1799:
738:, which ends in the south as a long series of transform faults between the two plates called the Macquarie Ridge Complex, commencing with the McDougall Fault Zone and ending with the Macquarie Fault Zone. The south western portion of the zone has the Pacific Plate interacting with an area of the Australian Plate that the latest tectonic models suggest is still independent from when it first achieved independent rotation to the then Indo-Australian Plate several million years ago, the Macquarie microplate.
555:
2421:
2445:
2433:
613:. Due to vector complexities at the north eastern end of this collision, which includes several spreading centres, it is perhaps simplest to state that the average displacement rate to the north is about half that of the collision with the Sunda Plate, but this would not explain some of the largest and most destructive recent earthquakes and eruptions on the face of the planet.
29:
2457:
411:
which implies this area presently is weaker tectonically than the area where originally the Indian and
Australian plates merged which is believed to have been further to the north west. There is also deformation in an approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) zone north of the Southeast Indian Ridge
578:
In terms of the middle of India and
Australia landmasses, with Australia as the point of reference, presently Australia is moving northward at 3 cm (1.2 in) per year with respect to India consistent with a zone of deformation between the two plates as commented upon earlier. This zone of
1251:
Dawson, Galvin C.; KrapeĹľ, Bryan; Fletcher, Ian R.; McNaughton, Neal J.; Rasmussen, Birger (2002). "Did late
Palaeoproterozoic assembly of proto-Australia involve collision between the Pilbara, Yilgarn and Gawler Cratons? Geochronological evidence from the Mount Barren Group in the Albany–Fraser
574:
Technically movement is a vector and requires to be related to something. Much of the work involved in determining these plate vectors involves assurance that the points of reference are representative of the plates they are on, as distortion will be likely in areas of tectonic activity. Further
749:
of 80° (slightly north of due east, at the
Amsterdam transform fault to the south western side of Australian Plate), 7 cm (2.8 in) per year with heading 120° (southeast) and 6.6 cm (2.6 in) per year near the Macquarie Triple Junction which is the south eastern side of the
721:
and the south western aspects of the
Pacific Plate. The Pacific Plate east to west convergence rates along the subduction systems with the Kermadec Plate, which are perhaps simpler to state, are among the fastest on Earth, being 8 cm (3.1 in) per year in the north and 4.5 cm
616:
There is oblique convergence of what are now the
Pacific and Australian plates at about 11 cm/year (4.3 in/year) near eastern Papua New Guinea. This has resulted in shear complexities, resolved by the formation of multiple microplates and convergence velocity that varies between
733:
the subduction component of the
Pacific Plate moving westward is about 3.9 cm (1.5 in) per year. The Australian Plate then to the south starts subducting under the Pacific Plate at a rate of 3.6 cm/year (1.4 in/year) at the
1112:
Delescluse, Matthias; Chamot-Rooke, Nicolas; Cattin, Rodolphe; Fleitout, Luce; Trubienko, Olga; Vigny, Christophe (26 September 2012). "April 2012 intra-oceanic seismicity off
Sumatra boosted by the Banda-Aceh megathrust".
575:
assumptions such as there are only 8 plates were made in earlier modelling when as many as 52 may exist, with independent movement, although fair accuracy for larger plate movement can be obtained if only 25 are modelled.
712:
to the south of New
Zealand. There is up to 9.6 cm (3.8 in) per year motion accommodated with complex rotational components in the collision dynamics between the north eastern Australian Plate and the rotating
753:
The
Capricorn plate at the western side of the Australian plate is moving at 1.9 mm (0.075 in) per year ± 0.5 mm (0.020 in) per year with heading 45° (northwest) relative to the Australia plate.
542:. The separation continued with various authors modelling full separation time based on sea levels and/or biological separation. A currently widely used reference model for plate movement has total separation of
566:
The Australian Plate, which Australia is on, is moving faster than other plates. The Australian Plate is moving about 6.9 cm (2.7 inches) a year in a northward direction and with a small clockwise rotation. The
172:. However, recent studies suggest that the two plates have once again split apart and have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer. The Australian Plate includes the continent of
1377:
1798:
1345:
1511:"Potential tsunami hazard of the southern Vanuatu subduction zone: tectonics, case study of the Matthew Island tsunami of 10 February 2021 and implication in regional hazard assessment"
601:
The eastern collision with the Pacific Plate has increasing displacement rates towards the north from a low of less than 0.2 cm (0.079 in) per year at the southern end of the
1474:
Li, M; Huang, S; Hao, T; Dong, M; Xu, Y; Zhang, J; He, Q; Fang, G (2023). "Neogene subduction initiation models in the western Pacific and analysis of subduction zone parameters".
672:. The Australian Plate interacts at the southern and south-eastern border of the North Fiji Basin with the microplates of the New Hebrides already mentioned, as well as with the
741:
Data from the 11,800 km (7,300 mi) long Southeast Indian Ridge only became available after about 1985 and this gives a fairly consistent spreading rate between the
407:
data indicating that India and Australia are not moving on the same vectors northward and have started a process of again separating. This zone is along the northern
264:. It is however known from movement studies that this definition of the Australian Plate is 20% less accurate than one that assumes independently moving
1721:
1429:"Texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermally altered submarine volcanics recovered southeast of Cheshire Seamount, western Woodlark Basin"
783:
1337:
1662:
Gasperini, L; Ligi, M; Accettella, D; Bosman, A; Cuffaro, M; Lodolo, E; Martorelli, E; Muccini, F; Palmiotto, C; Polonia, A (1 February 2023).
696:. The back arc spreading in the Lau Basin continues almost due south in the line of interaction between the Australian and Tonga plates to the
1396:
653:
to 4 cm/year (1.6 in/year) in the central section of the trench, to rise again to 12 cm/year (4.7 in/year) in the south.
2493:
1359:
2488:
834:
2346:
778:
1604:
974:
1164:
Yue, H.; Lay, T.; Koper, K. (2012). "En Ă©chelon and orthogonal fault ruptures of the 11 April 2012 great intraplate earthquakes".
773:
763:
333:
798:
693:
2498:
1714:
590:) has a maximum convergence velocity of 7.3 cm (2.9 in) per year ± 0.8 cm (0.31 in) per year at the
1552:"Seismic velocity structure and deformation due to the collision of the Louisville Ridge with the Tonga-Kermadec Trench"
793:
788:
768:
626:
1216:
2461:
2068:
1217:"Early Earth evolution: evidence from the 3.5–1.8 Ga geological history of the Pilbara region of Western Australia"
2108:
606:
568:
559:
269:
2483:
2449:
1707:
1594:
546:
by 60 million years ago although some had argued historically that this was as recent as 45 million years ago.
2437:
2341:
2168:
2003:
1963:
1895:
1807:
1738:
642:
39:
1622:"The kinematic evolution of the Macquarie Plate: A case study for the fragmentation of oceanic lithosphere"
1510:
2394:
2356:
2351:
2088:
705:
431:
371:
1761:
1550:
Stratford, W.; Peirce, C.; Paulatto, M.; Funnell, M.; Watts, A. B.; Grevemeyer, I.; Bassett, D. (2015).
809:
315:
173:
169:
660:
where the edge of the Australian plate makes a transition in a bend up towards the north-east via the
1428:
2299:
2269:
2191:
2181:
2128:
2123:
2063:
1968:
1928:
1865:
1788:
1778:
1675:
1636:
1551:
1522:
1483:
1440:
1310:
1263:
1254:
1173:
1122:
1071:
1025:
746:
709:
665:
622:
602:
404:
348:
1621:
2384:
2153:
1918:
677:
638:
281:
201:
114:
903:
637:
while the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Australian Plate occurs to the south east in the
554:
2399:
2389:
2334:
2314:
2309:
2206:
1998:
1855:
1197:
1146:
1089:
649:. As we go south the convergence rate falls from 17 cm/year (6.7 in/year) north of the
646:
363:
337:
110:
2053:
951:
685:
594:
decreasing to 6.0 cm (2.4 in) ± 0.04 cm (0.016 in) per year at the southern
2319:
2284:
2118:
2058:
2048:
2008:
1943:
1600:
1456:
1402:
1392:
1279:
1189:
1138:
970:
673:
618:
435:
408:
838:
2324:
2023:
1908:
1683:
1644:
1640:
1566:
1530:
1491:
1448:
1384:
1318:
1271:
1231:
1181:
1130:
1079:
1033:
962:
875:
657:
521:
347:
South of New Zealand the boundary becomes a transitional transform-convergent boundary, the
301:
245:
136:
when India broke away and began moving north. Australia and Antarctica had begun rifting by
952:"The January 26, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and the Diffuse Western Boundary of the Indian Plate"
927:
2366:
2329:
2264:
2251:
2148:
1983:
1978:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1830:
1751:
1730:
1236:
742:
735:
661:
610:
447:
413:
367:
356:
352:
293:
265:
253:
126:
629:. To the south of this there is sea floor spreading between the Australian Plate and the
1679:
1526:
1487:
1444:
1314:
1267:
1177:
1126:
1075:
1029:
864:"The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism"
2425:
2289:
2241:
2196:
2158:
2113:
2013:
1953:
1903:
1835:
1756:
718:
697:
650:
634:
630:
595:
587:
506:
470:
466:
462:
454:
443:
389:
351:, where the Australian Plate is beginning to subduct under the Pacific Plate along the
241:
106:
1322:
1275:
2477:
2404:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2186:
2103:
2073:
2043:
2028:
2018:
1993:
1988:
1885:
1860:
1820:
1815:
1783:
1746:
1509:
Roger, J; Pelletier, B; Gusman, A; Power, W; Wang, X; Burbidge, D; Duphil, M (2023).
1298:
1150:
1084:
1059:
1038:
1013:
863:
439:
403:
a deformation zone between the Indian and Australian Plates with both earthquake and
329:
285:
257:
249:
221:
93:
1093:
680:. To the west of Fiji the Australian Plate interacts in the spreading centre of the
438:, contains some of the oldest surface rocks on earth being pristine crust up to 3.8
2420:
2294:
2176:
2098:
2093:
2078:
1958:
1948:
1875:
1870:
1845:
1771:
1201:
814:
726:
400:
381:
378:
341:
308:
289:
261:
229:
189:
165:
161:
122:
85:
16:
Major tectonic plate separated from Indo-Australian Plate about 3 million years ago
446:
continues to be studied for clues as to the commencement and subsequent course of
1452:
2379:
2374:
2304:
2279:
2274:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2083:
2038:
2033:
1973:
1938:
1880:
1850:
1840:
1825:
803:
730:
714:
701:
689:
591:
583:
393:
385:
217:
209:
185:
81:
1648:
2259:
2216:
1535:
1495:
532:
304:
288:. The Pacific Plate is subducting under the Australian Plate, which forms the
233:
205:
181:
77:
28:
1460:
1406:
1388:
1283:
2231:
1664:"Late Miocene to recent tectonic evolution of the Macquarie Triple Junction"
681:
517:
502:
319:
237:
213:
73:
1193:
1142:
512:
As a separate plate the Australian Plate came into being on the breakup of
143:
and completely separated a while after this, some believing as recently as
1378:
Report on the Asia Pacific Reference Frame (APREF) Project. Record 2019/17
1571:
543:
513:
491:
453:
Depositional age of the Mount Barren Group on the southern margin of the
425:
177:
118:
1185:
1134:
392:, but have Australasian-related fauna and flora. Southeasterly lies the
1060:"Instantaneous deformation and kinematics of the India–Australia Plate"
966:
482:
461:
provenance analysis support the hypothesis that collisions between the
200:
The continental crust of this plate covers the whole of Australia, the
1688:
1663:
704:
where direct interaction resumes with the Pacific Plate south of the
571:
must be updated due to the movement, as some locations move faster.
526:
496:
477:
474:
458:
131:
1620:
Choi, H; Kim, SS; Dyment, J.; Granot, R; Park, SH; Hong, JK (2017).
961:. Geodynamics Series. American Geophysical Union. pp. 243–254.
879:
537:
323:
152:
145:
138:
1699:
1299:"A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana"
553:
297:
377:
The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the
669:
225:
1703:
745:
and Australian Plates of 6 cm (2.4 in) per year at a
516:
with final separation from what is now the Antarctic Plate and
579:
deformation may actually presently involve some of India.
117:
hemispheres. Originally a part of the ancient continent of
1427:
Vishiti, A.; Petersen, S.; Suh, C.E.; Devey, C.W. (2014).
582:
The northwards collision of the Australian Plate with the
307:. It has also uplifted the eastern parts of New Zealand's
1383:(Report). Canberra: GeoScience Australia. pp. 1–42.
384:
that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of
150:, but most accepting presently that this had occurred by
1596:
A Continent on the Move: New Zealand Geoscience Revealed
1360:
Australia Is Not as Down Under as Everyone Thinks It Is
399:
To the east of Indonesia there appears to be under the
1215:
Hickman and Van Kranendonk, Arthur and Martin (2012).
617:
2–48 cm/year (0.79–18.90 in/year) where the
240:. The Australian Plate is bordered (clockwise) by the
950:
Stein, Seth; Sella, Giovanni; Okai, Emile A. (2002).
480:
assembled a proto-Australian continent approximately
388:. The eastern islands of Indonesia lie mainly on the
1058:
Delescluse, Matthias; Chamot-Rooke, Nicolas (2007).
2365:
2250:
2167:
1894:
1806:
1737:
692:under which the Pacific Plate is subducting in the
586:(Sundaland Plate, previously classified as part of
216:. The continental crust also includes northwestern
160:The Australian plate later fused with the adjacent
69:
61:
53:
45:
35:
21:
280:The northeasterly side is a complex but generally
1338:"Australia Is Drifting So Fast GPS Can't Keep Up"
1107:
1105:
1103:
1053:
1051:
1049:
857:
855:
336:in the south, is now being torn apart along the
837:. Geology.about.com. 2014-03-05. Archived from
806: – Tectonic plate including Southeast Asia
708:and such direct interaction continues into the
490:Australia and East Antarctica were merged with
49:47,000,000 km (18,000,000 sq mi)
558:Global plate tectonic movement as measured by
412:between the Australian Plate and the proposed
1715:
8:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
928:"ODSN Plate Tectonic Reconstruction Service"
355:. Extending southwest of this trench is the
945:
943:
228:. The oceanic crust includes the southeast
2432:
1722:
1708:
1700:
1336:Howard, Brian Clark (September 23, 2016).
835:"Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates"
656:Very active spreading then resumes in the
27:
1687:
1570:
1534:
1515:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
1362:" by Michelle Innis, September 23, 2016,
1235:
1083:
1037:
1012:DeMets, C; Gordon, RG; Argus, DF (2010).
898:
896:
826:
784:List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea
922:
920:
18:
1599:. Geoscience Society of New Zealand.
722:(1.8 in) per year in the south.
7:
2456:
1376:Hu, G.; Jia, M.; Dawson, J. (2019).
1014:"Geologically current plate motions"
1629:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1348:from the original on Feb 27, 2021.
779:List of earthquakes in New Zealand
405:global satellite navigation system
334:New Zealand's subantarctic islands
121:, Australia remained connected to
14:
1559:Geophysical Journal International
1064:Geophysical Journal International
1018:Geophysical Journal International
605:, where there is the major plate
2455:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2419:
1797:
1085:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03181.x
1039:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
904:"New Look at Gondwana's Breakup"
774:List of earthquakes in Indonesia
764:List of earthquakes in Australia
1237:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i1/028
2347:South American–Antarctic Ridge
1252:Orogen of Western Australia".
799:List of earthquakes in Vanuatu
694:Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone
1:
1323:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00629-7
1276:10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00110-9
906:. Livescience.com. 2013-07-05
1476:Science China Earth Sciences
1453:10.1016/j.margeo.2013.11.002
868:Australian Journal of Botany
794:List of earthquakes in Tonga
789:List of earthquakes in Samoa
769:List of earthquakes in India
2494:Geology of the Indian Ocean
688:and the clockwise rotating
627:New Britain subduction zone
442:years ago. Accordingly the
2515:
2489:Natural history of Oceania
2300:Galápagos Spreading Center
1649:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.035
423:
2413:
1795:
1536:10.5194/nhess-23-393-2023
1496:10.1007/s11430-022-1065-1
625:and Pacific Plate at the
607:Macquarie Triple Junction
569:Global Positioning System
180:, as well as portions of
91:
26:
1389:10.11636/Record.2019.017
362:The southerly side is a
2342:Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
1641:2017E&PSL.478..132C
862:McLoughlin, S. (2001).
643:Vanuatu subduction zone
540: million years ago
529: million years ago
499: million years ago
485: million years ago
326: million years ago
318:, which separated from
155: million years ago
148: million years ago
141: million years ago
134: million years ago
2395:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
2367:Ancient oceanic ridges
2357:Southwest Indian Ridge
2352:Southeast Indian Ridge
2089:Philippine Mobile Belt
1593:Graham, I. J. (2015).
563:
487:(Dawson et al. 2002).
432:Eastern Pilbara Craton
372:Southeast Indian Ridge
1297:Meert, J. G. (2003).
810:Indo-Australian Plate
609:with the Pacific and
557:
531:and finishing in the
430:It is known that the
170:Indo-Australian Plate
2499:Geology of Australia
2270:Central Indian Ridge
1255:Precambrian Research
959:Plate Boundary Zones
710:Macquarie Fault Zone
678:Balmoral Reef Plates
666:Hunter Fracture Zone
623:South Bismarck Plate
603:Macquarie Fault Zone
349:Macquarie Fault Zone
129:until approximately
2385:Kula-Farallon Ridge
1680:2023Geo....51..146G
1527:2023NHESS..23..393R
1488:2023ScChD..66..472L
1445:2014MGeol.347...69V
1342:National Geographic
1315:2003Tectp.362....1M
1268:2002PreR..118..195D
1186:10.1038/nature11492
1178:2012Natur.490..245Y
1135:10.1038/nature11520
1127:2012Natur.490..240D
1076:2007GeoJI.168..818D
1030:2010GeoJI.181....1D
706:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
639:New Hebrides Trench
621:subducts under the
434:within present day
328:and stretches from
296:, and the parallel
282:convergent boundary
202:Gulf of Carpentaria
2426:Geology portal
2400:Pacific-Kula Ridge
2390:Mid-Labrador Ridge
2315:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
2310:Juan de Fuca Ridge
1572:10.1093/gji/ggu475
967:10.1029/GD030p0243
750:Australian Plate.
647:New Hebrides Plate
564:
364:divergent boundary
338:transform boundary
2471:
2470:
2285:East Pacific Rise
1398:978-1-925848-54-0
1172:(7419): 245–249.
674:Conway Reef Plate
619:Solomon Sea Plate
436:Western Australia
409:Ninety East Ridge
314:The continent of
294:Kermadec Trenches
168:to form a single
99:
98:
2506:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2325:Kolbeinsey Ridge
1801:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:10.1130/G50556.1
1659:
1653:
1652:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1565:(3): 1503–1522.
1556:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1262:(3–4): 195–220.
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1009:
988:
987:
985:
983:
956:
947:
938:
937:
935:
934:
924:
915:
914:
912:
911:
900:
891:
890:
888:
886:
859:
850:
849:
847:
846:
831:
717:, the long thin
662:transform faults
658:North Fiji Basin
611:Antarctic plates
541:
530:
522:Early Cretaceous
520:starting in the
501:starting in the
500:
494:between 570 and
486:
332:in the north to
327:
246:Philippine Plate
156:
149:
142:
135:
103:Australian Plate
92:Relative to the
46:Approximate area
31:
22:Australian Plate
19:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2484:Tectonic plates
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2418:
2409:
2361:
2335:Reykjanes Ridge
2320:Knipovich Ridge
2265:Carlsberg Ridge
2246:
2163:
2069:North Galápagos
1890:
1802:
1793:
1762:Indo-Australian
1733:
1731:Tectonic plates
1728:
1698:
1697:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1121:(7419): 240–4.
1111:
1110:
1101:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1011:
1010:
991:
981:
979:
977:
954:
949:
948:
941:
932:
930:
926:
925:
918:
909:
907:
902:
901:
894:
884:
882:
880:10.1071/BT00023
861:
860:
853:
844:
842:
833:
832:
828:
823:
760:
736:Puysegur Trench
725:At the central
686:Niuafo'ou Plate
552:
536:
525:
505:(South African
495:
481:
448:plate tectonics
428:
422:
414:Capricorn Plate
379:biogeographical
368:Antarctic Plate
357:Macquarie Ridge
353:Puysegur Trench
322:
278:
254:Antarctic Plate
198:
151:
144:
137:
130:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2414:
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2408:
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2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
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2377:
2371:
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2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:Explorer Ridge
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2252:Oceanic ridges
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Bellingshausen
2179:
2173:
2171:
2169:Ancient plates
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:South Sandwich
2126:
2124:South Bismarck
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:North Bismarck
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Juan Fernández
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1789:South American
1786:
1781:
1779:North American
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1654:
1612:
1605:
1585:
1542:
1521:(2): 393–414.
1501:
1466:
1433:Marine Geology
1419:
1397:
1368:
1351:
1328:
1303:Tectonophysics
1289:
1243:
1230:(1): 283–297.
1207:
1156:
1099:
1070:(2): 818–842.
1045:
989:
975:
939:
916:
892:
874:(3): 271–300.
851:
825:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
759:
756:
719:Kermadec Plate
698:Kermadec Plate
651:Torres Islands
635:Woodlark Basin
631:Woodlark Plate
596:Sumatra Trench
588:Eurasian Plate
551:
548:
524:between about
507:Kuunga Orogeny
455:Yilgarn Craton
444:Pilbara Craton
424:Main article:
421:
418:
390:Eurasian Plate
340:marked by the
277:
274:
272:microplates.
242:Eurasian Plate
197:
194:
113:and, largely,
107:tectonic plate
97:
96:
89:
88:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
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37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2511:
2500:
2497:
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2479:
2464:
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2451:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2405:Phoenix Ridge
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
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2378:
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2255:
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2240:
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2120:
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2112:
2110:
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2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2090:
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2077:
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2072:
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2047:
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2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Balmoral Reef
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
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1869:
1867:
1864:
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1859:
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1849:
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1811:
1809:
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1790:
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1770:
1768:
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1753:
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1745:
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1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:(2): 146–50.
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1606:9781877480478
1602:
1598:
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1573:
1568:
1564:
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1553:
1546:
1543:
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1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:(3): 472–91.
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
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1400:
1394:
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1379:
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1324:
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1308:
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1300:
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1277:
1273:
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1261:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
978:
976:9781118670446
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
946:
944:
940:
929:
923:
921:
917:
905:
899:
897:
893:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
841:on 2016-06-05
840:
836:
830:
827:
820:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
751:
748:
744:
739:
737:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
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663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
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636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
612:
608:
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599:
597:
593:
589:
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576:
572:
570:
561:
556:
549:
547:
545:
539:
534:
528:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
498:
493:
488:
484:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
419:
417:
415:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:New Caledonia
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Pacific Plate
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:African Plate
255:
251:
250:Pacific Plate
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:New Caledonia
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
147:
140:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
95:
94:African Plate
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:62–70 mm/year
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2417:
2295:Gakkel Ridge
2207:Intermontane
1999:Juan de Fuca
1856:New Hebrides
1808:Minor plates
1766:
1739:Major plates
1671:
1667:
1657:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1595:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1562:
1558:
1545:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1371:
1363:
1354:
1341:
1331:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1227:
1223:
1210:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1118:
1114:
1067:
1063:
1021:
1017:
980:. Retrieved
958:
931:. Retrieved
908:. Retrieved
883:. Retrieved
871:
867:
843:. Retrieved
839:the original
829:
815:Indian Plate
752:
740:
727:Alpine Fault
724:
655:
615:
600:
581:
577:
573:
565:
511:
489:
452:
429:
401:Indian Ocean
398:
382:Wallace line
376:
361:
346:
342:Alpine Fault
313:
309:North Island
279:
262:Indian Plate
230:Indian Ocean
199:
190:Indian Ocean
176:, including
166:Indian Ocean
164:beneath the
162:Indian Plate
159:
102:
100:
86:Indian Ocean
2380:Alpha Ridge
2375:Aegir Ridge
2330:Mohns Ridge
2305:Gorda Ridge
2280:Cocos Ridge
2275:Chile Ridge
2119:Solomon Sea
2059:North Andes
2049:Molucca Sea
1944:Conway Reef
1929:Bird's Head
1896:Microplates
1309:(1): 1–40.
1024:(1): 1–80.
982:26 December
804:Sunda Plate
731:New Zealand
715:Tonga Plate
702:New Zealand
690:Tonga Plate
592:Java Trench
584:Sunda Plate
394:Sunda Shelf
386:Australasia
370:called the
305:island arcs
218:New Zealand
210:Arafura Sea
204:, southern
186:New Zealand
105:is a major
82:New Zealand
2478:Categories
2260:Aden Ridge
2109:Seychelles
2024:Madagascar
1909:Aegean Sea
1866:Philippine
1767:Australian
1635:: 132–42.
933:2023-05-24
910:2015-12-25
845:2015-12-25
821:References
700:and on to
645:under the
533:Cenomanian
236:, and the
234:Tasman Sea
206:New Guinea
182:New Guinea
127:Antarctica
78:New Guinea
2149:Trobriand
2054:Niuafo’ou
2009:Kerguelen
1984:Halmahera
1979:Greenland
1964:Galápagos
1934:Capricorn
1924:Banda Sea
1914:Anatolian
1831:Caribbean
1752:Antarctic
1461:0025-3227
1439:: 69–84.
1412:24 August
1407:2201-702X
1284:0301-9268
1151:205230868
743:Antarctic
684:with the
682:Lau Basin
535:at about
518:Zealandia
503:Ediacaran
366:with the
320:Australia
316:Zealandia
284:with the
276:Geography
270:Macquarie
266:Capricorn
238:Timor Sea
214:Coral Sea
174:Australia
74:Australia
57:northeast
2450:Category
2242:Kshiroda
2227:Malvinas
2197:Farallon
2192:Cimmeria
2159:Woodlark
2154:Victoria
2114:Shetland
2014:Kermadec
1954:Explorer
1904:Adriatic
1836:Caroline
1757:Eurasian
1364:NY Times
1346:Archived
1224:Episodes
1194:23023129
1143:23023134
1094:52998637
758:See also
676:and the
562:devices.
544:Tasmania
514:Gondwana
492:Gondwana
426:Gondwana
374:(SEIR).
302:Kermadec
260:and the
188:and the
178:Tasmania
119:Gondwana
115:southern
70:Features
54:Movement
2462:Commons
2237:Phoenix
2212:Izanagi
2202:Insular
2187:Charcot
2104:Sangihe
2074:Okinawa
2044:Mariana
2029:Malpelo
2019:Lwandle
1994:Iranian
1989:Iberian
1886:Yangtze
1861:Okhotsk
1821:Arabian
1816:Amurian
1784:Pacific
1747:African
1676:Bibcode
1668:Geology
1637:Bibcode
1523:Bibcode
1484:Bibcode
1441:Bibcode
1311:Bibcode
1264:Bibcode
1202:4375902
1174:Bibcode
1123:Bibcode
1072:Bibcode
1026:Bibcode
747:heading
664:of the
641:of the
633:in the
478:Cratons
471:Yilgarn
467:Yilgarn
463:Pilbara
440:billion
420:Origins
192:basin.
111:eastern
109:in the
2177:Baltic
2099:Rovuma
2094:Rivera
2079:Panama
1969:Gonâve
1959:Futuna
1949:Easter
1876:Somali
1871:Scotia
1846:Indian
1772:Indian
1603:
1578:21 May
1459:
1405:
1395:
1282:
1200:
1192:
1166:Nature
1149:
1141:
1115:Nature
1092:
973:
885:21 May
475:Gawler
459:zircon
268:, and
256:, the
252:, the
248:, the
244:, the
232:, the
212:, the
208:, the
2222:Lhasa
2144:Tonga
2139:Tisza
2134:Timor
2084:Pelso
2039:Maoke
2034:Manus
1974:Gorda
1939:Coiba
1881:Sunda
1851:Nazca
1841:Cocos
1826:Burma
1625:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1147:S2CID
1090:S2CID
955:(PDF)
550:Speed
483:1,696
298:Tonga
290:Tonga
196:Scope
123:India
62:Speed
40:Major
2438:List
2217:Kula
1601:ISBN
1580:2023
1457:ISSN
1414:2024
1403:ISSN
1393:ISBN
1280:ISSN
1190:PMID
1139:PMID
984:2015
971:ISBN
887:2023
670:Fiji
469:and
457:and
300:and
292:and
226:Fiji
224:and
125:and
101:The
36:Type
2232:Moa
1684:doi
1645:doi
1633:478
1567:doi
1563:200
1531:doi
1492:doi
1449:doi
1437:347
1385:doi
1319:doi
1307:362
1272:doi
1260:118
1232:doi
1182:doi
1170:490
1131:doi
1119:490
1080:doi
1068:168
1034:doi
1022:181
963:doi
876:doi
729:in
668:to
560:GPS
527:132
509:).
497:530
450:.
157:.
132:100
2480::
1682:.
1672:51
1670:.
1666:.
1643:.
1631:.
1627:.
1561:.
1557:.
1529:.
1519:23
1517:.
1513:.
1490:.
1480:66
1478:.
1455:.
1447:.
1435:.
1431:.
1401:.
1391:.
1344:.
1340:.
1317:.
1305:.
1301:.
1278:.
1270:.
1258:.
1228:35
1226:.
1222:.
1196:.
1188:.
1180:.
1168:.
1145:.
1137:.
1129:.
1117:.
1102:^
1088:.
1078:.
1066:.
1062:.
1048:^
1032:.
1020:.
1016:.
992:^
969:.
957:.
942:^
919:^
895:^
872:49
870:.
866:.
854:^
598:.
538:96
416:.
396:.
359:.
344:.
324:85
311:.
220:,
184:,
153:60
146:45
139:96
84:,
80:,
76:,
1723:e
1716:t
1709:v
1692:.
1686::
1678::
1651:.
1647::
1639::
1609:.
1582:.
1569::
1539:.
1533::
1525::
1498:.
1494::
1486::
1463:.
1451::
1443::
1416:.
1387::
1366:.
1358:"
1325:.
1321::
1313::
1286:.
1274::
1266::
1240:.
1234::
1204:.
1184::
1176::
1153:.
1133::
1125::
1096:.
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