
198:2008
193:2004
188:2000
183:1996
178:1992
173:1988
168:1984
163:1980
158:1976
153:1972
148:1968
143:1964
138:1960
97:Gold
83:Rome
71:.org
2195:in
1659:WA
1657:WA
1639:Men
1598:WA
1592:WA
1586:WA
1583:WA
1577:WA
1575:WA
1527:Men
1486:WA
1471:Men
1422:Men
1378:WA
1364:Men
1315:WA
1298:Men
1060:81
1052:17
1044:16
1024:25
1015:11
1004:30
1001:11
995:11
984:30
975:15
964:54
961:19
958:14
955:21
944:82
941:24
938:29
935:29
884:10
80:in
73:.au
67:www
51:NPC
45:AUS
2376::
2199:,
1979:^
1961:.
1950:^
1882:.
1871:^
1838:^
1816:^
1775:^
1746:^
1646:,
1478:,
1232:-
1227:-
1222:-
1217:-
1212:-
1207:-
1202:-
1197:-
1192:-
1187:-
1182:-
1177:-
1084:,
1041:4
1038:3
1035:9
1029:6
1021:7
1018:7
1009:5
998:8
989:4
981:9
978:6
969:3
949:2
929:1
881:1
878:6
875:3
867:1
864:0
861:1
858:0
848:2
845:0
842:0
839:2
827:0
824:0
821:0
818:0
804:0
801:0
798:0
795:0
785:5
782:1
779:4
776:0
766:2
763:0
760:1
757:1
651:,
259:.
118:10
2184:e
2177:t
2170:v
2057:.
2032:.
2006:.
1973:.
1944:.
1919:.
1894:.
1810:.
129:)
112:1
106:6
100:3
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
