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1413:
1113:
1233:
There are various views and opinions on the Kriol language. Some deny that it is even its own language simply referring to it as
English or insisting those who speak Kriol are just speaking English poorly. Others view the language as a threat because it encroaches on other older aboriginal languages.
1229:
The Kriol language unlike many other aboriginal languages is healthy with most of its speakers under the age of 30. 99% of Kriol speakers are aboriginals with only 0.8% being part of other groups. This shows that Kriol is an insider language only used within a community. Kriol speakers mainly use the
1196:
variety is spoken, but Daly River speakers do not consider themselves to be Kriol speakers. There is the question of whether the varieties should be understood as different forms of Kriol to strengthen the identities of the respective region, or they all should be seen as Kriol and potentially have a
337:
During that period, relations between the native and
European people were strained. Aboriginal people fiercely defended their lands. However, the control of lands was eventually seized by the settlers, when a cattle company acquired much of the area. The settlers became more determined to take full
352:
region in 1908. That brought together around 200 people from eight different aboriginal ethnic groups, who spoke different native languages, Although adult members of these groups were multilingual because of frequent meetings and ceremonies. Children from these groups were educated in
English,
880:
but varies not only in what letter and digraphs are used but also in the rules for said letters and digraphs. Each phoneme in Kriol can only be made with one letter, unlike in
English where several different spellings can be used to make the same sound. Kriol, unlike English, also uses a
289:
in the northern regions has maintained a vibrant use of the language, which is spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite its similarities to
English in vocabulary, it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar. It is a language in its own right and is distinct from
1276:
have been translated into Kriol and many books have been published in Kriol. Online there are several videos and texts available in Kriol, as well as resources for learning the language. There is also currently an
Australian Kriol Knowledge (XXG) currently on the
1230:
language orally with there being low literacy rates. Though there are groups and initiatives working to increase the usage of Kriol literacy and usage in media by teaching Kriol literacy, creating new works in Kriol, and translating pre existing works into Kriol.
1340:
Orait, longtaim wen God bin stat meigimbat ebrijing, nomo enijing bin jidan. Imbin jis eniwei, nomo garram enijing. Oni strongbala woda bin goran goran ebriwei, en imbin brabli dakbala, en det Spirit blanga God bin mubabat ontop langa det
1355:
Our Kriol programs help students feel strong about themselves. In Room 33, students have been completing Kriol profiles about themselves while in Room 12, students did some great family portraits with all the labels in Kriol.
1297:
in the
Northern Territory. Translation took over 29 years. It was undertaken by a team of native Kriol speakers led by Rev. Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara and specialists from the Society for Australian Indigenous Languages.
1177:
area, but there are minor differences between the varieties of Kriol spoken in particular areas. Some speakers of Kriol prefer to refer to their language by their unique name. However, the varieties are quite similar.
1351:
Wen ola bigini dun Kriol la skul, im album alabat jidan strongbala. La run 33 alabat bin dum profail, bla dalim wi "hu yu?". La Rum 12, alabat bin drodrobat alabat femili en raidimdan wani dei gulum alabat gada Kriol
1429:
216:
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developed throughout the territory based on Port
Jackson Pidgin English (PJPE). By 1900 PJPE had developed into Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. Then by 1908 NTPE would
379:
exclusively. In Kriol the order of possessor and possessum varies with it being evenly split between possessor possessum and possessum possessor. In Kriol word order is evenly split between Verb object
617:
1346:
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
356:
Although the relations between the missionaries and
Aboriginal people were friendly, the missionaries were not responsible for the development of Kriol. In fact, they tried to introduce
1301:
The Kriol Bible is the first complete edition of the Bible in any
Indigenous Australian language. The publication was a joint venture of The Bible Society, Lutheran Bible Translators,
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The resettlements and land seizures nearly annihilated the indigenous population was a major factor in the development of the creole, as it created drastic social change.
1949:
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651:
584:
1777:
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area), Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, and Daly River Kriol. Of the various dialects those spoken in the Roper River and Barunga area are best documented.
1234:
While some take pride in it and try to support it. Government support for Kriol is limited with there being only two bilingual language programs in
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503:
498:
1690:
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Kriol was not recognized as a language until the 1970s, as it was regarded as a dialect of English, rather than a language in its own right.
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as the official language for the mission, which the Aboriginal children used in class and with the missionaries, but Kriol still flourished.
2932:
2600:
1942:
1883:
892:
622:
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called Port Jackson Pidgin English are found from the 1780s with the pidgin being used for communication between the white settlers around
2665:
1895:
687:
507:
627:
1623:
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1134:
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necessitating use of a lingua franca. Children from these communities disseminates English features throughout their community.
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though the one in Barunga has closed though they both have successfully included Kriol as both a medium and an object of study.
2376:
2016:
1935:
750:
544:
2681:
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2616:
1138:
255:
114:
2526:
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1997:
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It creolized first in the Roper River Mission (Ngukurr), where cattle stations were established and a township developed.
56:
44:
2217:
281:. Later, it was spoken by groups further west and north. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the
2762:
677:
551:
145:
2711:
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2209:
1852:(1993) "Losing and gaining a language: the story of Kriol in the Northern Territory" in Walsh, M and Yallop, C (eds),
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1983:
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which was formed by pervasive code switching between Kriol and Gurnidji. There is another Creole language called
521:
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1990:
1310:
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The primary contributing language of Kriol is English but it received and continues to receive influence from:
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The differences are not actually that large. Mari Rhydwen compares the distinction to the distinction between
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642:
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was attempted over a period of about forty years. Settlement finally succeeded in 1870 with the founding of
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2115:
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1958:
1849:
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1302:
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589:
411:, and dual plural inclusive and exclusive pronouns first person. The language also differentiates between
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82:
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2004:
577:
452:
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1878:
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833:
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52:
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2045:
1966:
1490:
1273:
1182:
1085:
877:
821:
357:
319:
1100:
Dialects of Kriol include Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole (from the
3011:
2968:
2924:
2910:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2794:
2731:
2726:
2706:
2540:
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2519:
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2299:
2138:
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2108:
2101:
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817:
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638:
572:
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There is a large variety in the specific pronouns and they vary largely between dialects.
372:
274:
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106:
96:
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1048:
222:
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2348:
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speakers followed. To communicate between both groups and the local Aboriginal people,
1921:
208:
3036:
2963:
2695:
2494:
2261:
2066:
1618:. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 69, 74–75.
1192:
Roper River (Ngukurr) Kriol is also spoken in Barunga, and in the Daly River area, a
1081:
861:
710:
285:, where the contact between European settlers, the Chinese and other Asians, and the
395:
or verbs to specify meaning. Kriol pronouns differentiate between different between
2847:
2784:
1778:"While many Indigenous languages are disappearing, one has more speakers than ever"
1056:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
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1007:
1003:
999:
344:
Another factor in the development of Kriol was the establishment of a community of
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64:
1665:
2650:
1916:
2327:
1306:
1112:
900:
723:
705:
666:
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As a general rule the grammar of Kriol is a simplified version of that found in
349:
345:
338:
control of the land from the native people and carried out a campaign to do so.
40:
2736:
2459:
1405:
765:
715:
420:
388:
72:
1691:"A New Language Spoken By Just 350 People Has Evolved In Australia's Outback"
1640:
1502:
1400:
2993:
2415:
1866:
1541:
1073:
889:
744:
539:
201:
185:
1516:
1875:
site for the main Aboriginal Community producing Kriol language materials.
1494:
192:
3016:
2973:
1927:
1909:
873:
1869:
Bilingual Kriol-English website providing news and information on Kriol.
1814:
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2981:
1719:
1586:
1239:
484:
48:
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2401:
2295:
1448:
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
408:
381:
323:
303:
266:
262:
248:
Roper River Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Northern Australian Creole
2825:
2438:
1827:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:1-2 - New International Version"
1428:
Australian Kriol at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1290:
1249:
1077:
896:
392:
1748:"2021 Census: Kriol a growing language - Meigim Kriol Strongbala"
310:
and the local indigenous population. European settlement in the
2654:
1931:
1106:
1647:, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1205:
There is also a creole language based off a mix of Kriol and
16:
Creole language developed in Australia from an English-pidgin
1892:"First complete Bible translation in an indigenous language"
2836:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
1217:
formed by rapid code-switching between Kriol, English, and
1197:
better chance of funding for bilingual education programs.
1915:
Kriol materials from the Barunga bilingual program at the
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
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950:
946:
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918:
914:
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757:
736:
729:
1801:
Carroll, Peter J. 2004. From the beginning to Proverbs.
1338:
1313:, and the Australian Society of Indigenous Languages.
1259:
1645:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
1479:"Northern Territory Pidgin English: A Lexical Study"
885:
in which words are spelled to match how they sound.
2951:
2877:
2755:
2748:
2688:
2585:
2511:
2393:
2294:
2150:
2014:
1965:
229:
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199:
183:
178:
154:
133:
103:
88:
78:
36:
28:
23:
1445:The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
1289:On 5 May 2007, the first complete edition of the
302:The first records of the progenitor to Kriol, a
3043:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia
2666:
1943:
1639:Schultze-Berndt, Eva; Angelo, Denise (2013),
8:
1854:Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia
1141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2752:
2673:
2659:
2651:
2023:
1950:
1936:
1928:
888:The Kriol alphabet contains 21 letters 11
20:
1161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1376:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
1320:
1258:, a copy of the Australian Kriol Bible (
696:
438:
1568:Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
1464:Kriol - An Australian Language Resource
1368:
1917:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages
1742:
1740:
1720:"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Kriol"
1714:
1712:
1587:"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Kriol"
1293:in the Kriol language was launched at
1856:, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
1815:https://ebible.org/pdf/rop/rop_a4.pdf
1772:
1770:
1768:
1609:
1607:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1396:
1394:
419:, Independent Pronoun, and Adnominal
153:
7:
1439:
1437:
1139:adding citations to reliable sources
318:, and an influx of both English and
1896:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1752:meigimkriolstrongbala.org.au/en_au/
1173:Kriol is very widely spoken in the
1890:Crittenden, Stephen (2 May 2007).
1477:Harris, John W. (1 January 1988).
277:, Australia, in the early days of
14:
1570:(4th ed.). pp. 182–185.
1268:Many famous pieces of media such
146:Northern Territory Pidgin English
1411:
1111:
265:used initially in the region of
2377:South Australian Pidgin English
407:, as well as between singular,
2682:English-based creole languages
2617:Australian Irish Sign Language
1:
2822:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2321:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1303:The Church Missionary Society
2828:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1378:"Cultural diversity: Census"
2363:Port Jackson Pidgin English
1924:Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1922:Roper Gulf Regional Council
1886:Retrieved 25 December 2014.
141:Port Jackson Pidgin English
3059:
1912:Retrieved 13 January 2020.
1910:The Kriol Bible, full text
1614:Sandefur, John R. (1984).
1339:
1311:Wycliffe Bible Translators
2626:
2394:Major immigrant languages
2370:Queensland Kanaka English
2212:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2026:
1641:"Kriol structure dataset"
1566:Margaret, Sharpe (1978).
384:and Adverb verb object.
2608:Indigenous Sign Language
1884:Kriol-English Dictionary
1879:Kriol language resources
1670:espace.library.uq.edu.au
387:Word order is used over
94:7,500 (2021 census)
2512:Major foreign languages
2176:? (3 families/isolates)
1867:Meigim Kriol Strongbala
1260:
331:into Australian Kriol.
2933:San Andrés–Providencia
2639:Indigenous Australians
2632:Aboriginal Australians
1959:Languages of Australia
1616:Work Papers of Sil-Aab
1265:
287:Aboriginal Australians
261:that developed from a
83:Aboriginal Australians
3022:Torres Strait Islands
2601:Australian Aboriginal
1998:Australian Aboriginal
1495:10.1075/eww.9.1.06har
1253:
1194:mutually-intelligible
279:European colonisation
235:52-ABB-ca (varieties:
2959:Australian Aborginal
2952:Asia and the Pacific
2801:Afro-Seminole Creole
2384:Torres Strait Creole
1803:The Bible Translator
1135:improve this section
883:Phonetic Orthography
348:missionaries in the
292:Torres Strait Creole
169:Fitzroy Valley Kriol
2763:Antigua and Barbuda
2739:(Equatorial Guinea)
1462:Sharpe, Margret C.
1326:
1256:Museum of the Bible
699:
441:
429:Reciprocal pronouns
69:Cape York Peninsula
2996:(Papua New Guinea)
1984:Western Australian
1483:English World-Wide
1321:
1266:
996:Consonant Digraphs
697:
439:
391:or subject object
312:Northern Territory
283:Northern Territory
252:Aboriginal English
237:52-ABB-caa to -caf
53:Northern Territory
3030:
3029:
2990:(Solomon Islands)
2947:
2946:
2648:
2647:
2290:
2289:
2210:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2151:Language families
1873:Ngukurr Community
1724:apics-online.info
1697:. 25 January 2024
1591:apics-online.info
1546:apics-online.info
1521:apics-online.info
1409:(25th ed., 2022)
1360:
1359:
1285:Bible translation
1171:
1170:
1163:
1070:Punctuation Marks
901:punctuation marks
781:
780:
695:
694:
423:. There are also
241:
240:
160:Roper River Kriol
61:Western Australia
3050:
3002:Ngatikese Creole
2939:Turks and Caicos
2797:(United States)
2753:
2701:Aku (The Gambia)
2675:
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1991:South Australian
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1542:"APiCS Online -"
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1517:"APiCS Online -"
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1468:
1467:
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1417:
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1401:Australian Kriol
1398:
1389:
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1384:
1373:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1274:Waltzing Matilda
1264:) is on display.
1263:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1115:
1107:
1086:Exclamation mark
878:English Alphabet
876:is based on the
700:
442:
375:. Kriol uses an
358:Standard English
244:Australian Kriol
225:
211:
195:
188:
172:Daly River Kriol
123:Australian Kriol
109:
24:Australian Kriol
21:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
2969:Hawaiian Pidgin
2943:
2911:Limonese Creole
2900:Jamaican Patois
2895:Jamaican Maroon
2873:
2803:(United States)
2744:
2698:(Sierra Leone)
2684:
2679:
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2305:mixed languages
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2139:Djambarrpuyngu
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2095:Western Desert
2091:
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2053:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
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1211:Gurndji Creole
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2005:Torres Strait
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1120:This section
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256:English-based
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50:
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39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3004:(Micronesia)
2958:
2921:(Nicaragua)
2913:(Costa Rica)
2848:Sranan Tongo
2341:
2240:Pama–Nyungan
2168:(5 families)
2032:Anindilyakwa
1899:. Retrieved
1853:
1850:Harris, John
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1701:15 September
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1649:, retrieved
1644:
1634:
1615:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1567:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1489:(1): 77–99.
1486:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1451:. p. 1.
1444:
1421:
1404:
1381:. Retrieved
1371:
1300:
1288:
1267:
1232:
1228:
1204:
1201:Creolization
1191:
1180:
1172:
1157:
1148:
1133:Please help
1121:
1099:
1069:
1068:
1044:
1043:
995:
994:
906:
905:
887:
871:
787:
764:
743:
722:
453:Inter-Dental
405:third person
386:
370:
362:
355:
343:
340:
336:
333:
308:Port Jackson
301:
251:
247:
243:
242:
231:Linguasphere
200:
166:Barkly Kriol
122:
65:Gulf Country
18:
2927:(Nicaragua)
2778:Saint Kitts
2712:West Africa
2328:Cocos Malay
2314:Angloromani
2125:Yolŋu Matha
1901:25 December
1666:"UQ eSpace"
1317:Sample text
1281:Incubator.
1270:Shakespeare
1261:Holi Baibul
868:Orthography
667:Approximant
440:Consonants
389:inflections
350:Roper River
135:Early forms
97:L2 speakers
41:Roper River
2978:Melanesia
2935:(Colombia)
2850:(Suriname)
2842:(Suriname)
2834:Saramaccan
2816:(Suriname)
2773:Montserrat
2737:Pichinglis
2555:Indonesian
2502:Vietnamese
2233:Nyulnyulan
2074:Walmajarri
2017:Indigenous
1977:Australian
1695:IFLScience
1406:Ethnologue
1383:13 October
1363:References
872:The Kriol
850:Walmatjari
842:Ngarinyman
826:Rembarrnga
814:Nunggubuyu
806:Mangarrayi
802:Wandarrang
784:Vocabulary
421:Possessive
393:affixation
73:Queensland
3017:Singapore
2994:Tok Pisin
2984:(Vanuatu)
2749:Caribbean
2416:Cantonese
2276:Yangmanic
2269:Worrorran
2254:Tasmanian
2088:Warumungu
2019:languages
1969:varieties
1787:15 August
1757:15 August
1675:17 August
1651:17 August
1551:17 August
1526:17 August
1503:0172-8865
1295:Katherine
1279:Wikimedia
1175:Katherine
1151:July 2022
1122:does not
890:consonant
858:Miriwoong
838:Jaminjung
798:Ngalakgan
540:Fricative
463:Retroflex
435:Phonology
425:Reflexive
271:Newcastle
202:Glottolog
186:ISO 639-3
79:Ethnicity
57:Kimberley
45:Katherine
32:Australia
3037:Category
3008:Pitcairn
2974:Malaysia
2925:Rama Cay
2907:(Panama)
2859:Trinidad
2785:Barbados
2768:Anguilla
2717:Cameroon
2569:Japanese
2423:Mandarin
2203:Jarrakan
2196:Iwaidjan
2189:Giimbiyu
2081:Warlpiri
2039:Arrernte
1782:SBS News
1333:English
1219:Warlpiri
1207:Gurindji
1183:American
1096:Dialects
893:digraphs
874:alphabet
846:Wardaman
458:Alveolar
346:Anglican
329:creolize
209:krio1252
155:Dialects
67:, Lower
3012:Norfolk
2982:Bislama
2885:Bahamas
2878:Western
2840:Matawai
2790:Grenada
2756:Eastern
2732:Nigeria
2727:Liberia
2576:Spanish
2562:Italian
2527:Chinese
2488:Tagalog
2481:Spanish
2474:Punjabi
2460:Maltese
2446:Italian
2409:Chinese
2300:creoles
2296:Pidgins
2280:Wagiman
2278:(incl.
2247:Tangkic
2182:Garrwan
2159:Bunuban
2109:Pintupi
2102:Luritja
2046:Burarra
1967:English
1836:24 June
1729:26 June
1596:26 June
1323:Genesis
1240:Ngukurr
1236:Barunga
1209:called
1143:removed
1128:sources
1102:Barunga
907:Letters
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830:Barunga
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711:Central
698:Vowels
609:Lateral
485:Plosive
478:Glottal
468:Palatal
413:Subject
373:English
367:Grammar
324:pidgins
320:Chinese
298:History
217:AIATSIS
119:Pacific
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2890:Belize
2854:Tobago
2820:Ndyuka
2814:Kwinti
2809:Guyana
2795:Gullah
2707:Merico
2689:Africa
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2541:German
2534:French
2520:Arabic
2467:Nepali
2453:Korean
2402:Arabic
2356:Norfuk
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263:pidgin
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