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thousands of rounds in response to support calls, confused and desperate fighting raged throughout the evening. Eventually the increasing
Japanese numbers, poor siting of defensive positions, and lack of effective communications, allowed Japanese forces to exploit gaps in the Australian lines. By midnight the two 8th Division infantry brigades, the 22nd and 27th, were separated and isolated, and the 22nd had begun withdrawing towards Tengah. By 1:00 am, further Japanese troops – bringing the total to 13,000 – had begun landing and as the main Australian force was pushed back towards Tengah airfield, small groups of troops that had been bypassed by the Japanese fought to rejoin their units as they had withdrawn toward Tengah airfield. Around dawn on 9 February a further 10,000 Japanese troops landed, and as it became clear that the 22nd Brigade was being overrun and it was decided to form a secondary defensive line to the east of Tengah airfield and north of Jurong.
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within five miles of
Singapore urban centre, by 10 February capturing Bukit Timah. On 11 February, knowing that his own supplies were running low, Yamashita called on Percival to "give up this meaningless and desperate resistance". The next day the Allied lines attempted to stabilise along the Krangi–Jurong line on west side of the island, with an ad hoc battalion of Australian reinforcements being committed to hasty counterattack. This was eventually cancelled, but the battalion was not recalled, and it was later set upon by the Japanese 18th Division as the Japanese recommenced offensive actions. Meanwhile, the 27th Brigade attempted to retake Bukit Timah, but the attack was repulsed by stubborn defence from Japanese Imperial Guards troops.
978:, who established a strong position near Usua. Sparrow Force HQ moved further eastward and Leggatt's men launched a sustained and devastating assault on the paratroopers. By the morning of 23 February, the Allies had killed all but 78 of the Japanese forces in front of them, but had been engaged from the rear by the main Japanese force once again. With his soldiers running low on ammunition, exhausted and carrying 132 men with serious wounds, and without communications to Sparrow Force HQ Leggatt eventually acceded to a Japanese invitation to surrender. The 2/40th had suffered 84 killed in action. More than twice that number would die as prisoners of war during the next two-and-a-half years.
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On 30 January, a
Japanese fleet including two aircraft carriers and about 5,000 Japanese marines and soldiers reached Ambon. Although the Japanese ground forces were numerically not much bigger than the Allies, they had overwhelming superiority in air support, naval and field artillery, and tanks. In the belief that the terrain of the southern side of the island was too inhospitable for landings, the Allied troops were concentrated in the north. However, the initial Japanese landings were in the south, while other landings found the more lightly defended southern beaches. The Australians had been tasked with defending the Bay of Ambon, and the Laha and Liang airfields.
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steadied and persuaded to occupy a locality, soon afterwards vacated it without order." According to Smith, Bennett himself is reported to have told another
Australian commander, shortly before leaving his command, "I don't think the men want to fight." In contrast, historian Christopher Coulthard-Clark argues that the division was one of the only British Commonwealth forces to have any tactical success in Malaya, while Thompson points out that the division bore the brunt of the fighting on Singapore, arguing that despite making up only 14 percent of the Singapore garrison, the division suffered 73 percent of its casualties. Equally, the British commander of the
967:, the capital of Portuguese Timor, where the Allies were caught by surprise. Nevertheless, they were well-prepared and after inflicting heavy casualties on the troops attacking the airfield, the garrison destroyed the airfield and began an orderly retreat towards the mountainous interior and the south coast. On the same night, Allied forces in West Timor were under extremely intense air attacks, which had already caused the RAAF force to be withdrawn to Australia. Sparrow Force HQ was immediately moved further east, to its supply base at
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battle leaderless, impossible to control and engaging in various crimes. The division's role in the defence of
Singapore has also been criticised by some authors, such as Colin Smith and several others, as being defeatist and ill-disciplined. Although, others such as Peter Thompson and John Costello have argued that the 22nd Brigade was "so heavily outnumbered that defeat was inevitable", while both authors argue that tactical and strategic decisions made by Bennett and Percival, were more significant.
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The
Australians established a defensive perimeter to the north-west of the city centre around Tanglin Barracks, while preparations were made to mount a final stand. Meanwhile, civilian casualties mounted as civilians crowded into the area now held by the Allies and bombing and artillery attacks intensified. Civilian authorities began to fear that the water supply would soon give out. Japanese troops killed 200 staff and patients after they captured Alexandra Barracks Hospital.
277:, the formation was raised amidst an influx of fresh volunteers for overseas service following Allied reverses in Europe. Consisting of around 20,000 personnel, its principal elements were three infantry brigades, with various supporting elements including a machine gun battalion, an anti-tank regiment, a divisional cavalry regiment, and engineer, signals and other logistic support units. Each infantry brigade also had an artillery regiment assigned.
530:, as the Japanese advanced. On 26 January, the 2/18th Battalion launched an ambush around the Nithsdale and Joo Lye rubber plantations, which resulted in heavy Japanese casualties and briefly held up their advance allowing the 22nd Brigade time to withdraw south. Meanwhile, the remainder of the 27th Brigade waged a rearguard action around the Ayer Hitam trunk road, while the 22nd Brigade was sent back to guard the north end of the
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556:. These reinforcements were largely provided to the 2/19th and 2/29th Battalions which had suffered heavy casualties in Malaya, although most had not completed basic training and they were ill-prepared for the fighting to come. By 31 January, the last British Commonwealth forces had left Malaya, and engineers blew a hole 70 feet (21 m) wide in the causeway. The Allied commander,
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633:, commandeered a boat and managed to escape captivity. According to Frank Owen, his lack of inspired leadership was exemplified by one of his last orders: because of lack of ammunition he issued orders that Australian gunners were only to offer artillery support in their own sector. He did not inform Percival of this order.
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Ambon first came under attack from
Japanese aircraft on 6 January. Against the Japanese seaplane bombers, the limited Allied air defences held out, but on 24 January Japanese carrier-based Zeroes began appearing and eventually the remaining aircraft were withdrawn, having been completely out-classed.
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Analysis of the 8th
Division's performance in Malaya and Singapore has been mixed. According to Lindsay Murdoch, a classified wartime report blamed the Australians for the loss of Singapore, with reports that in the closing stages of the battle groups of Australian troops were seen heading away from
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that month, as part of plans to deploy to the islands to
Australia's north in the event of war with Japan; ill-prepared, poorly equipped and hastily deployed, they would ultimately be destroyed. The 27th Brigade joined the 22nd Brigade in Malaya, in August. The remainder of the 23rd Brigade was split
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colonial troops, with Dutch officers. Kapitz was appointed Allied commander on Ambon. Roach had visited the island before Gull Force's deployment and requested that more artillery and machine gun units be sent from
Australia. Roach complained about the lack of response to his suggestions, and he was
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On 13 February, Bennett and other senior Australian officers advised Percival to surrender, in the interests of minimising civilian casualties. Percival refused but unsuccessfully sought authority to surrender from his superiors. The following day the remaining British Commonwealth units battled on.
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The Australian Army had made no preparations for guerrilla warfare, and most soldiers surrendered during the following weeks. At least 130 Australians, taken prisoner at the Tol Plantation, were massacred on 4 February 1942. From mainland New Guinea, some civilians and individual officers organised
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By the morning of 15 February, the Japanese had broken through the last line of defence in the north and food and some kinds of ammunition had begun to run out. After meeting his unit commanders, Percival contacted the Japanese and formally surrendered the Allied forces to Yamashita, shortly after
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During the fighting in Malaya, Singapore, Ambon, Timor and Rabaul the 8th Division lost over 10,000 men, including 2,500 killed in action, with this figure representing two-thirds of all deaths sustained by the Australian Army in the Pacific. One of the division's infantry battalions, the 2/19th,
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Following the initial landing, the Allied troops had to move quickly to re-orientate towards the advancing Japanese troops, and in the process large gaps formed in the defensive perimeter. Within a day of the Japanese landing, the Dutch forces had been surrounded and were forced to surrender. The
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people—conducted guerrilla operations against the Japanese. Rabaul became the biggest Japanese base in New Guinea. Allied forces landed in December 1943, although substantial Japanese forces continued to operate on New Britain until Japan surrendered in August 1945. By the end of the Pacific War,
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The Australian battalions attempted several local counterattacks as they attempted to shore up their lines. One such attack, saw the Bren carriers of the 2/18th Battalion conduct a mobile ambush. Nevertheless, the British Commonwealth forces steadily lost more ground, with Japanese penetrating to
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swamps and forest. The 22nd Brigade was assigned a daunting 10-mile (16 km) wide sector in the west of the island amidst a tangle of islets and mangrove swamps, and the 27th Brigade a 4,000-yard (3,700 m) zone in the north-west, near the causeway. From vantage points across the straits,
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late in 1942. Three-quarters of the Australians captured on Ambon died before the war's end. Of the 582 who remained on Ambon 405 died. They died of overwork, malnutrition, disease and one of the most brutal regimes among camps in which bashings were routine." A total of 52 members of Gull Force
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began to land. Some faced fierce resistance, but because of the balance of forces, many landed unopposed. Amidst the onslaught, fighting took place around Simpson Harbour, Keravia Bay and Raluana Point, while a company of troops from the 2/22nd and NGVR fought to hold the Japanese around Vulcan
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At 8.30 pm on 8 February, Australian machine gunners opened fire on vessels carrying a first wave of 16 infantry battalions, totalling around 4,000 Japanese troops, towards Singapore Island, concentrating on the positions occupied by the 3,000-strong 22nd Brigade. While the artillery fired
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unofficial rescue missions and—between March and May—about 450 troops and civilians who had managed to evade the Japanese, were evacuated by sea. At least 800 soldiers and civilian prisoners of war lost their lives on 1 July 1942, when the ship on which they were sent from Rabaul to Japan, the
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According to Smith, Bennett described his own troops as "wobbly" and Brigadier Harold Taylor, commander of the 22nd Brigade, told his men they were a "disgrace to Australia and the AIF." Colonel Kappe, Bennett's Chief Signals Officer, related that "one party of 50 under an officer, after being
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made a botched landing in the northwest, suffering severe casualties from drowning and burning oil in the water, as well as Australian mortars and machine guns. In spite of the 27th Brigade's success, as a result of a misunderstanding between Brigadier Duncan Maxwell and Bennett, they began to
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states that, "the Laha massacre was the largest of the atrocities committed against captured Allied troops in 1942." Of Australian prisoners of war on Ambon, Stanley provides the following description of their captivity: "they suffered an ordeal and a death rate second only to the horrors of
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Veale and the Sparrow Force HQ force—including some members of the 2/40th and about 200 Dutch East Indies troops—continued eastward across the border, and eventually joined the 2/2 Independent Company. The 2/40th effectively ceased to exist, its survivors being absorbed into the 2/2nd and
499:. The 2/30th Battalion had some early success at the Gemencheh River Bridge, carrying out a large-scale ambush which destroyed a Japanese battalion. Following this, the Japanese attempted a flanking towards Muar. The 2/29th and the 2/19th Battalions were detached as reinforcements for the
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and his staff gained an excellent knowledge of the Allied positions. From 3 February, the Australian positions were shelled by Japanese artillery. Shelling and air attacks intensified over the next five days, destroying communications between Allied units and their commanders.
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on 2 February 1941 to undertake garrison duties there following a British request for more troops. This was initially a temporary move, with plans for the brigade to rejoin the division, which would then be transferred to the Middle East. Meanwhile, the 23rd Brigade moved to
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aircraft. The 8th Division's 1,100-strong Gull Force, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Roach, commanding officer of the 2/21st Battalion, arrived on 17 December. In addition to the 2/21st Battalion, it included 8th Division artillery and support units. The existing
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The 2/22nd Battalion—composed of 716 men—made up the majority of the combat personnel in the Lark Force, the name given to the 1,400-strong garrison concentrated in Rabaul, New Britain, from March 1941. Lark Force also included personnel from the
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Following the loss of its original infantry battalions, the headquarters unit of the 23rd Brigade, which had not deployed with the infantry battalions, was used to re-form a new brigade. Three Militia battalions were assigned, the
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at Singapore, an absolute majority of all Australian prisoners of the Japanese in World War II. Due to Japanese mistreatment and neglect, many died in the prisoner of war camps, and around 2,400 Australian prisoners died in the
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withdraw from Kranji in the north. That same day, communication problems and misunderstandings, led to the withdrawal of two Indian brigades, and loss of the crucial Kranji–Jurong ridge through the western side of the island.
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736:, ordered the Australian soldiers and civilians to split into small groups and retreat through the jungle. Only the RAAF had made evacuation plans and its personnel were removed by flying boats and a single Hudson bomber.
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Beach. Nevertheless, the Japanese were able to bypass most of the resistance and move inland, and after a short fight, Lakunai airfield had been captured by the Japanese force. Following this, the Lark Force commander,
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singled out the Australian 2/29th as fighting with "great coolness" and worthy of entering battle with them, while Masanobu Tsuji wrote that in Malaya the Australians "fought with a bravery…not previously seen".
912:. As the government of Portugal declined to cooperate with the Allies, a force composed of the 2/2nd Independent Company and Dutch forces occupied Portuguese Timor, without any resistance being offered by the
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Australians of Gull Force withdrew westwards, and held out until 3 February, when Scott surrendered. While small parties were able to escape to Australia, the majority – almost 800 men – were taken prisoner.
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principal historian, Dr. Peter Stanley, several hundred Australians surrendered at Laha Airstrip. At intervals for a fortnight after the surrender, more than 300 prisoners taken at Laha were executed. The
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The island of Ambon, in the Dutch East Indies, was perceived to be under threat from Japan because of its potential as a major air base. However, by mid-December 1941, only two flights of RAAF
373:. In October 1941, the 23rd Brigade officially taken off the division's order of battle, to simplify command arrangements, which had been strained by the splitting of the division's brigades.
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anchorage, which were important in the surveillance of Japanese movements in the region. A 130-strong detachment from the 2/1st Independent Company was detached to the nearby island of
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After a journey lasting several weeks, traversing the Strait of Malacca, Sumatra and then Java, following his escape from Malaya, Bennett arrived in Melbourne on 2 March 1942. The
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316:) in the less populous states of Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. In September 1940, a reorganisation of the 2nd AIF resulted in the 24th Brigade being sent to
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Australian soldiers (right centre) retreating from Rabaul cross the Warangoi/Adler River in the Bainings Mountains, on the eastern side of Gazelle Peninsula, late January 1942.
923:, who was to be the senior Allied officer on Timor. By this time many of the Australians, unused to tropical conditions, were suffering from malaria and other illnesses.
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The 8th Division began forming in July 1940, with its headquarters being established at Victoria Barracks, in Sydney. The division's first commander was Major General
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In January 1942, Lark Force came under heavy attack by Japanese aircraft, which neutralised coastal artillery. In the early hours of 23 January 1942, 5,000 Japanese
507:. By 22 January, a mixed force from the two battalions, with some Indian troops, had been isolated and forced to fight their way south to Yong Peng. Members of the
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645:. A small number were able to escape POW camps and continue fighting either by making their way back to Australia, or as members of guerrilla units (for example
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563:, gave Major General Gordon Bennett's 8th Division the task of defending the prime invasion points on the north side of the island, in a terrain dominated by
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As Allied forces in Malaya retreated towards Singapore, a 2,000-strong detachment of 8th Division reinforcements arrived in Singapore, including the
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5:15–pm. Bennett created an enduring controversy when he handed over the 8th Division to the divisional artillery commander, Brigadier
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1038:, after garrison duty in Darwin and training in northern Queensland, the 23rd Brigade saw action in 1944–1945 against the Japanese on
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subsequently took part in the guerrilla campaign that was waged on Timor in the following months, before being evacuated in December 1942.
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3198:. Hawthorndene, South Australia: Investigator Press for the Royal Australian Artillery Association of South Australia. pp. 112–128.
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battery, an anti-tank battery and a detachment of the 2/10th Field Ambulance. The island, part of the Australian territory of
332:), which was the last 2nd AIF brigade to be formed. The division's cavalry regiment was also transferred to the 9th Division.
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lost more men killed in action than any other 2nd AIF unit. Additionally, of those captured, one in three died in captivity.
1046:, which had remained in Darwin when the 23rd Brigade deployed, continued to serve until 1946, albeit attached to the 9th and
1006:, publicly exonerated him. However, the Australian high command effectively sidelined Bennett by appointing him commander of
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Galleghan's Greyhounds: The Story of the 2/30th Australian Infantry Battalion, 22nd November, 1940 – 10th October, 1945
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fighters based in Darwin, intensified during February. Air attacks forced an Allied convoy—escorted by the destroyers
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loomed in 1941, the division was divided into four separate forces, which were deployed in different parts of the
228:, the intention had been to deploy the division to the Middle East to join the other Australian divisions, but as
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Timor came under attack from Japanese aircraft on 26 January. The bombing, hampered by AA guns and a squadron of
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869:, Australia would provide forces to reinforce West Timor. Consequently, a 1,400-strong detachment, known as the
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part of the Dutch East Indies. The Australian and Dutch governments agreed that, in the event of Japan entering
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3489:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. IV. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
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1014:, but he never commanded troops in battle again. His actions in escaping would later also be subject to a
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448:, off Malaya on 10 December 1941, neutralised Allied naval superiority, allowing the Japanese to perform
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region. All of these formations were destroyed as fighting forces by the end of February 1942 during the
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Darkest Hour: The True Story of Lark Force at Rabaul—Australia's Worst Military Disaster of World War II
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Ambon War Cemetery currently holds the graves of 1,956 servicemen, mostly Australian, Dutch and British.
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Doomed Battalion: Mateship and Leadership in War and Captivity. The Australian 2/40 Battalion, 1940–45
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The 2/40th's line of retreat towards Champlong had been cut off by the dropping of about 500 Japanese
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892:. Sparrow Force joined about 650 Dutch East Indies and Portuguese troops and was supported by the 12
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forced the British and Indian units, who had very few tanks and remained vulnerable to isolation and
1042:. Ostensibly the 8th Division ceased to exist in 1942; however, one of its artillery regiments, the
3121:. Australian Army Campaigns Series – 5. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Army History Unit.
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Troops from the 2/40th march through Brighton, Tasmania, in 1940 prior to their deployment to Timor
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A handful of Lark Force members remained at large on New Britain and—often in conjunction with
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or officials. Additional Australian support staff arrived at Kupang on 12 February, including
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3266:. Series 1 – Army. Vol. VII (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War. pp. 241–270.
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2/10th Australian Field Ambulance including Australian Army Service Corps transport elements
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managed to escape from Ambon. Of those captured from Gull Force, only 300 survived the war.
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256:, waiting until the war ended in late 1945 to be liberated. One in three died in captivity.
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Brooks, Brenton (December 2013). "The Carnival of Blood in Australian Mandated Territory".
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palace, as well as aerial reconnaissance and infiltrators, the Japanese commander, General
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on the Malayan coast with much less resistance. Japanese forces met stiff resistance from
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Singapore 1941–1942: The Japanese Version of the Malayan Campaign of World War II
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963:'s 228th Regimental Group, began landing in Portuguese Timor. The first contact was at
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On 14 January 1942, parts of the division went into action for the first time south of
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Kingswell, S.G (1986). "2/14th Australian Field Regiment AIF". In Brook, David (ed.).
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The Battle for Singapore: The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II
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Pounding Along to Singapore: A Story of the 2/20 Battalion AIF and 'D" Force POW
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On the east coast, the 22nd Brigade fought a series of delaying actions around
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Morgan, Joseph (September 2013). "A Burning Legacy: The Broken 8th Division".
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2436:"Speech: "The Defence of the 'Malay barrier': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942""
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In 1941, the island of Timor was divided into two territories under different
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Laha airfield, as shown in December 1945, where the 2/21st had fought in 1942
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garrison, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Kapitz, consisted of 2,800
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While it had initially been planned for the 8th Division to deploy to the
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The 27th Brigade had not yet faced an attack. However, the next day, the
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in April 1941. The 2/22nd Battalion was detached from it and deployed to
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Pacific Fury: How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge
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was important because of its proximity to the Japanese territory of the
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908:. The Allied forces were concentrated around the strategic airfield of
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3575:. Melbourne, Victoria: 2/22nd Battalion A.I.F Lark Force Association.
3018:. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: 2/18th Battalion, AIF Association.
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Members of 'C' Company, 2/30th Battalion disembark at Singapore, from
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Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971
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3348:. Vol. 15. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 257.
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2/4th Field Park Company, RAE, WA – to 9th Division, 1940–1941
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Ceased to exist in 1942 after majority of division were captured as
3308:(2nd ed.). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia.
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Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles
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3056:(1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
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artillery battalion and the remainder of the British AA battery.
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The fall of Singapore, 15 February 1942, Australian War Memorial
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834:, first on Ambon and then after many were sent to the island of
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Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II
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304:. These were raised in separate locations: the 22nd (Brigadier
3670:. Sydney, New South Wales: 2/19 Battalion A.I.F. Association.
3238:. Vol. 13. Melbourne University Press. pp. 165–167.
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replaced by Lieutenant Colonel John Scott on 13 January 1942.
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The three infantry brigades assigned to the division were the
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The Bridge at Parit Sulong – An Investigation of Mass Murder
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A History of the 2/29 Battalion, 8th Australian Division AIF
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2/10th Field Company, Royal Australian Engineers (RAE), Vic.
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Island. The main tasks of Lark Force were protection of the
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Roundshot to Rapier: Artillery in South Australia 1840–1984
900:, Royal Australian Air Force, and a troop from the British
3689:. Sydney, New South Wales: 2/30th Bn. A.I.F. Association.
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Gull Force: Survival and Leadership in Captivity 1941–1945
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Against All Odds: The History of the 2/18th Battalion, AIF
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As war broke out in the Pacific Japanese forces based in
273:. The third division raised as part of the all-volunteer
3546:
The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42
3387:
Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II
3370:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
880:
The force was initially commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
765:
more than 600 members of the 2/22nd Battalion had died.
519:, acting commander of the 2/19th, was later awarded the
3368:
Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War
2205:
2203:
1957:
1955:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1086:
The following units were assigned to the 8th Division:
2980:(4). Military Historical Society of Australia: 20–31.
1198:
2/9th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery (RAA)
361:
into another two detachments: the 2/40th Battalion to
3685:
Penfold, A.W.; Bayliss, W.C.; Crispin, K.E. (1979) .
3613:. Malvern, Victoria: 2/29 Battalion AIF Association.
3287:(3). Military Historical Society of Australia: 4–14.
3215:
The Gordon Bennett Story: From Gallipoli to Singapore
2655:"Speech: "The Battles on Timor, 20–23 February 1942""
1378:
1376:
1374:
3928:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1942
513:
massacred about 135 Allied prisoners at Parit Sulong
3852:
3789:
3651:. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
3465:. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
3077:
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History
2321:
2319:
1062:The following officers commanded the 8th Division:
636:In the aftermath, almost 15,000 Australians became
182:
177:
165:
160:
123:
113:
105:
95:
85:
75:
63:
55:
34:
3528:. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
3217:. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson.
2957:. Men at Arms. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1309:2/2nd Australian Mobile Bacteriological Laboratory
873:, and centred on the 2/40th Battalion, arrived at
783:were deployed there, along with assorted obsolete
620:to negotiate the capitulation of Allied forces in
312:) in Victoria and Tasmania and the 24th (Brigader
3918:Military units and formations established in 1940
3463:Against the Sun: The AIF in Malaya, 1941–42
3234:. In Ritchie, John; Cunneen, Christopher (eds.).
3708:. Sydney, New South Wales: The Watermark Press.
503:, which was in danger of being overrun near the
3509:. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books Australia.
2640:
2465:
2418:
2406:
2146:
2057:
50:(HMT FF), part of Convoy US11B, 15 August 1941.
27:Former infantry division of the Australian Army
3632:. Brisbane, Queensland: Copyright Publishing.
3594:. Sydney, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
1565:
1481:
1454:
1442:
1394:
1365:
3767:
2999:(eBook ed.). Stroud: The History Press.
2818:"7th Battalion (North West Murray Borderers)"
2520:. Department of Defence. 2002. Archived from
1973:
515:, following the fighting. Lieutenant-Colonel
343:loomed, the 22nd Brigade was sent instead to
324:. It was replaced in the 8th Division by the
8:
3344:. In Ritchie, John; Langmore, Diane (eds.).
2679:
2575:
2504:
2492:
3304:; Farell, Brian; Shun, Chiang Ming (2011).
2840:"8th Battalion (City of Ballarat Regiment)"
2553:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
616:, led by a Japanese officer, walks under a
3774:
3760:
3752:
3668:The Grim Glory of the 2/19 Battalion A.I.F
2429:
2427:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1306:2/4th Australian Casualty Clearing Station
538:to Singapore, as Allied forces retreated.
523:for his actions in leading the break out.
3783:Australian Army Divisions in World War II
2860:
2657:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from
2598:
2596:
2438:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from
2184:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from
1340:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command
1092:(with state of origin, where applicable)
971:, and soon lost contact with the 2/40th.
584:The Japanese landings on Singapore Island
308:) in New South Wales, the 23rd (Brigader
3913:Military of Singapore under British rule
3159:. North Ryde, New South Wales: Methuen.
2541:
2539:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1844:
1808:
1784:
1736:
1724:
1688:
1676:
1649:
1625:
1613:
1493:
1469:
959:During the night of 19/20 February, the
3742:Australian 8th Division Vehicle Marking
2937:
2902:Second World War, 1939–1945 units
2628:
2587:
2480:
2394:
2310:
2245:
2221:
2105:
2093:
1985:
1856:
1832:
1820:
1760:
1748:
1712:
1700:
1637:
1505:
1406:
1355:
3446:. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
3181:. Melbourne: Grayflower Publications.
3079:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
2955:The British Army 1939–45: The Far East
2925:
2233:
2209:
2158:
2116:
2114:
1919:
1907:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1430:
1418:
1382:
1050:during their campaigns in New Guinea.
252:. Most members of the division became
31:
3140:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press.
3075:; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995).
2884:
2717:
2359:, Chapter 15: Indies Stepping Stones.
2356:
2257:
2081:
2069:
2045:
2033:
1961:
1932:Murdoch, Lindsay (15 February 2012).
1661:
365:, while the 2/21st Battalion went to
7:
2773:from the original on 17 January 2010
2753:
2741:
2729:
2699:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2269:
1868:
1796:
1772:
1332:Military history of Australia portal
480:, back along the west coast towards
3427:. North Sydney: William Heinemann.
3232:"Bennett, Henry Gordon (1887–1962)"
2872:
2767:"Second World War, 1939–1945 Units"
288:in central Sydney in September 1940
284:The 2/19th Battalion marching down
3549:(eBook ed.). Oxford: Osprey.
3346:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3342:"McLaren, Robert Kerr (1902–1956)"
3236:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3098:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
1934:"The Day the Empire Died of Shame"
1297:2/13th Australian General Hospital
1294:2/10th Australian General Hospital
884:. It also included the Australian
794:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
746:, was sunk off the north coast of
25:
3908:Australian World War II divisions
3264:Australia in the War of 1939–1945
3096:Singapore: The Pregnable Fortress
2608:Second World War, 1939–1945 units
2287:Second World War, 1939–1945 units
2126:Second World War, 1939–1945 units
659:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
432:loss of two British capital ships
3923:1940 establishments in Australia
2793:"23 Australian Infantry Brigade"
1324:
1300:2/9th Australian Field Ambulance
906:79th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery
681:, a coastal defence battery, an
275:Second Australian Imperial Force
222:Second Australian Imperial Force
188:
118:Second Australian Imperial Force
40:
3903:Infantry divisions of Australia
3704:Silver, Lynette Ramsay (2004).
3052:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998).
2887:, Commonwealth Order of Battle.
2518:"A Short History of East Timor"
3571:Aplin, Douglas Arthur (1980).
3037:. New York: Harper Perennial.
2333:. 2/21st Battalion Association
1278:2/12th Field Company, RAE, NSW
1275:2/11th Field Company, RAE, Qld
484:and on the east coast towards
460:and British units in northern
320:, where it became part of the
1:
1281:2/6th Field Park Company, RAE
1235:2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment, RAA
1229:2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, RAA
464:, but Japan's superiority in
402:in 1945, where troops of the
220:as part of the all-volunteer
3747:Unit Colour Patches May 1941
3609:Christie, Robert W. (1983).
501:45th Indian Infantry Brigade
2996:Battle Story Singapore 1942
2769:. Australian War Memorial.
2376:. Commonwealth of Australia
1247:2/4th Machine-Gun Battalion
679:New Guinea Volunteer Rifles
554:2/4th Machine Gun Battalion
3949:
3408:. London: Portrait Books.
3179:South West Pacific 1941–45
3157:The Fall of Singapore 1942
1566:Farrell & Pratten 2009
1482:Farrell & Pratten 2009
1455:Farrell & Pratten 2009
1443:Farrell & Pratten 2009
1409:, pp. 28–29 & 86.
1395:Farrell & Pratten 2009
1366:Farrell & Pratten 2009
1224:2/15th Field Regiment, RAA
1219:2/14th Field Regiment, RAA
1213:2/11th Field Regiment, RAA
1208:2/10th Field Regiment, RAA
1169:– from 9th Division, 1941
846:
772:
703:Royal Australian Air Force
669:
545:
380:
3854:Australian Imperial Force
3526:The Brotherhood of Airmen
3389:. London: Penguin Books.
3035:The Pacific War 1941–1945
2904:. Australian War Memorial
2842:. Australian War Memorial
2820:. Australian War Memorial
2610:. Australian War Memorial
2551:Australia's War 1939–1945
2374:Australia's War 1939–1945
2289:. Australian War Memorial
2128:. Australian War Memorial
2122:"1st Independent Company"
1938:The Sydney Morning Herald
1884:. Australian War Memorial
1496:, pp. 196 & 233.
1000:Australian Prime Minister
890:2/2nd Independent Company
849:Battle of Timor (1942–43)
532:Johore–Singapore Causeway
80:Commonwealth of Australia
39:
3628:Gaden, Caroline (2012).
3442:Tsuji, Masanobu (1988).
3423:Thompson, Peter (2008).
3404:Thompson, Peter (2005).
3033:Costello, John (2009) .
2953:Brayley, Martin (2002).
1433:, pp. 5–6 & 12.
1345:British Far East Command
1249:, Western Australia (WA)
509:Imperial Japanese Guards
430:and invaded Malaya. The
339:, as the possibility of
48:Johan Van Oldenbarnevelt
3647:Henning, Peter (1995).
3590:Beaumont, Joan (1988).
3094:Elphick, Peter (1995).
3014:Burfitt, James (1991).
2940:, pp. 60, 84, 362.
2898:"2/11th Field Regiment"
1253:2/4th Pioneer Battalion
1231:– to 9th Division, 1940
1215:– to 7th Division, 1940
827:government of Australia
822:Australian War Memorial
672:Battle of Rabaul (1942)
594:Japanese Imperial Guard
18:Australian 8th Division
3735:20 August 2008 at the
3524:Wilson, David (2005).
3155:Hall, Timothy (1983).
3136:Gamble, Bruce (2006).
2797:www.ordersofbattle.com
2176:Moremon, John (2003).
1262:9th Divisional Cavalry
1260:– to 9th Division, as
1258:8th Divisional Cavalry
995:
961:Imperial Japanese Army
931:
809:
789:Royal Netherlands Navy
721:
643:Sandakan Death Marches
625:
624:, on 15 February 1942.
585:
415:
289:
238:fighting for Singapore
3882:1st Armoured Division
3844:3rd Armoured Division
3839:2nd Armoured Division
3666:Newton, R.W. (1975).
3385:Smith, Colin (2006).
3340:Powell, Alan (2000).
3323:The Fall of Singapore
3300:Murfett, Malcolm H.;
3230:Lodge, A. B. (1993).
2993:Brown, Chris (2012).
993:
929:
877:on 12 December 1941.
807:
719:
611:
583:
408:Japanese 5th Division
398:
283:
3543:Yenne, Bill (2014).
3321:Owen, Frank (2001).
3213:Legg, Frank (1965).
2693:"Ambon War Cemetery"
2661:on 23 September 2007
2641:Coulthard-Clark 1998
2466:Coulthard-Clark 1998
2419:Coulthard-Clark 1998
2407:Coulthard-Clark 1998
2147:Coulthard-Clark 1998
2058:Coulthard-Clark 1998
1034:. Reassigned to the
986:Postscript 1942–1945
750:by the US submarine
705:(RAAF) airfield and
693:, including a major
3486:The Japanese Thrust
3461:Uhr, Janet (1998).
3325:. London: Penguin.
3259:The Final Campaigns
2863:, pp. 112–128.
2756:, pp. 271–277.
2732:, pp. 255–264.
2720:, pp. 165–167.
2643:, pp. 207–208.
2495:, pp. 585–586.
2421:, pp. 201–202.
2327:"Battalion History"
2260:, pp. 408–412.
2236:, pp. 117–118.
2096:, pp. 394–395.
2000:, pp. 297–298.
1882:"Sandakan memorial"
1859:, pp. 381–382.
1847:, pp. 333–334.
1811:, pp. 329–330.
1763:, pp. 335–336.
1739:, pp. 310–311.
1664:, pp. 162–172.
1640:, pp. 308–310.
1616:, pp. 270–271.
1193:Artillery regiments
612:Lieutenant General
548:Battle of Singapore
450:amphibious assaults
414:on 14 January 1942.
2604:"2/40th Battalion"
2442:on 11 October 2008
2283:"2/22nd Battalion"
2161:, pp. 95–104.
1974:Murfett et al 2011
1268:Engineer companies
1175:, Queensland (Qld)
1012:lieutenant general
996:
936:US Army Air Forces
932:
810:
731:Lieutenant Colonel
722:
626:
586:
574:Tomoyuki Yamashita
570:Sultan of Johore's
558:Lieutenant-General
536:Malayan Peninisula
416:
290:
286:Castlereagh Street
109:~ 20,000 all ranks
3890:
3889:
3658:978-1-86373-763-0
3639:978-1-87634-484-9
3620:978-0-9592465-0-6
3601:978-0-04302-008-1
3582:978-1-875150-02-1
3556:978-1-78200-982-5
3472:978-1-86448-540-0
3453:978-0-19588-891-1
3396:978-0-14-101036-6
3377:978-0-521-76345-5
3355:978-0-522-84459-7
3128:978-0-9805674-4-1
3044:978-0-68-801620-3
3025:978-0-646-06462-8
3006:978-0-75248-132-6
2680:Dennis et al 1995
2576:Dennis et al 1995
2524:on 3 January 2006
2505:Dennis et al 1995
2493:Dennis et al 1995
1751:, pp. 73–74.
1592:, pp. 11–12.
1556:, pp. 10–11.
1457:, pp. 85–86.
896:light bombers of
534:which linked the
371:Dutch East Indies
196:
195:
184:Unit colour patch
16:(Redirected from
3940:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3753:
3719:
3700:
3696:978-090913-302-3
3681:
3662:
3643:
3624:
3605:
3586:
3560:
3539:
3520:
3498:
3476:
3457:
3438:
3419:
3400:
3381:
3359:
3336:
3317:
3296:
3275:
3249:
3226:
3209:
3190:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3113:Farrell, Brian;
3109:
3090:
3067:
3048:
3029:
3010:
2989:
2968:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2914:
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2751:
2745:
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2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2697:Cemetery Details
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
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2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2434:Stanley, Peter.
2431:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2360:
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2231:
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2219:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:on 18 March 2008
2182:Campaign history
2173:
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2118:
2109:
2103:
2097:
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2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1894:
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1878:
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1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1185:2/30th Battalion
1179:2/29th Battalion
1173:2/26th Battalion
1145:2/40th Battalion
1139:2/22nd Battalion
1129:2/21st Battalion
1117:2/20th Battalion
1112:2/19th Battalion
1107:2/18th Battalion
1016:royal commission
859:Portuguese Timor
691:Caroline Islands
638:prisoners of war
517:Charles Anderson
474:infantry tactics
426:quickly overran
404:2/30th Battalion
400:Gemencheh Bridge
383:Battle of Malaya
254:prisoners of war
216:, formed during
192:
69:prisoners of war
44:
32:
21:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3848:
3785:
3780:
3737:Wayback Machine
3726:
3716:
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3570:
3567:
3565:Further reading
3557:
3542:
3536:
3523:
3517:
3503:Wilmot, Chester
3501:
3481:Wigmore, Lionel
3479:
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3093:
3087:
3071:Dennis, Peter;
3070:
3064:
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3026:
3013:
3007:
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2611:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2557:on 27 July 2008
2547:"Fall of Timor"
2545:
2544:
2537:
2527:
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2433:
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2425:
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2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2370:"Fall of Ambon"
2368:
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2355:
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1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
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1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:, pp. 7–8.
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1461:
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1393:
1389:
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1323:
1320:
1101:New South Wales
1084:
1060:
1032:27th Battalions
988:
914:Portuguese Army
902:Royal Artillery
894:Lockheed Hudson
882:William Leggatt
851:
845:
777:
775:Battle of Ambon
771:
743:Montevideo Maru
674:
668:
631:Cecil Callaghan
614:Arthur Percival
561:Arthur Percival
550:
544:
495:, at Gemas and
445:Prince of Wales
412:Battle of Gemas
406:, ambushed the
393:
387:Battle of Gemas
381:Main articles:
379:
267:
262:
214:Australian Army
199:
167:
90:Australian Army
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3779:
3778:
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3750:
3749:
3744:
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3725:
3724:External links
3722:
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2915:
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2875:, p. xii.
2865:
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2853:
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2784:
2758:
2746:
2744:, p. 264.
2734:
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2684:
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2672:
2653:Manera, Brad.
2645:
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2580:
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2262:
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2238:
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2214:
2199:
2178:"Rabaul, 1942"
2163:
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2139:
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2038:
2036:, p. 473.
2026:
2024:, p. 198.
2014:
2012:, p. 237.
2002:
1990:
1988:, p. 352.
1978:
1976:, p. 350.
1966:
1964:, p. 470.
1951:
1924:
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1912:
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1075:Gordon Bennett
1073:Major General
1071:
1068:Vernon Sturdee
1066:Major General
1059:
1056:
987:
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898:No. 2 Squadron
847:Main article:
844:
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773:Main article:
770:
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670:Main article:
667:
664:
568:including the
546:Main article:
543:
540:
521:Victoria Cross
391:Battle of Muar
378:
375:
341:war with Japan
330:Duncan Maxwell
271:Vernon Sturdee
266:
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230:war with Japan
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3829:11th Division
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3101:
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3082:
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3073:Grey, Jeffrey
3069:
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2212:, p. 22.
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2027:
2023:
2022:Costello 2009
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:Thompson 2008
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:Thompson 2005
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1910:, p. 13.
1909:
1904:
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1900:
1896:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
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1853:
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1846:
1845:Thompson 2005
1841:
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1822:
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1814:
1810:
1809:Thompson 2005
1805:
1802:
1798:
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1785:Thompson 2005
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
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1762:
1757:
1754:
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1742:
1738:
1737:Thompson 2005
1733:
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1725:Thompson 2005
1721:
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1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
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1689:Thompson 2005
1685:
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1677:Thompson 2005
1673:
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1655:
1651:
1650:Thompson 2008
1646:
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1626:Thompson 2008
1622:
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1614:Thompson 2005
1610:
1607:
1604:, p. 12.
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
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1580:, p. 11.
1579:
1574:
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1550:
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1543:
1538:
1535:
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1514:
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1508:, p. 15.
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:Thompson 2008
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:Thompson 2005
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:, p. 83.
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:, p. 77.
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1368:, p. 74.
1367:
1362:
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1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:5th Divisions
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:12th Division
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
992:
985:
983:
979:
977:
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966:
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944:
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928:
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922:
921:William Veale
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
871:Sparrow Force
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
842:
840:
837:
833:
828:
823:
820:According to
818:
814:
806:
802:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
781:light bombers
776:
768:
766:
763:
758:
756:
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749:
745:
744:
737:
735:
732:
727:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Japanese Navy
692:
688:
684:
683:anti-aircraft
680:
673:
665:
663:
660:
654:
650:
648:
644:
639:
634:
632:
623:
619:
618:flag of truce
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
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582:
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566:
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541:
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306:Harold Taylor
303:
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264:
259:
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198:Military unit
191:
187:
185:
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176:
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159:
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78:
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66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3877:9th Division
3872:8th Division
3871:
3867:7th Division
3862:6th Division
3819:5th Division
3814:4th Division
3809:3rd Division
3804:2nd Division
3799:1st Division
3705:
3686:
3667:
3648:
3629:
3610:
3591:
3572:
3545:
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2938:Wigmore 1957
2933:
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2629:Wigmore 1957
2624:
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2588:Wigmore 1957
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2571:
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2481:Wigmore 1957
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2330:
2311:Pratten 2009
2291:. Retrieved
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2106:Wigmore 1957
2101:
2094:Wigmore 1957
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2017:
2005:
1993:
1986:Elphick 1995
1981:
1969:
1937:
1927:
1915:
1886:. Retrieved
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1513:
1506:Brayley 2002
1501:
1489:
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1426:
1421:, p. 6.
1414:
1407:Wigmore 1957
1402:
1390:
1385:, p. 4.
1289:
1267:
1241:
1202:7th Division
1192:
1167:27th Brigade
1161:9th Division
1157:24th Brigade
1124:23rd Brigade
1097:22nd Brigade
1089:
1088:
1085:
1061:
1052:
1040:Bougainville
1020:
997:
980:
976:paratroopers
973:
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933:
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867:World War II
852:
819:
815:
811:
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753:
741:
738:
734:John Scanlan
723:
675:
655:
651:
647:Jock McLaren
635:
627:
603:
599:
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587:
551:
525:
493:Kuala Lumpur
490:
478:encirclement
444:
437:
422:-controlled
420:Vichy French
417:
334:
326:27th Brigade
322:9th Division
318:North Africa
291:
268:
234:Asia-Pacific
218:World War II
203:8th Division
202:
200:
128:World War II
114:Part of
47:
35:8th Division
29:
3573:Rabaul 1942
3507:Tobruk 1941
3254:Long, Gavin
3119:Malaya 1942
2926:Wilmot 1993
2846:14 February
2824:14 February
2777:14 February
2234:Wilson 2005
2210:Brooks 2013
2159:Gamble 2006
1920:Powell 2000
1908:Morgan 2013
1602:Morgan 2013
1590:Morgan 2013
1578:Morgan 2013
1554:Morgan 2013
1542:Morgan 2013
1530:Morgan 2013
1518:Morgan 2013
1431:Morgan 2013
1419:Morgan 2013
1383:Morgan 2013
1264:, May 1941.
1242:Other units
1204:, 1940–1941
1077:(1940–1942)
1004:John Curtin
711:New Ireland
707:flying boat
458:Indian Army
410:during the
358:New Britain
337:Middle East
328:(Brigadier
310:Edmund Lind
124:Engagements
3897:Categories
3677:090913300X
3281:Sabretache
2974:Sabretache
2947:References
2885:Brown 2012
2802:2 December
2718:Lodge 1993
2703:31 January
2614:13 January
2380:13 January
2357:Yenne 2014
2337:12 January
2331:Gull Force
2293:13 January
2258:Keogh 1965
2192:2 November
2082:Tsuji 1988
2070:Smith 2006
2046:Smith 2006
2034:Smith 2006
1962:Smith 2006
1888:13 January
1662:Smith 2006
1058:Commanders
863:West Timor
798:Indonesian
762:indigenous
687:New Guinea
505:Muar River
314:Eric Plant
168:commanders
161:Commanders
3505:(1993) .
3314:847617007
3293:0048-8933
2986:0048-8933
2754:Legg 1965
2742:Legg 1965
2730:Legg 1965
2561:18 August
2528:3 January
2270:Long 1963
1946:0312-6315
1869:Owen 2001
1797:Hall 1983
1773:Hall 1983
1082:Structure
1008:III Corps
969:Champlong
918:Brigadier
886:commandos
622:Singapore
542:Singapore
511:Division
466:air power
454:III Corps
424:Indochina
265:Formation
240:, and in
138:Singapore
64:Disbanded
59:1940–1942
3733:Archived
3483:(1957).
3366:(2009).
3256:(1963).
3177:(1965).
3117:(2009).
2873:Uhr 1998
2771:Archived
2132:20 April
1318:See also
1151:, (Tas.)
1149:Tasmania
1135:, (Vic.)
1133:Victoria
1103:, (NSW)
857:powers:
855:colonial
832:Sandakan
754:Sturgeon
697:base on
565:mangrove
428:Thailand
226:brigades
210:division
207:infantry
178:Insignia
100:Infantry
3791:Militia
3495:3134219
3272:1297619
3223:3193299
3187:7185705
2908:29 June
2665:9 April
2446:9 April
1290:Medical
954:US Army
949:Warrego
888:of the
785:US Navy
726:marines
528:Mersing
456:of the
438:Repulse
369:in the
260:History
212:of the
205:was an
166:Notable
76:Country
3712:
3693:
3674:
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3041:
3022:
3003:
2984:
2961:
1944:
1181:, Vic.
1163:, 1940
1141:, Vic.
1070:(1940)
1044:2/14th
910:Penfui
875:Kupang
836:Hainan
666:Rabaul
462:Malaya
389:, and
377:Malaya
354:Rabaul
350:Darwin
345:Malaya
248:, and
242:Rabaul
143:Rabaul
133:Malaya
86:Branch
56:Active
1351:Notes
1200:– to
1187:, NSW
1159:– to
947:HMAS
940:HMAS
843:Timor
769:Ambon
748:Luzon
486:Endau
482:Gemas
470:tanks
367:Ambon
363:Timor
250:Timor
246:Ambon
153:Timor
148:Ambon
3710:ISBN
3691:ISBN
3672:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3491:OCLC
3467:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3310:OCLC
3289:ISSN
3268:OCLC
3240:ISBN
3219:OCLC
3200:ISBN
3183:OCLC
3161:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3123:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3020:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2982:ISSN
2959:ISBN
2910:2014
2848:2010
2826:2010
2804:2022
2779:2010
2705:2016
2667:2009
2616:2017
2563:2008
2530:2007
2448:2009
2382:2017
2339:2017
2295:2017
2194:2006
2134:2013
1942:ISSN
1890:2017
1030:and
965:Dili
945:and
942:Swan
861:and
787:and
752:USS
699:Truk
497:Muar
472:and
443:HMS
441:and
436:HMS
302:24th
300:and
298:23rd
294:22nd
201:The
106:Size
96:Type
3285:LIV
2978:LIV
1028:8th
1024:7th
904:'s
649:).
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