Australian contribution to UNTAG

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support, when the ceasefire broke down at the start of the mission, members of the squadron helped establish Assembly Points, which enabled the mission to continue. This activity was conducted in the face of hostility from elements of the former colonial power and personal danger arising from the breakdown of the cease fire. Later, 17 Construction Squadron became involved in the election process itself, providing security, transport and logistic support to election officials, monitors, other UN personnel, voters and polling stations. Members of 17 Construction Squadron ensured that, as much as possible, the election was able to proceed without interruption or interference and ensured that all parties were free from intimidation or duress. With the selfless support of individuals from other units of the Australian Defence Force, 17 Construction Squadron played a key role in the smooth and effective transition of Namibia from colonial rule to independence. The Squadron performed a role well beyond what was expected and brought great credit on itself, the Australian Army and Australia.

1872:. After initial training by the SADF's 25th Field Squadron, an early task of the Field Troop was to conduct mine-awareness training for the other contingents. For the remainder of the deployment, much of the work of the 75 field engineers was clearing exposed mines, marking minefields and clearing routes. Crocker wrote, "for the first time since the Vietnam War, Australian Sappers hand cleared their way into live minefields on seven separate occasions to destroy exposed mines. Similar mines killed several civilians and many animals during the mission. Field engineers of the contingent destroyed over 5,000 items of unexploded ordnance (UXO) ranging from artillery shells, through RPG rockets to grenades. UXO, a legacy of the 20-year Bush War, posed a major hazard to local inhabitants in the northern provinces and to UNTAG personnel in that area". 1429:

pointed machine guns at the Australians and demanded that they hand over SWAPO soldiers who had surrendered. The Australian and British soldiers were outnumbered and out-gunned. Despite the fact that only nine SWAPO appeared at the points, the operation was a political success. Lieutenant Colonel Neil Donaldson, commander of the British contingent, said that "the world press showed Australian and British soldiers standing up to a bunch of South African bullies". Crocker said that the fact that the Australian soldiers completed this operation without any casualties was a tribute to the "training standards of the Australian Army and perhaps, a bit of good luck". The conclusion of Operation Piddock meant that the Australians were able to begin their engineering tasks.

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stated that all of those interviewed at the time made it clear that "they did not enter Namibia for war, but to seek out the UN". Reuters reported that SWAPO demanded the right to establish bases in Namibia. The large size of the PLAN forces and the very small number of deployed UN forces (less than 1,000 at the time) meant that the UN had very little intelligence, and was unable to respond in force. Sitkowski wrote that the UN should have been informed about the high probability of SWAPO infiltration, but this did not occur. The Australians were the first to know about the incursion, but they only found out informally via church sources at the Pastoral Centre (the accommodations for headquarters staff).

1425:). Most of the assembly points had intense media scrutiny. The intention of the operation was for PLAN combatants to assemble at these points. They would then be escorted across the border north to the 16th parallel to their bases of confinement, but the operation was unsuccessful. Very few PLAN combatants passed through these points; for the most part, they withdrew across the border by walking independently. It was estimated that 200 to 400 PLAN members remained in Namibia, absorbed into the local community. Agreement was subsequently reached in late April that the SADF personnel be restricted to their bases from 26 April; in effect, hostilities ended after that date. 1134:(CGS) to raise, train, equip and support the force for Namibia. By December the two units comprising 1ASC had been raised from more than thirty different units of the Australian Army, and were being trained and prepared for deployment. Equipment, vehicles and weapons were procured, transferred from across the army and prepared at Moorebank; this included the painting of all vehicles and major equipment items in UN livery and packing items for transport to Namibia. During the buildup it was recognised that the families required support during the deployment, and Network 17 was established to support the mostly Sydney-based soldiers' and officers' families. 1833: 1588: 1600: 1065: 677:

Administrator General), directly with the South African government in Pretoria and at the UN (via the Secretary General and Security Council). The outcome of these negotiations with South Africa included draft electoral laws (enabling free and fair elections) and the disbanding of the Koevoet force. The elections were carried out by the South African Administrator General, under UN supervision. The UNTAG operation ultimately involved over 100 countries, the highest ever for a UN operation. The UN had a high level of credibility, and were recognised as the legitimate body to bring independence to Namibia.

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the increased violence changed the nature of the mission. It was initially envisioned that the military component of UNTAG would only provide communications and logistic support to the election. In September the role was broadened to include hundreds of electoral monitors, and in October (after detailed planning and reconnaissance of all polling stations) the Australian contingent deployed a ready-reaction force. At the same time the 15th Field Troop (under Lieutenant Brent Maddock) was deployed, making the first entry into a live minefield by Australian troops since the Vietnam War.

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hazardous. The deeply divided political factions, which included thousands of de-mobilised soldiers from both sides, had easy access to weapons including machine guns and grenades. This situation resulted in a series of violent incidents including assassinations and reprisal killings which culminated in the deaths of 11 civilians and the wounding of 50 others in street battles in the northern town of Oshakati just before the election". Land mines and unexploded ammunition continued to cause injury and death; even during the week of the election, there were incidents.

842: 903:. The elections were to be carried out by the South African Administrator General, under UN supervision and control, and this Assembly would then draw up a constitution for an independent Namibia. UNTAG was tasked with assisting the SRSG in ensuring that all hostile acts ceased; South African troops were confined to base, and ultimately withdrawn; discriminatory laws were repealed, and political prisoners released; Namibian refugees were permitted to return (when they were known as returnees); intimidation was prevented, and law and order maintained. 1937:, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from squadron headquarters in Grootfontein. During the first few weeks of the deployment, on a number of occasions SADF soldiers discharged firearms in the direction of the Australian contingent or pointed firearms at Australians as a means of intimidation. Corporal Paul Shepherd reported that during Operation Piddock, an SADF soldier threw a grenade (which did not explode) at his assembly point near Ruacana; during the night the South Africans fired in their direction, putting bullet holes in their Unimog truck. 719:, were active internationally in their support of independence for Namibia while in office. As a result, Australia was involved in the UN process almost from the start. In 1972 Australia voted in favour of a UN trust fund, and two years later it was elected to the UN Council for Namibia. Australia pledged support for UNTAG at the inception of the UN plan for Namibia with Resolution 435 in September 1978, and made an important contribution to UN deliberations about Namibia while a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 1985–1986. 350: 1980:: "both of those operations involved robust rules of engagement appropriate to the intervention of forces in UN-sanctioned, US or Australian-led multi-national coalitions. UNTAG by way of contrast was a classic peacekeeping operation led by the UN in a relatively benign environment where rules of engagement were focused only on force protection". Catchlove questioned the "half-hearted approach to implementing this appalling decision" in which eligible people must apply for the upgrade, saying this "failed the test of commonsense". 777:, Horner stated that Australian peacekeeping "blossomed" after Gareth Evans was appointed Foreign Minister in September 1988; Evans reconfirmed Australia's willingness to participate in UNTAG in October 1988, a month after his appointment. Horner also said that the commitment was "unusual" because it occurred a decade after the government's initial decision to participate in February 1979. After more than 10 years of consideration, the government reconfirmed its commitment of a force of 300 engineers to Namibia on 2 March 1989. 405: 1216: 1109:

were cautious about the timing of the commitment of funds; significant funding was only released in late 1988, a few months before deployment. The squadron's equipment deficiencies were valued at $ 16 million, and there was a need to buy $ 700,000 of equipment immediately. The UN initially estimated the cost of the entire operation at $ US1 billion, equivalent to its own budget. The reluctance to commit funds ultimately reduced training of the deployed forces; Senator

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1974. We pledged our support for UNTAG at the inception of the UN plan for Namibia in 1978. Australia also made an important contribution to UN deliberations about Namibia during our recent term on the UN Security Council in 1985–1986. Our participation in UNTAG also builds on the constructive role successive Australian governments have played on southern African issues. I pay particular tribute to the achievements of my predecessor Malcolm Fraser in this regard.

1779:(Director of the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General). The UN had planned on a civilian filling this role and working primarily with civilian contractors; in all subsequent UN missions, the senior engineer was a civilian. The UN resisted appointing Warren until the "last minute", with final approval only given on 1 March. Warren recalled that this gave him "an abnormal amount of authority and a remarkable degree of responsibility". 1652:, which left Walvis Bay on 22 February. The withdrawal included support from Australian logistics experts, a psychologist to conduct end-of-tour debriefings and a finance officer. The last demolition task was undertaken at Ondangwa on 25 March, and the last elements of the rear party left Namibia on 9 April 1990. During the deployment there were no fatalities; although at least 10 soldiers were treated for malaria, there were few serious injuries. 759:(Defence) were "involved in a row" over the plan. The following month, a Cabinet submission stated that the UN proposal had a "reasonable prospect" of success, and Cabinet approved the commitment of an engineer force of 250 officers and men and a national headquarters and support element of 50 on 19 February. Horner noted that there was very little criticism of this decision in the press at the time, and the decision was accepted without question. 1397:

calling for the rapid deployment of UNTAG forces and outlining a withdrawal procedure for PLAN soldiers (Operation Safe Passage) under which they would leave the country. Operation Piddock was the name for the Australian part of the operation. Horner wrote that if UNTAG were to play any role in ending the fighting, it was obvious that the Australians would be the key component. This was complex, and required authorisation from Gration and

1438: 1053: 1485: 1509:. The squadron commander, Major David Crago, described how the road network in Namibia was better than expected; in retrospect, the squadron brought too much heavy road-making equipment. The squadron deployed 20 members of the Plant Troop (under Captain Nigel Catchlove) to Opuwo. Over a period of four months, Sergeant Ken Roma constructed an all-weather airstrip in one of the most remote parts of Namibia. 1476:

report stated that the psychological impact of the return of so many exiles was perceptible throughout the country. There were some problems reported in the north, where ex-Koevoet elements searched villages for SWAPO returnees; however, the UN reported that this was kept under constant surveillance by UNTAG's police monitors. By the end of the process, 42,736 Namibians had been returned from exile.

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throughout the Army, bringing the squadron to a deployment strength of 275. A headquarters was to be formed, supporting the Chief Engineer at the UNTAG Military Headquarters. The total strength of the force was to be over 300 of all ranks, in what was known as Plan Witan. The unit had been placed on eight weeks' notice in July 1978, which was reduced to a week's notice to move in February 1979.

194:) about the "remarkable contribution made by the Australian military and electoral personnel", saying that their "dedication and professionalism had been widely and deservedly praised". Although a total of 19 UN personnel lost their lives in Namibia, the two Australian contingents achieved their mission without sustaining any fatalities – one of the few military units in UNTAG to do so. 370: 813:, Horner described the Australian deployment to Namibia as a "vital mission": the first major deployment of troops to a war zone since the Vietnam War. In 1988 Australia had only 13 military personnel deployed on multinational peacekeeping operations, and with few exceptions the number of Australians committed to such activities had changed little in over 40 years (since the 332: 316: 6168: 1251: 1349: 1279: 1335: 1307: 1293: 1223: 1321: 1265: 1237: 657:

established UNTAG, approving a report by the Secretary-General and outlining its objective: "the withdrawal of South Africa's illegal administration from Namibia and the transfer of power to the people of Namibia with the assistance of the United Nations". Resolution 435 authorised a total of 7,500 military personnel as UNTAG's upper limit.

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was appointed as the contingent commander, and was given the task of raising the force. Unlike the first contingent, which had been built around the 17th Construction Squadron and had maintained that unit's structure, the second contingent had to be built from scratch. It deployed to Namibia between September and early October 1989.

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many other conditions-of-service issues were identified, but not resolved. During the deployment few issues were brought to Parliament's attention, although the issue of mail censorship was raised. During the second contingent's rotation, the soldiers' families had a full-time welfare officer tasked with supporting them.

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populated and underdeveloped country which has been a war zone for many years. Our engineers will build roads, bridges, airstrips and camps for UNTAG. They will have the very serious task of clearing mines which have been laid by the various contending forces along the border between Angola and Namibia".

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centre at Ongwediva. The SADF continued attempts to intimidate the Australians and disrupt operations, but their actions had little effect. In late April an SADF aircraft dropped flares at night over the 9th Construction Troop base at Ongwediva, and explosions (possibly mortar rounds) were heard nearby.

1822:

On a number of occasions, soldiers were asked to deploy without weapons by UNTAG civilian officials. Early in the deployment Lieutenants Burchell and Stanner were asked by UNHCR to conduct an unarmed reconnaissance, but permission was refused. Near the election, Australian military electoral monitors

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17 Construction Squadron is awarded the Honour Distinction, Namibia 1989–1990, in recognition of its creditable performance in support of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group operation to manage the transition of Namibia to independence in 1990. Despite being deployed to provide engineering

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The contingent began preparations for its return to Australia in December 1989. In January 1990 new works stopped, manning of forward bases was reduced and stores and equipment were packed and prepared for sea. The Australian forces returned in four sorties on chartered commercial aircraft, the first

1428:

This was a stressful time for Australian soldiers deployed to these checkpoints. The South Africans were determined to intimidate the UN forces, and SWAPO casualties occurred in the immediate vicinity of several checkpoints. The South Africans set up in force immediately adjacent to many checkpoints,

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This will not be an easy process. Since the Transition Period in Namibia began on 1 April, there have already been serious clashes between members of SWAPO on one hand and elements of the Namibian police and the South African Defence Forces on the other. The clashes have been serious and bloody. More

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noted, "as the weeks passed the unit found it difficult to continue training because all its vehicles, equipment and plant were either in boxes or in a state ready for transhipment". The notice to move reverted to 30 days in June and pushed out to 42 days in September 1979, when the unit was formally

805:

Prior to the deployment, South African authorities threatened to veto the involvement of Australian peacekeeping troops because of doubts about their impartiality. This followed the establishment by the Australian Government of a Special Assistance Program for South Africans and Namibians (SAPSAN) in

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was loath to criticise South Africa during the 1950s. At that time Australia generally opposed anti-colonial movements (which were often supported by the Soviets or China), believing them part of a worldwide communist offensive. Indeed, as late as 1961 Australia (and Britain) abstained from a vote to

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outlining a blueprint for Namibian independence. The protocol envisioned a phased withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola over a two-year period, set 1 April 1989 as the date for the resolution's implementation and planned to reduce South African forces in Namibia to 1,500 by June 1989. The resolution

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effects resulting from the sandy environment and the high water table. Detachments were often out of radio contact for extended periods, with no satisfactory alternate means of communication except couriers. Because the Australian force operated over large distances, with troop deployments often up

1383:

rounds landed near the base. This signalled the start of an intense period of conflict, and Alexander's team was quickly withdrawn to Grootfontein. What had occurred was the infiltration of a large number of PLAN combatants (about 1,600), re-entering Namibia from Angola. Accounts differed, but Hearn

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all-terrain vehicles, 26 heavy trucks, 43 trailers, eight bulldozers and a variety of other road-building equipment such as graders, scrapers and rollers. The support workshop added a further 40 vehicles, and over 1,800 tonnes of stores were shipped with the contingent's equipment. There was a total

919:

Prime Minister Hawke said in Parliament at the time that "the settlement of the long and complex issue of Namibian independence is an important international event. It is an event in which Australia has played, and will continue to play, a substantial part ... Namibia is a large, arid, sparsely

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Our contribution to UNTAG and our involvement in the Namibian settlement makes Australia party to what may be one of the United Nations' most substantial achievements for many years. We have been involved in this process from the start. Australia has been a member of the UN Council for Namibia since

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The key participants in the UN process were the South African government (represented in Namibia by the Administrator General) and the UN. Hearn wrote that South Africa had a "desire for a smooth transition"; this resulted in negotiations occurring locally (between the Special Representative and the

581:

From a Namibian perspective, the nature of the closely intertwined Angolan War of Independence, Namibian War of Independence and South African Border War was typically cross-border conflict. This was overshadowed by two large-scale Cuban military interventions in the Angolan War of Independence. The

1945:

Before the deployment there was controversy about the government's non-resolution of repatriation entitlements and peacekeeper coverage under the Veterans' Entitlements Act, and it had not decided if the deployment would be considered operational service. The pay and allowance issues were resolved;

1526:

The security environment in Namibia changed in the lead-up to the election, including violence in Namibia and an increase in fighting between FAPLA and UNITA troops across the border in Angola. Horner wrote that the Australian contingent was not directly involved in "dealing with the violence", but

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The 8th Construction Troop (under Lieutenant Geoff Burchell) constructed a camp and managed the reception centre at Engela, less than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the Angolan border; the 9th Construction Troop (under Lieutenant Andrew Stanner) constructed a similar camp and managed the reception

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had assured safe passage out of the war-torn north of the country if fighting ceased, and had called on SWAPO to surrender to the police; he also warned that if they did not respond, "the police will have no other option than to pursue you with all means at their disposal". Reuters reported that 73

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The UN had only two police observers in the north of the country at the time, and the South African government pressured the UN to allow its forces to leave their bases and respond. On 1 April the SRSG authorised the SADF to leave their bases, and they responded in force. By 5 April the UN reported

1117:

called it disgraceful. The UN General Assembly did not approve the UNTAG budget until 1 March 1989, less than two weeks before the advance party deployed and after the deployment of the start-up team. Gration authorised Operation Picaresque on 3 March 1989. In addition to a lack of funds, there was

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There were many concerns about the size of the commitment and its risks. Before the deployment, Prime Minister Hawke said in Parliament that Namibia was a "very large and important commitment" comprising "almost half of the Army's construction engineering capability". He went on to say, "our effort

1517:

The first contingent returned to Australia in September and October 1989, Warren reporting that he was "amazed that none of his men was killed or seriously hurt during the tour of duty". Planning for the second contingent had begun as soon as the first contingent had deployed. Colonel John Crocker

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confined all South African troops to their base for 60 hours, allowing SWAPO guerillas to leave the country unhindered. Nine assembly points were established by the UN, with up to twelve soldiers and five military observers at each. Six of the assembly points (APs) were led by Australians: Captain

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The SWAPO incursion became a complex political issue, and led to a week of tense negotiations. The UN considered emergency airlifts to bring more peacekeepers into the territory, and the United States offered aid. On 9 April 1989 an agreement was reached at Mount Etjo (the Mount Etjo Declaration),

1108:

After the notice was reactivated, detailed planning recommenced (essentially from scratch). Changes made to the organisation of the force approved ten years earlier were only minor. After many years of notice, there was still skepticism that the deployment would ever occur. The government and army

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Horner wrote that the government had been following the course of negotiations, "but in view of the history of false alarms they were not inclined to react until Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed the protocol in Geneva" in August 1988. Two weeks later the UN wrote, asking Australia to reconfirm

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A number of observers noted that the UNTAG soldiers were not particularly popular with Namibia's 80,000 white residents. Shortly after the Australian advance party arrived in Namibia a pro-Pretoria newspaper accused Australian officers of breaching UN impartiality by attending a cocktail party at

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Security, services and logistics at the reception centres were provided by the military component of UNTAG, and a number of secondary reception centres were also established. The movement of returnees through the centres was quick, and the repatriation programme was very successful; a UN official

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on 13 March 1989. The squadron's advance echelon, comprising 59 personnel (including the 14th Field Troop), arrived by USAF C5 Galaxy at Grootfontein on 14 March 1989. The remainder of 1ASC were commended by Prime Minister Bob Hawke at a farewell parade at Holsworthy Barracks on 5 April 1989. The

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in New York City. The accord recommended that 1 April 1989 be set as the date for implementation of Resolution 435, and was affirmed by the Security Council on 16 January 1989. As Hearn noted, "The first characteristic of peacekeeping is that the consent of the disputants must be secured before a

1607:

After the election, the contingent was able to focus almost exclusively on construction tasks. In addition to ongoing maintenance, these included taking over barracks and accommodations from the SADF and twelve non-UNTAG tasks in support of the local community as nation-building exercises. These

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involvement in UNTAG was formalised in February 1979 by Cabinet, which approved the plan to commit the 17th Construction Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers and Workshop as the main force for deployment. The squadron was to be supplemented by a Field Troop and by members posted from other units

915:

The role of the Australian force was broad for an Army engineering unit, requiring the unit to "provide combat and logistic engineer support to UNTAG"; this included the UN civilian and military components. Its role included construction, field engineering and (initially) deployment as infantry.

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The major task was the completion of the airfield upgrade at Opuwo begun by the first contingent. A detachment from Captain Kurt Heidecker's Plant Troop, supported by a section from 9th Construction Troop, worked over Christmas to complete these works (which included resurfacing and shaping the

1537:

Support was provided to approximately 500 electoral centres and police stations through the siting and erection of permanent (or portable) accommodations and the provision of essential services. UNTAG deployed over 350 polling stations; the Australian contingent constructed and provided support

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for Australian troops to supervise the withdrawal of insurgent forces. It required the Australian Army engineers and British signallers to work as infantry, manning border and internal-assembly points. At the time, these were the only units which could be redeployed quickly to northern Namibia.

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Hutchings was sent to Namibia as a member of the start-up team, arriving in Windhoek on 19 February 1989. Warren attended the contingent commanders' briefing at UN HQ from 22 to 24 February 1989, and then flew with Prem Chand to Frankfurt, West Germany to meet the other senior members of UNTAG.

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1986 to assist South Africans and Namibians disadvantaged by apartheid. The focus of SAPSAN was on education and training for the people of South Africa and Namibia, and some humanitarian assistance had also been provided. A total of $ 11.9 million was spent under SAPSAN from 1986 to 1990.

617:

During the 20-year war the SADF mounted many cross-border operations against PLAN bases, some of which extended 250 kilometres (160 mi) into Angola. SADF units frequently remained in southern Angola to intercept PLAN combatants on their way south, forcing PLAN to move to bases far from the

1453:(CCN) was UNHCR's implementing partner. Most returning Namibians returned from Angola; many came from Zambia, and a small number came from 46 other countries after the proclamation of a general amnesty. The logistics of managing the returnees was largely delegated to the Australian contingent. 906:

UNTAG was the first instance of a large-scale, multidimensional operation where the military element supported the work of other components concerned with border surveillance: monitoring the reduction and removal of the South African military presence; organising the return of Namibian exiles;

1496:

For the remainder of its deployment, the first contingent focused most of its efforts on providing accommodations for electoral centres and police stations. These were typically manned by only two or three police (or civilian) electoral staff and were almost always in small, remote villages.

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system. The military forces did not fire a shot during the operation, and Mays called it "possibly the most successful UN peacekeeping operation ever fielded"; Hearn called it "one of the major successes of the United Nations". Almost 20 years later, in a message to the annual session of the

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Colonel John Crocker, commander of 2ASC, wrote: "For much of the mission, but particularly during the lead-up to the election, all members of the ASC worked, often well away from their bases, in a security environment which at best could be termed uneasy and on many occasions was definitely

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mine-proof vehicles as a ready-reaction force at Ondangwa, deploying to the 15 most-sensitive locations in Ovamboland and practising actions to stabilise a hostile (but not violent) situation in which Australians might be involved. On two occasions during the November 1989 election, the ASC

1421:), Captain Mark Hender (Squadron Operations Officer) at AP Juliet (Okankolo), Lieutenant Stephen Alexander (Field troop commander) at AP Delta (Beacon 7, west of Oshikango), Lieutenant Mark Broome (Plant Troop Officer) AP Bravo (Ruacana) and Lieutenant Pat Sowry (Liaison Officer) AP Kilo ( 762:

After leaving government, Fraser continued to play an important role in international relations with respect to independence for Namibia. In 1985, he chaired UN hearings in New York on the role of multinationals in South Africa and Namibia. Fraser also co-chaired the

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at a parade at the UNTAG Headquarters in Suiderhof, Windhoek, Namibia in 1989. Left to right: Major John Hutchings, Lieutenant Colonel Kevin Pippard, Warrant Officer Class 2 Peter Bruce, Lieutenant General Dewan Prem Chand, Colonel Richard Warren and Sergeant Steven

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was a vocal advocate of independence for Namibia. Over the following two decades, Australia played a small (but significant) role in supporting Namibian independence. Political leaders from both benches of Parliament, including Prime Ministers Whitlam and

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as perimeter protection for bases and vital assets. It laid a reported 45,000 mines during the conflict, of which 3,000 were unaccounted-for when UNTAG arrived. SWAPO used mines for ambushing or intimidation. Mines were laid individually or in clusters;

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Commendation. The award was presented to both contingents by Defence Minister Beazley at a 2 March 1990 parade in Holsworthy honouring those who had served in eleven UN (and other) peacekeeping operations. Colonels Warren and Crocker were also appointed

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SWAPO guerillas were killed on 8 April, 34 in a single action. It was later estimated that over the three-week period following the incursion 251 PLAN combatants were killed, with the loss of 21 members of the SADF and other security forces.

1501:

purchased and deployed and prefabricated buildings constructed in about 50 locations. Much of this was done by the Resources Troop (under Lieutenant Stuart Graham), centrally controlled by squadron construction officer Captain Shane Miller.

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to 700 kilometres (430 mi) from squadron or force headquarters, courier communications often took days. Later in the deployment, the UN provided the contingent with higher-powered (100W) Motorola Micom X state-of-the-art HF equipment.

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approved a recommendation for the award of the first Honour Distinction to the 17th Construction Squadron. This is awarded to units (or sub-units) in recognition of service under operational conditions in security-related, peacekeeping,

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Other tasks carried out by the squadron included Operation Make Safe, which took place in February and March 1990. The Field Troop conducted a reconnaissance of 10 known minefields, repaired perimeter fences and installed signs.

598:(FAPLA) offensive against UNITA in what became known as the second Cuban intervention in Angola. In September 1987, Cuban forces came to the defence of the besieged Angolan Army (FAPLA) and stopped the advance of the SADF at the 2366:. The second directive (CDF 2/1989) was to Warren, appointing him commander of the Australian contingent, a "national command appointment" in which he was to report directly to the CDF on matters relating to national policy. 1166:

to Windhoek. They arrived at 2:00 pm on 11 March 1989 and were met by Australian Ambassador to South Africa Colin MacDonald, Warren and Hutchings. The 17th Construction Squadron advance party of ten deployed by road to

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UNTAG was a large operation, with nearly 8,000 men and women deployed to Namibia from more than 120 countries to assist the process. The military force numbered approximately 4,500, and was commanded by Lieutenant General

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1ASC consisted of 304 members, and was principally drawn from the 17th Construction Squadron, the Workshop and the 14th Field Troop from the 7th Field Squadron in Brisbane. The contingents also included soldiers from the

868:, Namibia's capital and largest city. The commanders of the Australian contingents were Colonels Richard D. Warren (1ASC) and John A. Crocker (2ASC). Other senior appointments included the contingent seconds-in-command, 1556:

This included the construction, modification or upgrade of UNTAG working and living accommodations, provision of essential services (power, water and air-traffic-control facilities) and the maintenance and upgrade of

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and observed that "the Australian contingent's complete and wide-ranging support was critical to the success of that election and hence the mission – a fact that has been acknowledged at the highest level in UNTAG".

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newspaper, calling it a "pointless upgrade" and saying it "detracts from the award of the AASM to those who truly deserve it". In his letter, Catchlove compared the UNTAG operation to two subsequent operations: the

4273: 4201: 31: 222: 1949:

After the deployment, the issues of appropriate service conditions, awards and recognition took many years to resolve. After serving the required 90-day period, contingent members were entitled to the

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which leading members of SWAPO were present, and the incident was widely reported in the international press. Soon afterwards, four Australian and four British soldiers were beaten by a large crowd in

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Operation Poll Gallop was the name given to the largely logistic operation to support the Namibian elections. Activities began with 1ASC from May 1989 onward, but became the primary task for 2ASC:

4237: 817:). The successful deployment of over 600 engineers to Namibia in 1989 and 1990 was pivotal in changing Australia's approach to peacekeeping, paving the way for much-larger contingents sent to 644:, adopted on 20 March 1969. In that resolution the UN assumed direct responsibility for the territory and declared the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia illegal, calling upon the 6343: 6257: 614:

of 25 November 1987, demanding the SADF's unconditional withdrawal from Angola by 10 December. When the UN force deployed to Namibia in April 1989, there were 50,000 Cuban troops in Angola.

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The South Africans claimed that the Koevoet killed 294 insurgents and captured 14, while the SADF and SWATF killed another 18 and captured 26. The police lost 20 killed and the SADF five.

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released from standby. The notice to move was increased to 60 days in March 1982, and 75 days in November 1986. In July 1987, all remaining specific readiness requirements were removed.

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on 26 August, and the war was a classic insurgent-counterinsurgent operation. PLAN initially established bases in northern Namibia; they were later forced out of the country by the

722:

Behind the scenes, the composition of the force Australia would contribute was not agreed in principle until late 1978; options discussed at the time were a logistic force and an

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It was not until 1962 that Australia voted for a UN resolution condemning South Africa for its actions in South-West Africa, a change in policy led by External Affairs Minister

6267: 4960: 1456:

Three air and three land entry points were established, as well as five reception centres. Four centres were designed by Namibia Consult Incorporated under the directorship of

1445:

The UN plan required that all exiled Namibians be given the opportunity to return to their country in time to participate in the electoral process. This was implemented by the

948: 795: 6252: 1032: 814: 6071: 794:

in Namibia will be the largest peacekeeping commitment in which this country has ever participated. It may also be the most difficult". Unlike the commitment of soldiers to

5450: 1953:(ASM) for non-warlike service. About 12 years after their return to Australia, the government changed the status of the operation; contingent members were eligible for the 1855:

were used by the SADF and SWAPO and became a major feature of the war, triggering the development of mine-protected vehicles (MPV). The SADF typically laid marked, fenced,

6328: 203: 6247: 818: 501: 610:

disagreed; Cuito Cuanavale, he asserted, "was the turning point for the liberation of our continent—and of my people—from the scourge of apartheid". This battle led to

6323: 6237: 5508: 899:

The role of UNTAG was to assist the Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG), Martti Ahtisaari, in overseeing free and fair elections in Namibia for a

555: 151: 1118:

little intelligence on Namibia; the region was "generally unknown to the Australian public, the policy-makers and to the troops and civilians who deployed there".

892:

UNTAG's mission was to monitor the ceasefire and troop withdrawals, to preserve law and order in Namibia and to supervise elections for the new government. In the

670: 653: 641: 611: 1883:

vehicles were also leased. These vehicles had excellent mobility, and were well-suited to operations in the harsh Namibian terrain. The contingent also trialled

1446: 1215: 30: 6272: 5553: 5023: 4644: 822: 5398: 4894: 5700: 640:

The process leading to Namibia's independence began with UN General Assembly Resolution 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966. This was followed by the passage of

1191:

of over 200 wheeled and tracked vehicles and trailers and a large quantity of dangerous cargo (demolition explosives and ammunition). The UN hired the MV

648:

to withdraw immediately. International negotiations for a peaceful solution to the Namibian problem increased. In December 1978, in what was known as the

6062: 5902: 5544: 5499: 5389: 5228: 4885: 4842: 4833: 4579: 995:

2ASC consisted of 309 personnel, with members of 78 different units. The second contingent included the 15th Field Troop from the 18th Field Squadron in

635: 139: 36: 1130:

in September 1988. At the same time, Major J.J. Hutchings was deployed as liaison officer to UN HQ in New York. In October, the CDF formally tasked the

301: 4745: 4619: 6308: 6213: 1020: 973: 6313: 1969: 5472: 6318: 6282: 1701: 183: 543:(SADF), subsequently operating from bases in southern Angola and Zambia. The intensity of cross-border conflict escalated, becoming known as the 2355: 2111: 2083: 1489: 1098: 936: 877: 528: 396: 305: 1574:

The Australian contingent provided a team of thirty monitors headed by Lieutenant Colonel Peter Boyd, legal officer for the second contingent.

6108: 5921: 5884: 5635: 5590: 5429: 5378: 5330: 5305: 5277: 5005: 4934: 6203: 2410:, SWAPO's Head of Information in London stated that eighteen SWAPO guerillas had been "shot in the back as they tried to cross the border". 1802:

in this area, and was unable to develop any during the mission. The Australian contingent used standard ROE prepared before the deployment.

1000: 981: 735: 551: 418: 4921: 989: 977: 932:

A Headquarters (Chief Engineer ASC UNTAG) with operations, works, accommodations, communications, finance, logistics and personnel cells

587: 6358: 1977: 1904: 1875:

To support the deployment, the UN leased a number of mine-protected vehicles from the SADF. Most were Buffels, but smaller numbers of

764: 482: 669:

force is deployed". With the accord in place (principally with South Africa), UNTAG was then formally established in accordance with

6333: 4701: 1812:, the standard section-level automatic weapon at the time. Instead, the contingent was required to deploy with World War II-vintage 1035:

and Defence had agreed to jointly fund a temporary Australian Liaison Office in Windhoek manned by two DFAT personnel and headed by

961: 4971: 1700:

to UN Peacekeepers in 1988 to the UNTAG operation, but the award was shared by peacekeepers and peacekeeping operations worldwide.

5616: 5240: 4851: 6080: 5457: 5159: 5125: 5091: 5057: 1728: 1398: 563: 340: 1379:, the main SADF base in the north of the country. During the early hours of 1 April an SADF aircraft began dropping flares, and 845:

Members of the first Australian contingent Headquarters Chief Engineer UNTAG being awarded their UN medal by Lieutenant General

570:

forces and the South West Africa Police Counter-Insurgency Unit (SWAPOL-COIN), including the paramilitary-trained SWAPOL police

2359: 2306: 2272: 1958: 1954: 1732: 1028: 965: 159: 97: 6208: 5318:

Australia and the New World Order: The Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations

1911:. HF radio communications were frequently impossible in the early month or two of the deployment. The primary factor was the 1450: 985: 2419:

The commendation was held in trust by 17th Construction Squadron but was destroyed in a fire, although copies had been made.

197:

Overall, the UNTAG mission assisted Namibia in transitioning to a democratic government after the racial segregation of the

388: 6183: 6018: 5516: 4652: 2222:

2ASC conducts reconnaissance of UN sites to determine engineering and logistical support likely required during elections.

1752: 1704: 1437: 1362: 179: 1460:, and constructed by the Australian contingent. The centres were located at Dobra, Mariabronn (near Grootfontein) and at 1912: 741: 520: 497: 248: 1468:. They were administered under the auspices of the Repatriation, Resettlement and Reconstruction Committee of the CCN. 582:

first was in November 1975 (on the eve of Angola's independence), which further intensified with the escalation of the

5246: 2345:

Sitkowski noted that this was a political compromise, because the South African administration was considered illegal.

969: 708: 540: 513: 412: 358: 173:

John Crocker, commander of the second Australian contingent (2ASC), wrote that the November 1989 election was UNTAG's

773:'s government continued the policy of the Fraser and Whitlam governments to support independence for Namibia. In the 1635:

from the rear of the squadron constructed a number of classrooms for an Anglican school in a black neighbourhood in

1388:

that it only had 300 troops in the north of the country, including 97 Australians. On 7 April Reuters reported that

1027:

In addition to the military force, a number of other Australians served with UNTAG (including 25 observers from the

6363: 6353: 6119: 5322: 1492:

during its deployment. This project was undertaken in support of the local community as a nation-building exercise.

1173: 1008: 955:

There were two contingents, each of which contained over three hundred soldiers and deployed for about six months:

940: 661: 645: 489:

resolved to end the mandate, declaring that henceforth South-West Africa was the direct responsibility of the UN.

5558: 5197: 5164: 5130: 5096: 5062: 5028: 4856: 4557: 2107:

UN Operation Safe Passage requires Australian and British contingents to man border and internal assembly points.

1736: 1723: 1131: 1083:

There was no agreement (or settlement) between South Africa and SWAPO, so an order to move was never issued. The

833:. The deployment of a significant force to Namibia profoundly affected Australia's defence and foreign policies. 599: 586:

in 1985. In that conflict, South Africa provided support across the northern border to UNITA. In opposition, the

567: 466: 213:

noted that "facilitating this process" constituted "one of the proudest chapters of our Organization's history".

198: 187: 2192:

Second major contingent of civilian UNTAG staff arrives to support supervision and control of electoral process.

6368: 6227: 6195: 5520: 1950: 1587: 1064: 544: 454: 243: 1832: 1113:

said in Parliament that the Namibia operation nearly fell apart due to a lack of advance funding, and Senator

1408:

The aim of the operation was to facilitate the withdrawal of PLAN combatants. South African Foreign Minister

4756: 4627: 2362:(CDF Directive 1/1989), ordering him to provide an engineer force to Namibia in an operation to be known as 2314: 2219:

Third major contingent of civilian UNTAG staff, poll watchers (seconded from governments) arrive in Namibia.

1592: 1019:

Jed Shirley) were spread throughout the squadron. The second contingent also included a detachment from the

1004: 1599: 907:

supervising voter registration and preparing, observing, and certifying the results of national elections.

5847: 5316: 2248:

30 ASC members deploy as military electoral monitors with polling sites along the volatile Angolan border.

1884: 1813: 1199:

in mid-April, moving by road and rail to the South African Defence Force Logistics Base at Grootfontein.

5479: 4722: 2310: 1880: 1674: 349: 4775:

Crocker, J.A.; Warren, R.D (1995). "Technology in Developing Countries ; A Military Perspective".

1816:, since these used only a 30-round magazine (the weapons had been rebuilt to accept 7.62mm ammunition). 6141:

Younghusband, Peter (18 March 1989). "Our Troops in Namibia row; South Africans claim election bias".

2358:

at the time issued two directives in the first week of March, one to the Chief of the General Staff,

2043: 1896: 900: 623: 441:

encompassing colonisation, war and genocide. The first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the

207: 102: 4598: 1669:"Letter from the Chief of Army to the Governor General". Army Headquarters, Canberra. 10 April 2012. 1441:

Front entrance to the Australian base at Ondangwa occupied by 9th Construction Troop on 24 June 1989

943:) with two construction troops (the 8th and 9th Troops), the 14th Field Troop, a Resources Troop, a 4785:

Administration of Australian Battle Honours, Theatre Honours, Honour Titles and Honour Distinctions

2027: 1908: 1856: 1795: 1127: 1069: 505: 486: 4777:

National Engineering Conference: The Community and Technology Growing Together Through Engineering

6124: 5833: 5818: 5803: 5788: 5773: 5758: 5743: 5728: 5687: 5665: 5347: 4819: 869: 747: 571: 438: 6041: 5215: 2098:

1 April – Formal cessation of hostilities, restriction to base of South African and SWAPO forces

1097:

its previous commitment; within a month, Cabinet reaffirmed the commitment of a decade earlier.

6101:

Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council (1946–1989): A Thematic Guide

1787:

The contingents were faced with a number of issues concerning weapons and rules of engagement:

1505:

The largest plant task undertaken during the deployment was the construction of an airstrip at

841: 6277: 6148: 6129: 6104: 5998: 5917: 5880: 5870: 5714: 5631: 5612: 5586: 5567: 5425: 5374: 5326: 5301: 5273: 5201: 5173: 5139: 5105: 5071: 5037: 5001: 4940: 4930: 4908: 4865: 4732: 4723:"Obituary: Lieut Gen Dewan Prem Chand, General at the sharp end of UN peacekeeping operations" 4662: 4657: 4566: 1776: 1748: 1716: 1712: 1697: 1012: 583: 566:(both aligned with SWAPO). The South African-aligned forces consisted of regular army (SADF), 470: 5911: 5419: 5958: 2407: 1973: 1963: 1907:, first issued to the Australian army in 1969. Output power was limited to one or ten watts 1772: 861: 846: 826: 704: 536: 191: 155: 1182:

The force deployed with a large quantity of construction and other equipment, including 24

5677: 5657: 5359: 4792: 1809: 1687: 1380: 1076: 944: 729:

group. By October 1978 Prime Minister Fraser had publicly stated that he wanted to send a

665: 619: 550:

The principal protagonists were the SADF and the PLAN. Other groups involved included the

150:

in 1989 and 1990. Australia sent two contingents of over 300 engineers each to assist the

135: 739:

claimed that the Defence Department was "dead against" a commitment, and in January 1979

5242:

Speech by the Prime Minister: Australia's Contingent to Namibia, Holsworthy 5 April 1989

660:

It was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to implement the resolution, signing the

6287: 6143: 5978: 5608: 5468: 5446: 5250: 4929:. Historical Dictionaries of International Organizations, No. 25. The Scarecrow Press. 2290: 1900: 1865: 1861: 1743: 1498: 1159: 1114: 799: 752: 716: 696: 607: 512:), which led to the deployment of more than 25,000 Cuban soldiers to the region in the 478: 4779:. Barton, Australian Capital Territory: Institution of Engineers, Australia: 449, 452. 2225:

2ASC assumes logistical control of deployment of about 1,000 electoral supervisors in

733:

force to Namibia; however, this was not broadly supported. A November 1978 article in

688:

Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations

590:

financially backed an estimated two motorised infantry divisions of Cuban troops in a

6302: 5838: 5823: 5808: 5793: 5778: 5763: 5748: 5733: 5710: 5692: 5563: 5169: 5135: 5101: 5067: 5033: 4904: 4861: 4824: 4562: 1887:

technologies, in what is thought to be the first operational use of this technology.

1755: 1389: 1110: 1102: 873: 711: 531:(PLAN) – began guerrilla attacks on South African forces, infiltrating from bases in 5938: 5473:"Letter from the Chief of Army to the Officer Commanding 17th Construction Squadron" 1449:(UNHCR), supported by a number of other UN agencies and programmes. In Namibia, the 1144:

than two hundred people have been killed. The situation is still tense and serious.

4817:

Dowden, Richard (25 April 1989). "S. Africa gives SWAPO troops 60-hour free pass".

4727: 1920: 1484: 1457: 1168: 1163: 881: 730: 692: 603: 591: 474: 458: 404: 354: 143: 2180:

Military installations on northern border put under UN supervision or deactivated.

1622:

A team under Lieutenant Nick Rowntree upgraded a 900-metre supply channel for the

1195:

for the deployment. It departed Sydney on 23 March; the equipment was unloaded at

446: 5874: 5625: 5580: 5368: 5295: 5267: 4991: 4587: 1648:

departing Namibia on 6 February. The contingent's equipment loaded aboard the MV

6177: 5855: 5528: 5478:. Army Headquarters, Canberra. p. 2. OCA/OUT/2012/R11944295. Archived from 5456:. Army Headquarters, Canberra. p. 2. OCA/OUT/2012/R11194182. Archived from 5192:

Getz, Arlene (5 August 1989). Shelley Gare (ed.). "Join the Army: See Namibia".

4801: 2394: 1771:

The appointment of Colonel Richard Warren as Chief Engineer was opposed by both

1731:

for their command of the Australian contingents, while two members were awarded

1708: 1401: 1036: 649: 462: 210: 163: 4670: 2226: 1869: 1837: 1547: 1543: 1465: 1372: 1371:

By 31 March, 14th Field Troop had completed its mine-awareness training; only

1196: 1183: 1176: 1155: 1154:

The 1ASC advance party, comprising 36 officers and men, were deployed by USAF

1057: 1016: 996: 756: 221: 6152: 6133: 5718: 5571: 5205: 5177: 5143: 5109: 5075: 5041: 4912: 4869: 4736: 4666: 4570: 606:

wrote in his memoirs that this campaign marked a great victory for the SADF.

5236: 5224: 4997: 2375:

The Associated Press reported that 1,900 SWAPO guerillas crossed the border.

1916: 1852: 1841: 1707:

mentioned a number of UN peacekeeping operations (including Namibia) in his

1603:

Copy of the CGS Commendation presented to the Australian contingent to UNTAG

1539: 1461: 1418: 1409: 770: 726: 6167: 1895:

One of the major difficulties early in the deployment to Namibia was poor

485:, but South Africa refused. Legal arguments continued until 1966 when the 315: 4788: 4755:(86). Letter to the Editor: Australian Defence Force: 6–7. Archived from 2256: 2242: 2050: 1864:

were often stacked. The mines were obtained from South Africa, the USSR,

1799: 1538:(including sanitary facilities) at 120 stations in the northern areas of 1422: 1376: 1068:

Farewell parade for the main body of the Australian contingent, UNTAG at

865: 723: 493: 442: 3002: 3000: 2056:

22 to 24 February – Contingent commanders' briefing at UN HQ in New York

767:

from 1985 to 1986, campaigning for an end to apartheid in South Africa.

618:

Namibian border. Most PLAN insurgency operations took the form of small

5705: 4899: 2104:

and most UNTAG civilian, civilian police and military personnel arrive.

1876: 1414: 1052: 575: 429: 272: 170: 147: 63: 6173:

Australian contribution to United Nations Transition Assistance Group

2262:

Elections to Constituent Assembly (to draw up and adopt constitution)

2252: 1934: 1845: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1564: 1187: 1072:

on 5 April 1989. The parade was reviewed by Prime Minister Bob Hawke.

532: 450: 425: 276: 5451:"Letter from the Chief of Army to the Governor General of Australia" 4555:

Ashton, Chris (9 December 1988). "Aust may help build the bridges".

6063:"Hansard, Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade" 2068:

11 and 14 March – Advance element of the ASC arrives in Namibia by

1961:(AASM). After the 2002 decision Major Nigel Catchlove wrote to the 626:, raids on white settlements and disruption of essential services. 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3639: 3637: 3357: 3355: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2564: 2562: 2141: 2079: 1506: 1126:

The first staff were posted to the new contingent headquarters at

1056:

Australian engineers of the advance party board the United States

524: 374: 220: 162:

in what was the largest deployment of Australian troops since the

16:

Australian Army contribution to the UN Transition Assistance Group

5370:

In from the Cold: Latin America's New Encounter with the Cold War

5272:. Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 101, 102. 4626:. Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Archived from 2117:

14 April – Main body of Australian contingent arrives in Namibia.

5851: 5524: 2265:

Completion of withdrawal of remaining 1,500 South African troops

2101: 2069: 1798:(ROE) and Orders for Opening Fire (OFOF). In 1989 the UN had no 453:

by the Dutch, English and Germans. Namibia was a German colony (

336: 319: 6181: 5913:

Namibia's Independence Struggle; The Role of the United Nations

4787:. Defence Instruction (Army). Vol. 38–3 (ADMIN ed.). 4679:"Gazette No. S 303, Upgraded from ASM CAG S303 dated 26 Jul 01" 1808:

The UN required the Australians to deploy without the belt-fed

1751:

and similar operations. The award was presented to the unit by

510:

Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola – Partido do Trabalho

5213:

Gleijeses, Piero (11 July 2007). "Cuito Cuanavale revisited".

2072: 2026:

1 Australian Service Contingent (1ASC) Headquarters formed at

1775:(UN Undersecretary General for Special Political Affairs) and 1563:

The squadron formed a reinforced Field Troop (50 soldiers) in

5654:

United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia

3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 1988:

A timeline of key dates is presented in the following table:

1417:), Sergeant Kerry Ponting (Squadron workshop) at AP Foxtrot ( 1413:

Richard Bradshaw (contingent signals officer) at AP Charlie (

6079:(Speech). RUSI. Joint Services Staff College. Archived from 5876:

A Nation Is Born: The Inside Story of Namibia's Independence

3977: 1999:

Australia first placed a contingent of engineers on standby.

1060:

aircraft which will transport them to Namibia in March 1989.

6065:. Senator for Western Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 5399:"Fraser ... the force that stalks Australian politics" 3171: 3169: 602:(the largest battle in Africa since World War II). General 2783: 2781: 652:

Protocol, South Africa, Cuba and Angola formally accepted

523:

began when the South-West Africa People's Organisation's (

169:

The Australian mission was widely reported as successful.

5547:. Senator for New South Wales: Commonwealth of Australia. 4125: 4123: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3006: 1823:

were asked to deploy in civilian clothes without weapons.

896:, Horner described it as "an extremely complex mission". 225:

Namibia borders Angola, Botswana, South Africa and Zambia

158:, in overseeing free and fair elections in Namibia for a 5685:

Steele, Andrew (7 April 1989). "SWAPO given ultimatum".

4177: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3717: 3715: 3588: 3586: 3311: 3309: 3307: 2241:

1 November – 2ASC establishes a forward command post at

2129:

Refugees and other returnees begin to return to Namibia.

2114:

combatants and 21 members of Security Forces are killed.

664:(an agreement between Angola, Cuba and South Africa) at 6196:

History of the branches of the Australian Defence Force

4141: 3573: 3571: 3499: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3423: 3421: 3372: 3370: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2975: 2973: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2810: 2808: 2465: 2463: 2138:

Repeal of discriminatory or restrictive laws completed.

1976:

and the deployment of service personnel as part of the

1836:

Field engineers from the 14th Field Troop on patrol in

496:

in 1965, conflict escalated across the border with the

5058:"South Africa says Cubans set to join SWAPO offensive" 3756: 3754: 3702: 3700: 3534: 3532: 3186: 3184: 3132: 3130: 3084: 3082: 2438: 2436: 2046:

endorses Australia's contribution to UNTAG in Namibia.

864:

of India; the main military UNTAG Headquarters was in

1899:. The Australian contingent was equipped with PRC-F1 1639:

with funds provided by the Australian Liaison Office.

798:

over 20 years earlier, the deployment to Namibia had

6349:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1990

6073:

Australian Contingent UNTAG: The Initial Involvement

4489: 4477: 4465: 3511: 3148: 3030: 2162:

Release of political prisoners, detainees completed.

1149:

Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia, 5 April 1989

949:

Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers

5846:The Norwegian Nobel Committee (29 September 1988). 5421:

Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping

4297: 4114: 3965: 3691: 3643: 3616: 3523: 3361: 2875: 2568: 622:on political activists, armed propaganda activity, 113: 108: 93: 85: 77: 69: 59: 51: 43: 23: 5511:. Senator for Tasmania: Commonwealth of Australia. 5502:. Senator for Tasmania: Commonwealth of Australia. 5269:UN Peacekeeping in Action: The Namibian Experience 5092:"Guerilla climbdown saves UN's Namibia peace plan" 3160: 3018: 2700: 2286:6 February – Return to Australia of the main force 2177:Further reduction of South African troops to 1,500 2144:assists in return of refugees and other returnees. 2049:19 February – First Australian officer arrives in 1568:Ready-Reaction Force was used to disperse rioters. 1033:Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 596:People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola 560:People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola 449:in 1485. Over the next 500 years, the country was 204:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 6344:Military units and formations established in 1989 5392:. Member for Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. 4582:. Member for Bonython: Commonwealth of Australia. 3487: 2964: 2760: 2724: 2712: 2676: 1105:then placed the unit on 28 days' notice to move. 1015:Craig Forster). The New Zealand engineers (under 5879:. Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers. pp. 9–11. 5245:(Speech). Farewell Parade. Holsworthy Barracks: 5126:"Pretoria grants safe pasage to SWAPO guerillas" 4647:. Member for Werriwa: Commonwealth of Australia. 4165: 2826: 2082:began major cross-border incursion of up to 800 1742:In April 2012, Chief of Army Lieutenant General 1722:The Australian UNTAG contingents were awarded a 1696:A number of governments linked the award of the 928:The Australian force was structured as follows: 6099:Wellens, Karen; T.M.C. Asser Instituut (1990). 5905:. Member for Hughes: Commonwealth of Australia. 5424:. United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. p. 29. 4888:. Member for Farrer: Commonwealth of Australia. 4845:. Member for Farrer: Commonwealth of Australia. 4592:. Parliament: Government of Canada. April 1989. 4501: 4453: 4153: 1660: 1141: 780: 556:National Union for Total Independence of Angola 481:(UN) asked South Africa to place Namibia under 236: 152:Special Representative of the Secretary General 5985:. United Nations. 29 September 1978. p. 3 4836:. Foreign Minister: Commonwealth of Australia. 3238: 3061: 1522:Election preparation and Operation Poll Gallop 1375:Stephen Alexander and five others remained at 502:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 6339:Engineering units and formations of Australia 6028:. United Nations. 16 February 1989. p. 3 5756:"Namibia battle continues as toll hits 180". 5024:"Australian troops get a surprise in Namibia" 4970:. The University of Melbourne. Archived from 3908: 3896: 3820: 3745: 3733: 1984:Timeline of Australian involvement in Namibia 1591:Land Rover used in Namibia on display at the 1447:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 884:David Crago (1ASC) and Brendan Sowry (2ASC). 695:stated that the Australian government led by 558:(UNITA) (both aligned with the SADF) and the 8: 5945:. United Nations. 27 October 1966. p. 3 5231:. Prime Minister: Commonwealth of Australia. 4895:"In Namibia, the war never really goes away" 4708:. Commonwealth of Australia. 19 January 2012 4405: 3655: 3175: 2319:9 April – Rear party redeploys to Australia. 1794:A major issue for the contingents concerned 1620:Andara Catholic Mission hydroelectric plant: 5771:"Ultimatum to UN threatens peace efforts". 4993:The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 4923:Historical Dictionary of the United Nations 2147:UNTAG staff continue monitoring activities. 2135:Reduction of South African Forces to 12,000 1366:Main unit and sub-unit deployment locations 1031:). For the duration of the deployment, the 935:A Construction Squadron group based on the 924:Organisation and composition of contingents 6178: 5965:. United Nations. 20 March 1969. p. 3 5701:"Ceasefire call beamed into Namibian bush" 5554:"Soldiers restricted for their own safety" 4369: 4357: 4066: 3262: 3226: 2688: 2616: 2580: 2159:Reduction of South African Forces to 8,000 1656:Commendations and Honour Distinction award 1616:runway, drainage and installing culverts). 636:United Nations Transition Assistance Group 630:United Nations Transition Assistance Group 233: 140:United Nations Transition Assistance Group 37:United Nations Transition Assistance Group 6329:Military operations involving New Zealand 6221:Military history of Australia by conflict 6214:History of the Royal Australian Air Force 5816:"Soldiers in Namibia down with malaria". 4688:. Commonwealth of Australia. 26 July 2001 4653:"UN council condemns S. Africa on Angola" 4513: 4309: 4129: 3667: 2787: 2664: 2529: 2493: 1497:Buildings were leased, a large number of 1021:Royal Australian Corps of Military Police 974:Royal Australian Corps of Military Police 5831:"An 'amazing' tour of duty in Namibia". 3250: 1990: 1970:1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 1831: 1598: 1586: 1483: 1436: 1063: 1051: 876:(2ASC), and the officers commanding the 840: 707:. Initially in opposition, until he was 6324:Military operations involving Australia 5726:"Australia to send troops to Namibia". 4744:Crocker, John (January–February 1991). 3978:Hansard – T. Fischer & October 1989 3808: 3121: 3088: 3073: 2736: 2604: 2454: 2432: 2338: 1572:Australian military electoral monitors: 184:Secretary-General of the United Nations 6120:"U.N. Guards Rebels at Namibia Border" 5673: 5663: 5355: 5345: 4599:"Service in Namibia only needs an ASM" 4525: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4381: 4333: 4321: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4054: 4037: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3772: 3760: 3721: 3706: 3679: 3604: 3592: 3577: 3562: 3550: 3475: 3458: 3439: 3427: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3346: 3315: 3298: 3202: 3190: 3136: 3042: 2991: 2979: 2940: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2850: 2838: 2814: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2592: 2553: 2481: 2469: 2442: 1957:, and their ASMs were upgraded to the 1683: 1672: 788:Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia 20: 5607:Sibeene, Petronella (17 April 2009). 4537: 4393: 4345: 4025: 3784: 3628: 3538: 3327: 3286: 3274: 3214: 2799: 2772: 2748: 2541: 2517: 2360:Lieutenant General Lawrence O'Donnell 2293:released from prison in South Africa. 1583:Post-election and return to Australia 1488:Opuwo airstrip during upgrade by the 535:. The first attack was the battle at 7: 6204:History of the Royal Australian Navy 4968:The University of Melbourne Archives 3796: 3100: 3007:Hansard – T. Fisher & March 1989 2952: 2505: 2186:Official start of electoral campaign 1250: 1001:Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers 982:Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps 552:South West African Territorial Force 457:) from 1884 until its annexation by 6118:Wren, Christopher (19 April 1989). 6070:Warren, Richard (1 November 1989). 5903:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 5507:Newman, Jocelyn (10 October 1989). 5390:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 5229:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 4893:Forbes, Cameron (9 November 1989). 4886:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 4843:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 4721:Condell, Diana (10 November 2003). 4645:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 4580:"Hansard, House of Representatives" 4263:"The Queen's Birthday 1992 Honours" 4191:"The Queen's Birthday 1990 Honours" 2251:2ASC forms ready-reaction force in 2132:General rules for elections issued. 1711:in Oslo on 9 January 1989. Senator 1208:Operations Safe Passage and Piddock 990:Royal Australian Army Medical Corps 978:Royal Australian Corps of Transport 837:The Australian contingent and UNTAG 529:People's Liberation Army of Namibia 500:. Cuba formed an alliance with the 6288:Military intervention against ISIL 6005:. United Nations. 16 February 1989 5901:Tickner, Robert (17 August 1989). 5543:Richardson, Graham (26 May 1989). 5403:Killen: Inside Australian Politics 1978:International Force for East Timor 1955:Returned from Active Service Badge 1715:also made similar comments in the 1348: 765:Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group 654:UN Security Council Resolution 435 642:UN Security Council Resolution 264 612:UN Security Council Resolution 602 14: 5627:UN Peacekeeping: Myth and Reality 5585:. Federation Press. p. 176. 5160:"Concern in Aust camp over truce" 4702:"Australian Active Service Medal" 4270:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 4236:. 26 January 1991. Archived from 4234:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 4198:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 1729:Members of the Order of Australia 1278: 962:Royal Australian Corps of Signals 6309:Australia and the United Nations 6263:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6166: 5619:from the original on 9 May 2012. 5582:Elections: Full, Free & Fair 4832:Evans, Gareth (16 August 1991). 4753:Australian Defence Force Journal 4661:. Tim Knight. 26 November 1987. 4597:Catchlove, Nigel (4 July 2002). 4227:"The Australia Day 1991 Honours" 1733:Medals of the Order of Australia 1347: 1334: 1333: 1319: 1306: 1305: 1292: 1291: 1277: 1263: 1249: 1235: 1221: 1214: 1043:Force preparation and deployment 700:condemn South Africa in the UN. 564:Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces 403: 387: 368: 348: 330: 314: 295: 237:Namibian Border Operational Area 35:Australia's contribution to the 29: 5552:Sampson, John (29 March 1989). 5498:Newman, Jocelyn (23 May 1989). 5397:Killen, Jim (17 October 1985). 4884:Fischer, Tim (4 October 1989). 4605:. Army, The Soldiers' Newspaper 4578:Blewett, Neal (15 April 1991). 2273:Constituent Assembly of Namibia 2014:Logistic planning re-commenced. 1959:Australian Active Service Medal 1783:Weapons and rules of engagement 1222: 1029:Australian Electoral Commission 966:Royal Australian Army Pay Corps 98:Australian Active Service Medal 6319:Namibia and the United Nations 6209:History of the Australian Army 6061:Vallentine, Jo (29 May 1991). 5509:"Hansard, Estimates Committee" 5388:Kelly, Roslyn (6 March 1989). 5158:Getz, Arlene (14 April 1989). 5124:Getz, Arlene (11 April 1989). 5090:Getz, Arlene (10 April 1989). 4643:Chaney, Fred (11 April 1961). 4200:. 11 June 1990. Archived from 2406:The Independent reported that 2183:All UNTAG activities continue. 2165:All UNTAG activities continue. 2110:Casualty figures indicate 251 2011:Notice to deploy re-activated. 1451:Council of Churches in Namibia 1320: 986:Australian Army Catering Corps 132:Australian Services Contingent 24:Australian Services Contingent 1: 6184:Military history of Australia 5056:Getz, Arlene (6 April 1989). 5022:Getz, Arlene (3 April 1989). 4850:Fischer, Tim (9 April 1989). 4272:. 8 June 1991. Archived from 4178:House of Commons Debates 1989 2216:Electoral campaign continues. 1972:deployment to Somalia during 1480:Accommodation and other works 1264: 1236: 911:Role of Australian contingent 5910:Tsokodayi, Cleophas (2011). 5848:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1988" 5652:Sowry, Brendan, ed. (1992). 5300:. Southern Book Publishers. 4841:Fisher, Tim (6 March 1989). 4746:"Multinational Peacekeeping" 4706:Defence Honours & Awards 4142:Hansard – G. Richardson 1989 3500:Hansard – J. Vallentine 1991 3488:Ashton & 9 December 1988 1928:Controversy and intimidation 1913:March 1989 geomagnetic storm 1762:Operational and other issues 1023:, led by Sergeant Tim Dewar. 681:Australian political context 521:Namibian War of Independence 498:Cuban intervention in Angola 249:Namibian War of Independence 6314:Australia–Namibia relations 5736:. 3 March 1989a. p. 4. 5624:Sitkowski, Andrzej (2006). 5247:Prime Minister of Australia 1820:Deployment without weapons: 1172:main body then deployed by 970:Australian Army Legal Corps 541:South African Defence Force 514:Angolan War of Independence 89:Military Component (MILCOM) 6385: 5741:"Hawke farewells troops". 5323:Cambridge University Press 4920:Fomerand, Jacques (2007). 4620:"Rt Hon Malcolm Fraser AC" 4454:Fischer & 9 April 1989 2356:Chief of the Defence Force 2189:Voter registration begins. 1737:Conspicuous Service Medals 1724:Chief of the General Staff 1490:17th Construction Squadron 1132:Chief of the General Staff 1099:Chief of the Defence Force 1009:Royal Australian Air Force 999:, fourteen members of the 941:Royal Australian Engineers 937:17th Construction Squadron 878:17th Construction Squadron 646:Government of South Africa 633: 547:and the Angolan Bush War. 121:2ASC: Colonel J.A. Crocker 119:1ASC: Colonel R.D. Warren, 6359:1989 in South West Africa 6190: 5999:"Namibia – UNTAG Mandate" 5559:The Sydney Morning Herald 5373:. Duke University Press. 5198:The Sydney Morning Herald 5165:The Sydney Morning Herald 5131:The Sydney Morning Herald 5097:The Sydney Morning Herald 5063:The Sydney Morning Herald 5029:The Sydney Morning Herald 4857:The Sydney Morning Herald 4558:The Sydney Morning Herald 4490:Commonwealth Gazette 2001 4478:Hansard – R. Tickner 1989 4466:Hansard – J. Newman 1989b 3512:Hansard – J. Newman 1989a 3149:Crocker & Warren 1995 3031:Hansard – N. Blewett 1991 2397:in central-north Namibia. 1857:anti-personnel minefields 1554:Construction engineering: 888:Mission and role of UNTAG 872:Kevin Pippard (1ASC) and 600:Battle of Cuito Cuanavale 568:South West African Police 380: 287: 254: 241: 28: 6334:South African Border War 5517:Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier 5367:Joseph, Gilbert (2007). 4959:Fraser, Malcolm (2007). 4589:House of Commons Debates 4298:Defence Instruction 2012 4115:The Canberra Times 1989g 3966:The Canberra Times 1989h 3909:Getz & 5 August 1989 3897:Getz & 5 August 1989 3821:Getz & 14 April 1989 3746:Getz & 11 April 1989 3734:Getz & 10 April 1989 3692:The Canberra Times 1989c 3644:The Canberra Times 1989e 3617:The Canberra Times 1989f 3524:The Canberra Times 1989a 3362:The Canberra Times 1989b 2876:Hansard – B. Hawke 1989a 2569:The Canberra Times 1989d 2305:1 April – Conclusion of 2086:combatants into Namibia. 1951:Australian Service Medal 1735:and two others received 545:South African Border War 465:. After the war, it was 455:German South-West Africa 244:South African Border War 6046:United Nations Missions 5916:. Xlibris Corporation. 5786:"Namibian toll rises". 4990:George, Edward (2005). 4624:CEDA Board of Governors 3656:Getz & 6 April 1989 3176:Getz & 3 April 1989 3161:Hansard – R. Kelly 1989 3019:Hansard – G. Evans 1991 2701:UN Resolution 2145 1966 2253:Mine-Protected Vehicles 1814:Bren light machine guns 1705:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1593:Australian War Memorial 1007:(ARES) members and one 1005:Australian Army Reserve 947:Troop and the attached 469:to South Africa by the 437:Southwest Africa has a 180:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 6103:. BRILL. p. 200. 6048:. United Nations. 2012 5609:"Swapo Party Turns 49" 5579:Sawer, Marian (2001). 5315:Horner, David (2011). 4961:"Fraser, John Malcolm" 4800:Dierks, Klaus (1989). 2965:Uni. of Melbourne 2007 2761:UN Resolution 632 1978 2725:UN Resolution 435 1978 2713:UN Resolution 264 1969 2677:Chicago Sun-Times 1987 2309:, installation of new 1849: 1848:mine-protected vehicle 1682:Cite journal requires 1665: 1604: 1596: 1493: 1442: 1179:aircraft on 14 April. 1146: 1122:Buildup and deployment 1073: 1061: 851: 785: 755:(Foreign Affairs) and 751:reported that Fraser, 527:) military wing – the 509: 226: 6175:at Wikimedia Commons 6147:. Sydney. p. 1. 5841:. 17 September 1989h. 5266:Hearn, Roger (1999). 4603:Letters to the Editor 4166:Pérez de Cuéllar 1989 2827:Hansard – Chaney 1961 1835: 1630:Classrooms in Tsumeb: 1602: 1590: 1561:Ready Reaction Force: 1487: 1440: 1103:General Peter Gration 1067: 1055: 844: 673:on 16 February 1989. 492:At the height of the 224: 206:on 28 February 2008, 5801:"Namibia 'calmed'". 5521:"Nobel Lecture 1989" 5418:Mays, Terry (2011). 5294:Hooper, Jim (1988). 4946:on 29 September 2012 4852:"Troops not covered" 4502:Defence Honours 2012 4154:Nobel Committee 1988 2393:A game park outside 2364:Operation Picaresque 2307:Constituent Assembly 2268:Closure of all bases 2255:(MPV) on standby at 1897:radio communications 1891:Radio communications 1792:Rules of Engagement: 1767:Force Chief Engineer 1626:hydroelectric plant. 1363:class=notpageimage| 901:Constituent Assembly 208:UN Secretary-General 160:Constituent Assembly 138:contribution to the 103:United Nations Medal 5219:. Anastacia Martin. 5216:Mail & Guardian 4762:on 29 February 2012 4673:on 3 November 2012. 4004:, pp. 122–123. 3787:, pp. 101–102. 3239:United Nations 1989 3062:United Nations 2012 2028:Holsworthy Barracks 1885:thermal-intensifier 1796:Rules of Engagement 1128:Holsworthy Barracks 1070:Holsworthy Barracks 870:Lieutenant Colonels 742:The Daily Telegraph 487:UN General Assembly 230:History of conflict 6278:War in Afghanistan 6125:The New York Times 5871:Thornberry, Cedric 5839:John Fairfax Group 5834:The Canberra Times 5824:John Fairfax Group 5819:The Canberra Times 5809:John Fairfax Group 5804:The Canberra Times 5794:John Fairfax Group 5789:The Canberra Times 5779:John Fairfax Group 5774:The Canberra Times 5764:John Fairfax Group 5759:The Canberra Times 5749:John Fairfax Group 5744:The Canberra Times 5734:John Fairfax Group 5729:The Canberra Times 5711:John Fairfax Group 5693:John Fairfax Group 5688:The Canberra Times 5564:John Fairfax Group 5519:(9 January 1989). 5471:(10 August 2012). 5200:. pp. 49–52. 5170:John Fairfax Group 5136:John Fairfax Group 5102:John Fairfax Group 5068:John Fairfax Group 5034:John Fairfax Group 4905:John Fairfax Group 4862:John Fairfax Group 4825:John Fairfax Group 4820:The Canberra Times 4563:John Fairfax Group 4528:, pp. 53–143. 1850: 1828:Land mines and UXO 1605: 1597: 1494: 1443: 1433:Return of refugees 1074: 1062: 852: 748:The Canberra Times 572:counter-insurgency 519:The next year the 271:Southern Africa – 227: 6364:1990 in Australia 6354:1989 in Australia 6296: 6295: 6258:Malayan Emergency 6243:Russian Civil War 6171:Media related to 6110:978-0-7923-0796-9 5939:"Resolution 2145" 5923:978-1-4568-5291-7 5886:978-99916-0-521-0 5811:. 11 April 1989f. 5713:. 11 April 1989. 5637:978-0-275-99214-9 5592:978-1-86287-395-7 5545:"Hansard, Senate" 5500:"Hansard, Senate" 5449:(10 April 2012). 5431:978-0-8108-6808-3 5380:978-0-8223-9066-4 5332:978-0-521-76587-9 5307:978-1-86812-167-0 5279:978-1-56072-653-1 5227:(6 March 1989a). 5007:978-0-415-35015-0 4936:978-0-8108-5494-9 4834:"Hansard, Senate" 4804:. Dr Klaus Dierks 4658:Chicago Sun-Times 4406:Younghusband 1989 4396:, pp. 50–51. 3899:, pp. 49–52. 3775:, pp. 91–96. 3301:, pp. 77–78. 2556:, pp. 70–71. 2325: 2324: 1915:, exacerbated by 1903:(manufactured by 1777:Cedric Thornberry 1749:peace enforcement 1717:Australian Senate 1713:Graham Richardson 1702:Secretary-General 1698:Nobel Peace Prize 1013:Flight Lieutenant 662:Tripartite Accord 584:Angolan Civil War 471:League of Nations 435: 434: 283: 282: 125: 124: 6376: 6179: 6170: 6156: 6137: 6114: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6086:on 10 April 2013 6085: 6078: 6066: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6023: 6019:"Resolution 632" 6014: 6012: 6010: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5979:"Resolution 435" 5974: 5972: 5970: 5959:"Resolution 264" 5954: 5952: 5950: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5906: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5842: 5827: 5812: 5797: 5796:. 9 April 1989e. 5782: 5781:. 6 April 1989d. 5767: 5766:. 5 April 1989c. 5752: 5751:. 6 April 1989b. 5737: 5722: 5696: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5661: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5620: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5575: 5548: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5512: 5503: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5485:on 21 April 2013 5484: 5477: 5464: 5463:on 16 June 2013. 5462: 5455: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5405:. Methuen Haynes 5393: 5384: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5311: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5249:. Archived from 5239:(5 April 1989). 5232: 5220: 5209: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4977:on 27 April 2012 4976: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4939:. Archived from 4928: 4916: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4796: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4761: 4750: 4740: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4683: 4674: 4669:. Archived from 4648: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4630:on 21 March 2012 4614: 4612: 4610: 4593: 4583: 4574: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4279:on 12 March 2020 4278: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4243:on 12 March 2020 4242: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4207:on 12 March 2020 4206: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3253:, p. xxiii. 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2643:, pp. i–ix. 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408:Hidipo Hamutenya 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2343: 1991: 1974:Operation Solace 1773:Marrack Goulding 1758:on 11 May 2013. 1753:Governor-General 1692: 1691: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1535:Service support: 1399:Defence Minister 1351: 1350: 1337: 1336: 1323: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1295: 1294: 1281: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1253: 1252: 1239: 1238: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1150: 1085:Official History 894:Official History 862:Dewan Prem Chand 847:Dewan Prem Chand 811:Official History 789: 775:Official History 705:Garfield Barwick 537:Omugulugwombashe 408: 407: 391: 373: 372: 371: 353: 352: 335: 334: 333: 318: 300: 299: 298: 262:As of April 1989 256: 255: 234: 192:Foreign Minister 156:Martti Ahtisaari 33: 21: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6369:1990 in Namibia 6299: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6186: 6164: 6159: 6140: 6117: 6111: 6098: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5845: 5830: 5826:. 9 July 1989g. 5815: 5800: 5785: 5770: 5755: 5740: 5725: 5699: 5684: 5672: 5662: 5658:Australian Army 5651: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5623: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5531: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5469:Morrison, David 5467: 5460: 5453: 5447:Morrison, David 5445: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5396: 5387: 5381: 5366: 5354: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5321:. Vol. 2. 5314: 5308: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5256: 5254: 5253:on 2 April 2015 5235: 5223: 5212: 5191: 5182: 5180: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5021: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4989: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4963: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4926: 4919: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4872: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4793:Australian Army 4783: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4743: 4720: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4689: 4686:Special Gazette 4681: 4677: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4631: 4617: 4608: 4606: 4596: 4586: 4577: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540:, pp. 3–4. 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4370:Thornberry 2004 4368: 4364: 4358:Thornberry 2004 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4067:Thornberry 2004 4065: 4061: 4053: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3465: 3457: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3263:Thornberry 2004 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3227:Thornberry 2004 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739:, pp. 200. 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2689:Thornberry 2004 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2617:Thornberry 2004 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2581:Thornberry 2004 2579: 2575: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2199:September 1989 2021:September 1988 1986: 1943: 1930: 1893: 1862:anti-tank mines 1830: 1810:M60 machine gun 1785: 1769: 1764: 1694: 1681: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1613:Opuwo airfield: 1585: 1524: 1515: 1482: 1435: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1210: 1205: 1152: 1148: 1124: 1094: 1077:Australian Army 1050: 1048:First ten years 1045: 926: 913: 890: 857: 839: 791: 787: 683: 666:UN headquarters 638: 632: 422: 416: 410: 402: 393: 369: 367: 365: 347: 331: 329: 327: 313: 309: 296: 294: 279: 246: 232: 219: 136:Australian Army 128: 120: 115: 101: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6382: 6380: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6163: 6162:External links 6160: 6158: 6157: 6144:The Australian 6138: 6115: 6109: 6096: 6067: 6058: 6038: 6015: 5995: 5975: 5955: 5935: 5922: 5907: 5898: 5885: 5867: 5843: 5828: 5813: 5798: 5783: 5768: 5753: 5738: 5723: 5697: 5682: 5649: 5636: 5630:. Bloomsbury. 5621: 5604: 5591: 5576: 5549: 5540: 5513: 5504: 5495: 5465: 5443: 5430: 5415: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5364: 5331: 5312: 5306: 5291: 5278: 5263: 5233: 5221: 5210: 5189: 5155: 5121: 5087: 5053: 5019: 5006: 4987: 4956: 4935: 4917: 4890: 4881: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4814: 4797: 4781: 4772: 4741: 4718: 4698: 4675: 4649: 4640: 4615: 4594: 4584: 4575: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4514:Catchlove 2002 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4432:, p. 112. 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4384:, p. 106. 4374: 4372:, p. 151. 4362: 4360:, p. 118. 4350: 4338: 4326: 4324:, p. 129. 4314: 4310:Morrison 2012b 4302: 4290: 4254: 4218: 4182: 4180:, p. 397. 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4130:Morrison 2012a 4119: 4107: 4105:, p. 141. 4095: 4093:, p. 140. 4083: 4081:, p. 134. 4071: 4069:, p. 322. 4059: 4057:, p. 125. 4042: 4040:, p. 124. 4030: 4018: 4016:, p. 123. 4006: 3994: 3992:, p. 119. 3982: 3970: 3958: 3956:, p. 109. 3946: 3944:, p. 107. 3934: 3932:, p. 133. 3913: 3901: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3711: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3668:Sitkowski 2006 3660: 3648: 3633: 3631:, p. 101. 3621: 3609: 3597: 3595:, p. 100. 3582: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3463: 3444: 3432: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3366: 3351: 3332: 3330:, p. 176. 3320: 3318:, p. 120. 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 162. 3255: 3243: 3231: 3229:, p. 172. 3219: 3207: 3205:, p. 102. 3195: 3180: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3126: 3105: 3093: 3078: 3066: 3047: 3045:, p. 143. 3035: 3023: 3011: 2996: 2984: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2804: 2802:, p. 224. 2792: 2788:Sitkowski 2006 2777: 2775:, p. 222. 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2691:, p. 344. 2681: 2669: 2665:Gleijeses 2007 2657: 2655:, p. 128. 2645: 2633: 2631:, p. 232. 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2530:Tsokodayi 2011 2522: 2510: 2498: 2494:Sitkowski 2006 2486: 2484:, p. 137. 2474: 2472:, p. 142. 2459: 2447: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2412: 2399: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2347: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2291:Nelson Mandela 2289:11 February – 2287: 2282: 2281:February 1990 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2249: 2246: 2237: 2236:November 1989 2233: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204:Force rotation 2200: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2047: 2042:14 February – 2038: 2037:February 1989 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1985: 1982: 1942: 1941:Other concerns 1939: 1929: 1926: 1892: 1889: 1866:Czechoslovakia 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1803: 1784: 1781: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1744:David Morrison 1684:|journal= 1659: 1657: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1627: 1617: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1558: 1551: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513:Force rotation 1511: 1481: 1478: 1464:and Engela in 1434: 1431: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1160:RAAF Learmonth 1140: 1123: 1120: 1115:Jocelyn Newman 1093: 1090: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1025: 1024: 993: 953: 952: 933: 925: 922: 912: 909: 889: 886: 856: 853: 838: 835: 779: 753:Andrew Peacock 717:Malcolm Fraser 709:Prime Minister 697:Robert Menzies 682: 679: 671:Resolution 632 634:Main article: 631: 628: 608:Nelson Mandela 574:unit known as 483:UN trusteeship 479:United Nations 433: 432: 399: 383: 382: 378: 377: 344: 290: 289: 285: 284: 281: 280: 270: 268: 264: 263: 260: 252: 251: 239: 238: 231: 228: 218: 215: 126: 123: 122: 117: 111: 110: 106: 105: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6381: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6228:Frontier wars 6226: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6082: 6075: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4803: 4798: 4795:. 4 May 2012. 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618:CEDA (2011). 4616: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4444:, p. 93. 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4420:, p. 87. 4419: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4348:, p. 32. 4347: 4342: 4339: 4336:, p. 86. 4335: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4028:, p. 36. 4027: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3864:, p. 99. 3863: 3858: 3855: 3852:, p. 96. 3851: 3846: 3843: 3840:, p. 94. 3839: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3724:, p. 91. 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3682:, p. 88. 3681: 3676: 3673: 3670:, p. 82. 3669: 3664: 3661: 3658:, p. 10. 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3607:, p. 89. 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3580:, p. 85. 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3565:, p. 84. 3564: 3559: 3556: 3553:, p. 79. 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541:, p. 46. 3540: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3478:, p. 78. 3477: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3461:, p. 77. 3460: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3442:, p. 76. 3441: 3436: 3433: 3430:, p. 75. 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3415:, p. 69. 3414: 3409: 3406: 3403:, p. 68. 3402: 3397: 3394: 3391:, p. 67. 3390: 3385: 3382: 3379:, p. 66. 3378: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3349:, p. 80. 3348: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3289:, p. 18. 3288: 3283: 3280: 3277:, p. 10. 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251:Fomerand 2007 3247: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2994:, p. 54. 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 45. 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2943:, p. 64. 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2926:, p. 63. 2925: 2920: 2917: 2914:, p. 62. 2913: 2908: 2905: 2902:, p. 13. 2901: 2896: 2893: 2890:, p. 59. 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2853:, p. 58. 2852: 2847: 2844: 2841:, p. 56. 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2817:, p. 55. 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2790:, p. 79. 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2751:, p. 10. 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619:, p. 26. 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2532:, p. 23. 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2508:, p. 29. 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496:, p. 84. 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2445:, p. 53. 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354:Gration, the 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2271:Convening of 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2211:October 1989 2210: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Machine guns: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1756:Quentin Bryce 1754: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:Nobel lecture 1706: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1676: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1390:Louis Pienaar 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1217: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1111:Jo Vallentine 1106: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003:(RNZE), five 1002: 998: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 957: 956: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 931: 930: 929: 923: 921: 917: 910: 908: 904: 902: 897: 895: 887: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874:Ken Gillespie 871: 867: 863: 854: 848: 843: 836: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 803: 801: 797: 790: 784: 778: 776: 772: 768: 766: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749: 744: 743: 738: 737: 732: 728: 725: 720: 718: 713: 712:Gough Whitlam 710: 706: 701: 698: 694: 690: 689: 680: 678: 674: 672: 667: 663: 658: 655: 651: 647: 643: 637: 629: 627: 625: 621: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 431: 427: 423: 420: 414: 406: 400: 398: 394: 390: 385: 384: 379: 376: 366: 364: 363:Supported by: 360: 356: 351: 345: 342: 338: 328: 325: 321: 317: 312: 311:Supported by: 307: 303: 292: 291: 286: 278: 274: 269: 266: 265: 261: 258: 257: 253: 250: 245: 240: 235: 229: 223: 216: 214: 212: 209: 205: 200: 195: 193: 190:(Australia's 189: 185: 181: 176: 175:raison d'être 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 127:Military unit 118: 112: 107: 104: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6248:World War II 6220: 6194: 6165: 6142: 6123: 6100: 6088:. Retrieved 6081:the original 6072: 6050:. Retrieved 6045: 6030:. Retrieved 6025: 6007:. Retrieved 6002: 5987:. Retrieved 5982: 5967:. Retrieved 5962: 5947:. Retrieved 5942: 5927:. Retrieved 5912: 5890:. Retrieved 5875: 5859:. Retrieved 5837:. Canberra: 5832: 5822:. Canberra: 5817: 5807:. Canberra: 5802: 5792:. Canberra: 5787: 5777:. Canberra: 5772: 5762:. Canberra: 5757: 5747:. Canberra: 5742: 5732:. Canberra: 5727: 5704: 5695:. p. 7. 5691:. Canberra: 5686: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5626: 5596:. Retrieved 5581: 5557: 5532:. Retrieved 5487:. Retrieved 5480:the original 5458:the original 5435:. Retrieved 5420: 5407:. Retrieved 5402: 5369: 5336:. Retrieved 5317: 5296: 5283:. Retrieved 5268: 5255:. Retrieved 5251:the original 5241: 5214: 5194:Good Weekend 5193: 5181:. Retrieved 5163: 5147:. Retrieved 5129: 5113:. Retrieved 5095: 5079:. Retrieved 5061: 5045:. Retrieved 5027: 5011:. Retrieved 4992: 4979:. Retrieved 4972:the original 4967: 4948:. Retrieved 4941:the original 4922: 4898: 4873:. Retrieved 4855: 4823:. Canberra: 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4802:"Chronology" 4784: 4776: 4764:. Retrieved 4757:the original 4752: 4728:The Guardian 4726: 4710:. Retrieved 4705: 4690:. Retrieved 4685: 4671:the original 4656: 4632:. Retrieved 4628:the original 4623: 4607:. Retrieved 4602: 4588: 4556: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281:. Retrieved 4274:the original 4269: 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4238:the original 4233: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4202:the original 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3968:, p. 3. 3961: 3949: 3937: 3904: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3823:, p. 8. 3816: 3809:The Age 1989 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3748:, p. 9. 3741: 3736:, p. 1. 3729: 3694:, p. 9. 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3558: 3546: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3435: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3323: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3217:, p. 1. 3210: 3198: 3193:, p. 1. 3156: 3144: 3139:, p. 1. 3124:, p. 6. 3122:Crocker 1991 3096: 3089:Sampson 1989 3074:Condell 2003 3069: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2987: 2967:, p. 2. 2960: 2948: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2795: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2737:Wellens 1990 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2605:Sibeene 2009 2600: 2595:, p. i. 2588: 2583:, p. 9. 2576: 2549: 2544:, p. 9. 2537: 2525: 2520:, p. 1. 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2457:, p. 7. 2455:Crocker 1991 2450: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2363: 2350: 2341: 2315:independence 2006:August 1988 1987: 1962: 1948: 1944: 1931: 1921:ground plane 1894: 1874: 1851: 1819: 1805: 1791: 1786: 1770: 1741: 1721: 1695: 1675:cite journal 1666: 1661: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1629: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1577: 1571: 1560: 1553: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1504: 1495: 1474: 1470: 1458:Klaus Dierks 1455: 1444: 1427: 1407: 1395: 1386: 1370: 1257:Grootfontein 1192: 1181: 1169:Grootfontein 1164:Diego Garcia 1153: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1125: 1107: 1095: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1026: 954: 927: 918: 914: 905: 898: 893: 891: 858: 810: 808: 804: 792: 786: 781: 774: 769: 761: 746: 740: 736:The Bulletin 734: 731:peacekeeping 721: 702: 693:David Horner 686: 684: 675: 659: 639: 616: 604:Magnus Malan 588:Soviet Union 580: 562:(FAPLA) and 554:(SWATF) and 549: 518: 491: 475:World War II 459:South Africa 439:rich history 436: 401: 386: 362: 355:South Africa 346: 310: 293: 288:Belligerents 242:Part of the 196: 188:Gareth Evans 174: 168: 144:peacekeeping 131: 129: 86:Part of 18: 6268:Vietnam War 6238:World War I 5856:Nobel Prize 5674:|work= 5529:Nobel Prize 5356:|work= 4526:Horner 2011 4442:Horner 2011 4430:Horner 2011 4418:Horner 2011 4382:Horner 2011 4334:Horner 2011 4322:Horner 2011 4103:Horner 2011 4091:Horner 2011 4079:Horner 2011 4055:Horner 2011 4038:Horner 2011 4014:Horner 2011 4002:Horner 2011 3990:Horner 2011 3954:Horner 2011 3942:Horner 2011 3930:Horner 2011 3874:Dierks 1989 3862:Horner 2011 3850:Horner 2011 3838:Horner 2011 3773:Horner 2011 3761:Dowden 1989 3722:Horner 2011 3707:Steele 1989 3680:Horner 2011 3605:Horner 2011 3593:Horner 2011 3578:Horner 2011 3563:Horner 2011 3551:Horner 2011 3476:Horner 2011 3459:Horner 2011 3440:Horner 2011 3428:Horner 2011 3413:Horner 2011 3401:Horner 2011 3389:Horner 2011 3377:Horner 2011 3347:Horner 2011 3316:Horner 2011 3299:Horner 2011 3203:Horner 2011 3191:Hawke 1989b 3137:Forbes 1989 3043:Horner 2011 2992:Horner 2011 2980:Horner 2011 2941:Horner 2011 2924:Horner 2011 2912:Horner 2011 2900:Killen 1985 2888:Horner 2011 2851:Horner 2011 2839:Horner 2011 2815:Horner 2011 2653:Joseph 2007 2641:George 2005 2629:Hooper 1988 2593:George 2005 2554:Horner 2011 2482:Horner 2011 2470:Horner 2011 2443:Horner 2011 2395:Otjiwarongo 2300:April 1990 2093:April 1989 2078:31 March – 2063:March 1989 1402:Kim Beazley 1184:Land Rovers 1037:Nick Warner 650:Brazzaville 624:recruitment 463:World War I 409:April 1989: 392:April 1989: 211:Ban Ki-moon 186:, wrote to 164:Vietnam War 146:mission to 94:Decorations 73:Engineering 6303:Categories 6253:Korean War 6026:Resolution 5983:Resolution 5963:Resolution 5943:Resolution 5237:Hawke, Bob 5225:Hawke, Bob 4538:Sowry 1992 4394:Sowry 1992 4346:Sowry 1992 4026:Sowry 1992 3785:Hearn 1999 3629:Hearn 1999 3539:Sowry 1992 3328:Sawer 2001 3287:Sowry 1992 3275:Sowry 1992 3215:Sowry 1992 2800:Hearn 1999 2773:Hearn 1999 2749:Hearn 1999 2542:Sowry 1992 2518:Hearn 1999 2328:References 2311:government 2227:Owamboland 2172:July 1989 2154:June 1989 1870:Yugoslavia 1853:Land mines 1838:Owamboland 1650:Kwang Tung 1608:included: 1548:Hereroland 1544:Ovamboland 1466:Ovamboland 1373:Lieutenant 1355:Walvis Bay 1203:Operations 1197:Walvis Bay 1177:Boeing 707 1156:C-5 Galaxy 1092:Activation 1058:C-5 Galaxy 1017:Lieutenant 997:Townsville 831:East Timor 815:Korean War 800:bipartisan 757:Jim Killen 506:Portuguese 443:Portuguese 217:Background 116:commanders 109:Commanders 6153:1038-8761 6134:0362-4331 5719:0312-6307 5676:ignored ( 5666:cite book 5572:0312-6315 5358:ignored ( 5348:cite book 5206:0312-6315 5196:(Print). 5178:0312-6315 5144:0312-6315 5110:0312-6315 5076:0312-6315 5042:0312-6315 4998:Routledge 4913:0312-6307 4870:0312-6315 4737:0261-3077 4712:13 August 4692:13 August 4667:1553-8478 4609:13 August 4571:0312-6315 3797:Wren 1989 3101:RUSI 1989 2953:CEDA 2011 2506:Mays 2011 2427:Citations 2333:Footnotes 2124:May 1989 1917:skip zone 1901:HF radios 1842:Ongwediva 1546:and West 1540:Kaokoland 1462:Ongwediva 1419:Oshikango 1410:Pik Botha 1285:Ongwediva 1011:officer ( 802:support. 771:Bob Hawke 727:battalion 691:, author 594:-led the 451:colonised 447:Diogo Cão 445:explorer 199:apartheid 52:Disbanded 47:1989–1990 6283:Iraq War 6273:Gulf War 6233:Boer War 6052:21 April 5929:3 August 5892:28 April 5873:(2004). 5861:13 March 5643:1 August 5617:Archived 5534:13 March 5489:19 April 5297:Koevoet! 5257:15 March 5183:17 April 5149:17 April 5115:17 April 5081:17 April 5047:4 August 5013:28 April 4950:28 April 4875:17 April 4808:4 August 4789:Canberra 4283:30 March 4247:30 March 4211:30 March 2257:Ondangwa 2243:Ondangwa 2051:Windhoek 1800:doctrine 1499:caravans 1423:Oshikuku 1377:Oshakati 1341:Windhoek 1313:Ondangwa 1299:Oshakati 988:and the 951:Workshop 866:Windhoek 819:Cambodia 724:infantry 504:(MPLA) ( 494:Cold War 473:. 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