Australian frontier wars - Knowledge (XXG)

1054:

disrupting traditional Indigenous food-gathering activities, and subsequently followed the pattern of European invasion in Australia for the next 150 years. Whilst the reactions of the Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden invasion by the British were varied, they became hostile when their presence led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of their lands. European diseases decimated Indigenous populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation. By and large neither the Europeans nor the Indigenous peoples approached the conflict in an organised sense, with the conflict more one between groups of colonisers and individual Indigenous groups rather than systematic warfare, even if at times it did involve British soldiers and later formed mounted police units. Not all Indigenous Australians resisted European encroachment on their lands either, whilst many also served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes. Colonisers in turn often reacted with violence, resulting in a number of indiscriminate

966:

survival of the groups. Such battles were usually fought to settle grievances between groups, and could take some time to prepare. Ritual trials involved the application of customary law to one or more members of a group who had committed a crime such as murder or assault. Weapons were used to inflict injury, and the criminal was expected to stand their ground and accept the punishment. Some Aboriginal men had effective property rights over women and raids for women were essentially about transferring property from one group to another to ensure the survival of a group through women's food-gathering and childbearing roles. The final type of Aboriginal traditional warfare described by Hale was the revenge attack, undertaken by one group against another to punish the group for the actions of one of its members, such as a murder. In some cases these involved sneaking into the opposition camp at night and silently killing one or more members of the group.

771: 1095:, in the main, the indigenous peoples failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans, and although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms, this was not widespread. In reality, the Indigenous peoples were never a serious military threat, regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them. On occasions large groups attacked Europeans in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued, during which the Aboriginal residents would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage. This could sometimes be effective, with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents, waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their spears whilst settlers reloaded. Usually, however, such open warfare proved more costly for the Indigenous Australians than the Europeans. 950:

ongoing basis, with great rivalries being maintained over extended periods of time. The aims and methods of traditional Aboriginal warfare arose from their small autonomous social groupings. The fighting of a war to conquer enemy territory was not only beyond the resources of any of these Aboriginal groupings, it was contrary to a culture that was based on spiritual connections to a specific territory. Consequently, conquering another group's territory may have been seen to be of little benefit. Ultimately, traditional Aboriginal warfare was aimed at continually asserting the superiority of one's own group over its neighbours, rather than conquering, destroying or displacing neighbouring groups. As the explorer

1183: 1837:

during Queensland's frontier wars being no less than 66,680—with Aboriginal fatalities alone comprising no less than 65,180—whereas the hitherto commonly accepted minimum overall continental deaths had previously been 20,000. The 66,680 covers Native Police and settler-inflicted fatalities on Aboriginal people, but also a calculated estimate for Aboriginal inflicted casualties on whites settlers and their associates. The continental death toll of Europeans and associates has previously been roughly estimated as between 2,000 and 2,500, yet there is now evidence that Queensland alone accounted for an estimated 1,500 of these fatal frontier casualties.

1690:, which was readily accessible by sea from Adelaide, became an early new settlement. A small number of shepherds began to steal land that was home to a large Aboriginal population. Deaths on both sides occurred and settlers demanded better protection. Police and soldiers were sent to the Eyre Peninsula but were often ineffective due to the size of the area and the number of isolated settlements. By the mid-1840s, after conflicts sometimes involving large numbers of Aboriginal people, the greater lethality of the white people's weapons had an effect. Several alleged leaders of attacks by Aboriginal people were tried and executed in Adelaide. 2036: 1912: 583:, described by Cook as "a small village". Two Dharawal men made threatening gestures and threw a stone at Cook's party. Cook then ordered "a musket to be fired with small-shot" and the elder of the two was hit in a leg. This caused the two Dharawal men to run to their huts and seize their spears and shields. Subsequently, a single spear was thrown toward the British party, which "happily hurt nobody". This then caused Cook to order "the third musket with small-shots" to be fired, "upon which one of them threw another lance and both immediately ran away". 42: 1972:. Some studies give evidence of some 1,500 whites and associates (meaning Aboriginal servants, as well as Chinese, Melanesian, and other non-Europeans) killed on the Queensland frontier during the 19th century, while others suggest that upwards of 65,000 Aboriginal people were killed, with sections of Central and North Queensland witnessing particularly heavy fighting. 65,000 is, of course, an estimate, and notably much higher than the more commonly-held belief of a national minimum of 20,000 colonial Aboriginal casualties. 212: 1381: 636:

settlers, as well as Indigenous Australians, were killed on the Queensland frontier than in any other Australian colony. The reason is simple, and is reflected in all evidence and sources dealing with this subject: there were more Aboriginal people in Queensland. The territory of Queensland was the single most populated section of pre-contact Indigenous Australia, reflected not only in all pre-contact population estimates but also in the mapping of pre-contact Australia (see Horton's

1119:, becoming available. These weapons, when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of Indigenous Australians, often proved successful. The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast-moving, often hidden enemies. Strategies employed included night-time surprise attacks, and positioning forces to drive Aboriginal people off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks. 1427: 1586: 370: 170: 1128: 337: 326: 315: 304: 128: 359: 348: 187: 141: 1632: 1021: 1817: 3490:(1897), relying on local memories: "The black men were killed by dozens, and their corpses lined the route of march of the avengers. ... On the sand patch near Mininup, skeletons and skulls of natives reported to have been killed in 1841 are still to be found. ... Surviving natives held the place in such terror that they would not go near to give the burial of the corpses. Even now natives refuse to disturb the bones.": 561: 229: 1075: 5839: 381: 153: 1468:" ten percent of the colony's male civilian population were mobilised and marched across the settled districts in company with police and soldiers in an attempt to clear Indigenous Australians from the area. While few Indigenous people were captured, the operation discouraged the Indigenous raiding parties, and they gradually agreed to leave their land for a reservation which had been established at 1805: 2163: 1788:

their ferocity, and their cunning render them peculiarly formidable, and the outrages of which they are daily and nightly guilty, and which they accomplish generally with impunity and success, may, we fear, lead to a still more distressing state of things, unless some measures, prompt and effective, be immediately taken to prevent matters coming to that unhappy crisis.

1669:

bible. There was also great difficulty in translation. The intentions of those establishing and leading the new colony soon came into conflict with the fears of Aboriginal people and the new settlers. "In South Australia, as across Australia's other colonies, the failure to adequately deal with Aboriginal rights to land was fundamental to the violence that followed."

5851: 1828:, owing to its comparatively large Indigenous population. This point is emphasised in a 2011 study by Ørsted-Jensen, which by use of two different sources calculated that colonial Queensland must have accounted for upwards of one-third and close to forty percent of the Indigenous population of the pre-contact Australian continent. 1683:

police party apprehended a number of Aboriginal people; two men were implicated, tried by a tribunal from members of the expedition, found guilty, and hanged. There was a vigorous debate in the colony between those approving the immediate punishment for the massacre and those condemning this form of justice outside the normal law.

1481: 1143:, in Australia during the colonial period: "In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings. Even worse, smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralization". 1930:

and Hodgkinson River goldfields, with heavy loss of Aboriginal lives and several well-known massacres. Battle Camp and Cape Bedford belong among the best-known massacres of Aboriginal people in the Cook district, but they were certainly not the only ones. The Cape Bedford massacre on 20 February 1879

1836:

alone as no less than 24,000. In July 2014, Evans, in cooperation with the Danish historian Robert Ørsted-Jensen, presented the first-ever attempt to use statistical modeling and a database covering no less than 644 collisions gathered from primary sources, and ended up with total fatalities suffered

1682:

was wrecked at Cape Jaffa, on the southeast coast. A search party found that all 26 survivors of the wreck had been massacred. The Governor summoned the Executive Council under martial law and a police party was sent to the district to deliver summary justice against the local Indigenous people. The

1323:

on 14 August 1824 to end "the Slaughter of Black Women and Children, and unoffending White Men". It remained in force until 11 December 1824, when it was proclaimed that "the judicious and humane Measures pursued by the Magistrates assembled at Bathurst have restored Tranquillity without Bloodshed".

1040:

established Sydney on 26 January 1788. The local Indigenous people became suspicious when the British began to clear land and catch fish, and in May 1788 five convicts were killed and an Indigenous man was wounded. The British grew increasingly concerned when groups of up to three hundred Indigenous

965:

identified four types of Australian Aboriginal traditional warfare; formal battles, ritual trials, raids for women, and revenge attacks. Formal battles involved fighting between two groups of warriors, which ended after a few warriors had been killed or wounded, due to the need to ensure the ongoing

949:

According to the historian John Connor, traditional Aboriginal warfare should be examined on its own terms and not by definitions of war derived from other societies. Aboriginal people did not have distinct ideas of war and peace, and traditional warfare was common, taking place between groups on an

2060:

wrote that historians' failure to include Indigenous Australians in histories of Australia or acknowledge the Frontier Wars constituted a "great Australian silence". Works which discussed the conflicts began to appear during the 1970s and 1980s, and the first history of the Australian frontier told

1831:

Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of Indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest

1656:

It is also, at this time especially, my duty to apprize the Colonists of my resolution, to take every lawful means of extending the same protection to the native population as to the rest of His Majesty's Subjects, and of my firm determination to punish with exemplary severity, all acts of violence

2145:

announced the Memorial's governing council would work towards a "much broader, a much deeper depiction and presentation of the violence committed against Indigenous people, initially by British, then by pastoralists, then by police, and then by Aboriginal militia". In response to the announcement,

2022:

in 1869 and attempts by pastoralists to occupy Indigenous land led to conflict. This fighting continued into the 20th century, and was driven by reprisals against European deaths and the pastoralists' desire to secure the land they had stolen from Indigenous people. At least 31 Indigenous men were

1840:

The European settlement of what is now Queensland commenced as the Moreton Bay penal settlement from September 1824. It was initially located at Redcliffe but moved south to Brisbane River a year later. Free settlement began in 1838, with settlement rapidly expanding in a great rush to take up the

1672:

Soon after the colony was established, large numbers of sheep and cattle were brought overland from the eastern colonies. There were many instances of conflict between Aboriginal people and the drovers, with the former desiring the protection of the Country and the latter quick to shoot to protect

1668:

The designation of the Aboriginal population as British citizens gave them rights and responsibilities of which they had no knowledge and ignored existing Aboriginal customary law. However, Aboriginal people could not testify in court, since, not being Christians, they could not swear an oath on a

1664:

declared in 1840 that Aboriginal people "have exercised distinct, defined, and absolute right or proprietary and hereditary possession ... from time immemorial". The Governor ordered land to be set aside for the Aboriginal population, but there was bitter opposition from settlers who insisted on a

1569:

were strained to the point of violence, resulting in several Aboriginal deaths. In June 1841, George Layman was speared to death by Wardandi Elder Gaywal. According to one source, Layman had got involved in an argument between Gaywal and another Wardandi person over their allocation of damper, and

1340:

I felt it necessary to augment the Detachment at Bathurst to 75 men who were divided into various small parties, each headed by a Magistrate who proceeded in different directions in towards the interior of the Country ... This system of keeping these unfortunate People in a constant state of alarm

607:

The British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786. The law system practiced by Indigenous Australians was not necessarily understood or recognised in any official respect by settlers (language barriers made communication extremely difficult), and the English-speaking

1787:

We, the undersigned, settlers, and inhabitants of the district of Port Fairy, beg respectfully to represent to your Honor the great and increasing want of security to life and property which exists here at present, in consequence of the absence of any protection against the natives. Their number,

1086:

Opinions differ on whether to depict the conflict as one-sided and mainly perpetrated by Europeans on Indigenous Australians or not. Although tens of thousands more Indigenous Australians died than Europeans, some cases of mass killing were not massacres but quasi-military defeats, and the higher

635:

from 1803 onward. Since then the population density of non-Indigenous people has remained highest in this region of the Australian continent. However, conflict with Aboriginal people was never as intense and bloody in the south-eastern colonies as in Queensland and the continent's northeast. More

1693:

The experience of the Port Lincoln settlement on the Eyre Peninsula was repeated in the South East of the state and in the north as settlers encroached on the Aboriginal population. The government attempted to apply the sentiments of the state's proclamation, but the contradictions between these

1098:

Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms, but the advantages this afforded have often been overstated. Prior to the 19th century, firearms were often cumbersome muzzle-loading, smooth-bore, single shot weapons with flint-lock mechanisms. Such weapons produced a low rate of

1570:

had pulled Gaywal's beard, which was considered a grave insult. According to another source, Layman had hired two of Gaywal's wives to work on his farm and would not let them go back to their husbands. A manhunt for Layman's killer went on for several weeks, involving much bloodshed as Captain

1053:

During the 1790s and early 19th century the British occupied areas along the Australian coastline. These settlements initially occupied small amounts of land, and there was little conflict between the colonisers and Indigenous peoples. Fighting broke out when the settlements expanded, however,

954:

observed in 1845, whilst Aboriginal culture was "so varied in detail", it was "similar in general outline and character", and Connor observes that there were sufficient similarities in weapons and warfare of these groups to allow generalisations about traditional Aboriginal warfare to be made.

3996:

Queensland State Archives A/49714 no 6449 of 1884 (report); QPG re 13 July 1884, Vol 21:213; 21 July 1884 – COL/A395/84/5070; Q 16 August 1884, p253; 20 August 1884 Inquest JUS/N108/84/415; POL/?/84/6449; 15 Queensland Figaro November 1884 and Queensland State Archives A/49714, letter 9436 of

1006:

Available weapons had a significant influence over the tactics used during traditional Aboriginal warfare. The limitations of spears and clubs meant that surprise was paramount during raids for women and revenge attacks, and encouraged ambushing and night attacks. These tactics were offset by

994:

While the selection and design of weapons varied from group to group, Aboriginal warriors used a combination of melee and missile weapons in traditional warfare. Spears, clubs and shields were commonly used in hand-to-hand fighting, with different types of shields favoured during exchanges of

766:

All evidence suggests that the territory of Queensland had a pre-contact Indigenous population density more than double that of New South Wales, at least six times that of Victoria, and at least twenty times that of Tasmania. Equally, there are signs that the population density of Indigenous

1041:

people were sighted at the outskirts of the colony in June. Despite this, Phillip attempted to avoid conflict, and forbade reprisals after being speared in 1790. He did, however, authorise two punitive expeditions in December 1790 after his huntsman was killed by an Indigenous warrior named

1643:

South Australia was settled in 1836 with no convicts and a unique plan for settlers to purchase land in advance of their arrival, which was intended to ensure a balance of landowners and farm workers in the colony. The Colonial Office was very conscious of the recent history of the earlier

1138:

Fighting between Indigenous Australians and European settlers was localised, as Indigenous groups did not form confederations capable of sustained resistance. Conflict emerged as a series of violent engagements, and massacres across the continent. According to the historian

2150:

said, "In the making of our series, we worked closely with the War Memorial ... I never saw this coming. I thought, 'Maybe in a generation'... but not right now ... It is a watershed moment in Australian history. It can't be underestimated, the change that this heralds."

1960:, however, with Indigenous raiders attacking sheep and cattle while native police mounted punitive expeditions. Two reports from 1884 and 1889 written by one of the prime combatants of the Kalkadoons, Sub-inspector of Native Police (later Queensland Police Commissioner) 1861:

was virtually under siege. Both sides committed atrocities, with settlers poisoning a large number of Indigenous people, for example at Kilcoy on the South Burnett in 1842 and on Whiteside near Brisbane in 1847, and Indigenous warriors killing 19 settlers during the

1087:

death toll was also caused by the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by Europeans. Indigenous tactics varied, but were mainly based on pre-existing hunting and fighting practices—utilizing spears, clubs and other simple weapons. Unlike the cases with the

643:

The Indigenous population distribution illustrated below is based on two independent sources, firstly on two population estimates made by anthropologists and a social historian in 1930 and in 1988, and secondly on the basis of the distribution of known tribal land.

596:). However, terra nullius was not part of British law at the time and Cook was instructed only to take possession of land if he found it uninhabited. Nevertheless, Cook took possession of the east coast of New Holland for Britain on 22 August 1770 when on 1964:

described how he and his detachment pursued and killed up to 150 Aboriginal people in just three or four so-called "dispersals" (he provided numbers up to about 80 of these killings, the rest was just described without estimating the actual toll).

2549:(2 revised edition, Redfern NSW 1988, page 41). Column three, however, is calculated on the basis of the "Aboriginal Australia" map, published by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), Canberra 1994. 2537:, pp. 10–11 & 15. Column one is the distribution percentage calculated on the estimates gathered and publicized in 1930 (Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia XXIII, 1930, pp 672, 687–696) by the social anthropologist 1534:

The Noongar nation, forced from traditional hunting grounds and denied access to sacred sites, turned to stealing settlers' crops and killing livestock to survive. In 1831 a Noongar person was murdered for taking potatoes; this resulted in

1099:

fire, whilst suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres (160 ft). These deficiencies may have given the Aboriginal residents some advantages, allowing them to move in close and engage with spears or

7171: 1657:

or injustice which may in any manner be practiced or attempted against the natives, who are to be considered as much under the Safeguard of the law as the Colonists themselves, and equally entitled to the privileges of British Subjects.

1190:

Frontier encounters in Australia were not universally negative. Positive accounts of Aboriginal customs and encounters are also recorded in the journals of early European explorers, who often relied on Aboriginal guides and assistance:

3786:

Evans, Raymond & Ørsted–Jensen, Robert: 'I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed': Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier" (paper at AHA 9 July 2014 at University of Queensland) publisher Social Science Research

767:

Australia was comparatively higher in the north-eastern sections of New South Wales, and along the northern coast from the Gulf of Carpentaria and westward including certain sections of the Northern Territory and Western Australia.

7151: 942: 1925:

reported that "Not long ago 120 aboriginals disappeared on two occasions forever from the native records". Frontier violence peaked on the northern mining frontier during the 1870s, most notably in Cook district and on the

3225: 2131:. These historians argue that the fighting should be commemorated at the Memorial as it involved large numbers of Indigenous Australians and paramilitary Australian units. In September 2022, after the premiere of the 1272:

in 1816. This detachment patrolled the Hawkesbury Valley and ended the conflict by killing 14 Indigenous Australians in an ambush on their campsite. Indigenous Australians led by Pemulwuy also conducted raids around

1895:

The largest reasonably well-documented massacres in southeast Queensland were the Kilcoy and Whiteside poisonings, each of which was said to have taken up to 70 Aboriginal lives by use of a gift of flour laced with

6954: 5691: 1612:

was killed in 1897. Sporadic conflict continued in northern Western Australia until the 1920s, with a Royal Commission held in 1926 finding that at least eleven Indigenous Australians had been murdered in the

2088:. These works argued that there had not been prolonged frontier warfare in Australia, and that historians had in some instances fabricated evidence of fighting. Windschuttle's claims led to the so-called " 1945:), conveyed a report from a "gentleman, on whose words reliance can be placed" that he had after just "one of these raids ... counted as many as seventy-five natives dead or dying upon the ground". 7262: 1454:"), and in some districts farmers were forced to fortify their houses. Over 50 British were killed between 1828 and 1830 in what was the "most successful Aboriginal resistance in Australia's history". 1150:

of 1932–34 saw one of the last incidents of violent interaction on the "frontier" of indigenous and non-indigenous Australia, which began when the spearing of Japanese poachers who had been molesting

5211: 6882: 770: 41: 7166: 3502:

Kimberly gives no more precise number. More recent sources quote a number of 250 to 300, though none of these appear to be supported anywhere other than the oral history of unknown origin.

1783:

requesting the government improve security from "outrages committed by natives" and listing many incidents of conflict and economic warfare. An excerpt of the letter printed on 10 June:

7141: 991:, and every initiated male became a warrior. Women were sometimes participants in warfare as warriors and as encouragers on the sidelines of formal battles, but more often as victims. 1400:, with 16 British and up to 500 Indigenous Australians being killed between 1832 and 1838. The violence in this region included several massacres of Indigenous people, including the 3885: 1874:

and his group of warriors ambushed one group of settlers, routing them and subsequently others in the skirmishes which followed, starting in retaliation for the Kilcoy poisoning.

7176: 5889: 4762:(Estimates of 19th century Aboriginal Frontier death toll, see "Part One, Massacres" chapter 1, The Country Has Another Past: Queensland and the History Wars by Raymond Evans). 1345:

their great and most warlike Chieftain has been with me to receive his pardon and that He, with most of His Tribe, attended the annual conference held here on the 28th Novr....

1007:

counter-measures such as regularly changing campsites, being prepared to extinguish camp-fires at short notice, and posting parties of warriors to cover the escape of raiders.

3189: 7161: 5789: 1845:, Logan and Brisbane Valley and South Burnett onwards from 1840, in many cases leading to widespread fighting and heavy loss of life. The conflict later spread north to the 1154:

women was followed by the killing of a policeman. As the crisis unfolded, national opinion swung behind the Aboriginal people involved, and the first appeal on behalf of an

5204: 3463:

There are no official records of the massacre and sources suggest anywhere from five to 300 were killed. A newspaper report of the time states that only five were killed:

5183: 1931:

alone was reported to have taken as many as 28 lives, this was retaliation for the injuring (but not killing) of two white "cedar-getters" from Cooktown. In January 1879

1900:. Central Queensland was particularly hard hit during the 1860s and 1870s, several contemporary writers mention the Skull Hole, Bladensburg, or Mistake Creek massacre on 1543:

argued that Yagan was defending his land from invasion and therefore should be treated as a prisoner of war. The argument was successful and the three men were exiled to

7156: 4914:

Clark, Ian D.; Cahir, Fred; Wilkie, Benjamin; Tout, Dan; Clark, Jidah (27 May 2022). "Aboriginal Use of Fire as a Weapon in Colonial Victoria: A Preliminary Analysis".

7257: 7146: 3470: 3437: 2103:. The Memorial argues that the Australian frontier fighting is outside its charter as it did not involve Australian military forces. This position is supported by the 6539: 4735: 1832:

number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. In 2009 professor Raymond Evans calculated the Indigenous fatalities caused by the

1539:

killing a servant of the household, as was the response permitted under Noongar law. In 1832 Yagan and two others were arrested and sentenced to death, but settler

1952:

held settlers out of Western Queensland for ten years until September 1884 when they attacked a force of settlers and native police at Battle Mountain near modern

5665: 5102: 7232: 7227: 7222: 5197: 1757:, killing tens of thousands of sheep. Large numbers of British settlers arrived in Victoria during the 1840s and rapidly outnumbered the Indigenous population. 4324: 933:—also had an impact, significantly reducing their numbers and tribal cohesion, and so limiting their ability to adapt to or resist invasion and dispossession. 4654: 7181: 1665:

right to choose the best land. Eventually, the land was available to Aboriginal people only if it promoted their "Christianisation" and they became farmers.

5809: 2189: 1890: 1626: 6509: 5685: 7122: 5814: 2104: 898: 6990: 6112: 5882: 3272: 1269: 1182: 7191: 5706: 4296: 2053:

Armed resistance to British invasion was generally given little attention by historians until the 1970s, and was not regarded as a "war". In 1968

1174:

were commencing their campaigns for Aboriginal rights within the established Australian political system and the age of frontier conflict closed.

6972: 1743:

of which at least seven white settlers were killed, marked the beginning of the frontier conflict in the colony which lasted for fifteen years.

575:

made the first voyage by the British along the Australian east coast. On 29 April, Cook and a small landing party fired on a group of the local

6305: 4755: 4668: 4643: 4516: 4385: 3355: 3026: 2764: 983:

Traditional Aboriginal warfare was also universal, as the entire community participated in warfare, boys learnt to fight by playing with toy

7062: 5168: 3080: 535: 7112: 6335: 6148: 5057: 2168: 1992: 1524: 6978: 6912: 3400: 1673:

themselves and their flocks. One expedition leader (Buchanan) recorded at least six conflicts and the deaths of eight Aboriginal people.

893:

The effects of disease, loss of hunting grounds and starvation of the Aboriginal population were significant. There are indications that

5875: 4301: 4269: 374: 191: 6190: 4101: 3342: 3013: 2751: 6791: 6136: 5985: 5855: 7272: 7217: 5843: 5141: 5086: 5065: 5042: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4826: 4807: 4724: 4705: 4620: 4597: 4558: 4489: 4464: 4415: 3199: 2959: 6015: 5819: 4947:

Surviving New England: a history of Aboriginal resistance & resilience through the first forty years of the colonial apocalypse

1396:

From the 1830s settlers spread rapidly through inland eastern Australia, leading to widespread conflict. War took place across the

4273: 2035: 7008: 3302: 2281: 1956:. The subsequent battle of Battle Mountain ended in disaster for the Kalkadoon, who suffered heavy losses. Fighting continued in 1571: 1528: 1357: 475: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7056: 6641: 5973: 4956: 4131: 2182: 6996: 6268: 5670: 1877:

Queensland's Native Police Force was formed by the Government of New South Wales in 1848, under the well-connected Commandant

7117: 6353: 5937: 5716: 5696: 5680: 4849: 4841: 4784: 4770: 4535: 4441: 4360: 3347: 3085: 3018: 2942: 2756: 2457: 2194: 2067: 1551: 1353: 1260:

west of Sydney. Some of these settlements were established by soldiers as a means of providing security to the region. Local

976:

the fact that their non-hierarchical social order militated against one leader combining many groups into a single force; and

926: 597: 470: 46: 1225: 7252: 7092: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6395: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6341: 6317: 5439: 5276: 4916: 4237: 3645: 3442: 3268: 3174: 3154: 2046: 1911: 1594: 1521: 1315:

warriors, who killed or wounded stock-keepers and stock and were subjected to retaliatory killings. In response, Governor

1644:

occupations in the eastern states, where there was a significant conflict with the Aboriginal population. On the initial

6707: 6377: 5919: 5899: 5366: 5111: 4904: 4179: 3194: 1325: 648:

The distribution of the pre-contact Indigenous population when imposed on the current Australian states and territories

609: 6894: 6846: 6232: 5772: 5162: 2132: 2045:

commemorates Indigenous Australians who lost their lives defending Country since 1788, and has been on display at the

1987:

The British made three early attempts to establish military outposts in northern Australia. The initial settlement at

1878: 1636: 1274: 1036:

Initial peaceful relations between Indigenous Australians and Europeans began to be strained several months after the

174: 6431: 4297:"The Australian War Memorial's promise of a 'deeper depiction' of the frontier wars signals an important new chapter" 1434:

during the Black War implying a policy of friendship and equal justice for white settlers and Indigenous Australians.

1574:, the Bussell brothers, and troops murdered unknown numbers of Aboriginal residents in what has become known as the 6455: 6383: 6323: 6172: 5721: 5420: 5306: 5294: 5234: 4766: 4697: 4660: 4635: 4612: 2934: 2062: 2019: 2000: 1714: 1389: 1308: 1251: 1079: 3854: 3405: 6713: 6100: 6027: 5943: 5264: 5252: 5178: 4057: 3486: 1961: 1927: 1497: 1286: 145: 6725: 921:

and their livestock. Other diseases hitherto unknown in the Indigenous population—such as the common cold, flu,

7104: 6966: 6779: 6611: 6599: 6569: 6311: 6003: 5997: 5675: 5487: 5469: 5451: 5408: 5402: 5348: 5336: 4575: 4127:"A plethora of intentions: genocide, settler colonialism and historical consciousness in Australia and Britain" 2092:" in which historians debated the extent of the conflict between Indigenous Australians and European settlers. 1863: 1833: 1809: 1747: 1131: 1103:. However, by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage, with the six-shot 465: 1652:, made a brief statement that explicitly stated how the native population should be treated. He said in part: 4954:

Connor, John (October 2017). "Climate, Environment and Australian Frontier Wars: New South Wales 1788-1841".

4093: 1360:, and were first deployed against bushrangers around Bathurst in 1825. Later they were deployed to the upper 6930: 6864: 6701: 6665: 6551: 6467: 6443: 6401: 6274: 6262: 6244: 6184: 6178: 5979: 5961: 5777: 5463: 5426: 5414: 5360: 5324: 5240: 4550: 4508: 4456: 2994: 2096: 2089: 1867: 1858: 1812:

in which 19 settlers were killed by Aboriginal people, the deadliest attack on settlers in the frontier wars

1725: 1555: 1409: 1401: 1281:

to issue an order in 1801 which authorised settlers to shoot Indigenous Australians on sight in Parramatta,

1159: 996: 549:

in 1901, with some occurring as late as 1934. Conflicts occurred in a number of locations across Australia.

546: 531: 54: 4371: 969:

Connor describes traditional Aboriginal warfare as both limited and universal. It was limited in terms of:

616:, was instructed to "live in amity and kindness" with Indigenous Australians and sought to avoid conflict. 6906: 6515: 6497: 6491: 6214: 6082: 5967: 5949: 5867: 5511: 5499: 5318: 2538: 2302: 2261: 1740: 1614: 1216: 1170:

was dispatched by the government to live among the Yolngu. Elsewhere around this time, activists like Sir

1063: 527: 523: 240: 5726: 5711: 5701: 3294: 3260: 1464:

attempted to end the "Black War" through a massive offensive. In an operation which became known as the "

6563: 6389: 6106: 5445: 3871: 3726: 3690: 2116: 1953: 1458: 1421: 1333: 1155: 277: 220: 6166: 6033: 1846: 1446:) in 1803. Relations with the local Indigenous people were generally peaceful until the mid-1820s when 1380: 495:

Thousands of warriors and resistance fighters, divided among over 150 different nations, clans, groups

6960: 6749: 6695: 6623: 6545: 6533: 6329: 6088: 6009: 5749: 5744: 5505: 5475: 5457: 5433: 5396: 5330: 5245: 5076: 3090: 1915:

An 1888 drawing of a massacre by Queensland’s native police at Skull Hole, Mistake Creek, near Winton

1729: 1703: 1520:, the best known single event, occurred on 28 October 1833 when a party of British colonisers led by 1439: 1431: 1405: 1088: 1059: 1025: 973:

the number of members of each group, which restricted the number of warriors in any given engagement;

902: 632: 233: 161: 5133: 4174: 4028: 2575:, pp. 15. The figures and percentage in column two was calculated on the basis of N.G. Butlin: 1426: 7267: 6834: 6647: 6605: 6058: 5925: 5378: 5342: 4126: 3632: 2137: 2080: 2041: 1969: 1901: 1769: 1604:

Continued European settlement and expansion in Western Australia led to further frontier conflict,

1585: 1578:. The posse eventually murdered Gaywal and abducted his three sons, two of whom were imprisoned on 1256:

The first frontier war began in 1795 when encroaching British settlers established farms along the

1212: 1112: 601: 4571:

I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed': Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier

7002: 6870: 6852: 6803: 6767: 6755: 6743: 6689: 6461: 6419: 6250: 6226: 6196: 6124: 5782: 5754: 5523: 5312: 5288: 5096: 5054:

Invasion And Resistance: Aboriginal-European Relations On The North Queensland Frontier 1861–1897

4933: 4196: 4148: 2981: 2075: 2015: 1921: 1905: 1718: 1678: 1496:

The first British settlement in Western Australia was established by a detachment of soldiers at

1278: 1163: 1147: 565: 216: 200: 157: 4898: 3886:"Battle of One Tree Hill: remembering an Indigenous victory and a warrior who routed the whites" 1127: 3410: 2497: 586:

Some historians have argued that under prevailing European legal doctrine such land was deemed

7186: 7020: 7014: 6924: 6785: 6731: 6587: 6238: 6160: 6130: 6021: 5517: 5390: 5174: 5137: 5082: 5061: 5038: 5012: 4993: 4974: 4864: 4845: 4822: 4803: 4780: 4751: 4720: 4701: 4664: 4639: 4616: 4593: 4554: 4531: 4512: 4485: 4460: 4437: 4411: 4381: 4356: 4107: 4097: 4037: 3369: 3361: 3351: 3040: 3032: 3022: 2938: 2778: 2770: 2760: 2453: 2306: 2024: 2004: 1736: 1631: 1575: 1540: 1517: 1509: 1265: 1237:(c.1935–1943). In inland Australia, the skills of Aboriginal stockmen became highly regarded. 593: 369: 363: 178: 169: 50: 4084:

Tatz, Colin (2006). Maaka, Roger; Andersen, Chris (eds.). "Confronting Australian Genocide".

7044: 7032: 7026: 6984: 6888: 6858: 6773: 6593: 6575: 6557: 6527: 6142: 5991: 5931: 5627: 5354: 5258: 5034: 4925: 4799: 4741: 4685: 4433: 4407: 4377: 4188: 4140: 4066: 3694: 3008: 2236: 2124: 2108: 1957: 1941: 1780: 1754: 1746:

In 1839 the reprisal raid against Aboriginal resistance in central Victoria resulted in the

1645: 1397: 1388:'s party being "threatened by blacks at the junction of the Murray and Darling, 1830", near 1257: 1171: 1140: 1116: 1092: 1020: 951: 408: 211: 4772:

The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia

2986: 1816: 1732:

squatter Charles Franks who squatted on land west of the Melbourne's fledgling settlement.

1186:

Painting of Aboriginal people and European colonists coexisting in South Australia, c. 1850

6936: 6876: 6815: 6809: 6737: 6617: 6521: 6503: 6154: 4264: 2449: 1579: 1469: 1349: 1329: 1316: 1304: 1200: 906: 576: 358: 347: 186: 140: 6076: 2990: 2967: 2007:

between its establishment in 1827 and abandonment in 1829. The third British settlement,

1547:

under the supervision of Lyon and two soldiers. The group later escaped from the island.

545:

in January 1788, and the last conflicts occurred in the early 20th century following the

105:

Indigenous population decline due to epidemics, killings, starvation and forced migration

1694:

sentiments and the dispossession that the settlement involved made conflict inevitable.

1203:

expedition was nursed by local Aboriginal residents, and the famous Aboriginal explorer

17: 7196: 7068: 6797: 6719: 6677: 6671: 6659: 6347: 5903: 5824: 5622: 5587: 5481: 5384: 5372: 4690: 4395: 4259: 2963: 2275: 2267: 2147: 2142: 2112: 2008: 1765: 1761: 1709:

In 1833–34, the battle for rights to a beached whale between whalers and people of the

1649: 1230: 1208: 1196: 1167: 1108: 1029: 613: 560: 352: 341: 336: 325: 314: 303: 132: 127: 3627: 1074: 7211: 7074: 7050: 6948: 6942: 6840: 6280: 6208: 6094: 6064: 5582: 5125: 4937: 4776: 4200: 4152: 3924: 2128: 1932: 1850: 1842: 1661: 1544: 1501: 1461: 1385: 1361: 1282: 1204: 1192: 1104: 988: 775: 588: 432: 385: 287: 4430:

Our Original Aggression: Aboriginal Populations of Southeastern Australia, 1788–1850

4233: 4055:

Palmer, Alison (1998). "Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories".

3169: 3149: 6918: 6761: 6635: 6286: 6256: 6039: 5270: 3890: 3767: 2176: 2057: 2054: 2011:, was also established on the Cobourg Peninsula in 1838 but was abandoned in 1849. 1687: 1298: 1261: 1220: 984: 962: 930: 918: 460: 6581: 4929: 4192: 1804: 1450:

expansion caused conflict over land. This led to sustained frontier warfare (the "

4475: 4325:"Rachel Perkins welcomes War Memorial's expansion of frontier conflicts exhibits" 4144: 4023: 2746: 1764:

took place in southwest Victoria, and many years of violence occurred during the

1608:

warriors also attacked European settlements during the 1890s until Bunuba leader

7086: 7038: 6683: 6479: 6413: 6220: 6070: 5612: 5592: 5557: 4425: 2224: 2206: 1996: 1995:

was established in 1824 but was abandoned in 1829 due to attacks from the local

1988: 1871: 1710: 1508:

nation and European settlers broke out in Western Australia in the 1830s as the

1447: 1320: 1234: 1100: 1037: 959: 624: 620: 542: 420: 416: 273: 5009:

Gudyarra: The First Wiradyuri War of Resistance - The Bathurst War, 1822 - 1824

6485: 6407: 6118: 5955: 5632: 5577: 5572: 5493: 5026: 4885: 4659:. Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law. Cambridge, England: 4481: 2271: 2255: 2242: 2158: 2120: 1949: 1897: 1854: 1825: 1776: 1609: 1465: 1342: 910: 580: 572: 571:

In 1770 an expedition from Great Britain under the command of then-Lieutenant

424: 400: 330: 308: 253: 228: 5169:

History and Fiction: Mapping Frontier Violence in Colonial Queensland Writing

4590:

Out of the Silence: the history and memory of South Australia's frontier wars

4041: 4024:"Queensland's Frontier Killing Times – Facing Up to Genocide" 3365: 3337: 3036: 2774: 979:

duration, due to social groups needing to regularly hunt and forage for food.

6900: 6653: 6473: 5282: 4868: 4734:

Peters-Little, Frances; Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John, eds. (3 October 2011).

4070: 3373: 3044: 2782: 1562: 1451: 1369: 1312: 1000: 552:

Estimates of the number of people killed in the fighting vary considerably.

412: 319: 269: 261: 78: 5189: 4402:". In McKernan, Michael; Browne, Margaret; Australian War Memorial (eds.). 4111: 3720: 3465: 3432: 2541:. The percentage in column two was calculated on the basis of N.G. Butlin: 4971:

Fatal Collisions: The South Australian Frontier and the Violence of Memory

3867: 3684: 2027:

in 1928 and further reprisal expeditions were conducted in 1932 and 1933.

592:

or land belonging to nobody or land "empty of inhabitants" (as defined by

6629: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5567: 5562: 3866:

Note: Dr Ray Kerkhove, owner of this site, is a reputable historian. See

2218: 2212: 2100: 1976: 1566: 1443: 1365: 1055: 1042: 995:

missiles and in close combat, and spears (often used in conjunction with

894: 628: 579:

who had sought to prevent them from landing at the foot of their camp at

436: 428: 396: 392: 380: 265: 257: 152: 108:

Disruption of Indigenous cultures, assimilation of many Indigenous people

82: 4746: 4400:

The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770–1930

1408:

in 1838, and did not end until 1843. Further violence took place in the

1082:' rescue parties and Indigenous Australians at Bulla, Queensland in 1861 783:

Estimated minimum Indigenous population by 1788 (based on Prentis 1988)

5642: 5617: 5552: 3698: 3493: 2931:

Justice All Their Own: Caledon Bay and Woodah Island Killings 1932-1933

2230: 1793: 1505: 1485: 1324:

There is a display of the weaponry and history of this conflict at the

922: 282: 3831:, pp. 16–20 and Appendix A: Listing the Death Toll of the Invader 2828: 2826: 2186:, publications by the Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament 541:

The first conflict took place several months after the landing of the

5547: 5542: 2813: 2811: 1605: 1598: 1151: 914: 249: 4581: 4569: 4008: 1277:

during the period between 1795 and 1802. These attacks led Governor

941: 5692:

Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897

4530:(Second ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 2498:"Map of Aboriginal Australia " Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet" 2227:, also known as Walyer, Waloa or Walloa, a rebel leader in Tasmania 1908:, which in 1901 was said to have taken up to 200 Aboriginal lives. 1617:

by a police expedition in retaliation for the death of a European.

5637: 5300: 3766:

Aboriginal History Monograph 21. Edited by Frances Peters-Little,

2034: 1910: 1815: 1803: 1630: 1627:

List of massacres of Indigenous Australians § South Australia

1536: 1513: 1489: 1479: 1425: 1379: 1181: 1126: 1073: 1019: 940: 559: 404: 5686:

Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889

4545:

Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995).

3586: 3584: 3547: 3545: 3543: 102:

British system of law established; Indigenous people dispossessed

4406:. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian War Memorial in association with 3017:. Vol. Supplement. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2755:. Vol. Supplement. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2141:, the War Memorial's outgoing chair, former government minister 1480: 245: 7090: 5871: 5193: 1968:

The conflict in Queensland was the bloodiest in the history of

27:

1788–1934 conflicts between settlers and Indigenous Australians

5158: 5116: 5112:"The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait" 3220:

Sir Thomas Brisbane to Earl Bathurst, Despatch No.18 per ship

1058:. European activities provoking significant conflict included 4717:

Frontier History Revisited – Queensland and the 'History War'

3760:

The country has another past: Queensland and the History Wars

1891:

List of massacres of Indigenous Australians § Queensland

5130:

The Remote Garrison: The British Army in Australia 1788–1870

3764:

Passionate Histories: Myth, memory, and Indigenous Australia

3722:

Aboriginal-European relations in North Queensland, 1861–1897

4819:

Truth-Telling: History, Sovereignty and the Uluru Statement

4737:

Passionate Histories: Myth, memory and Indigenous Australia

4696:. Cambridge Concise Histories (First ed.). Cambridge: 3771: 1303:

Conflict began again when the British expanded into inland

4969:

Foster, Robert; Hosking, Rick; Nettleback, Amanda (2001).

4373:

Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's frontier killing times

4838:

Police of the Pastoral Frontier: Native Police, 1849–1859

4740:. Aboriginal History Monograph. Vol. 21. ANU-Press. 3474:. National Library of Australia. 13 March 1841. p. 3 2403: 2401: 1824:

The frontier wars were particularly bloody and bitter in

1504:

were generally good. Open conflict between people of the

619:

The British colonisation of Australia commenced when the

4990:

The Sydney Wars: Conflict in the early colony, 1788-1817

4260:"War memorial battle over frontier conflict recognition" 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 7105:

History of the branches of the Australian Defence Force

4173:

Rogers, Thomas James; Bain, Stephen (3 February 2016).

2018:. A permanent settlement was established at modern-day 1820:

Fighting near Creen Creek, Queensland in September 1876

7263:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania

2641: 2639: 2637: 2258:, conflict between Spanish and Mapuche people in Chile 1792:

In the late 1840s, frontier conflict continued in the

1500:

in 1826. Relations between the garrison and the local

608:

colony abided by its own legal doctrine. The colony's

4656:

Diversity and Self-Determination in International Law

4568:

Evans, Raymond; Ørsted–Jensen, Robert (9 July 2014).

2892: 2880: 2856: 2832: 2817: 2604: 901:, with depopulation in large sections of what is now 2352: 2350: 1527:

attacked an Indigenous campsite on the banks of the

1341:

soon brought them to a sense of their Duty, and ...

913:

up to 50% or more, even before the move inland from

627:

in January 1788. Colonisation spread to present-day

6825: 6296: 6049: 5910: 5802: 5790:

Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes

5763: 5737: 5658: 5651: 5533: 5227: 4547:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

4505:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

3927:Among Cannibals (London 1889) page 58–59; See also 3492: 3265:

National Treasures from Australia's Great Libraries

5175:Stories from the Archive: Queensland Frontier Wars 4689: 1753:The Indigenous groups in Victoria concentrated on 5159:Telling the Stories of Queensland - Frontier Wars 4719:. Cooparoo, Brisbane, Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing. 3686:Frontier conflict in the Bowen district 1861–1874 2562:, pp. 10–11 & 15, see more in ref above. 1702:Fighting also took place in early pre-separation 1635:Aboriginal people attack squatters sleeping near 1565:region, relations between white settlers and the 4022:Baldry, Hannah; McKeon, Alisa; McDougal, Scott. 3614: 3602: 3590: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3471:The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal 3438:The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal 3295:"Governor Daveys Proclamation to the Aborigines" 3224:,Government House, N.S. Wales, 31 December 1824. 1975:Some sources have characterised these events as 3984: 3923:Queenslander 20 April 1901, page 757d-758c and 2740: 2738: 2583:(2 revised edition, Redfern NSW 1988, page 41). 2239:, Parperloihener resistance fighter in Tasmania 2078:published a series of articles in the magazine 1785: 1654: 1589:Aboriginal prisoners at Roebourne Gaol, ca.1910 1364:in 1826 after fighting broke out there between 1215:. Respectful studies were conducted by such as 564:"Night Attack by Blacks", monotone painting by 34: 5666:List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians 5184:The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies 4086:The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives 2245:, Wiradjuri warrior and resistance leader, NSW 2095:The frontier wars are not commemorated at the 1728:was a reprisal for the killing of a prominent 1597:in 1892 brought thousands of prospectors onto 5883: 5205: 4175:"Genocide and frontier violence in Australia" 3828: 3782: 3780: 3746: 3670: 3484:However, according to Warren Bert Kimberly's 2572: 2559: 2534: 2521: 2107:but is opposed by many historians, including 8: 3500:. Melbourne: F. W. Niven. 1897. p. 116. 3394: 3392: 3390: 2579:and "others", by M. D. Prentis for his book 2545:and "others", by M. D. Prentis for his book 1550:Fighting continued into the 1840s along the 1332:of the deployment of the troops under Major 897:epidemics may have impacted heavily on some 534:) and primarily British settlers during the 5810:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 4588:Foster, Robert; Nettlebeck, Amanda (2012). 3855:"Battle of One Tree Hill and Its Aftermath" 3628:"The settlers and the blacks of Port Fairy" 3081:"The Wave Hill 'walk-off' – Fact sheet 224" 2190:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 1857:region, and at one stage the settlement of 1328:. This includes a commendation by Governor 1166:. Following the crisis, the anthropologist 1158:, Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda, was launched to the 7087: 5890: 5876: 5868: 5655: 5212: 5198: 5190: 5101:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4886:"Australian Frontier Conflicts 1788-1940s" 4404:Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace 4009:"The Partial Case for Queensland Genocide" 3346:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 1195:employed Aboriginal envoys to explore the 31: 7130:Military history of Australia by conflict 7123:History of the Royal Australian Air Force 5815:Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians 4745: 4578:: Social Science Research Network (SSRN). 4503:". In Dennis, Peter; et al. (eds.). 4132:The International Journal of Human Rights 3772:Peters-Little, Curthoys & Docker 2011 3401:"Wonnerup: a chronicle of the south-west" 3170:"Text of Proclamation ending Martial Law" 3111: 2904: 2717: 2472: 2431: 2407: 2105:Returned and Services League of Australia 1935:, the editor of the short-lived Brisbane 1356:, who began as mounted infantry from the 1207:loyally accompanied his ill-fated friend 1115:as well as rapid-fire rifles such as the 659:Share of population in the 1988 estimates 656:Share of population in the 1930 estimates 5671:Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840 3824: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3299:Manuscripts, Oral History & Pictures 2392: 2368: 1584: 1438:The British established a settlement in 1223:in their renowned anthropological study 781: 769: 646: 7258:Violence against Indigenous Australians 5717:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911 5707:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910 5056:. Canberra, Australia; Miami, Fl, USA: 4796:Frontier: Aborigines, Settlers and Land 4528:The Encyclopedia of Australia's Battles 4477:The Australian frontier wars, 1788–1838 3928: 3911: 2916: 2322: 2294: 1109:Snider single shot breech-loading rifle 5094: 4220: 3840: 3658: 3534: 3522: 3323: 3247: 3235: 3136: 2802: 2729: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2628: 2616: 2592: 2484: 2380: 2341: 2329: 1226:The Native Tribes of Central Australia 4295:Karvelas, Patricia (2 October 2022). 3150:"Text of Proclamation of Martial Law" 2086:The Fabrication of Aboriginal History 1999:. Some fighting also took place near 774:Indigenous group on the banks of the 547:federation of the Australian colonies 7: 7113:History of the Royal Australian Navy 6149:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 5850: 5058:Australian National University Press 3275:from the original on 28 October 2010 2958:Murray, Tom; Collins, Allan (2004). 2868: 2844: 2419: 2356: 2250:Comparable events in other countries 2169:Military history of Australia portal 2014:The final battles took place in the 1003:and stones used as missile weapons. 4611:(Second ed.). Port Melbourne: 4270:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2278:; comparable events in South Africa 522:were the violent conflicts between 7197:Military intervention against ISIL 5171:, State Library of Queensland blog 4890:Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1940 4634:(Third ed.). Port Melbourne: 4526:Coulthard-Clark, Chris D. (2001). 4258:Peacock, Matt (26 February 2009). 3343:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3190:"Bells Falls Gorge – virtual tour" 3014:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2752:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2446:The Journals of Captain James Cook 2215:, Gai-Mariagal warrior in Tasmania 509:Minimum 2,000, highest 20,000 dead 25: 5898:Colonial conflicts involving the 4323:Butler, Dan (30 September 2022). 4125:Docker, John (13 December 2014). 3884:Marr, David (14 September 2019). 3009:"Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda (1900–1934)" 2301:Not to be confused with the 1915 1775:In 1842, white settlers from the 1601:land, causing sporadic fighting. 69:1788–1934; table below, 1788-1900 7233:History of Australia (1901–1945) 7228:History of Australia (1851–1900) 7223:History of Australia (1788–1850) 7172:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5849: 5838: 5837: 4861:Captain Cook's Voyages 1768–1779 4276:from the original on 26 May 2009 3853:Kerkhove, Ray (19 August 2017). 3466:"The Western Australian Journal" 3433:"The Western Australian Journal" 3303:State Library of New South Wales 3261:"Governor Arthur's proclamation" 2282:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 2161: 2061:from an Indigenous perspective, 1384:An illustration of the explorer 379: 368: 357: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 227: 210: 185: 168: 151: 139: 126: 40: 5974:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 4957:The Journal of Military History 4897:Booth, Andrea (18 April 2016). 4859:Williams, Glyndwr, ed. (1997). 4821:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. 4632:A Military History of Australia 4609:A Military History of Australia 2209:, Ugarapu warrior in Queensland 2183:Historical Records of Australia 1412:region during the early 1840s. 1268:dispatched a detachment of the 958:In 1840, the American-Canadian 7118:History of the Australian Army 6077:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 5820:Aborigines' Protection Society 5697:Aborigines Protection Act 1909 5681:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 4973:. Kent Town: Wakefield Press. 4945:Clayton-Dixon, Callum (2019). 4842:University of Queensland Press 4715:Ørsted-Jensen, Robert (2011). 4692:A Concise History of Australia 4507:(Second ed.). Melbourne: 4410:, Australia. pp. 92–120. 3943:, 1 May 1869, page 2g and the 3758:Evans, Raymond (October 2011) 3615:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012) 3603:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012) 3591:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012) 3576:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012) 3564:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012) 3552:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012) 3348:Australian National University 3086:National Archives of Australia 3019:Australian National University 2757:Australian National University 2201:Aboriginal Australian warriors 2195:List of conflicts in Australia 2068:The Other Side of the Frontier 1939:(later editor-in-chief of the 1834:Queensland Native Police Force 1706:after it was settled in 1834. 1354:New South Wales Mounted Police 1045:, but neither was successful. 937:Traditional Aboriginal warfare 623:established a penal colony at 47:New South Wales Mounted Police 1: 7093:Military history of Australia 6474:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 6318:Castle Hill convict rebellion 5440:Avenue Range Station massacre 5277:Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828 4930:10.1080/1031461X.2022.2071954 4917:Australian Historical Studies 4899:"What are the Frontier Wars?" 4592:. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. 4511:Australia & New Zealand. 4238:National Gallery of Australia 4193:10.1080/14623528.2016.1120466 3947:(Sydney) 25 May 1869, page 2. 3646:National Library of Australia 3443:National Library of Australia 3269:National Library of Australia 3175:National Library of Australia 3155:National Library of Australia 2284:; comparable events in Russia 2264:, Argentine military campaign 2047:National Gallery of Australia 85:and other surrounding islands 5367:Fighting Waterholes massacre 5110:Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018). 4453:An Atlas of Australia's Wars 4353:A Short History of the World 4180:Journal of Genocide Research 4145:10.1080/13642987.2014.987952 3406:Australian Heritage magazine 3195:National Museum of Australia 1326:National Museum of Australia 1264:raided farms until Governor 1049:Coastal and inland expansion 1024:Detail of an artwork by the 662:Distribution of tribal land 536:colonial period of Australia 5773:Aboriginal Protection Board 5163:State Library of Queensland 5031:Six Australian Battlefields 4836:Skinner, Leslie E. (1975). 3495:s:History of West Australia 1866:on 17 October 1861. At the 1779:area wrote a letter to the 1593:The discovery of gold near 1307:. Settlers who crossed the 1199:; the lone survivor of the 1178:Frequent friendly relations 1028:that shows the spearing of 638:Map of Aboriginal Australia 192:Province of South Australia 175:Colony of Western Australia 7289: 6991:Jewish revolt in Palestine 6636:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 6281:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 6173:American Revolutionary War 5722:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 5421:War of Southern Queensland 5307:Convincing Ground massacre 5295:Port Phillip District Wars 5235:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 4698:Cambridge University Press 4661:Cambridge University Press 4636:Cambridge University Press 4613:Cambridge University Press 4351:Blainey, Geoffrey (2003). 3445:. 13 March 1841. p. 3 2935:Melbourne University Press 2581:A Study in Black and White 2547:A Study in Black and White 2448:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: 1888: 1715:Convincing Ground massacre 1624: 1419: 1390:Wentworth, New South Wales 1296: 1252:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 1249: 1246:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 486:State and territory police 7099: 6762:Jameson Raid South Africa 5833: 5265:Minnamurra River massacre 5179:Queensland State Archives 4863:. London: Folio Society. 4840:. St. Lucia, Queensland: 4370:Bottoms, Timothy (2013). 4234:"The Aboriginal Memorial" 4058:Ethnic and Racial Studies 3959:, 8 March 1879, page 313d 3487:History of West Australia 2444:Beaglehole, J.C. (1955). 2221:, Bidjigal warrior in NSW 2071:, was published in 1982. 1962:Frederic Charles Urquhart 794:Population in percentage 556:Background and population 503: 452: 295: 146:Colony of New South Wales 118: 61: 39: 7273:Wars involving Australia 7218:Australian frontier wars 6973:Arab revolt in Palestine 6570:Second Anglo-Burmese War 6312:Second Anglo-Maratha War 6203:Australian frontier wars 5750:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2) 5745:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1) 5676:Aboriginal Witnesses Act 5488:Koonchera Point massacre 5470:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre 5349:Murdering Gully massacre 5337:Campaspe Plains massacre 5221:Australian frontier wars 5075:Reynolds, Henry (2013). 4817:Reynolds, Henry (2021). 4794:Reynolds, Henry (1987). 4653:Knop, Karen (May 2002). 4576:University of Queensland 3336:Reece, R. H. W. (2019). 2023:killed by police in the 1864:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre 1841:surrounding land in the 1810:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre 1748:Campaspe Plains massacre 1078:Fighting between one of 520:Australian frontier wars 466:Australian native police 35:Australian frontier wars 18:Australian Frontier Wars 6967:Second Mohmand campaign 6702:Third Anglo-Burmese War 6666:Second Anglo-Afghan War 6468:First Anglo-Burmese War 6444:Third Anglo-Maratha War 6275:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 6185:Second Anglo-Mysore War 6179:First Anglo-Maratha War 5778:Protector of Aborigines 5494:Jandamarra Guerilla War 5464:Hospital Creek Massacre 5427:Battle of One Tree Hill 5415:Warrigal Creek massacre 5361:Fighting Hills massacre 5325:Waterloo Creek massacre 5241:Battle of Richmond Hill 5007:Gapps, Stephen (2021). 4988:Gapps, Stephen (2018). 4551:Oxford University Press 4509:Oxford University Press 4457:Oxford University Press 4355:. Lanham: Ivan R. Dee. 4094:Canadian Scholars Press 4071:10.1080/014198798330115 3975:), 1 January 1879, p2f. 2960:"Dhakiyarr vs the King" 2577:Our Original Aggression 2571:Statistics compiled by 2558:Statistics compiled by 2543:Our Original Aggression 2533:Statistics compiled by 2233:, Dharug warrrio in NSW 2097:Australian War Memorial 1948:Raids conducted by the 1868:Battle of One Tree Hill 1726:Mount Cottrell massacre 1713:nation resulted in the 1402:Waterloo Creek massacre 1160:High Court of Australia 532:Torres Strait Islanders 55:Waterloo Creek massacre 7248:20th-century conflicts 7243:19th-century conflicts 7238:18th-century conflicts 6907:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6792:First Mohmand campaign 6516:First Anglo-Afghan War 6215:Third Anglo-Mysore War 5534:Indigenous Australian 5512:Forrest River massacre 5500:Mistake Creek massacre 5319:Battle of Broken River 5186:, with interactive map 5052:Loos, Noel A. (1982). 5029:; Hill, Marji (1988). 4630:Grey, Jeffrey (2008). 4607:Grey, Jeffrey (1999). 4499:Connor, John (2008). " 3985:Coulthard-Clark (2001) 3065:Flannery, Tim (1998). 3007:Dewar, Mickey (2005). 2747:"Pemulwuy (1750–1802)" 2539:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown 2303:Mistake Creek massacre 2262:Conquest of the Desert 2074:Between 2000 and 2002 2050: 1916: 1821: 1813: 1808:Aftermath of the 1861 1790: 1741:Battle of Broken River 1659: 1640: 1615:Forrest River massacre 1590: 1493: 1435: 1393: 1347: 1217:Walter Baldwin Spencer 1187: 1135: 1083: 1033: 946: 899:Aboriginal communities 779: 600:off the west coast of 568: 528:Aboriginal Australians 524:Indigenous Australians 498:Convict/settler allies 483:Colonial police forces 296:Commanders and leaders 241:Aboriginal Australians 6564:Second Anglo-Sikh War 6221:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 6107:French and Indian War 5458:Hornet Bank massacre 5452:East Ballina massacre 5446:Waterloo Bay massacre 5403:Pelican Creek tragedy 4474:Connor, John (2002). 4451:Coates, John (2006). 3727:James Cook University 3693:of North Queensland. 3691:James Cook University 2987:[1934] HCA 49 2745:Kohen, J. L. (2005). 2038: 1914: 1889:Further information: 1819: 1807: 1739:in 1838 known as the 1634: 1625:Further information: 1588: 1492:'s severed head, 1833 1483: 1429: 1422:Aboriginal Tasmanians 1406:Myall Creek massacres 1383: 1372:people and settlers. 1352:also established the 1338: 1270:46th Regiment of Foot 1185: 1156:Indigenous Australian 1130: 1077: 1023: 944: 791:Population in numbers 773: 563: 504:Casualties and losses 221:Port Phillip District 7253:Genocides in Oceania 6726:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 6534:First Anglo-Sikh War 6510:Egyptian–Ottoman War 5506:Mowla Bluff massacre 5476:Flying Foam Massacre 5434:Darkey Flat Massacre 5397:Rufus River massacre 5331:Myall Creek massacre 5285:(Tasmania) (1828–32) 5253:Risdon Cove massacre 5246:Battle of Parramatta 5011:. Sydney: NewSouth. 4992:. Sydney: NewSouth. 3829:Ørsted-Jensen (2011) 3823:, pp. 121–127; 3747:Ørsted-Jensen (2011) 3671:Ørsted-Jensen (2011) 2893:Dennis et al. (1995) 2881:Dennis et al. (1995) 2857:Dennis et al. (1995) 2833:Dennis et al. (1995) 2818:Dennis et al. (1995) 2605:Dennis et al. (1995) 2177:Gulf Country#History 1089:American Indian Wars 1026:Port Jackson Painter 512:100,000-115,000 dead 234:Colony of Queensland 53:warriors during the 6979:Waziristan campaign 6913:Waziristan campaign 6606:Revolt of Rajab Ali 6083:War of Jenkins' Ear 5727:Aborigines Act 1934 5712:Aborigines Act 1911 5702:Aborigines Act 1910 5536:resistance warriors 5409:Evans Head massacre 5379:Gippsland massacres 5343:Blood Hole massacre 4747:10.22459/PH.09.2010 3931:, pp. 172–174. 3799:, pp. 121–127. 3719:Loos, Noel (1976). 3683:Loos, Noel (1970). 3661:, pp. 102–103. 3644:– via Trove, 3633:Southern Australian 3537:, pp. 108–109. 3338:"Yagan (1795–1833)" 3093:on 21 December 2010 2371:, pp. 191–192. 2138:The Australian Wars 2135:documentary series 2042:Aboriginal Memorial 1902:Bladensburg Station 1870:in September 1843, 1770:Gippsland massacres 1459:Lieutenant-Governor 1123:Dispersed frontiers 1113:Martini-Henry rifle 832:Northern Territory 784: 709:Northern Territory 649: 602:Cape York Peninsula 7187:War in Afghanistan 6853:Bambatha Rebellion 6768:Anglo-Zanzibar War 6756:Chitral Expedition 6690:Anglo-Egyptian War 6462:Anglo-Ashanti wars 6167:Lord Dunmore's War 6125:Anglo-Cherokee War 6034:King William's War 5783:Aboriginal reserve 5755:Tuckiar v The King 5524:Caledon Bay crisis 5313:Battle of Pinjarra 5289:Cape Grim massacre 3973:Queensland Patriot 3941:Port Denison Times 3699:10.25903/mmrc-5e46 3202:on 2 February 2012 3069:. Text Publishing. 2982:Tuckiar v The King 2970:on 14 August 2014. 2929:Egan, Ted (1996). 2573:Ørsted-Jensen 2011 2560:Ørsted-Jensen 2011 2535:Ørsted-Jensen 2011 2522:Ørsted-Jensen 2011 2383:, pp. xi–xii. 2076:Keith Windschuttle 2051: 2016:Northern Territory 1983:Northern Territory 1970:colonial Australia 1922:Port Denison Times 1917: 1822: 1814: 1719:Portland, Victoria 1650:Governor Hindmarsh 1641: 1591: 1494: 1436: 1394: 1376:Wars on the plains 1279:Philip Gidley King 1188: 1164:Tuckiar v The King 1148:Caledon Bay crisis 1136: 1084: 1060:pastoral squatting 1034: 947: 945:Aboriginal warrior 810:Western Australia 782: 780: 681:Western Australia 647: 569: 566:Livingston Hopkins 471:NSW Mounted Police 217:Colony of Victoria 201:Northern Territory 158:Colony of Tasmania 7205: 7204: 7167:Malayan Emergency 7152:Russian Civil War 7084: 7083: 7015:Malayan Emergency 6925:Malabar rebellion 6786:Siege of Malakand 6732:Anglo-Manipur War 6588:Anglo-Persian War 6137:Anglo-Spanish War 6089:King George's War 6010:King Philip's War 5986:Anglo-Spanish War 5865: 5864: 5798: 5797: 5688:(statute 24/1889) 5518:Coniston massacre 5391:Wonnerup massacre 5035:Allen & Unwin 4800:Allen & Unwin 4757:978-1-921666-64-3 4686:Macintyre, Stuart 4670:978-0-521-78178-7 4645:978-0-521-69791-0 4518:978-0-19-551784-2 4434:Allen & Unwin 4408:Allen & Unwin 4387:978-1-74331-382-4 4378:Allen & Unwin 3987:, pp. 51–52. 3770:and John Docker ( 3673:, pp. 10–11. 3357:978-0-522-84459-7 3028:978-0-522-84459-7 2991:(1934) 52 CLR 335 2883:, pp. 12–13. 2805:, pp. 33–34. 2766:978-0-522-84459-7 2732:, pp. 31–33. 2696:, pp. 12–13. 2307:Western Australia 2025:Coniston massacre 2005:Cobourg Peninsula 1730:Van Diemen's Land 1676:In 1840 the ship 1576:Wonnerup massacre 1541:Robert Menli Lyon 1518:Pinjarra massacre 1510:Swan River Colony 1476:Western Australia 1440:Van Diemen's Land 1432:Van Diemen's Land 1430:Poster issued in 1311:were harassed by 927:venereal diseases 889:Impact of disease 886: 885: 764: 763: 598:Possession Island 594:Emerich de Vattel 516: 515: 489:Aboriginal allies 480:British colonists 476:NSW Border Police 364:Lachlan Macquarie 179:Swan River Colony 162:Van Diemen's Land 114: 113: 95:Colonial victory 16:(Redirected from 7280: 7088: 7033:Cyprus Emergency 6859:Maritz rebellion 6847:Tibet expedition 6780:Benin Expedition 6600:Indian Rebellion 6594:Second Opium War 6576:Eureka Rebellion 6552:British Honduras 6528:New Zealand Wars 6113:Seven Years' War 6059:Queen Anne's War 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5853: 5852: 5841: 5840: 5656: 5628:Tunnerminnerwait 5355:Battle of Yering 5301:Yagan Resistance 5214: 5207: 5200: 5191: 5147: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5092: 5071: 5048: 5022: 5003: 4984: 4965: 4950: 4941: 4910: 4893: 4872: 4855: 4832: 4813: 4790: 4761: 4749: 4730: 4711: 4695: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4649: 4626: 4603: 4579: 4564: 4541: 4522: 4495: 4470: 4447: 4421: 4391: 4366: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3938: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3881: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3409:. Archived from 3396: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198:. Archived from 3186: 3180: 3179: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3115: 3112:Macintyre (1999) 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3089:. Archived from 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3004: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2966:. Archived from 2955: 2949: 2948: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2905:Macintyre (1999) 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2718:Macintyre (1999) 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2684:, pp. 8–12. 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2531: 2525: 2524:, pp. 6–15. 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2473:Macintyre (1999) 2470: 2464: 2463: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2408:Macintyre (1999) 2405: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2310: 2299: 2237:Tunnerminnerwait 2171: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2125:Michael McKernan 2109:Geoffrey Blainey 2058:W. E. H. Stanner 1958:North Queensland 1942:Brisbane Courier 1879:Frederick Walker 1755:economic warfare 1646:Proclamation Day 1398:Liverpool Plains 1258:Hawkesbury River 1172:Douglas Nicholls 1141:Geoffrey Blainey 1117:Winchester rifle 1093:New Zealand Wars 1070:Unequal weaponry 1016:First occupation 952:Edward John Eyre 876:Estimated total 854:South Australia 821:New South Wales 785: 737:South Australia 695:New South Wales 650: 526:(including both 409:Tunnerminnerwait 384: 383: 373: 372: 362: 361: 351: 350: 340: 339: 329: 328: 318: 317: 307: 306: 232: 231: 215: 214: 190: 189: 173: 172: 156: 155: 144: 143: 131: 130: 99:No treaty signed 63: 62: 44: 32: 21: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7021:Kenya Emergency 6827: 6821: 6816:Second Boer War 6810:Boxer Rebellion 6738:Pahang Uprising 6618:Ambela campaign 6540:Río de la Plata 6522:First Opium War 6504:Aden Expedition 6336:Río de la Plata 6298: 6292: 6263:Irish Rebellion 6155:First Carib War 6051: 6045: 5968:Confederate War 5962:Irish Rebellion 5912: 5906: 5896: 5866: 5861: 5829: 5794: 5765: 5759: 5733: 5647: 5535: 5529: 5223: 5218: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5124: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5074: 5068: 5051: 5045: 5033:. St Leonards: 5025: 5019: 5006: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4968: 4953: 4944: 4913: 4896: 4884: 4880: 4878:Further reading 4875: 4858: 4852: 4835: 4829: 4816: 4810: 4793: 4787: 4767:Reynolds, Henry 4765: 4758: 4733: 4727: 4714: 4708: 4684: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4652: 4646: 4629: 4623: 4606: 4600: 4587: 4567: 4561: 4544: 4538: 4525: 4519: 4498: 4492: 4473: 4467: 4450: 4444: 4426:Butlin, Noel G. 4424: 4418: 4396:Broome, Richard 4394: 4388: 4369: 4363: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4265:The 7:30 Report 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4104: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3825:Reynolds (1987) 3821:Reynolds (1982) 3819: 3815: 3809:Reynolds (1987) 3807: 3803: 3797:Reynolds (1982) 3795: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3506: 3491: 3477: 3475: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3399:Stirling, Ros. 3398: 3397: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3358: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3029: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2979: 2975: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895:, pp. 7–8. 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2767: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672:, pp. 4–5. 2668: 2664: 2660:, pp. 5–8. 2656: 2652: 2644: 2635: 2631:, pp. 3–4. 2627: 2623: 2619:, pp. 2–3. 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2452:. p. 387. 2450:Hakluyt Society 2443: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2369:Reynolds (2021) 2367: 2363: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2252: 2203: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2119:, John Connor, 2033: 2001:Fort Wellington 1993:Melville Island 1985: 1893: 1887: 1885:Major massacres 1802: 1781:Charles Latrobe 1760:From 1840, the 1700: 1662:Governor Gawler 1629: 1623: 1621:South Australia 1580:Rottnest Island 1567:Wardandi people 1478: 1470:Flinders Island 1424: 1418: 1378: 1305:New South Wales 1301: 1295: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1241:New South Wales 1229:(1899); and by 1201:Burke and Wills 1180: 1125: 1080:Burke and Wills 1072: 1051: 1018: 1013: 1011:General history 989:missile weapons 939: 907:New South Wales 891: 788:State/territory 653:State/territory 577:Dharawal nation 558: 447: 445: 443: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 388: 378: 377: 367: 366: 356: 355: 345: 344: 334: 333: 323: 322: 312: 311: 301: 290: 286: 281: 276: 272: 264: 260: 244: 226: 209: 184: 167: 150: 138: 125: 86: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7286: 7284: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7210: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6961:Barzani revolt 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6798:Tirah campaign 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6708:Central Africa 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6678:First Boer War 6675: 6669: 6663: 6660:Anglo-Zulu War 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6348:Froberg mutiny 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6028:Williamite War 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5904:British Empire 5897: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5847: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5825:Half-Caste Act 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5662: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5623:Tongerlongeter 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Maulboyheenner 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5482:Kalkadoon Wars 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5385:Eumerella Wars 5382: 5376: 5373:Maria massacre 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5154: 5153:External links 5151: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5134:Kangaroo Press 5126:Stanley, Peter 5122: 5107: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5049: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5004: 4998: 4985: 4979: 4966: 4964:(4): 985–1006. 4951: 4942: 4911: 4894: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4856: 4850: 4833: 4827: 4814: 4808: 4791: 4785: 4763: 4756: 4731: 4725: 4712: 4706: 4682: 4669: 4650: 4644: 4627: 4621: 4604: 4598: 4585: 4565: 4559: 4542: 4536: 4523: 4517: 4496: 4490: 4471: 4465: 4448: 4442: 4422: 4416: 4392: 4386: 4367: 4361: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4315: 4287: 4250: 4225: 4223:, p. 109. 4213: 4165: 4117: 4103:978-1551303000 4102: 4076: 4047: 4029:QUT Law Review 4014: 4007:Gibbons, Ray. 3999: 3989: 3977: 3961: 3949: 3933: 3916: 3912:Skinner (1975) 3904: 3876: 3845: 3843:, p. 102. 3833: 3827:, p. 53; 3813: 3801: 3789: 3776: 3751: 3739: 3711: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3636:. 10 June 1842 3619: 3607: 3595: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3539: 3527: 3525:, p. 221. 3504: 3456: 3424: 3413:on 25 May 2011 3386: 3356: 3328: 3316: 3286: 3252: 3250:, p. 101. 3240: 3228: 3213: 3181: 3161: 3141: 3139:, p. 220. 3116: 3104: 3072: 3057: 3027: 2999: 2973: 2964:Film Australia 2950: 2943: 2921: 2919:, p. 313. 2917:Blainey (2003) 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2822: 2807: 2795: 2765: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2564: 2551: 2526: 2514: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2458: 2436: 2432:Macintyre 1999 2424: 2422:, p. 128. 2412: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2361: 2346: 2344:, p. xii. 2334: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2276:Anglo-Zulu war 2268:The Great Trek 2265: 2259: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2156: 2153: 2148:Rachel Perkins 2143:Brendan Nelson 2113:Gordon Briscoe 2063:Henry Reynolds 2055:anthropologist 2032: 2031:Historiography 2029: 1984: 1981: 1886: 1883: 1801: 1798: 1766:Warrigal Creek 1762:Eumerella Wars 1699: 1696: 1622: 1619: 1512:expanded from 1477: 1474: 1417: 1414: 1377: 1374: 1358:third Regiment 1309:Blue Mountains 1297:Main article: 1294: 1291: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1231:Donald Thomson 1209:Edmund Kennedy 1197:Murray-Darling 1179: 1176: 1168:Donald Thomson 1124: 1121: 1111:and later the 1071: 1068: 1050: 1047: 1030:Arthur Phillip 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 997:spear throwers 981: 980: 977: 974: 938: 935: 890: 887: 884: 883: 880: 877: 873: 872: 869: 866: 862: 861: 858: 855: 851: 850: 847: 844: 840: 839: 836: 833: 829: 828: 825: 822: 818: 817: 814: 811: 807: 806: 803: 800: 796: 795: 792: 789: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 748: 747: 744: 741: 738: 734: 733: 730: 727: 724: 720: 719: 716: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 696: 692: 691: 688: 685: 682: 678: 677: 674: 671: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 654: 614:Arthur Phillip 557: 554: 514: 513: 510: 506: 505: 501: 500: 499: 496: 492: 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 473: 468: 463: 455: 454: 450: 449: 390: 375:James Stirling 353:Arthur Phillip 342:Queen Victoria 298: 297: 293: 292: 238: 237: 236: 224: 206: 205: 204: 203: 195: 194: 182: 165: 148: 133:British Empire 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 92: 88: 87: 77: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7285: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Frontier wars 7135: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949:Ikhwan revolt 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6396:Spice Islands 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354:Santo Domingo 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6143:Pontiac's War 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6095:Carnatic Wars 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6065:Tuscarora War 6063: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5858: 5857: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Mannalargenna 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5387:(1840s–1860s) 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5259:Tedbury's War 5257: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5143:0-86417-091-2 5139: 5135: 5132:. Kenthurst: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5090: 5088:9781742233925 5084: 5080: 5079: 5078:Forgotten War 5073: 5069: 5067:0-7081-1521-7 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5044:1-86448-672-4 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5018:9781742236711 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4999:9781742232140 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4980:1-86254-533-2 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4828:9781742236940 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4809:0-04-994005-8 4805: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4777:Penguin Books 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4726:9781466386822 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4707:0-521-62577-7 4703: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4622:0-521-64483-6 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4599:9781743055823 4595: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4560:0-19-553227-9 4556: 4552: 4549:. Melbourne: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501:Frontier Wars 4497: 4493: 4491:0-86840-756-9 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4466:0-19-555914-2 4462: 4458: 4455:. Melbourne: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4417:0-642-99502-8 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4251: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221:Broome (1988) 4217: 4214: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187:(1): 83–100. 4186: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4036:(1): 92–113. 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925:Carl Lumholtz 3920: 3917: 3914:, p. 26. 3913: 3908: 3905: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3841:Broome (1988) 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3811:, p. 53. 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659:Broome (1988) 3655: 3652: 3647: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3617:, p. 42. 3616: 3611: 3608: 3605:, p. 34. 3604: 3599: 3596: 3593:, p. 25. 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3578:, p. 22. 3577: 3572: 3569: 3566:, p. 24. 3565: 3560: 3557: 3554:, p. 21. 3553: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Broome (1988) 3531: 3528: 3524: 3523:Connor (2008) 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3326:, p. 96. 3325: 3324:Broome (1988) 3320: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248:Broome (1988) 3244: 3241: 3238:, p. 62. 3237: 3236:Connor (2008) 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3137:Connor (2008) 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3114:, p. 38. 3113: 3108: 3105: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3067:The Explorers 3061: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907:, p. 62. 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2871:, p. 30. 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2847:, p. 31. 2846: 2841: 2838: 2835:, p. 12. 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:Connor (2002) 2799: 2796: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:Connor (2002) 2726: 2723: 2720:, p. 33. 2719: 2714: 2711: 2708:, p. 94. 2707: 2706:Broome (1988) 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694:Connor (2002) 2690: 2687: 2683: 2682:Connor (2002) 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670:Connor (2002) 2666: 2663: 2659: 2658:Connor (2002) 2654: 2651: 2647: 2646:Connor (2002) 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Connor (2002) 2625: 2622: 2618: 2617:Connor (2002) 2613: 2610: 2607:, p. 11. 2606: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593:Butlin (1983) 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2487:, p. 93. 2486: 2485:Broome (1988) 2481: 2478: 2475:, p. 30. 2474: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2410:, p. 34. 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2395:, p. 95. 2394: 2393:Williams 1997 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381:Connor (2002) 2377: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2359:, p. 39. 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:Connor (2002) 2338: 2335: 2332:, p. 12. 2331: 2330:Coates (2006) 2326: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2129:Peter Stanley 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2084:and the book 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2009:Fort Victoria 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1933:Carl Feilberg 1929: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:Burnett River 1848: 1844: 1843:Darling Downs 1838: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1545:Carnac Island 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:Minang people 1499: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1386:Charles Sturt 1382: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Hunter Region 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283:Georges River 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:Jackey Jackey 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:Charles Sturt 1184: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1133: 1132:Native police 1129: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:Colt revolver 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1081: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 992: 990: 986: 978: 975: 972: 971: 970: 967: 964: 961: 956: 953: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 888: 881: 878: 875: 874: 870: 867: 864: 863: 859: 856: 853: 852: 848: 845: 842: 841: 837: 834: 831: 830: 826: 823: 820: 819: 815: 812: 809: 808: 804: 801: 798: 797: 793: 790: 787: 786: 777: 776:River Torrens 772: 768: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 739: 736: 735: 731: 728: 725: 722: 721: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 697: 694: 693: 689: 686: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 669: 666: 665: 661: 658: 655: 652: 651: 645: 641: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590: 589:terra nullius 584: 582: 578: 574: 567: 562: 555: 553: 550: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 511: 508: 507: 502: 497: 494: 493: 488: 485: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 457: 456: 451: 438: 434: 433:Mannalargenna 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391: 387: 386:George Arthur 382: 376: 371: 365: 360: 354: 349: 343: 338: 332: 327: 321: 316: 310: 305: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 239: 235: 230: 225: 222: 218: 213: 208: 207: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196: 193: 188: 183: 180: 176: 171: 166: 163: 159: 154: 149: 147: 142: 137: 136: 135: 134: 129: 123: 122: 117: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 84: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7157:World War II 7136: 7129: 7103: 6919:Iraqi Revolt 6774:Matabeleland 6750:North Borneo 6744:Matabeleland 6696:Saskatchewan 6498:Upper Canada 6492:Lower Canada 6450:Persian Gulf 6366:Persian Gulf 6306:Newfoundland 6287:Polygar Wars 6257:Kandyan Wars 6209:Nootka Sound 6202: 5854: 5842: 5436:(circa 1845) 5271:Bathurst War 5237:(1795–1816) 5220: 5129: 5115: 5077: 5053: 5030: 5008: 4989: 4970: 4961: 4955: 4946: 4921: 4915: 4909:. Explainer. 4902: 4889: 4860: 4837: 4818: 4795: 4775:. Ringwood: 4771: 4736: 4716: 4691: 4674:. Retrieved 4655: 4631: 4608: 4589: 4570: 4546: 4527: 4504: 4500: 4476: 4452: 4429: 4403: 4399: 4372: 4352: 4329:. Retrieved 4318: 4306:. Retrieved 4300: 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4263: 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4228: 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4184: 4178: 4168: 4156:. Retrieved 4139:(1): 74–89. 4136: 4130: 4120: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4033: 4027: 4017: 4002: 3992: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957:Queenslander 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929:Bottoms 2013 3919: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3891:The Guardian 3889: 3879: 3858:. Retrieved 3848: 3836: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3768:Ann Curthoys 3763: 3759: 3754: 3742: 3732:11 September 3730:. Retrieved 3721: 3714: 3704:11 September 3702:. Retrieved 3685: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3638:. Retrieved 3631: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3571: 3559: 3530: 3494: 3485: 3476:. Retrieved 3469: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3436: 3427: 3415:. Retrieved 3411:the original 3404: 3377:. Retrieved 3341: 3331: 3319: 3307:. Retrieved 3298: 3289: 3277:. Retrieved 3264: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3221: 3216: 3206:23 September 3204:. Retrieved 3200:the original 3193: 3184: 3173: 3164: 3153: 3144: 3107: 3097:23 September 3095:. Retrieved 3091:the original 3084: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3048:. Retrieved 3012: 3002: 2980: 2976: 2968:the original 2953: 2930: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2859:, p. 5. 2852: 2840: 2820:, p. 9. 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2750: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2648:, p. 4. 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2529: 2517: 2507:23 September 2505:. Retrieved 2501: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2445: 2439: 2434:, p. 39 2427: 2415: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2337: 2325: 2297: 2181: 2136: 2094: 2090:history wars 2085: 2079: 2073: 2066: 2052: 2040: 2039:The artwork 2013: 1986: 1974: 1967: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1920: 1919:In 1869 the 1918: 1894: 1876: 1839: 1830: 1823: 1791: 1786: 1774: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1734: 1723: 1708: 1701: 1692: 1688:Port Lincoln 1686:The town of 1685: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1642: 1603: 1592: 1560: 1549: 1533: 1529:Murray River 1495: 1484:Portrait of 1456: 1437: 1395: 1348: 1339: 1302: 1299:Bathurst War 1293:Bathurst War 1262:Darug people 1255: 1224: 1221:Frank Gillen 1189: 1145: 1137: 1097: 1085: 1052: 1035: 1005: 993: 982: 968: 963:Horatio Hale 957: 948: 931:tuberculosis 892: 765: 642: 637: 618: 606: 587: 585: 570: 551: 540: 519: 517: 461:British Army 446:Koort Kirrup 444:Partpoaermin 124: 119:Belligerents 94: 81:, including 29: 7177:Vietnam War 7147:World War I 7039:Suez Crisis 6937:Transjordan 6841:West Africa 6818:(1899–1902) 6812:(1898–1901) 6804:Six-Day War 6752:(1894–1905) 6740:(1891–1895) 6720:Mashonaland 6684:Mahdist War 6624:Shimonoseki 6554:(1847–1901) 6464:(1824–1901) 6432:Cape Colony 6330:Cape Colony 6289:(1799–1805) 6283:(1799–1803) 6271:(1798–1800) 6259:(1796–1818) 6233:Cape Colony 6223:(1793–1806) 6205:(1788–1934) 6101:Nova Scotia 6071:Yamasee War 6042:(1694–1700) 6016:Child's War 6004:2nd Tangier 5998:1st Tangier 5994:(1655–1739) 5944:Saint Kitts 5922:(1593–1603) 5764:Committees 5738:Court cases 5633:Windradyne 5613:Tarenorerer 5593:Multuggerah 5558:Cannabaygal 5279:(1827-1828) 5027:Grassby, Al 4924:: 109–124. 4779:Australia. 2869:Grey (1999) 2845:Grey (1999) 2420:Knop (2002) 2357:Grey (2008) 2225:Tarenorerer 2207:Multuggerah 2117:John Coates 1997:Tiwi people 1989:Fort Dundas 1872:Multuggerah 1859:Maryborough 1735:A clash at 1711:Gunditjmara 1572:John Molloy 1410:New England 1321:martial law 1319:proclaimed 1235:Arnhem Land 1064:gold rushes 1038:First Fleet 960:ethnologist 799:Queensland 667:Queensland 625:Sydney Cove 621:First Fleet 543:First Fleet 421:Multuggerah 417:Tarenorerer 291:Many others 274:Gunditjmara 7268:Proxy wars 7212:Categories 7162:Korean War 6943:Pink's War 6835:Somaliland 6672:Basutoland 6426:Guadeloupe 6408:Xhosa Wars 6390:Seychelles 6372:Guadeloupe 6360:Martinique 6227:Rohilkhand 6191:Gold Coast 6161:Rohilkhand 6119:Bengal War 5956:Pequot War 5766:and boards 5578:Kikatapula 5573:Jandamarra 5423:(1843–55) 5081:. Sydney. 4851:0702209775 4798:. Sydney: 4786:0140224750 4537:1865086347 4482:UNSW Press 4480:. Sydney: 4443:0868612235 4432:. Sydney: 4376:. Sydney: 4362:1461709865 4344:References 4331:22 January 4308:22 January 4065:: 89–115. 3971:(formerly 3969:Daily News 3640:4 December 3379:4 November 3279:5 November 2995:High Court 2944:0522846939 2502:ecu.edu.au 2459:0851157440 2272:Xhosa Wars 2256:Arauco War 2243:Windradyne 2146:filmmaker 2121:Ken Inglis 2049:since 1988 1937:Daily News 1898:strychnine 1855:Hervey Bay 1826:Queensland 1800:Queensland 1777:Port Fairy 1610:Jandamarra 1599:Wangkathaa 1595:Coolgardie 1552:Avon River 1466:Black Line 1420:See also: 1275:Parramatta 1001:boomerangs 911:Queensland 612:, Captain 581:Botany Bay 573:James Cook 448:Alkapurata 425:Jandamarra 401:Windradyne 331:William IV 309:George III 254:Gandangara 51:Aboriginal 7075:Falklands 7071:(1963–67) 7065:(1962–66) 7059:(1962–90) 7047:(1962–76) 7035:(1955–59) 7029:(1954–59) 7023:(1952–60) 7017:(1948–60) 7011:(1946–50) 7003:Indonesia 6999:(1945–46) 6997:Indochina 6993:(1944–48) 6981:(1936–39) 6975:(1936–39) 6963:(1931–32) 6957:(1930–31) 6951:(1927–30) 6933:(1922–24) 6931:Kurdistan 6915:(1919–20) 6891:(1916–17) 6871:Nyasaland 6867:(1914–15) 6861:(1914–15) 6849:(1903–04) 6843:(1901–02) 6837:(1900–20) 6800:(1897–98) 6794:(1897–98) 6776:(1896–97) 6746:(1893–94) 6710:(1886–89) 6686:(1881–99) 6680:(1880–81) 6674:(1880–81) 6668:(1879–80) 6656:(1875–76) 6642:Abyssinia 6638:(1866–71) 6632:(1864–65) 6620:(1863–64) 6612:Kagoshima 6608:(1857–58) 6602:(1857–59) 6596:(1856–60) 6590:(1856–57) 6584:(1854–56) 6582:Åland War 6566:(1848–49) 6542:(1845–50) 6536:(1845–46) 6530:(1845–72) 6524:(1839–42) 6518:(1839–42) 6512:(1839–41) 6500:(1837–38) 6494:(1837–38) 6488:(1831–33) 6482:(1831–32) 6476:(1828–32) 6470:(1824–26) 6446:(1817–18) 6422:(1814–16) 6416:(1812–15) 6410:(1811–79) 6404:(1810–11) 6384:Mauritius 6356:(1808–09) 6338:(1806–07) 6314:(1803–05) 6277:(1798–99) 6247:(1795–96) 6241:(1795–96) 6217:(1789–92) 6193:(1781–82) 6187:(1779–84) 6181:(1775–82) 6175:(1775–83) 6163:(1773–74) 6157:(1769–73) 6151:(1765–71) 6145:(1763–66) 6139:(1762–63) 6127:(1758–61) 6121:(1756–65) 6115:(1756–63) 6109:(1754–63) 6103:(1749–55) 6097:(1746–63) 6091:(1744–48) 6085:(1740–42) 6079:(1722–25) 6073:(1715–17) 6067:(1711–15) 6061:(1702–13) 6036:(1688–97) 6030:(1688–91) 6018:(1686–90) 6012:(1675–78) 5988:(1654–60) 5982:(1654–67) 5976:(1649–53) 5970:(1641–53) 5958:(1634–38) 5928:(1609–46) 5526:(1932–34) 5496:(1894–97) 5484:(1870–90) 5309:(1833/34) 5303:(1831–33) 5297:(1830–50) 5283:Black War 5261:(1804–05) 5097:cite book 4938:249139781 4676:9 January 4398:(1988). " 4201:147512803 4153:145745263 4096:: 16–36. 4042:2201-7275 3689:(other). 3366:1833-7538 3037:1833-7538 2775:1833-7538 2317:Citations 2289:Footnotes 1954:Cloncurry 1950:Kalkadoon 1724:The 1836 1637:Lake Hope 1563:Busselton 1452:Black War 1370:Kamilaroi 1313:Wiradjuri 1266:Macquarie 1213:Cape York 1056:massacres 919:squatters 865:Tasmania 843:Victoria 751:Tasmania 723:Victoria 413:Truganini 320:George IV 270:Gamilaroi 262:Wiradjuri 79:Australia 49:engaging 7192:Iraq War 7182:Gulf War 7142:Boer War 7063:Malaysia 6985:Ethiopia 6883:Peshawar 6648:Manitoba 6630:Duar War 5926:Virginia 5844:Category 5608:Pemulwuy 5603:Nemarluk 5598:Musquito 5568:Eumarrah 5563:Dundalli 5128:(1986). 4869:38549967 4769:(1982). 4688:(1999). 4582:abstract 4428:(1983). 4280:18 April 4274:Archived 4112:19514155 3897:5 August 3860:5 August 3478:23 April 3449:23 April 3417:21 April 3374:70677943 3273:Archived 3045:70677943 2783:70677943 2219:Pemulwuy 2213:Musquito 2155:See also 2101:Canberra 2081:Quadrant 1977:genocide 1847:Wide Bay 1704:Victoria 1698:Victoria 1648:in 1836 1525:Stirling 1522:Governor 1488:warrior 1457:In 1830 1448:pastoral 1444:Tasmania 1442:(modern 1416:Tasmania 1366:Wonnarua 1350:Brisbane 1343:Saturday 1334:Morisset 1330:Brisbane 1317:Brisbane 1287:Prospect 1043:Pemulwuy 903:Victoria 895:smallpox 879:795,000 835:100,000 824:160,000 813:150,000 802:300,000 633:Victoria 629:Tasmania 610:Governor 453:Strength 442:Cocknose 440:Tarrarer 437:Nemarluk 429:Dundalli 397:Musquito 393:Pemulwuy 266:Wonnarua 258:Tharawal 83:Tasmania 74:Location 7057:Sarawak 7009:Sarawak 6901:Nigeria 6889:Mohmand 6877:Nigeria 6828:century 6486:Malacca 6480:Jamaica 6438:Algiers 6378:Reunion 6324:Surinam 6299:century 6245:Grenada 6239:Jamaica 6131:Jamaica 6052:century 5992:Jamaica 5920:Ireland 5913:century 5900:English 5856:Commons 5643:Yilbung 5618:Tedbury 5553:Calyute 5543:Baulie 5490:(1880s) 5381:(1840s) 4574:. AHA. 4206:8 March 4158:8 March 3787:Network 3725:(PhD). 3309:19 June 3222:Mangles 3050:29 July 2788:12 July 2231:Tedbury 2003:on the 1794:Wimmera 1737:Benalla 1561:In the 1506:Noongar 1486:Noongar 1289:areas. 1134:in 1865 923:measles 857:32,000 846:45,000 285:peoples 283:Noongar 280:peoples 57:of 1838 7077:(1982) 7053:(1962) 7051:Brunei 7041:(1956) 7005:(1945) 6987:(1943) 6969:(1935) 6945:(1925) 6939:(1923) 6927:(1921) 6921:(1920) 6909:(1919) 6903:(1918) 6897:(1917) 6895:Quebec 6885:(1915) 6879:(1915) 6873:(1915) 6855:(1906) 6806:(1899) 6788:(1897) 6782:(1897) 6770:(1896) 6764:(1896) 6758:(1895) 6734:(1891) 6728:(1891) 6722:(1890) 6716:(1888) 6714:Hazara 6704:(1885) 6698:(1885) 6692:(1882) 6662:(1879) 6650:(1870) 6644:(1868) 6626:(1864) 6614:(1863) 6578:(1854) 6572:(1852) 6560:(1848) 6558:Ceylon 6548:(1847) 6546:Canton 6506:(1839) 6458:(1823) 6456:Guiana 6452:(1819) 6440:(1816) 6434:(1815) 6428:(1815) 6398:(1810) 6392:(1810) 6386:(1810) 6380:(1810) 6374:(1810) 6368:(1809) 6362:(1809) 6350:(1807) 6344:(1807) 6332:(1806) 6326:(1804) 6320:(1804) 6308:(1800) 6265:(1798) 6253:(1795) 6251:Ceylon 6235:(1795) 6229:(1794) 6211:(1789) 6199:(1786) 6169:(1774) 6133:(1762) 6024:(1687) 6006:(1664) 6000:(1662) 5980:Acadia 5964:(1641) 5952:(1628) 5950:Quebec 5946:(1626) 5940:(1622) 5934:(1612) 5932:Swally 5548:Beilba 5520:(1928) 5514:(1926) 5508:(1916) 5502:(1915) 5478:(1868) 5472:(1861) 5466:(1859) 5460:(1857) 5454:(1853) 5448:(1849) 5442:(1848) 5417:(1843) 5411:(1842) 5405:(1842) 5399:(1841) 5393:(1841) 5375:(1840) 5369:(1840) 5363:(1840) 5357:(1840) 5351:(1839) 5345:(1839) 5339:(1839) 5333:(1838) 5327:(1838) 5321:(1836) 5315:(1834) 5291:(1828) 5273:(1824) 5267:(1818) 5255:(1804) 5228:Events 5140: 5085: 5064: 5041: 5015: 4996: 4977: 4936: 4903:NITV ( 4867: 4848: 4825: 4806: 4783: 4754: 4723: 4704: 4667: 4642: 4619: 4596: 4557: 4534: 4515: 4488: 4463: 4440: 4414: 4384: 4359: 4327:. NITV 4243:13 May 4199: 4151: 4110: 4100: 4040: 3945:Empire 3497: 3372: 3364: 3354: 3305:. 2008 3043: 3035: 3025: 2941: 2781: 2773: 2763: 2456: 2274:, and 2020:Darwin 1928:Palmer 1906:Winton 1639:, 1866 1606:Bunuba 1516:. The 1498:Albany 1462:Arthur 1152:Yolngu 1107:, the 1032:, 1790 915:Sydney 868:5,000 838:12.6% 827:18.9% 816:20.2% 805:37.9% 778:, 1850 718:17.2% 715:12.6% 712:15.9% 704:10.3% 701:18.9% 698:15.3% 690:22.1% 687:20.2% 684:19.7% 676:34.2% 673:37.9% 670:38.2% 389:Others 288:Jagera 278:Palawa 250:Dharug 91:Result 6955:Tirah 6865:Tochi 6654:Perak 6420:Nepal 6342:Egypt 6269:Malta 6197:Assam 6040:Ghana 5938:Ormuz 5803:Other 5652:Legal 5638:Yagan 5165:Vimeo 4934:S2CID 4197:S2CID 4149:S2CID 3997:1889. 3762:, in 2985: 1904:near 1717:near 1679:Maria 1554:near 1537:Yagan 1514:Perth 1490:Yagan 1101:clubs 985:melee 882:100% 871:0.6% 860:4.0% 849:5.7% 760:2.0% 757:0.6% 754:1.4% 746:8.6% 743:4.0% 740:4.8% 732:5.7% 729:5.7% 726:4.8% 405:Yagan 7069:Aden 7045:Oman 7027:Oman 6826:20th 6402:Java 6297:19th 6050:18th 6022:Siam 5911:17th 5659:Laws 5138:ISBN 5103:link 5083:ISBN 5062:ISBN 5039:ISBN 5013:ISBN 4994:ISBN 4975:ISBN 4865:OCLC 4846:ISBN 4823:ISBN 4804:ISBN 4781:ISBN 4752:ISBN 4721:ISBN 4702:ISBN 4678:2013 4665:ISBN 4640:ISBN 4617:ISBN 4594:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4532:ISBN 4513:ISBN 4486:ISBN 4461:ISBN 4438:ISBN 4412:ISBN 4382:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4333:2023 4310:2023 4282:2009 4245:2018 4208:2022 4160:2022 4108:PMID 4098:ISBN 4038:ISSN 3899:2020 3872:here 3870:and 3868:here 3862:2020 3734:2019 3706:2019 3642:2018 3480:2011 3451:2011 3419:2011 3381:2008 3370:OCLC 3362:ISSN 3352:ISBN 3311:2009 3281:2010 3208:2016 3099:2016 3052:2014 3041:OCLC 3033:ISSN 3023:ISBN 2939:ISBN 2790:2009 2779:OCLC 2771:ISSN 2761:ISBN 2509:2016 2454:ISBN 2127:and 1853:and 1849:and 1768:and 1556:York 1404:and 1368:and 1285:and 1219:and 1146:The 1091:and 1062:and 987:and 929:and 909:and 631:and 530:and 518:The 268:and 256:and 246:Eora 66:Date 6414:USA 5117:CNN 4926:doi 4905:SBS 4742:doi 4302:ABC 4189:doi 4141:doi 4067:doi 3695:doi 2305:in 2133:SBS 2099:in 1991:on 1336:: 1233:of 1211:to 1162:in 999:), 917:of 640:). 538:. 7214:: 5177:, 5161:, 5136:. 5114:. 5099:}} 5095:{{ 5060:. 5037:. 4962:81 4960:. 4932:. 4922:54 4920:. 4901:. 4888:. 4844:. 4802:. 4750:. 4700:. 4663:. 4638:. 4615:. 4553:. 4484:. 4459:. 4436:. 4380:. 4299:. 4272:. 4268:. 4262:. 4236:. 4195:. 4185:18 4183:. 4177:. 4147:. 4137:19 4135:. 4129:. 4106:. 4092:. 4090:25 4088:. 4063:21 4061:. 4034:15 4032:. 4026:. 3888:. 3779:^ 3630:. 3583:^ 3542:^ 3507:^ 3468:. 3441:. 3435:. 3403:. 3389:^ 3368:. 3360:. 3350:. 3340:. 3301:. 3297:. 3271:. 3267:. 3263:. 3192:. 3172:. 3152:. 3119:^ 3083:. 3039:. 3031:. 3021:. 3011:. 2993:, 2989:, 2962:. 2937:. 2933:. 2825:^ 2810:^ 2777:. 2769:. 2759:. 2749:. 2737:^ 2636:^ 2500:. 2400:^ 2349:^ 2270:, 2123:, 2115:, 2111:, 2065:' 1979:. 1881:. 1796:. 1772:. 1750:. 1721:. 1582:. 1558:. 1531:. 1472:. 1066:. 925:, 905:, 604:. 252:, 248:, 5902:/ 5891:e 5884:t 5877:v 5213:e 5206:t 5199:v 5146:. 5120:. 5105:) 5091:. 5070:. 5047:. 5021:. 5002:. 4983:. 4949:. 4940:. 4928:: 4907:) 4892:. 4871:. 4854:. 4831:. 4812:. 4789:. 4760:. 4744:: 4729:. 4710:. 4680:. 4648:. 4625:. 4602:. 4584:) 4580:( 4563:. 4540:. 4521:. 4494:. 4469:. 4446:. 4420:. 4390:. 4365:. 4335:. 4312:. 4284:. 4247:. 4210:. 4191:: 4162:. 4143:: 4114:. 4073:. 4069:: 4044:. 4011:. 3901:. 3874:. 3864:. 3774:) 3749:. 3736:. 3708:. 3697:: 3648:. 3482:. 3453:. 3421:. 3383:. 3313:. 3283:. 3210:. 3178:. 3158:. 3101:. 3054:. 2997:. 2947:. 2792:. 2595:. 2511:. 2462:. 2309:. 1392:. 243:: 223:) 219:( 181:) 177:( 164:) 160:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index