1156:(IMD, RSMC New Delhi). Within the region, a tropical cyclone is defined as being a non frontal synoptic scale cyclone that originates over tropical or subtropical waters with organized convection and a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The lowest official classification used in the North Indian Ocean is a depression, which has 3-minute sustained wind speeds of between 17 and 27 kn (20 and 31 mph; 31 and 50 km/h). Should the depression intensify further then it will become a deep depression, which has winds between 28 and 33 kn (32 and 38 mph; 52 and 61 km/h). If the system intensifies further, it will be classified as a cyclonic storm and be assigned a name by the IMD, if it should develop gale-force wind speeds of between 34 and 47 kn (39 and 54 mph; 63 and 87 km/h). Severe cyclonic storms have wind speeds between 48 and 63 kn (55 and 72 mph; 89 and 117 km/h), while very severe cyclonic storms have hurricane-force winds of 64–89 kn (74–102 mph; 119–165 km/h). Extremely severe cyclonic storms have hurricane-force winds of 90–119 kn (104–137 mph; 167–220 km/h). The highest classification used in the North Indian Ocean is a super cyclonic storm, which has hurricane-force winds of at least 120 kn (140 mph; 220 km/h).
1452:. Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined as being a non-frontal low-pressure system of synoptic scale that develops over warm waters, with a definite organized wind circulation and 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 34 kn (63 km/h; 39 mph) or greater near the centre. Once this definition has been met then all of the centres name the system and start to use the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, which measures tropical cyclones using a five category system based on 10-minute maximum sustained winds. A Category 1 tropical cyclone is estimated to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 34–47 kn (39–54 mph; 63–87 km/h), while a Category 2 tropical cyclone is estimated to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 48–63 kn (55–72 mph; 89–117 km/h). When a system becomes a Category 3 tropical cyclone it is reclassified as a Severe tropical cyclone and has wind speeds of 64–85 kn (74–98 mph; 119–157 km/h). A Category 4 severe tropical cyclone has winds of 86–110 kn (99–127 mph; 159–204 km/h), while the maximum rating is a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, which has winds of at least 108 kn (124 mph; 200 km/h).
796:. The lowest classification on the SSHWS is a Category 1 hurricane, which has winds of between 64 and 82 kn (74 and 94 mph; 119 and 152 km/h). Should the hurricane intensify further then it will be rated as a Category 2 hurricane, if it has winds of between 83 and 95 kn (96 and 109 mph; 154 and 176 km/h). When a system becomes a Category 3 hurricane with winds of between 96 and 112 kn (110 and 129 mph; 178 and 207 km/h), it is considered to be a major hurricane by the warning centers. A Category 4 hurricane has winds of 113 to 136 kn (130 to 157 mph; 209 to 252 km/h), while a Category 5 hurricane has winds of at least 137 kn (158 mph; 254 km/h). A post tropical cyclone is a system that has weakened, into a remnant low or has dissipated and formal advisories are usually discontinued at this stage. However, advisories may continue if the post tropical cyclone poses a significant threat to life and property. They may also continue if the remnants of the system have a chance of regeneration and producing tropical storm or hurricane-force winds over land within 48 hours.
944:(JMA, RSMC Tokyo). Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined to be a non-frontal synoptic scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters, with organized convection and a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The lowest classification used by the Typhoon Committee is a tropical depression, which has 10-minute sustained winds of less than 34 kn (17 m/s; 39 mph; 63 km/h). Should the tropical depression intensify further it is named and classified as a tropical storm, which has winds speeds between 34–47 kn (17–24 m/s; 39–54 mph; 63–87 km/h). Should the system continue to intensify further then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm, which has winds speeds between 48–63 kn (25–32 m/s; 55–72 mph; 89–117 km/h). The highest classification on the Typhoon Committee's scale is a typhoon, which has winds speeds greater than 64 kn (33 m/s; 74 mph; 119 km/h).
717:. Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined to be a warm cored, non-frontal synoptic disturbance, that develops over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized atmospheric convection and a closed well defined circulation centre. The region also defines a subtropical cyclone as a non-frontal low pressure disturbance, that has the characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones. Once either of these classifications are met, then advisories are initiated and the warning centers will classify the system as either a tropical or subtropical depression, if the one-minute sustained winds estimated or measured as less than 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).
996:(JTWC) monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones for the United States Government, assigning them two-digit TC numbers (with suffix "W"). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; however, the JTWC uses their own scale for intensity classifications in this basin. These classifications are Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Typhoon, and Super Typhoon. The United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with wind speeds of at least 130 knots (150 mph; 240 km/h)—the equivalent of a strong Category 4 storm on the
1490:(ACE) is used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other agencies to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones that are above tropical storm strength and entire tropical cyclone seasons. It is calculated by taking the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed 35 knots or higher) at six-hour intervals. The numbers are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. The unit of ACE is 10 kn, and for use as an index the unit is assumed. As well as being squared for ACE, wind speed can also be cubed, which is referred to as the Power Dissipation Index (PDI).
964:
wind speeds between 85–104 kn (44–54 m/s; 98–120 mph; 157–193 km/h), while a violent typhoon has wind speeds of 105 kn (54 m/s; 121 mph; 194 km/h) or greater. The HKO, SMG and the CMA also divide the typhoon category into three categories, with both assigning a maximum wind speed of 80 kn (41 m/s; 92 mph; 150 km/h) to the typhoon category. A severe typhoon has wind speeds of 85–104 kn (44–54 m/s; 98–120 mph; 157–193 km/h), while a super typhoon has winds of 100 kn (51 m/s; 120 mph; 190 km/h). In May 2015, following the damage caused by
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indication of a circulation. A tropical depression or tropical low is a disturbance with a defined circulation, where the central position can be estimated, and the maximum 10-minute average wind speed is less than 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h) near the centre. The FMS numbers these systems when they have a potential to develop into a tropical cyclone or persist to cause significant impact to life and property, within its area of responsibility and have been analysed for the previous 24 hours. The
Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale was introduced by the BoM, ahead of the 1989–90 cyclone season.
1165:
introduce the category "severe cyclonic storm with core of hurricane winds" for tropical cyclones, with wind speeds of more than 64 kn (74 mph; 119 km/h). During 1999 the categories very severe cyclonic Storm and super cyclonic storm were introduced, while the severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds category was eliminated. During 2015, another modification to the scale took place, with the IMD calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between 90 and 119 kn (104 and 137 mph; 167 and 220 km/h): an extremely severe cyclonic storm.
1509:
241:
49:
1464:) or suffix "P" (if east of 135°E; spans the whole South Pacific Ocean, merging BoM, PNG-NWS, FMS, and MSNZ AORs together). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in these basins the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any names or placeholders parenthesized, as for typhoons and Indian Ocean cyclones above).
1497:(HSI) is another scale used and rates the severity of all types of tropical and subtropical cyclones based on both the intensity and the size of their wind fields. The HSI is a 0 to 50 point scale, allotting up to 25 points for a tropical cyclone's intensity and up to 25 points for wind field size. Points are awarded on a sliding scale, with the majority of points reserved for hurricane force and greater wind fields.
397:
1349:). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any parenthesized names or placeholders, like typhoons and North Indian Ocean cyclones above).
1459:
The United States Joint
Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government; these systems are unofficially assigned TC numbers with either suffix "S" (if originating west of 135°E; spans the whole South Indian
1020:
in JTWC advisories); however, in cases when the JTWC upgrades a depression to tropical storm without the JMA following suit (due to the differences between JTWC and JMA wind-speed scales), the spelled-out number (without the suffix) is parenthesized and appended to the TC number as placeholder name,
963:
and the JMA, all divide the typhoon category further for domestic purposes. The JMA divides the typhoon category into three categories, with a 10-minute maximum wind speed below 84 kn (43 m/s; 97 mph; 156 km/h) assigned for the (strong) typhoon category. A very strong typhoon has
1455:
For systems below tropical cyclone strength there are various terms used, including
Tropical Disturbance, Tropical Low and Tropical Depression. A tropical disturbance is defined as being a non-frontal system of synoptic scale originating over the tropics, with persistent enhanced convection or some
803:
Although increasing echelons of the scale correspond to stronger winds, the rankings are not absolute in terms of effects. Lower-category storms can inflict greater damage than higher-category storms, depending on factors such as local terrain, population density and total rainfall. For instance, a
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or a subtropical depression when it reaches wind speeds above 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). If a tropical depression reaches wind speeds of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) then it will be classified as a moderate tropical storm and assigned a name by either the Sub
Regional Center in
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are only officially classified by the warning centres on one of two scales, which are both based on 10-minute sustained wind speeds: The
Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale is used to classify systems within the Australian or South Pacific tropical cyclone basin. The scale used to classify
968:
in 2013, PAGASA introduced the term Super
Typhoon and used it for systems with winds greater than 120 kn (62 m/s; 140 mph; 220 km/h), but later adjusted to at least 99.9 kn (51.4 m/s; 115.0 mph; 185.0 km/h) on March 23, 2022. In 2018, following devastating
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on the
Beaufort scale and a Cyclone where the winds are either force 11 and 12 on the Beaufort scale. Between 1924 and 1988, tropical cyclones were classified into four categories: depression, deep depression, cyclonic storms and severe cyclonic storms. However, a change was made during 1988 to
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when it reaches wind speeds of 64 knots (119 km/h; 74 mph). If a tropical cyclone intensify further and reaches wind speeds of 90 knots (170 km/h; 100 mph), it will be classified as an intense tropical cyclone. A very intense tropical cyclone is the highest category on the
1336:
At the tenth RA I tropical cyclone committee held during 1991, it was recommended that the intensity classifications be changed ahead of the 1993–94 tropical cyclone season. Specifically it was decided that the classifications: Weak
Tropical Depression, Moderate Tropical Depression and Severe
1344:
The United States Joint
Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government; these systems are unofficially assigned TC numbers with suffix "S" (which spans the whole South Indian Ocean, including both
1181:
get suffix "B"). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (optionally appended with international names or
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and the
Australian tropical cyclone intensity scales both used in the Western Hemisphere. All of the scales rank tropical cyclones using their maximum sustained winds, which are either observed, measured or estimated using various techniques, over a period between one and ten minutes.
827:
A minor change to the scale was made ahead of the 2012 hurricane season, with the wind speeds for Categories 3–5 tweaked to eliminate the rounding errors that had occurred during previous seasons, when a hurricane had wind speeds of 115 kn (130 mph; 215 km/h).
799:
The SSHS was originally created using both wind speed and storm surge, but since the relationship between wind speed and storm surge is not necessarily definite, the scale was changed to the "Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (SSHWS), based entirely on wind speed.
1307:
A tropical disturbance is MFR's generic term for a non-frontal area of low pressure that has organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The system should be estimated to have wind speeds of less than 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).
766:
However, if a tropical disturbance is capable of producing tropical storm or hurricane conditions on land within 48 hours, then advisories will be initiated and it will be classified as a potential tropical cyclone (PTC) with a two-digit PTC number (for example,
1172:
also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States, also assigning them TC numbers as in all other basins above (albeit in an unofficial manner for this and subsequent basins; cyclones originating in the
775:) that otherwise looks identical to a TC number. Should the system intensify further or already have one-minute sustained winds of 34–63 kn (39–72 mph; 63–117 km/h), then it will be called either a tropical or subtropical storm and
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that exist within the North Atlantic Ocean or the North-eastern Pacific Ocean are classified as either tropical depressions or tropical storms. Should a system intensify further and become a hurricane, then it will be classified on the
808:
hurricane that strikes a major urban area will likely do more damage than a large Category 5 hurricane that strikes a mostly rural region. In fact, tropical systems of less than hurricane strength, as in the case of
1159:
Historically, a system has been classified as a depression if its surface pressure is lower than its surroundings. Other classifications historically used include: cyclonic storm where the winds did not exceed
1327:
If the named storm intensifies further and reaches winds speeds of 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph), then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm. A severe tropical storm is designated as a
332:'s scale uses seven different classifications for systems within the North Indian Ocean, and are based on the systems estimated 3-minute maximum sustained winds. Tropical cyclones that develop in the
1445:
792:
Should the tropical system further intensify and have winds estimated or measured, as greater than 64 kn (74 mph; 119 km/h), then it will be called a hurricane and classified on the
1903:
1004:. Also, when a tropical depression is upgraded to tropical storm and named by the JMA, the JTWC appends the international name (parenthesized) to its TC number (i.e., 2018 tropical depression
736:
or less; these numbers are not recycled until next year) followed by (except for North Atlantic systems) a hyphen and a suffix letter ("-E" for East Pacific, "-C" for Central Pacific);
2310:
372:) above the sea surface. However, the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale is based on wind speed measurements averaged over a 1-minute period, at 10 m (33 ft). The scale used by
2480:
1484:, which measures the destructive potential of the storm surge on the coast; it works on a scale that ranges from one to six, with six having the highest destructive potential.
1436:
Tropical cyclones that occur within the Southern Hemisphere to the east of 90°E are officially monitored by one or more tropical cyclone warning centres. These are run by the
1338:
297:
they are located in. Only a few classifications are used officially by the meteorological agencies monitoring the tropical cyclones, but other scales also exist, such as
325:
uses four separate classifications for tropical cyclones that exist within the basin, which are based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 10-minute period.
1934:
2517:
2485:
2094:
1477:
215:
780:
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on one of five tropical cyclone scales. The scale used for a particular tropical cyclone depends on what basin the system is located in; with for example the
2416:
1911:
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and have a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. They are classified by the wind speeds located around the circulation centre and are ranked, by the
219:
2341:
1473:
1337:
Tropical Depression would be changed to Tropical Depression, Moderate Tropical Storm and Severe Tropical Storm. This change was implemented ahead of the
466:
373:
143:
2267:
269:
193:
2513:
418:
211:
199:
470:
457:
Tropical cyclones are defined as being warm cored, non-frontal synoptic cyclones, that develop over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized
318:
824:) and that caused large amounts of destruction. This term fell into disuse after the introduction of the Saffir–Simpson scale in the early 1970s.
203:
2616:
1821:
2124:
820:
was used to describe storms that possessed winds of at least 110 knots (130 mph; 200 km/h), large radii (over 160 km / 100
2759:
2318:
1572:
956:
207:
168:
163:
100:
138:
2155:
2057:
948:
234:
805:
188:
95:
1727:
462:
444:
380:
and maximum sustained winds averaged over a 10-minute interval. These differences make direct comparisons between basins difficult.
361:
1942:
1756:
1658:
714:
1876:
2728:
1153:
1042:
329:
383:
Within all basins tropical cyclones are named when the sustained winds reach at least 35 kn (40 mph; 65 km/h).
2713:
1029:
785:
422:
1964:
1753:"Public Information Statement: Minor Modification of Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Thresholds Effective May 15, 2012"
2694:
1013:
262:
110:
1854:
2128:
2120:
2098:
1169:
993:
230:
158:
153:
88:
1437:
941:
837:
322:
1481:
407:
2003:(in Filipino). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022
1487:
1324:. No matter how strong a subtropical system is in this basin, it is always designated as a subtropical depression.
298:
426:
411:
2260:
Final report on the Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9–13, 2015
710:
115:
2423:
2233:
997:
793:
700:
483:
2665:
2199:
1514:
1494:
1333:
South-West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone scale, and has winds of over 115 knots (213 km/h; 132 mph).
302:
255:
245:
2258:
1527:
1192:
776:
338:
321:, and is based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 1-minute period. In the Western Pacific, the
294:
181:
133:
17:
2754:
2738:
810:
487:
458:
376:(RSMC) New Delhi applies a 3-minute averaging period, and the Australian scale is based on both 3-second
357:
312:
are unofficially classified by the warning centres on one of three intensity scales. Tropical cyclones or
290:
65:
2521:
1796:
1608:(Report). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2017
1522:
1449:
952:
70:
2620:
2562:
2385:
Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023
1828:
2132:
779:(which replaces the spelled-out TC number; the two-digit number is still kept for purposes like the
1312:
1145:
982:
974:
937:
512:
333:
313:
309:
48:
2290:
2586:
1297:
1149:
2314:
1301:
813:, can produce significant damage and human casualties, especially from flooding and landslides.
342:
2384:
2163:
2578:
1723:
364:(WMO) and used by most weather agencies is that of a 10-minute average at a height of 10
2061:
2570:
1329:
497:
350:
282:
40:
2547:
2732:
2669:
1602:
2566:
2417:
Tropical cyclone alerts and warnings summary of procedures within Fiji: 2009–2010 season
2735:. – South Indian Ocean & South Pacific Ocean from 90°E to 160°E, south of 10°S
1665:
1161:
992:
In addition to the national meteorological services of each nation, the United States'
965:
933:
706:
507:
1972:
1752:
1717:
1690:
2764:
2748:
2685:
1969:
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
1296:
Any tropical cyclone that develops within the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and
1178:
369:
346:
75:
2725:
1025:, until JMA upgrades and names it, on which case the name replaces the placeholder.
2590:
2037:
2023:
1880:
1474:
Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres or the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres
970:
821:
2689:
2200:
Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 2015
1965:"Press Release: DOST-PAGASA modifies Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system"
1216:
1174:
1068:
922:
909:
896:
883:
870:
857:
502:
396:
105:
705:
Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere to the east of the
2644:
1994:
1504:
1441:
1321:
1032:
has its own scale in Chinese but uses the Typhoon Committee scale in English.
2234:
Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean
2645:
Australian Bureau of Meteorology - Understanding tropical cyclone categories
1317:
377:
301:, the Power Dissipation Index, the Integrated Kinetic Energy Index, and the
2582:
1636:
1144:
Any tropical cyclone that develops within the North Indian Ocean between
2574:
2548:"Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years"
1995:"Modified Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) System (23 March 2022)"
932:
Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the
1999:
1722:(Technical report). Florida Sea Grant College Program. pp. 53–54.
1719:
Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms: 1871–1993: An Historical Survey
2205:(Report No. TCP-21). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 11–12
2125:"What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC?"
2453:
2097:. Pearl Harbour, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from
2060:. Pearl Harbour, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from
960:
2662:
2619:. American Meteorological Society. December 19, 2008. Archived from
2475:
1697:. Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center (U.S.). 2005
1472:
There are other scales that are not officially used by any of the
365:
2291:
Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean
1448:, Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service and the Australian
2675:
2722: – South Pacific Ocean from 125°E to 160°E, north of 10°S
2022:
Government Printing Bureau, MSAR Government (April 16, 2018).
1304:'s La Réunion tropical cyclone centre (MFR, RSMC La Réunion).
762:) is also generated for bulletin and other automated purposes.
390:
2617:"Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season"
2514:"Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season"
1935:"Pagasa revises definition of 'super typhoon,' signal system"
728:
for short) comprising an officially spelled-out number (from
2716: – South Indian Ocean from 90°E to 125°E, north of 10°S
1476:. However they are used by other organizations, such as the
47:
2719:
2656:
2512:
Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program (June 1, 2009).
1182:
placeholders in parentheses, as done for typhoons above).
2700:
2681:
1716:
Fred Doehring; Iver W. Duedall; John M. Williams (1994).
2239:(Report). India Meteorological Department. July 14, 2009
1877:"PAGASA redefines 'super typhoon', revises wind signals"
1904:"PAGASA changes super typhoon definition, wind signals"
1827:. Hong Kong Observatory. March 18, 2009. Archived from
1573:
Regional Association IV Hurricane Operational Plan 2017
1397:
122–151 kn (226–280 km/h; 140–174 mph)
2422:(Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from
2198:
WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (June 8, 2015).
1408:
90–121 kn (167–224 km/h; 104–139 mph)
2481:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
1394:
86–107 kn (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph)
2703: – South Pacific west of 160°E, north of 25° S
1419:68–89 kn (126–165 km/h; 78–102 mph)
2741: – South Pacific west of 160°E, south of 25°S
2131:– Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Archived from
2026:[Executive Order No. 61/2018] (in Chinese)
1659:"Experimental Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1405:64–85 kn (119–157 km/h; 74–98 mph)
1347:BMKG and BoM areas of responsibility west of 135°E
2349:. Météo-France; RSMC La Réunion. pp. 105–106
1664:. National Hurricane Center. 2009. Archived from
1430:49–67 kn (91–124 km/h; 56–77 mph)
1416:48–63 kn (89–117 km/h; 55–72 mph)
738:a two-digit (plus any suffix) abbreviation (like
345:for use in various French territories, including
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1427:34–47 kn (63–87 km/h; 39–54 mph)
2518:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2486:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1478:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2454:"Tropical Cyclone: Frequently Asked Questions"
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
1386:>151 kn (280 km/h; 174 mph)
1383:>107 kn (198 km/h; 123 mph)
2739:Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited
1446:Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika
981:) category together with the severe typhoon (
781:Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System
263:
8:
2697: – South Indian Ocean from 30°E to 90°E
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2296:(Report). World Meteorological Organization.
2284:
2282:
2280:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1637:"Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale Information"
1461:
973:to Macau, SMG introduced the super typhoon (
27:Scales of the intensity of tropical cyclones
2720:Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service
2651:Regional specialized meteorological centres
2390:(Report). World Meteorological Organization
1941:. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from
1802:(Report). World Meteorological Organization
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1578:(Report). World Meteorological Organization
1361:Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale
1177:are assigned suffix "A" while those in the
671:
467:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers
425:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
18:Australian Tropical cyclone Intensity Scale
2448:
2446:
2444:
1755:. United States National Weather Service.
1358:
1189:
1039:
835:
481:
374:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre
270:
256:
31:
1797:Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2015
1639:. National Hurricane Center. May 24, 2013
709:, are officially monitored by either the
445:Learn how and when to remove this message
2383:RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023).
2289:RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023).
2659: – North Atlantic, Eastern Pacific
1538:
1346:
39:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2305:
2303:
1822:"Classifications of Tropical cyclones"
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:from the original on November 22, 2015
644:
308:Tropical cyclones that develop in the
1855:"Pagasa bares 5 new storm categories"
957:Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau
478:Atlantic, Eastern and Central Pacific
7:
2714:Indonesian Meteorological Department
2311:"Tableau de définition des cyclones"
2273:from the original on April 19, 2016.
840:'s Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
423:adding citations to reliable sources
949:China Meteorological Administration
794:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
471:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
319:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
2456:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1933:Sarao, Zacarian (March 24, 2022).
1603:National Hurricane Operations Plan
1480:. An example of such scale is the
25:
2266:. Bangkok, Thailand. p. 10.
463:World Meteorological Organization
362:World Meteorological Organization
287:tropical cyclone intensity scales
2726:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
2708:Tropical cyclone warning centres
2663:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
2546:Kerry Emanuel (August 4, 2005).
1971:. March 23, 2022. Archived from
1853:Cervantes, Ding (May 16, 2015).
1507:
1196:Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
1046:Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
940:are officially monitored by the
715:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
395:
239:
2682:India Meteorological Department
1482:Integrated Kinetic Energy index
1339:1993–94 tropical cyclone season
1154:India Meteorological Department
1043:India Meteorological Department
758:for Central Pacific depression
330:India Meteorological Department
2695:Météo-France – La Reunion
2058:"Products and Services Notice"
1902:Arceo, Acor (March 23, 2022).
1030:Central Weather Administration
742:for North Atlantic depression
1:
2154:交通部中央氣象局 (February 1, 2008).
2760:Tropical cyclone meteorology
2657:US National Hurricane Center
2129:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
2121:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
2095:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1462:MFR's area of responsibility
1311:A system is designated as a
1170:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
994:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
989:) category as that of HKO.
750:for East Pacific depression
720:Also, it will be assigned a
246:Tropical cyclones portal
2701:Fiji Meteorological Service
2676:Japan Meteorological Agency
2668:September 23, 2011, at the
2476:"Integrated Kinetic Energy"
1751:Tew, Mark (March 1, 2012).
1695:repository.library.noaa.gov
1571:RA IV Hurricane Committee.
1438:Fiji Meteorological Service
942:Japan Meteorological Agency
892:Severe tropical storm
323:ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee
2781:
1795:Typhoon Committee (2015).
1488:Accumulated cyclone energy
698:
299:accumulated cyclone energy
285:are ranked on one of five
1016:, but was referred to as
918:Tropical depression
866:Very strong typhoon
711:National Hurricane Center
670:
643:
618:
593:
568:
543:
518:
511:
506:
501:
496:
493:
2343:Cyclone Season 1992–1993
1515:Tropical cyclones portal
1495:Hurricane Severity Index
1028:In addition, the Taiwan
303:Hurricane Severity Index
198:Lists of retired names:
194:List of historical names
128:Climatology and tracking
2672: – Central Pacific
1528:Tropical cyclone naming
1186:South-West Indian Ocean
816:Historically, the term
722:tropical cyclone number
488:maximum sustained winds
339:South-West Indian Ocean
295:tropical cyclone basins
291:maximum sustained winds
182:Tropical cyclone naming
2731:July 23, 2008, at the
2317:. 2008. Archived from
1193:Southwest Indian Ocean
1014:Tropical Storm Bebinca
986:
978:
811:Tropical Storm Allison
459:atmospheric convection
139:Climate change effects
66:Central dense overcast
52:
2166:on September 23, 2015
1523:Rapid intensification
1450:Bureau of Meteorology
1064:Super Cyclonic Storm
953:Hong Kong Observatory
289:, according to their
51:
2429:on November 18, 2015
2340:Le Goff, Guy (ed.).
2135:on September 1, 2013
1152:is monitored by the
998:Saffir–Simpson scale
701:Saffir–Simpson scale
484:Saffir–Simpson scale
419:improve this section
314:subtropical cyclones
169:Rainfall climatology
164:Rainfall forecasting
101:Warnings and watches
2575:10.1038/nature03906
2567:2005Natur.436..686E
2527:on January 18, 2008
2321:on January 23, 2009
1363:
1313:tropical depression
1198:
1048:
841:
490:
360:recommended by the
334:Southern Hemisphere
310:Northern Hemisphere
35:Part of a series on
2678: – NW Pacific
2488:. February 7, 2009
2123:(March 31, 2008).
2101:on October 4, 2013
2038:Portuguese version
1975:on August 23, 2022
1945:on August 23, 2022
1914:on August 23, 2022
1691:"Hurricane Basics"
1468:Alternative scales
1359:
1353:Australia and Fiji
1190:
1096:118–165 km/h
1084:166–220 km/h
1040:
1036:North Indian Ocean
887:118–156 km/h
874:157–193 km/h
836:
482:
356:The definition of
53:
2623:on March 14, 2009
2024:"《第61/2018號行政命令》"
1834:on March 30, 2012
1671:on August 6, 2009
1460:Ocean, including
1434:
1433:
1294:
1293:
1237:Tropical Cyclone
1227:Tropical Cyclone
1212:Tropical Cyclone
1142:
1141:
1108:89–117 km/h
1059:
969:damage caused by
930:
929:
900:89–117 km/h
697:
696:
455:
454:
447:
283:Tropical cyclones
280:
279:
204:Pacific hurricane
41:Tropical cyclones
16:(Redirected from
2772:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2520:. Archived from
2509:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2450:
2439:
2438:
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2255:
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2238:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2162:. Archived from
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1883:. March 23, 2022
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1818:
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1766:
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1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
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1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1440:, New Zealand's
1364:
1330:tropical cyclone
1300:is monitored by
1205:Sustained winds
1199:
1138:31–50 km/h
1128:51–62 km/h
1123:Deep Depression
1118:63–88 km/h
1077:Extremely Severe
1057:
1049:
1023:TS 16W (SIXTEEN)
1018:TS 20W (BEBINCA)
913:62–88 km/h
853:Violent typhoon
848:Sustained winds
842:
763:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
639:
634:
629:
624:
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589:
584:
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554:
549:
539:
534:
529:
524:
491:
450:
443:
439:
436:
430:
399:
391:
351:French Polynesia
272:
265:
258:
244:
243:
242:
32:
21:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2745:
2744:
2733:Wayback Machine
2670:Wayback Machine
2641:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2561:(7051): 686–8.
2550:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2491:
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2474:
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2457:
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2442:
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2419:
2415:
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2256:
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2240:
2236:
2232:
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2218:
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2197:
2196:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2153:
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2148:
2138:
2136:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2064:on June 9, 2017
2056:
2055:
2044:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
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1513:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1470:
1371:
1355:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1261:Tropical Storm
1260:
1253:
1249:Tropical Storm
1248:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1195:
1188:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1113:Cyclonic Storm
1107:
1102:
1101:Severe Cyclonic
1095:
1091:Cyclonic Storm
1090:
1083:
1079:Cyclonic Storm
1078:
1072:≥221 km/h
1071:
1058:(3-min average)
1056:
1055:Sustained winds
1045:
1038:
925:
912:
905:Tropical storm
899:
886:
873:
861:≥194 km/h
860:
834:
832:Western Pacific
818:great hurricane
806:Category 2
783:, as in 2018's
777:assigned a name
737:
703:
691:
686:
681:
676:
664:
659:
654:
649:
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632:
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622:
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582:
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547:
537:
532:
527:
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480:
451:
440:
434:
431:
416:
400:
389:
358:sustained winds
337:systems in the
276:
240:
238:
237:
233:
225:
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208:Pacific typhoon
184:
174:
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129:
121:
120:
91:
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61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2778:
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2736:
2723:
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2648:
2647:
2640:
2639:External links
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2177:
2160:www.cwb.gov.tw
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1082:90–119 kt
1080:
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1061:
1060:
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1037:
1034:
1002:super typhoons
966:Typhoon Haiyan
928:
927:
926:≤61 km/h
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699:Main article:
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435:September 2017
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341:is defined by
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2755:Hazard scales
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2687:
2686:Bay of Bengal
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
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2313:(in French).
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2015:
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1729:0-912747-08-0
1725:
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1282:
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1275:
1270:
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1257:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1242:118–165 km/h
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:166–212 km/h
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:>212 km/h
1218:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:Bay of Bengal
1176:
1171:
1168:The American
1166:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1136:17–27 kt
1135:
1132:
1131:
1126:28–33 kt
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:34–47 kt
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106:48–63 kt
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:64–89 kt
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707:anti-meridian
702:
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220:South Pacific
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2625:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2596:February 15,
2594:. Retrieved
2558:
2554:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2490:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2431:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2392:. Retrieved
2351:. Retrieved
2342:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2315:Météo-France
2259:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2207:. Retrieved
2168:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2159:
2149:
2139:December 22,
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2030:September 7,
2028:. Retrieved
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1939:Inquirer.net
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:ABS-CBN News
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1829:the original
1816:
1806:November 13,
1804:. Retrieved
1761:. Retrieved
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1718:
1711:
1701:December 21,
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1666:the original
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1610:. Retrieved
1580:. Retrieved
1492:
1486:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1435:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1302:Météo-France
1295:
1290:<50 km/h
1285:Disturbance
1254:89–117 km/h
1210:Very Intense
1191:
1167:
1158:
1143:
1041:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
991:
987:Tufão severo
971:Typhoon Hato
946:
931:
869:85–104
826:
817:
815:
802:
798:
791:
786:TS 12 (KIRK)
784:
772:
768:
765:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
729:
725:
721:
719:
704:
456:
441:
432:
417:Please help
405:
382:
355:
343:Météo-France
327:
307:
286:
281:
148:
111:Preparedness
29:
2690:Arabian Sea
2627:January 16,
2531:January 16,
2492:January 18,
2460:November 7,
2433:November 7,
2394:October 23,
2353:November 7,
2325:January 14,
2243:October 31,
2105:October 14,
2068:October 14,
1763:November 7,
1643:November 8,
1612:October 14,
1278:51–62 km/h
1273:Depression
1266:63–88 km/h
1175:Arabian Sea
1133:Depression
1089:Very Severe
979:Super tufão
908:34–47
895:48–63
882:64–84
752:TWENTYONE-E
486:, 1-minute
159:Forecasting
154:Observation
106:Storm surge
71:Development
2749:Categories
2007:August 23,
1979:August 23,
1949:August 23,
1918:August 23,
1675:August 17,
1534:References
1442:MetService
1322:Madagascar
1288:<28 kt
1230:90–115 kt
1067:≥120
983:Portuguese
975:Portuguese
856:≥105
838:RSMC Tokyo
387:Background
378:wind gusts
293:and which
216:Australian
212:Philippine
2209:March 29,
1887:March 28,
1857:. ABS-CBN
1370:Sustained
1318:Mauritius
1276:28–33 kt
1264:34–47 kt
1252:48–63 kt
1240:64–89 kt
1012:, became
921:≤33
845:Category
726:TC number
494:Category
406:does not
368:(33
96:By Region
60:Structure
2729:Archived
2688:and the
2684: –
2666:Archived
2583:16056221
2268:Archived
2170:July 31,
1838:July 27,
1757:Archived
1736:June 18,
1582:June 29,
1501:See also
1367:Category
1283:Tropical
1271:Tropical
1259:Moderate
1215:>115
1202:Category
1162:force 10
1052:Category
1008:, abbr.
1006:TWENTY-W
879:Typhoon
200:Atlantic
116:Response
2591:2368280
2563:Bibcode
2000:YouTube
1908:Rappler
1861:May 20,
1732:. TP-71
1225:Intense
959:(SMG),
773:PTC-15E
760:THREE-C
713:or the
638:119–153
613:154–177
588:178–208
583:111–129
563:209–251
558:130–156
553:113–136
427:removed
412:sources
231:Outline
189:History
89:Effects
2589:
2581:
2555:Nature
1726:
1402:Three
1375:Gusts
1247:Severe
1103:Storm
1021:as in
1010:TD 20W
961:PAGASA
951:, the
769:PTC-09
756:TD 03C
748:TD 21E
734:THIRTY
665:63–118
608:96–110
578:96–112
149:Scales
134:Basins
2587:S2CID
2551:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2427:(PDF)
2420:(PDF)
2388:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2294:(PDF)
2271:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1825:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1662:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1391:Four
1380:Five
1372:winds
1146:100°E
938:100°E
923:knots
910:knots
897:knots
884:knots
871:knots
858:knots
754:, or
744:EIGHT
740:TD 08
660:39–73
655:34–63
650:18–32
633:74–95
628:64–82
623:33–42
603:83–95
598:43–49
573:50–58
548:58–70
538:≥ 252
533:≥ 157
528:≥ 137
523:≥ 70
503:knots
144:RSMCs
2765:Wind
2629:2009
2598:2010
2579:PMID
2533:2008
2494:2009
2462:2015
2435:2015
2396:2023
2355:2015
2327:2009
2245:2015
2211:2015
2172:2012
2156:"特輯"
2141:2008
2107:2018
2070:2018
2032:2024
2009:2022
1981:2022
1951:2022
1920:2022
1889:2022
1863:2015
1840:2012
1808:2015
1765:2015
1738:2024
1724:ISBN
1703:2023
1677:2009
1645:2015
1614:2018
1584:2017
1493:The
1424:One
1413:Two
1298:90°E
1150:45°E
1148:and
1000:—as
947:The
936:and
724:(or
692:≤ 62
687:≤ 38
682:≤ 33
677:≤ 17
513:km/h
410:any
408:cite
349:and
328:The
2571:doi
2559:436
1320:or
789:).
771:or
732:to
730:ONE
508:mph
498:m/s
465:'s
421:by
76:Eye
2751::
2606:^
2585:.
2577:.
2569:.
2557:.
2553:.
2516:.
2502:^
2484:.
2478:.
2443:^
2404:^
2363:^
2302:^
2279:^
2219:^
2180:^
2158:.
2127:.
2078:^
2045:^
1997:.
1967:.
1937:.
1906:.
1879:.
1773:^
1693:.
1622:^
1592:^
1541:^
1341:.
1217:kt
1069:kt
985::
977::
822:mi
746:,
672:TD
645:TS
619:1
594:2
569:3
544:4
519:5
370:ft
353:.
305:.
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
2631:.
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2573::
2565::
2535:.
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2357:.
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2072:.
2040:)
2036:(
2034:.
2011:.
1983:.
1953:.
1922:.
1891:.
1865:.
1842:.
1810:.
1767:.
1740:.
1705:.
1679:.
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1616:.
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448:)
442:(
437:)
433:(
429:.
415:.
366:m
271:e
264:t
257:v
20:)
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