1257:
1091:
1265:
219:
1064:", which guaranteed the states 75 percent of customs revenue, to just ten years of operation; requiring that the new federal capital would be located within New South Wales, but at least a hundred miles (160 km) distant from Sydney; and, in the circumstances of a "double dissolution", reducing from six tenths to one half the requisite majority to legislate of a subsequent joint meeting of Senate and House . In June 1899, referendums on the revised constitution were again held again in all the colonies except for
4296:
1010:
1768:
1044:, later meeting in Sydney, and finally in Melbourne in March 1898. After the Adelaide meeting, the colonial Parliaments took the opportunity to debate the emerging Bill and to suggest changes. The basic principles of the 1891 draft constitution were adopted, modified by a consensus for more democracy in the constitutional structure. It was agreed that the Senate should be chosen, directly, by popular vote, rather than appointed by State governments.
59:
224:
872:
1056:. And Barton cited the analysis of federation of Bryce's Oxford colleagues, E.A. Freeman and A.V. Dicey. But neither of these two writers could be said to be actual advocates of Federation. And for delegates less given to reading (or citing) authors, the great model of plural governance was always the British Empire, which, obviously was no federation at all.
1077:
with what was seen as the looming inevitability of federation a motivator to negotiating a good deal for the less populous colonies, with the argument by the Yes campaign that they may never have such favourable terms again. The No campaign however focused on the potential for increased costs for South
Australians, as well as decreased land values.
1060:
South Wales required the support of at least 80,000 voters for passage, equivalent to about half of enrolled voters, and this number was not reached. A meeting of the colonial premiers in early 1899 agreed to a number of amendments to make the constitution more acceptable to New South Wales. These included the limiting "
1076:
Residents of South
Australia were staunchly opposed to federation in the mid-19th century due to the dominance of the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales in issues such as trade and tariffs, as well as a desire to keep unique elements of South Australia intact. The mood had shifted by the 1890s,
1059:
The
Australasian Federal Convention dissolved on 17 March 1898 having adopted a bill "To Constitute the Commonwealth of Australia". Referendums on the proposed constitution were held in four of the colonies in June 1898. There were majority votes in all four, however, the enabling legislation in New
987:
Following a series of amendments made to the proposed constitution at the Secret
Premiers meeting on 31 January and 1 February 1899, a second referendum was required in the four states, whilst on 2 September, Queensland held a referendum on the constitution for the first time. All five states saw a
1017:
Following the
National Australasian Convention in 1891, support for federalism reduced in the face of opposition from George Reid and the sudden advent of the Labor Party in NSW, which commonly dismissed federation as a "fad". However, a subsequent revival of the federal movement owed much to the
1047:
On other matters there was considerable disagreement. 'Interests' inevitably fractured the unity of delegates in matters involving rivers and railways, producing legalistic compromises. And they had few guides, at a conceptual level, to what they were doing. Deakin greatly praised
1030:
had advanced a scheme of a popularly elected convention, tasked to prepare a constitution, which would then be put to a referendum in each colony. Winning the support of George Reid, the new premier of NSW, the Quick scheme was approved by all premiers in 1895. (Quick and
1039:
in 1901, which is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative works on the
Australian Constitution.) The election of delegates took place in March 1897, and several weeks later the Convention gathered for its first session in
2407:
983:
in June 1898. Although all four saw a majority vote in favour, the majority in New South Wales was insufficient. Knowledge of the result in New South Wales led to low voter turnout in South
Australia.
593:
5078:
5633:
3647:
946:
650:
5069:
1734:
3631:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
3080:
580:
515:
4262:
1756:
672:
5638:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5036:
4996:
4991:
3573:
3568:
3435:
272:
251:
2358:
5699:
645:
408:
398:
1664:
2368:
435:
425:
5613:
5603:
2440:
2363:
1838:
1828:
1823:
5650:
4284:
3680:
417:
5608:
2348:
2343:
2328:
304:
5504:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
2333:
939:
630:
5062:
3028:
3023:
2402:
5104:
5099:
5094:
4361:
3475:
1275: State
1101: State
712:
635:
615:
1278: Date
1104: Date
5344:
3073:
694:
690:
679:
1022:. The Border Federation League of Corowa held a conference in 1893 which was to prove of considerable significance, and a "People's Convention" in
5572:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
1772:
1749:
520:
766:
751:
5339:
5311:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
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5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
3033:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
932:
543:
756:
5055:
4366:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3047:
913:
169:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5031:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3402:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3089:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
264:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
4983:
746:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3066:
2205:
2105:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
960:
561:
240:
5729:
5724:
4145:
3008:
2433:
1742:
1019:
640:
151:
5598:
5593:
5749:
5744:
5709:
5704:
4277:
3673:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2885:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
1593:
738:
575:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4246:
3763:
3703:
3591:
2388:
1558:
725:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
5086:
4251:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2815:
2770:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2353:
2338:
2323:
1049:
818:
803:
533:
315:
283:
761:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4214:
4208:
4203:
4198:
2877:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2305:
663:
625:
548:
3018:
3013:
2293:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
959:
A series of referendums on the proposed constitution of
Australia were held between 2 June 1898 and 31 July 1900 in the six
776:
771:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
1671:
4628:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4300:
3970:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3097:
2426:
2193:
2113:
1780:
1256:
838:
813:
606:
510:
177:
103:
5739:
5734:
4878:
4270:
3666:
3003:
620:
2960:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
4241:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3695:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
1026:
in 1896 underlined the cautious conversion of George Reid to the federal cause. At the close of the Corowa
Conference
918:
134:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
995:
held a referendum on the constitution, which was also approved. The constitution came into force on 1 January 1901.
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
5719:
5714:
1090:
848:
702:
390:
346:
5694:
5689:
5684:
1023:
808:
68:
1264:
17:
2457:
1717:
898:
717:
525:
218:
1696:
1027:
1004:
853:
833:
828:
338:
210:
200:
1469:
1243:
4308:
2449:
903:
883:
858:
843:
798:
588:
461:
443:
328:
296:
1068:, where the vote was not held until the following year. The majority vote was "yes" in all the colonies.
789:
371:
124:
87:
44:
1638:
980:
570:
187:
707:
5047:
381:
376:
3058:
1623:
Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the
Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914
1610:
Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889-1914
1546:
Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914
1009:
1589:
1065:
992:
908:
893:
232:
180:
4295:
876:
538:
448:
142:
58:
2418:
1767:
1490:
The enabling legislation in New South Wales required a minimum of 80,000 votes in support.
972:
968:
888:
428:
361:
349:
3658:
1529:
1061:
401:
223:
159:
1562:
5663:
1032:
991:
Three weeks after the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act became law in 1900,
366:
356:
307:
275:
95:
1517:
682:
286:
254:
111:
964:
823:
243:
1018:
growth of federal leagues outside of capital cities, and, in Victoria, the
1041:
976:
77:
1268:
Western Australia referendum result by colonial electoral division
1263:
1255:
1089:
1304: Vote
1298: Vote
1292: Vote
1130: Vote
1124: Vote
1118: Vote
5051:
4266:
3662:
3062:
2422:
1738:
1307: %
1301: %
1295: %
1133: %
1127: %
1121: %
733:
57:
1037:
The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth
1470:
Federation Fact Sheet 1 – The Referendums 1898–1900, AEC
1244:
Federation Fact Sheet 1 – The Referendums 1898–1900, AEC
1518:
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK)
5581:
5503:
5310:
5085:
5005:
4982:
4877:
4627:
4307:
4224:
4144:
3969:
3694:
3640:
3584:
3559:
3474:
3401:
3096:
2991:
2876:
2761:
2456:
2304:
2204:
2104:
1779:
1663:David Brooks; Dr Zoe Gill; Dr John Weste (eds.).
1561:. Parliamentary Education Office. Archived from
18:Australian constitutional referendums, 1898–1900
5079:Elections and referendums in Western Australia
1260:Results by colony of the 1899-1900 referendums
5063:
4278:
3674:
3074:
2434:
1750:
1718:"Anti-Commonwealth Bill League Advertisement"
1612:, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, pp 152–155.
1052:'s sage appreciation of American federalism,
940:
418:Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia
8:
3090:Elections and referendums in South Australia
1773:Elections and referendums in New South Wales
1644:. Constitutional Centre of Western Australia
1588:. Melbourne University Press. p. 273.
5070:
5056:
5048:
4285:
4271:
4263:
3681:
3667:
3659:
3081:
3067:
3059:
2441:
2427:
2419:
1757:
1743:
1735:
1559:"Closer Look: The Australian Constitution"
967:. The first four referendums were held in
947:
933:
31:
1586:The Making of the Australian Constitution
1094:Results by colony of the 1898 referendums
1286:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1008:
5700:Constitutional referendums in Australia
2450:Elections and referendums in Queensland
1665:"South Australian Referenda, 1896-1991"
1625:, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p402.
1503:
1483:
673:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
67:
43:
37:This article is part of a series on the
1633:
1631:
1548:, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p84.
1467:
1241:
963:that were to become the states of the
4301:Elections and referendums in Victoria
3689:Elections and referendums in Tasmania
1530:Australia, 31 July 1900: Constitution
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1450:
1424:
1398:
1372:
1346:
1320:
1224:
1198:
1172:
1146:
7:
1697:"Commonwealth League Advertisement"
25:
5032:Legislative Assembly by-elections
2403:Legislative Assembly by-elections
5037:Legislative Council by-elections
4294:
2408:Legislative Council by-elections
1766:
870:
726:Australia and the United Nations
222:
217:
1020:Australian Natives' Association
1520:Museum of Australian Democracy
1:
5312:Legislative Council elections
3971:Legislative Council elections
3403:Legislative Council elections
27:Referendums held in Australia
1444:
1418:
1392:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1218:
1192:
1166:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
914:Australian Capital Territory
576:Premiers and chief ministers
571:Governors and administrators
5680:1900 elections in Australia
5675:1899 elections in Australia
5670:1898 elections in Australia
1440:
1414:
1388:
1362:
1336:
1310:
1214:
1188:
1162:
1136:
1013:A ribbon produced in Sydney
526:Referendums and plebiscites
5766:
1002:
581:Parliaments and assemblies
444:State and territory courts
391:Federal Court of Australia
5730:1900s in Victoria (state)
5725:1890s in Victoria (state)
5647:
5026:
3042:
2397:
1277:
1274:
1252:1899 and 1900 referendums
1103:
1100:
1054:The American Commonwealth
988:majority vote in favour.
965:Commonwealth of Australia
170:Federal Executive Council
5750:1900s in New South Wales
5745:1890s in New South Wales
5710:1900s in South Australia
5705:1890s in South Australia
1639:"Celebrating Federation"
1584:La Nauze, J. A. (1972).
511:Federal electoral system
265:House of Representatives
1164:New South Wales
1005:Federation of Australia
594:State electoral systems
339:High Court of Australia
1269:
1261:
1095:
1014:
691:Diplomatic missions of
563:States and territories
62:
1267:
1259:
1093:
1012:
211:Australian Parliament
152:Deputy Prime Minister
61:
4629:Legislative Council-
1287: Turnout
1113: Turnout
877:Australia portal
5740:1900s in Queensland
5735:1890s in Queensland
3561:First Nations Voice
516:Electoral divisions
3048:State by-elections
1442:Western Australia
1419:28 September 1899
1270:
1262:
1096:
1015:
919:Northern Territory
534:Voter registration
63:
5720:1900s in Tasmania
5715:1890s in Tasmania
5657:
5656:
5087:General elections
5045:
5044:
4309:General elections
4260:
4259:
3696:General elections
3656:
3655:
3098:General elections
3056:
3055:
2878:Mayoral elections
2458:General elections
2416:
2415:
2206:Mayoral elections
1781:General elections
1532:Direct Democracy
1475:
1474:
1249:
1248:
1066:Western Australia
993:Western Australia
957:
956:
899:Western Australia
713:Visa requirements
665:Foreign relations
651:Political parties
549:Political funding
544:Political parties
181:Albanese ministry
48:
16:(Redirected from
5757:
5695:1900 referendums
5690:1899 referendums
5685:1898 referendums
5072:
5065:
5058:
5049:
4299:
4298:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4264:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3660:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1670:. Archived from
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1621:William Coleman,
1619:
1613:
1608:William Coleman,
1606:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1544:William Coleman,
1542:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1491:
1488:
1338:New South Wales
1312:South Australia
1272:
1190:South Australia
1098:
1086:1898 referendums
1035:later published
949:
942:
935:
875:
874:
873:
839:Multiculturalism
814:Environmentalism
792:
680:Foreign Minister
666:
609:
608:Local government
564:
539:Leadership spill
471:Recent elections
464:
449:Law of Australia
331:
226:
221:
203:
143:Anthony Albanese
127:
104:Governor-General
80:
51:
46:
38:
32:
21:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5577:
5505:Local elections
5499:
5306:
5081:
5076:
5046:
5041:
5022:
5001:
4978:
4879:Local elections
4873:
4630:
4623:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4261:
4256:
4220:
4146:Local elections
4140:
3965:
3690:
3687:
3657:
3652:
3636:
3580:
3555:
3476:Local elections
3470:
3397:
3092:
3087:
3057:
3052:
3038:
2987:
2872:
2763:Local elections
2757:
2452:
2447:
2417:
2412:
2393:
2300:
2200:
2106:Local elections
2100:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1677:on 9 April 2015
1674:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1565:on 5 April 2012
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1254:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1072:South Australia
1007:
1001:
973:South Australia
969:New South Wales
953:
924:
923:
904:South Australia
884:New South Wales
871:
869:
864:
863:
794:
790:
782:
781:
743:
730:
722:
703:Nationality law
699:
687:
668:
664:
656:
655:
611:
607:
599:
598:
585:
566:
562:
554:
553:
530:
507:
466:
462:
454:
453:
440:
429:Will Alstergren
413:
386:
350:Stephen Gageler
333:
329:
321:
320:
316:Shadow Ministry
292:
260:
228:
205:
201:
193:
192:
165:
129:
125:
117:
116:
82:
78:
49:
45:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5763:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5747:
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5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
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5472:
5467:
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5457:
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4706:
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4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4631:only elections
4625:
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4609:
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4319:
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4311:
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4267:
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3123:
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3108:
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3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
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2638:
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2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
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2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
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2468:
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2460:
2454:
2453:
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2438:
2431:
2423:
2414:
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2411:
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2405:
2398:
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2381:
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2356:
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2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1709:
1688:
1655:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1594:
1576:
1550:
1537:
1522:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:29 April 1899
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1062:Braddon Clause
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
955:
954:
952:
951:
944:
937:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
879:
866:
865:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
795:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
774:
769:
767:European Union
764:
759:
754:
752:United Kingdom
749:
742:
741:
736:
729:
728:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
698:
697:
686:
685:
676:
675:
669:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
591:
584:
583:
578:
573:
567:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
473:
467:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
439:
438:
436:List of Judges
432:
431:
422:
421:
412:
411:
409:List of Judges
405:
404:
402:Debra Mortimer
395:
394:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
352:
343:
342:
334:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
312:
311:
301:
300:
291:
290:
280:
279:
269:
268:
259:
258:
248:
247:
237:
236:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
184:
183:
174:
173:
164:
163:
160:Richard Marles
156:
155:
147:
146:
139:
138:
135:Prime Minister
130:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
99:
98:
92:
91:
83:
76:
75:
72:
71:
65:
64:
54:
53:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5762:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
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427:
426:Chief Justice
424:
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419:
415:
414:
410:
407:
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400:
399:Chief Justice
397:
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388:
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383:
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365:
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348:
347:Chief Justice
345:
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336:
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317:
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66:
60:
56:
55:
52:
42:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5651:By-elections
5588:
5300:
5017:
5012:
4972:
4617:
4236:
4231:
4213:
4134:
3958:
3648:by-elections
3601:
3596:
3574:
3548:
3391:
2998:
2981:
2866:
2750:
2318:
2313:
2294:
2194:
2094:
1721:. Retrieved
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1553:
1545:
1540:
1525:
1486:
1219:4 June 1898
1193:4 June 1898
1167:4 June 1898
1141:3 June 1898
1075:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1036:
1016:
990:
986:
958:
809:Conservatism
695:in Australia
589:State courts
521:By-elections
470:
416:
389:
337:
308:Peter Dutton
295:
263:
231:
216:
209:
168:
150:
133:
102:
86:
69:Constitution
35:
29:
5582:Referendums
5006:Referendums
4225:Referendums
3585:Referendums
2992:Referendums
2306:Referendums
1534:(in German)
1416:Queensland
1050:James Bryce
844:Nationalism
747:New Zealand
718:Visa policy
382:Beech-Jones
276:Milton Dick
202:Legislature
96:Charles III
47:Politics of
5664:Categories
5649:See also:
5345:1900 (Sep)
5340:1900 (Apr)
5030:See also:
4984:Aboriginal
4367:1880 (Jul)
4362:1880 (Feb)
3046:See also:
2401:See also:
1723:6 December
1702:6 December
1681:6 December
1648:5 November
1498:References
1028:John Quick
999:Background
894:Queensland
854:Secularism
834:Monarchism
829:Liberalism
791:Ideologies
683:Penny Wong
297:Opposition
287:Tony Burke
255:Penny Wong
112:Sam Mostyn
1390:Victoria
1364:Tasmania
1216:Victoria
1138:Tasmania
859:Socialism
824:Hansonism
819:Far-right
804:Christian
799:Anarchism
708:Passports
463:Elections
330:Judiciary
244:Sue Lines
241:President
126:Executive
50:Australia
1468:Source:
1408:162,458
1396:152,653
1356:190,161
1344:107,420
1284:Against
1242:Source:
1234:122,619
1222:100,520
1182:137,823
1110:Against
1042:Adelaide
1024:Bathurst
981:Victoria
977:Tasmania
961:colonies
909:Tasmania
889:Victoria
178:Ministry
79:Monarchy
3641:Related
1839:1874–75
1829:1869–70
1824:1864–65
1569:9 April
1460:64,491
1454:19,691
1448:44,800
1434:69,484
1428:30,996
1422:38,488
1382:14,234
1370:13,437
1350:82,741
1330:83,043
1324:17,053
1318:65,990
1228:22,099
1208:53,120
1202:17,320
1196:35,800
1176:66,228
1170:71,595
1156:14,513
1144:11,797
1081:Results
377:Gleeson
372:Steward
367:Edelman
273:Speaker
188:Cabinet
88:Monarch
1592:
1457:30.53
1451:69.47
1431:44.61
1425:55.39
1402:9,805
1399:93.96
1373:94.40
1353:43.51
1347:56.49
1327:20.54
1321:79.46
1231:18.02
1225:81.98
1205:20.54
1199:67.39
1179:48.05
1173:51.95
1153:18.71
1150:2,716
1147:81.29
762:Canada
362:Gordon
305:Leader
284:Leader
252:Leader
233:Senate
1675:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1478:Notes
1463:67.1
1437:54.4
1411:56.3
1405:6.04
1385:41.8
1379:5.60
1359:63.4
1333:54.4
1237:50.3
1211:30.9
1185:43.5
1159:25.0
777:India
772:China
357:Keane
289:(ALP)
278:(ALP)
257:(ALP)
246:(ALP)
162:(ALP)
145:(ALP)
5639:2009
5634:2005
5629:1992
5624:1984
5619:1975
5614:1950
5609:1933
5604:1925
5599:1921
5594:1911
5589:1900
5573:2023
5568:2021
5563:2019
5558:2017
5553:2015
5548:2013
5543:2011
5538:2009
5533:2007
5528:2005
5523:2003
5518:2001
5513:1999
5495:1962
5490:1960
5485:1958
5480:1956
5475:1954
5470:1952
5465:1950
5460:1948
5455:1946
5450:1944
5445:1940
5440:1938
5435:1936
5430:1934
5425:1932
5420:1930
5415:1928
5410:1926
5405:1924
5400:1922
5395:1920
5390:1918
5385:1916
5380:1914
5375:1912
5370:1910
5365:1908
5360:1906
5355:1904
5350:1902
5335:1898
5330:1897
5325:1896
5320:1894
5301:2025
5295:2021
5290:2017
5285:2013
5280:2008
5275:2005
5270:2001
5265:1996
5260:1993
5255:1989
5250:1986
5245:1983
5240:1980
5235:1977
5230:1974
5225:1971
5220:1968
5215:1965
5210:1962
5205:1959
5200:1956
5195:1953
5190:1950
5185:1947
5180:1943
5175:1939
5170:1936
5165:1933
5160:1930
5155:1927
5150:1924
5145:1921
5140:1917
5135:1914
5130:1911
5125:1908
5120:1905
5115:1904
5110:1901
5105:1897
5100:1894
5095:1890
5018:1899
5013:1898
4997:2023
4992:2019
4973:2024
4967:2020
4962:2016
4957:2012
4952:2008
4947:2005
4942:2004
4937:2003
4932:2002
4927:2001
4922:2000
4917:1999
4912:1997
4907:1996
4902:1947
4897:1933
4892:1931
4887:1919
4869:1958
4864:1955
4859:1952
4854:1949
4849:1946
4844:1943
4839:1940
4834:1937
4829:1934
4824:1931
4819:1928
4814:1925
4809:1922
4804:1919
4799:1916
4794:1913
4789:1910
4784:1907
4779:1904
4774:1902
4769:1901
4764:1900
4759:1898
4754:1896
4749:1895
4744:1894
4739:1892
4734:1890
4729:1889
4724:1888
4719:1886
4714:1884
4709:1882
4704:1880
4699:1878
4694:1876
4689:1874
4684:1872
4679:1870
4674:1868
4669:1866
4664:1864
4659:1862
4654:1860
4649:1858
4644:1856
4639:1851
4618:2026
4612:2022
4607:2018
4602:2014
4597:2010
4592:2006
4587:2002
4582:1999
4577:1996
4572:1992
4567:1988
4562:1985
4557:1982
4552:1979
4547:1976
4542:1973
4537:1970
4532:1967
4527:1964
4522:1961
4517:1958
4512:1955
4507:1952
4502:1950
4497:1947
4492:1945
4487:1943
4482:1940
4477:1937
4472:1935
4467:1932
4462:1929
4457:1927
4452:1924
4447:1921
4442:1920
4437:1917
4432:1914
4427:1911
4422:1908
4417:1907
4412:1904
4407:1902
4402:1900
4397:1897
4392:1894
4387:1892
4382:1889
4377:1886
4372:1883
4357:1877
4352:1874
4347:1871
4342:1868
4337:1866
4332:1864
4327:1861
4322:1859
4317:1856
4252:1981
4247:1968
4242:1916
4237:1899
4232:1898
4215:2026
4209:2022
4204:2018
4199:2014
4194:2011
4189:2009
4184:2007
4179:2005
4174:2002
4169:2000
4164:1999
4159:1996
4154:1994
4135:2025
4129:2024
4124:2023
4119:2022
4114:2021
4109:2020
4104:2019
4099:2018
4094:2017
4089:2016
4084:2015
4079:2014
4074:2013
4069:2012
4064:2011
4059:2010
4054:2009
4049:2008
4044:2007
4039:2006
4034:2005
4029:2004
4024:2003
4019:2002
4014:2001
4009:2000
4004:1999
3999:1998
3994:1997
3989:1996
3984:1995
3979:1909
3960:Next
3954:2024
3949:2021
3944:2018
3939:2014
3934:2010
3929:2006
3924:2002
3919:1998
3914:1996
3909:1992
3904:1989
3899:1986
3894:1982
3889:1979
3884:1976
3879:1972
3874:1969
3869:1964
3864:1959
3859:1956
3854:1955
3849:1950
3844:1948
3839:1946
3834:1941
3829:1937
3824:1934
3819:1931
3814:1928
3809:1925
3804:1922
3799:1919
3794:1916
3789:1913
3784:1912
3779:1909
3774:1906
3769:1903
3764:1900
3759:1897
3754:1893
3749:1891
3744:1886
3739:1882
3734:1877
3729:1872
3724:1871
3719:1866
3714:1862
3709:1861
3704:1856
3632:1991
3627:1982
3622:1970
3617:1965
3612:1915
3607:1911
3602:1899
3597:1898
3592:1896
3575:2026
3569:2024
3550:2026
3544:2022
3539:2018
3534:2014
3529:2010
3524:2006
3519:2003
3514:2000
3509:1997
3504:1995
3499:1993
3494:1991
3489:1989
3484:1987
3466:1900
3461:1897
3456:1894
3451:1891
3446:1888
3441:1885
3436:1882
3431:1877
3426:1873
3421:1869
3416:1865
3411:1861
3392:2026
3386:2022
3381:2018
3376:2014
3371:2010
3366:2006
3361:2002
3356:1997
3351:1993
3346:1989
3341:1985
3336:1982
3331:1979
3326:1977
3321:1975
3316:1973
3311:1970
3306:1968
3301:1965
3296:1962
3291:1959
3286:1956
3281:1953
3276:1950
3271:1947
3266:1944
3261:1941
3256:1938
3251:1933
3246:1930
3241:1927
3236:1924
3231:1921
3226:1918
3221:1915
3216:1912
3211:1910
3206:1906
3201:1905
3196:1902
3191:1899
3186:1896
3181:1893
3176:1890
3171:1887
3166:1884
3161:1881
3156:1878
3151:1875
3146:1871
3141:1870
3136:1868
3131:1865
3126:1862
3121:1860
3116:1857
3111:1855
3106:1851
3034:2016
3029:1992
3024:1991
3019:1923
3014:1920
3009:1917
3004:1910
2999:1899
2982:2028
2976:2024
2971:2020
2966:2016
2961:2013
2956:2012
2951:2008
2946:2004
2941:2000
2936:1997
2931:1995
2926:1994
2921:1993
2916:1991
2911:1982
2906:1961
2901:1955
2896:1949
2891:1936
2886:1933
2867:2028
2861:2024
2856:2020
2851:2016
2846:2013
2841:2012
2836:2008
2831:2004
2826:2000
2821:1997
2816:1995
2811:1994
2806:1993
2801:1991
2796:1982
2791:1961
2786:1955
2781:1949
2776:1936
2771:1933
2752:2024
2746:2020
2741:2017
2736:2015
2731:2012
2726:2009
2721:2006
2716:2004
2711:2001
2706:1998
2701:1995
2696:1992
2691:1989
2686:1986
2681:1983
2676:1980
2671:1977
2666:1974
2661:1972
2656:1969
2651:1966
2646:1963
2641:1960
2636:1957
2631:1956
2626:1953
2621:1950
2616:1947
2611:1944
2606:1941
2601:1938
2596:1935
2591:1932
2586:1929
2581:1926
2576:1923
2571:1920
2566:1918
2561:1915
2556:1912
2551:1909
2546:1908
2541:1907
2536:1904
2531:1902
2526:1899
2521:1896
2516:1893
2511:1888
2506:1883
2501:1878
2496:1873
2491:1871
2486:1870
2481:1868
2476:1867
2471:1863
2466:1860
2389:1995
2384:1991
2379:1981
2374:1978
2369:1976
2364:1969
2359:1967
2354:1961
2349:1954
2344:1947
2339:1933
2334:1928
2329:1916
2324:1903
2319:1899
2314:1898
2295:2028
2289:2024
2284:2021
2279:2017
2274:2016
2269:2012
2264:2008
2259:2004
2254:2000
2249:1999
2244:1995
2239:1991
2234:1987
2229:1983
2224:1947
2219:1944
2214:1941
2195:2028
2189:2024
2184:2021
2179:2017
2174:2016
2169:2012
2164:2008
2159:2004
2154:2000
2149:1999
2144:1995
2139:1991
2134:1987
2129:1983
2124:1947
2119:1944
2114:1941
2095:2027
2089:2023
2084:2019
2079:2015
2074:2011
2069:2007
2064:2003
2059:1999
2054:1995
2049:1991
2044:1988
2039:1984
2034:1981
2029:1978
2024:1976
2019:1973
2014:1971
2009:1968
2004:1965
1999:1962
1994:1959
1989:1956
1984:1953
1979:1950
1974:1947
1969:1944
1964:1941
1959:1938
1954:1935
1949:1932
1944:1930
1939:1927
1934:1925
1929:1922
1924:1920
1919:1917
1914:1913
1909:1910
1904:1907
1899:1904
1894:1901
1889:1898
1884:1895
1879:1894
1874:1891
1869:1889
1864:1887
1859:1885
1854:1882
1849:1880
1844:1877
1834:1872
1819:1860
1814:1859
1809:1858
1804:1856
1799:1851
1794:1848
1789:1843
1725:2011
1704:2011
1683:2011
1650:2015
1590:ISBN
1571:2012
1376:797
1281:For
1107:For
979:and
739:APEC
503:2007
498:2010
493:2013
488:2016
483:2019
478:2022
310:(LP)
734:G20
641:Tas
626:Qld
621:Vic
616:NSW
5666::
1630:^
1506:^
975:,
971:,
693:/
646:NT
636:SA
631:WA
5071:e
5064:t
5057:v
4286:e
4279:t
4272:v
3682:e
3675:t
3668:v
3082:e
3075:t
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2442:e
2435:t
2428:v
1758:e
1751:t
1744:v
1727:.
1706:.
1685:.
1652:.
1598:.
1573:.
948:e
941:t
934:v
20:)
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