1054:
disrupting traditional
Indigenous food-gathering activities, and subsequently followed the pattern of European invasion in Australia for the next 150 years. Whilst the reactions of the Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden invasion by the British were varied, they became hostile when their presence led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of their lands. European diseases decimated Indigenous populations, and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation. By and large neither the Europeans nor the Indigenous peoples approached the conflict in an organised sense, with the conflict more one between groups of colonisers and individual Indigenous groups rather than systematic warfare, even if at times it did involve British soldiers and later formed mounted police units. Not all Indigenous Australians resisted European encroachment on their lands either, whilst many also served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes. Colonisers in turn often reacted with violence, resulting in a number of indiscriminate
966:
survival of the groups. Such battles were usually fought to settle grievances between groups, and could take some time to prepare. Ritual trials involved the application of customary law to one or more members of a group who had committed a crime such as murder or assault. Weapons were used to inflict injury, and the criminal was expected to stand their ground and accept the punishment. Some
Aboriginal men had effective property rights over women and raids for women were essentially about transferring property from one group to another to ensure the survival of a group through women's food-gathering and childbearing roles. The final type of Aboriginal traditional warfare described by Hale was the revenge attack, undertaken by one group against another to punish the group for the actions of one of its members, such as a murder. In some cases these involved sneaking into the opposition camp at night and silently killing one or more members of the group.
771:
1095:, in the main, the indigenous peoples failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans, and although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms, this was not widespread. In reality, the Indigenous peoples were never a serious military threat, regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them. On occasions large groups attacked Europeans in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued, during which the Aboriginal residents would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage. This could sometimes be effective, with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents, waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their spears whilst settlers reloaded. Usually, however, such open warfare proved more costly for the Indigenous Australians than the Europeans.
950:
ongoing basis, with great rivalries being maintained over extended periods of time. The aims and methods of traditional
Aboriginal warfare arose from their small autonomous social groupings. The fighting of a war to conquer enemy territory was not only beyond the resources of any of these Aboriginal groupings, it was contrary to a culture that was based on spiritual connections to a specific territory. Consequently, conquering another group's territory may have been seen to be of little benefit. Ultimately, traditional Aboriginal warfare was aimed at continually asserting the superiority of one's own group over its neighbours, rather than conquering, destroying or displacing neighbouring groups. As the explorer
1183:
1837:
during
Queensland's frontier wars being no less than 66,680βwith Aboriginal fatalities alone comprising no less than 65,180βwhereas the hitherto commonly accepted minimum overall continental deaths had previously been 20,000. The 66,680 covers Native Police and settler-inflicted fatalities on Aboriginal people, but also a calculated estimate for Aboriginal inflicted casualties on whites settlers and their associates. The continental death toll of Europeans and associates has previously been roughly estimated as between 2,000 and 2,500, yet there is now evidence that Queensland alone accounted for an estimated 1,500 of these fatal frontier casualties.
1690:, which was readily accessible by sea from Adelaide, became an early new settlement. A small number of shepherds began to steal land that was home to a large Aboriginal population. Deaths on both sides occurred and settlers demanded better protection. Police and soldiers were sent to the Eyre Peninsula but were often ineffective due to the size of the area and the number of isolated settlements. By the mid-1840s, after conflicts sometimes involving large numbers of Aboriginal people, the greater lethality of the white people's weapons had an effect. Several alleged leaders of attacks by Aboriginal people were tried and executed in Adelaide.
2036:
1912:
583:, described by Cook as "a small village". Two Dharawal men made threatening gestures and threw a stone at Cook's party. Cook then ordered "a musket to be fired with small-shot" and the elder of the two was hit in a leg. This caused the two Dharawal men to run to their huts and seize their spears and shields. Subsequently, a single spear was thrown toward the British party, which "happily hurt nobody". This then caused Cook to order "the third musket with small-shots" to be fired, "upon which one of them threw another lance and both immediately ran away".
42:
1972:. Some studies give evidence of some 1,500 whites and associates (meaning Aboriginal servants, as well as Chinese, Melanesian, and other non-Europeans) killed on the Queensland frontier during the 19th century, while others suggest that upwards of 65,000 Aboriginal people were killed, with sections of Central and North Queensland witnessing particularly heavy fighting. 65,000 is, of course, an estimate, and notably much higher than the more commonly-held belief of a national minimum of 20,000 colonial Aboriginal casualties.
212:
1381:
636:
settlers, as well as
Indigenous Australians, were killed on the Queensland frontier than in any other Australian colony. The reason is simple, and is reflected in all evidence and sources dealing with this subject: there were more Aboriginal people in Queensland. The territory of Queensland was the single most populated section of pre-contact Indigenous Australia, reflected not only in all pre-contact population estimates but also in the mapping of pre-contact Australia (see Horton's
1119:, becoming available. These weapons, when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of Indigenous Australians, often proved successful. The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast-moving, often hidden enemies. Strategies employed included night-time surprise attacks, and positioning forces to drive Aboriginal people off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks.
1427:
1586:
370:
170:
1128:
337:
326:
315:
304:
128:
359:
348:
187:
141:
1632:
1021:
1817:
3490:(1897), relying on local memories: "The black men were killed by dozens, and their corpses lined the route of march of the avengers. ... On the sand patch near Mininup, skeletons and skulls of natives reported to have been killed in 1841 are still to be found. ... Surviving natives held the place in such terror that they would not go near to give the burial of the corpses. Even now natives refuse to disturb the bones.":
561:
229:
1075:
5839:
381:
153:
1468:" ten percent of the colony's male civilian population were mobilised and marched across the settled districts in company with police and soldiers in an attempt to clear Indigenous Australians from the area. While few Indigenous people were captured, the operation discouraged the Indigenous raiding parties, and they gradually agreed to leave their land for a reservation which had been established at
1805:
2163:
1788:
their ferocity, and their cunning render them peculiarly formidable, and the outrages of which they are daily and nightly guilty, and which they accomplish generally with impunity and success, may, we fear, lead to a still more distressing state of things, unless some measures, prompt and effective, be immediately taken to prevent matters coming to that unhappy crisis.
1669:
bible. There was also great difficulty in translation. The intentions of those establishing and leading the new colony soon came into conflict with the fears of
Aboriginal people and the new settlers. "In South Australia, as across Australia's other colonies, the failure to adequately deal with Aboriginal rights to land was fundamental to the violence that followed."
5851:
1828:, owing to its comparatively large Indigenous population. This point is emphasised in a 2011 study by Γrsted-Jensen, which by use of two different sources calculated that colonial Queensland must have accounted for upwards of one-third and close to forty percent of the Indigenous population of the pre-contact Australian continent.
1683:
police party apprehended a number of
Aboriginal people; two men were implicated, tried by a tribunal from members of the expedition, found guilty, and hanged. There was a vigorous debate in the colony between those approving the immediate punishment for the massacre and those condemning this form of justice outside the normal law.
1481:
1143:, in Australia during the colonial period: "In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings. Even worse, smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralization".
1930:
and
Hodgkinson River goldfields, with heavy loss of Aboriginal lives and several well-known massacres. Battle Camp and Cape Bedford belong among the best-known massacres of Aboriginal people in the Cook district, but they were certainly not the only ones. The Cape Bedford massacre on 20 February 1879
1836:
alone as no less than 24,000. In July 2014, Evans, in cooperation with the Danish historian Robert Γrsted-Jensen, presented the first-ever attempt to use statistical modeling and a database covering no less than 644 collisions gathered from primary sources, and ended up with total fatalities suffered
1682:
was wrecked at Cape Jaffa, on the southeast coast. A search party found that all 26 survivors of the wreck had been massacred. The
Governor summoned the Executive Council under martial law and a police party was sent to the district to deliver summary justice against the local Indigenous people. The
1323:
on 14 August 1824 to end "the
Slaughter of Black Women and Children, and unoffending White Men". It remained in force until 11 December 1824, when it was proclaimed that "the judicious and humane Measures pursued by the Magistrates assembled at Bathurst have restored Tranquillity without Bloodshed".
1040:
established Sydney on 26 January 1788. The local Indigenous people became suspicious when the British began to clear land and catch fish, and in May 1788 five convicts were killed and an Indigenous man was wounded. The British grew increasingly concerned when groups of up to three hundred Indigenous
965:
identified four types of Australian Aboriginal traditional warfare; formal battles, ritual trials, raids for women, and revenge attacks. Formal battles involved fighting between two groups of warriors, which ended after a few warriors had been killed or wounded, due to the need to ensure the ongoing
949:
According to the historian John Connor, traditional Aboriginal warfare should be examined on its own terms and not by definitions of war derived from other societies. Aboriginal people did not have distinct ideas of war and peace, and traditional warfare was common, taking place between groups on an
2060:
wrote that historians' failure to include Indigenous Australians in histories of Australia or acknowledge the Frontier Wars constituted a "great Australian silence". Works which discussed the conflicts began to appear during the 1970s and 1980s, and the first history of the Australian frontier told
1831:
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of Indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest
1656:
It is also, at this time especially, my duty to apprize the Colonists of my resolution, to take every lawful means of extending the same protection to the native population as to the rest of His Majesty's Subjects, and of my firm determination to punish with exemplary severity, all acts of violence
2145:
announced the Memorial's governing council would work towards a "much broader, a much deeper depiction and presentation of the violence committed against Indigenous people, initially by British, then by pastoralists, then by police, and then by Aboriginal militia". In response to the announcement,
2022:
in 1869 and attempts by pastoralists to occupy Indigenous land led to conflict. This fighting continued into the 20th century, and was driven by reprisals against European deaths and the pastoralists' desire to secure the land they had stolen from Indigenous people. At least 31 Indigenous men were
1840:
The European settlement of what is now Queensland commenced as the Moreton Bay penal settlement from September 1824. It was initially located at Redcliffe but moved south to Brisbane River a year later. Free settlement began in 1838, with settlement rapidly expanding in a great rush to take up the
1672:
Soon after the colony was established, large numbers of sheep and cattle were brought overland from the eastern colonies. There were many instances of conflict between Aboriginal people and the drovers, with the former desiring the protection of the Country and the latter quick to shoot to protect
1668:
The designation of the Aboriginal population as British citizens gave them rights and responsibilities of which they had no knowledge and ignored existing Aboriginal customary law. However, Aboriginal people could not testify in court, since, not being Christians, they could not swear an oath on a
1664:
declared in 1840 that Aboriginal people "have exercised distinct, defined, and absolute right or proprietary and hereditary possession ... from time immemorial". The Governor ordered land to be set aside for the Aboriginal population, but there was bitter opposition from settlers who insisted on a
1569:
were strained to the point of violence, resulting in several Aboriginal deaths. In June 1841, George Layman was speared to death by Wardandi Elder Gaywal. According to one source, Layman had got involved in an argument between Gaywal and another Wardandi person over their allocation of damper, and
1340:
I felt it necessary to augment the Detachment at Bathurst to 75 men who were divided into various small parties, each headed by a Magistrate who proceeded in different directions in towards the interior of the Country ... This system of keeping these unfortunate People in a constant state of alarm
607:
The British Government decided to establish a prison colony in Australia in 1786. The law system practiced by Indigenous Australians was not necessarily understood or recognised in any official respect by settlers (language barriers made communication extremely difficult), and the English-speaking
1787:
We, the undersigned, settlers, and inhabitants of the district of Port Fairy, beg respectfully to represent to your Honor the great and increasing want of security to life and property which exists here at present, in consequence of the absence of any protection against the natives. Their number,
1086:
Opinions differ on whether to depict the conflict as one-sided and mainly perpetrated by Europeans on Indigenous Australians or not. Although tens of thousands more Indigenous Australians died than Europeans, some cases of mass killing were not massacres but quasi-military defeats, and the higher
635:
from 1803 onward. Since then the population density of non-Indigenous people has remained highest in this region of the Australian continent. However, conflict with Aboriginal people was never as intense and bloody in the south-eastern colonies as in Queensland and the continent's northeast. More
1693:
The experience of the Port Lincoln settlement on the Eyre Peninsula was repeated in the South East of the state and in the north as settlers encroached on the Aboriginal population. The government attempted to apply the sentiments of the state's proclamation, but the contradictions between these
1098:
Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms, but the advantages this afforded have often been overstated. Prior to the 19th century, firearms were often cumbersome muzzle-loading, smooth-bore, single shot weapons with flint-lock mechanisms. Such weapons produced a low rate of
1570:
had pulled Gaywal's beard, which was considered a grave insult. According to another source, Layman had hired two of Gaywal's wives to work on his farm and would not let them go back to their husbands. A manhunt for Layman's killer went on for several weeks, involving much bloodshed as Captain
1053:
During the 1790s and early 19th century the British occupied areas along the Australian coastline. These settlements initially occupied small amounts of land, and there was little conflict between the colonisers and Indigenous peoples. Fighting broke out when the settlements expanded, however,
954:
observed in 1845, whilst Aboriginal culture was "so varied in detail", it was "similar in general outline and character", and Connor observes that there were sufficient similarities in weapons and warfare of these groups to allow generalisations about traditional Aboriginal warfare to be made.
3996:
Queensland State Archives A/49714 no 6449 of 1884 (report); QPG re 13 July 1884, Vol 21:213; 21 July 1884 β COL/A395/84/5070; Q 16 August 1884, p253; 20 August 1884 Inquest JUS/N108/84/415; POL/?/84/6449; 15 Queensland Figaro November 1884 and Queensland State Archives A/49714, letter 9436 of
1006:
Available weapons had a significant influence over the tactics used during traditional Aboriginal warfare. The limitations of spears and clubs meant that surprise was paramount during raids for women and revenge attacks, and encouraged ambushing and night attacks. These tactics were offset by
994:
While the selection and design of weapons varied from group to group, Aboriginal warriors used a combination of melee and missile weapons in traditional warfare. Spears, clubs and shields were commonly used in hand-to-hand fighting, with different types of shields favoured during exchanges of
766:
All evidence suggests that the territory of Queensland had a pre-contact Indigenous population density more than double that of New South Wales, at least six times that of Victoria, and at least twenty times that of Tasmania. Equally, there are signs that the population density of Indigenous
1041:
people were sighted at the outskirts of the colony in June. Despite this, Phillip attempted to avoid conflict, and forbade reprisals after being speared in 1790. He did, however, authorise two punitive expeditions in December 1790 after his huntsman was killed by an Indigenous warrior named
1643:
South Australia was settled in 1836 with no convicts and a unique plan for settlers to purchase land in advance of their arrival, which was intended to ensure a balance of landowners and farm workers in the colony. The Colonial Office was very conscious of the recent history of the earlier
1138:
Fighting between Indigenous Australians and European settlers was localised, as Indigenous groups did not form confederations capable of sustained resistance. Conflict emerged as a series of violent engagements, and massacres across the continent. According to the historian
2150:
said, "In the making of our series, we worked closely with the War Memorial ... I never saw this coming. I thought, 'Maybe in a generation'... but not right now ... It is a watershed moment in Australian history. It can't be underestimated, the change that this heralds."
1960:, however, with Indigenous raiders attacking sheep and cattle while native police mounted punitive expeditions. Two reports from 1884 and 1889 written by one of the prime combatants of the Kalkadoons, Sub-inspector of Native Police (later Queensland Police Commissioner)
1861:
was virtually under siege. Both sides committed atrocities, with settlers poisoning a large number of Indigenous people, for example at Kilcoy on the South Burnett in 1842 and on Whiteside near Brisbane in 1847, and Indigenous warriors killing 19 settlers during the
1087:
death toll was also caused by the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by Europeans. Indigenous tactics varied, but were mainly based on pre-existing hunting and fighting practicesβutilizing spears, clubs and other simple weapons. Unlike the cases with the
643:
The Indigenous population distribution illustrated below is based on two independent sources, firstly on two population estimates made by anthropologists and a social historian in 1930 and in 1988, and secondly on the basis of the distribution of known tribal land.
596:). However, terra nullius was not part of British law at the time and Cook was instructed only to take possession of land if he found it uninhabited. Nevertheless, Cook took possession of the east coast of New Holland for Britain on 22 August 1770 when on
1964:
described how he and his detachment pursued and killed up to 150 Aboriginal people in just three or four so-called "dispersals" (he provided numbers up to about 80 of these killings, the rest was just described without estimating the actual toll).
2549:(2 revised edition, Redfern NSW 1988, page 41). Column three, however, is calculated on the basis of the "Aboriginal Australia" map, published by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), Canberra 1994.
2537:, pp. 10β11 & 15. Column one is the distribution percentage calculated on the estimates gathered and publicized in 1930 (Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia XXIII, 1930, pp 672, 687β696) by the social anthropologist
1534:
The Noongar nation, forced from traditional hunting grounds and denied access to sacred sites, turned to stealing settlers' crops and killing livestock to survive. In 1831 a Noongar person was murdered for taking potatoes; this resulted in
1099:
fire, whilst suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres (160 ft). These deficiencies may have given the Aboriginal residents some advantages, allowing them to move in close and engage with spears or
7171:
1657:
or injustice which may in any manner be practiced or attempted against the natives, who are to be considered as much under the Safeguard of the law as the Colonists themselves, and equally entitled to the privileges of British Subjects.
1190:
Frontier encounters in Australia were not universally negative. Positive accounts of Aboriginal customs and encounters are also recorded in the journals of early European explorers, who often relied on Aboriginal guides and assistance:
3786:
Evans, Raymond & ΓrstedβJensen, Robert: 'I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed': Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier" (paper at AHA 9 July 2014 at University of Queensland) publisher Social Science Research
767:
Australia was comparatively higher in the north-eastern sections of New South Wales, and along the northern coast from the Gulf of Carpentaria and westward including certain sections of the Northern Territory and Western Australia.
7151:
942:
1925:
reported that "Not long ago 120 aboriginals disappeared on two occasions forever from the native records". Frontier violence peaked on the northern mining frontier during the 1870s, most notably in Cook district and on the
3225:
2131:. These historians argue that the fighting should be commemorated at the Memorial as it involved large numbers of Indigenous Australians and paramilitary Australian units. In September 2022, after the premiere of the
1272:
in 1816. This detachment patrolled the Hawkesbury Valley and ended the conflict by killing 14 Indigenous Australians in an ambush on their campsite. Indigenous Australians led by Pemulwuy also conducted raids around
1895:
The largest reasonably well-documented massacres in southeast Queensland were the Kilcoy and Whiteside poisonings, each of which was said to have taken up to 70 Aboriginal lives by use of a gift of flour laced with
6954:
5691:
1612:
was killed in 1897. Sporadic conflict continued in northern Western Australia until the 1920s, with a Royal Commission held in 1926 finding that at least eleven Indigenous Australians had been murdered in the
2088:. These works argued that there had not been prolonged frontier warfare in Australia, and that historians had in some instances fabricated evidence of fighting. Windschuttle's claims led to the so-called "
1945:), conveyed a report from a "gentleman, on whose words reliance can be placed" that he had after just "one of these raids ... counted as many as seventy-five natives dead or dying upon the ground".
7262:
1454:"), and in some districts farmers were forced to fortify their houses. Over 50 British were killed between 1828 and 1830 in what was the "most successful Aboriginal resistance in Australia's history".
1150:
of 1932β34 saw one of the last incidents of violent interaction on the "frontier" of indigenous and non-indigenous Australia, which began when the spearing of Japanese poachers who had been molesting
5211:
6882:
770:
41:
7166:
3502:
Kimberly gives no more precise number. More recent sources quote a number of 250 to 300, though none of these appear to be supported anywhere other than the oral history of unknown origin.
1783:
requesting the government improve security from "outrages committed by natives" and listing many incidents of conflict and economic warfare. An excerpt of the letter printed on 10 June:
7141:
991:, and every initiated male became a warrior. Women were sometimes participants in warfare as warriors and as encouragers on the sidelines of formal battles, but more often as victims.
1400:, with 16 British and up to 500 Indigenous Australians being killed between 1832 and 1838. The violence in this region included several massacres of Indigenous people, including the
3885:
1874:
and his group of warriors ambushed one group of settlers, routing them and subsequently others in the skirmishes which followed, starting in retaliation for the Kilcoy poisoning.
7176:
5889:
4762:(Estimates of 19th century Aboriginal Frontier death toll, see "Part One, Massacres" chapter 1, The Country Has Another Past: Queensland and the History Wars by Raymond Evans).
1345:
their great and most warlike Chieftain has been with me to receive his pardon and that He, with most of His Tribe, attended the annual conference held here on the 28th Novr....
1007:
counter-measures such as regularly changing campsites, being prepared to extinguish camp-fires at short notice, and posting parties of warriors to cover the escape of raiders.
3189:
7161:
5789:
1845:, Logan and Brisbane Valley and South Burnett onwards from 1840, in many cases leading to widespread fighting and heavy loss of life. The conflict later spread north to the
1154:
women was followed by the killing of a policeman. As the crisis unfolded, national opinion swung behind the Aboriginal people involved, and the first appeal on behalf of an
5204:
3463:
There are no official records of the massacre and sources suggest anywhere from five to 300 were killed. A newspaper report of the time states that only five were killed:
5183:
1931:
alone was reported to have taken as many as 28 lives, this was retaliation for the injuring (but not killing) of two white "cedar-getters" from Cooktown. In January 1879
1900:. Central Queensland was particularly hard hit during the 1860s and 1870s, several contemporary writers mention the Skull Hole, Bladensburg, or Mistake Creek massacre on
1543:
argued that Yagan was defending his land from invasion and therefore should be treated as a prisoner of war. The argument was successful and the three men were exiled to
7156:
4914:
Clark, Ian D.; Cahir, Fred; Wilkie, Benjamin; Tout, Dan; Clark, Jidah (27 May 2022). "Aboriginal Use of Fire as a Weapon in Colonial Victoria: A Preliminary Analysis".
7257:
7146:
3470:
3437:
2103:. The Memorial argues that the Australian frontier fighting is outside its charter as it did not involve Australian military forces. This position is supported by the
6539:
4735:
1832:
number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. In 2009 professor Raymond Evans calculated the Indigenous fatalities caused by the
1539:
killing a servant of the household, as was the response permitted under Noongar law. In 1832 Yagan and two others were arrested and sentenced to death, but settler
1952:
held settlers out of Western Queensland for ten years until September 1884 when they attacked a force of settlers and native police at Battle Mountain near modern
5665:
5102:
7232:
7227:
7222:
5197:
1757:, killing tens of thousands of sheep. Large numbers of British settlers arrived in Victoria during the 1840s and rapidly outnumbered the Indigenous population.
4324:
933:βalso had an impact, significantly reducing their numbers and tribal cohesion, and so limiting their ability to adapt to or resist invasion and dispossession.
4654:
7181:
1665:
right to choose the best land. Eventually, the land was available to Aboriginal people only if it promoted their "Christianisation" and they became farmers.
5809:
2189:
1890:
1626:
6509:
5685:
7122:
5814:
2104:
898:
6990:
6112:
5882:
3272:
1269:
1182:
7191:
5706:
4296:
2053:
Armed resistance to British invasion was generally given little attention by historians until the 1970s, and was not regarded as a "war". In 1968
1174:
were commencing their campaigns for Aboriginal rights within the established Australian political system and the age of frontier conflict closed.
6972:
1743:
of which at least seven white settlers were killed, marked the beginning of the frontier conflict in the colony which lasted for fifteen years.
575:
made the first voyage by the British along the Australian east coast. On 29 April, Cook and a small landing party fired on a group of the local
6305:
4755:
4668:
4643:
4516:
4385:
3355:
3026:
2764:
983:
Traditional Aboriginal warfare was also universal, as the entire community participated in warfare, boys learnt to fight by playing with toy
7062:
5168:
3080:
535:
7112:
6335:
6148:
5057:
2168:
1992:
1524:
6978:
6912:
3400:
1673:
themselves and their flocks. One expedition leader (Buchanan) recorded at least six conflicts and the deaths of eight Aboriginal people.
893:
The effects of disease, loss of hunting grounds and starvation of the Aboriginal population were significant. There are indications that
5875:
4301:
4269:
374:
191:
6190:
4101:
3342:
3013:
2751:
6791:
6136:
5985:
5855:
7272:
7217:
5843:
5141:
5086:
5065:
5042:
5016:
4997:
4978:
4826:
4807:
4724:
4705:
4620:
4597:
4558:
4489:
4464:
4415:
3199:
2959:
6015:
5819:
4947:
Surviving New England: a history of Aboriginal resistance & resilience through the first forty years of the colonial apocalypse
1396:
From the 1830s settlers spread rapidly through inland eastern Australia, leading to widespread conflict. War took place across the
4273:
2035:
7008:
3302:
2281:
1956:. The subsequent battle of Battle Mountain ended in disaster for the Kalkadoon, who suffered heavy losses. Fighting continued in
1571:
1528:
1357:
475:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7056:
6641:
5973:
4956:
4131:
2182:
6996:
6268:
5670:
1877:
Queensland's Native Police Force was formed by the Government of New South Wales in 1848, under the well-connected Commandant
7117:
6353:
5937:
5716:
5696:
5680:
4849:
4841:
4784:
4770:
4535:
4441:
4360:
3347:
3085:
3018:
2942:
2756:
2457:
2194:
2067:
1551:
1353:
1260:
west of Sydney. Some of these settlements were established by soldiers as a means of providing security to the region. Local
976:
the fact that their non-hierarchical social order militated against one leader combining many groups into a single force; and
926:
597:
470:
46:
1225:
7252:
7092:
6449:
6437:
6425:
6395:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6341:
6317:
5439:
5276:
4916:
4237:
3645:
3442:
3268:
3174:
3154:
2046:
1911:
1594:
1521:
1315:
warriors, who killed or wounded stock-keepers and stock and were subjected to retaliatory killings. In response, Governor
1644:
occupations in the eastern states, where there was a significant conflict with the Aboriginal population. On the initial
6707:
6377:
5919:
5899:
5366:
5111:
4904:
4179:
3194:
1325:
648:
The distribution of the pre-contact Indigenous population when imposed on the current Australian states and territories
609:
6894:
6846:
6232:
5772:
5162:
2132:
2045:
commemorates Indigenous Australians who lost their lives defending Country since 1788, and has been on display at the
1987:
The British made three early attempts to establish military outposts in northern Australia. The initial settlement at
1878:
1636:
1274:
1036:
Initial peaceful relations between Indigenous Australians and Europeans began to be strained several months after the
174:
6431:
4297:"The Australian War Memorial's promise of a 'deeper depiction' of the frontier wars signals an important new chapter"
1434:
during the Black War implying a policy of friendship and equal justice for white settlers and Indigenous Australians.
1574:, the Bussell brothers, and troops murdered unknown numbers of Aboriginal residents in what has become known as the
6455:
6383:
6323:
6172:
5721:
5420:
5306:
5294:
5234:
4766:
4697:
4660:
4635:
4612:
2934:
2062:
2019:
2000:
1714:
1389:
1308:
1251:
1079:
3854:
3405:
6713:
6100:
6027:
5943:
5264:
5252:
5178:
4057:
3486:
1961:
1927:
1497:
1286:
145:
6725:
921:
and their livestock. Other diseases hitherto unknown in the Indigenous populationβsuch as the common cold, flu,
7104:
6966:
6779:
6611:
6599:
6569:
6311:
6003:
5997:
5675:
5487:
5469:
5451:
5408:
5402:
5348:
5336:
4575:
4127:"A plethora of intentions: genocide, settler colonialism and historical consciousness in Australia and Britain"
2092:" in which historians debated the extent of the conflict between Indigenous Australians and European settlers.
1863:
1833:
1809:
1747:
1131:
1103:. However, by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage, with the six-shot
465:
1652:, made a brief statement that explicitly stated how the native population should be treated. He said in part:
4954:
Connor, John (October 2017). "Climate, Environment and Australian Frontier Wars: New South Wales 1788-1841".
4093:
1360:, and were first deployed against bushrangers around Bathurst in 1825. Later they were deployed to the upper
6930:
6864:
6701:
6665:
6551:
6467:
6443:
6401:
6274:
6262:
6244:
6184:
6178:
5979:
5961:
5777:
5463:
5426:
5414:
5360:
5324:
5240:
4550:
4508:
4456:
2994:
2096:
2089:
1867:
1858:
1812:
in which 19 settlers were killed by Aboriginal people, the deadliest attack on settlers in the frontier wars
1725:
1555:
1409:
1401:
1281:
to issue an order in 1801 which authorised settlers to shoot Indigenous Australians on sight in Parramatta,
1159:
996:
549:
in 1901, with some occurring as late as 1934. Conflicts occurred in a number of locations across Australia.
546:
531:
54:
4371:
969:
Connor describes traditional Aboriginal warfare as both limited and universal. It was limited in terms of:
616:, was instructed to "live in amity and kindness" with Indigenous Australians and sought to avoid conflict.
6906:
6515:
6497:
6491:
6214:
6082:
5967:
5949:
5867:
5511:
5499:
5318:
2538:
2302:
2261:
1740:
1614:
1216:
1170:
was dispatched by the government to live among the Yolngu. Elsewhere around this time, activists like Sir
1063:
527:
523:
240:
5726:
5711:
5701:
3294:
3260:
1464:
attempted to end the "Black War" through a massive offensive. In an operation which became known as the "
6563:
6389:
6106:
5445:
3871:
3726:
3690:
2116:
1953:
1458:
1421:
1333:
1155:
277:
220:
6166:
6033:
1846:
1446:) in 1803. Relations with the local Indigenous people were generally peaceful until the mid-1820s when
1380:
495:
Thousands of warriors and resistance fighters, divided among over 150 different nations, clans, groups
6960:
6749:
6695:
6623:
6545:
6533:
6329:
6088:
6009:
5749:
5744:
5505:
5475:
5457:
5433:
5396:
5330:
5245:
5076:
3090:
1915:
An 1888 drawing of a massacre by Queenslandβs native police at Skull Hole, Mistake Creek, near Winton
1729:
1703:
1520:, the best known single event, occurred on 28 October 1833 when a party of British colonisers led by
1439:
1431:
1405:
1088:
1059:
1025:
973:
the number of members of each group, which restricted the number of warriors in any given engagement;
902:
632:
233:
161:
5133:
4174:
4028:
2575:, pp. 15. The figures and percentage in column two was calculated on the basis of N.G. Butlin:
1426:
7267:
6834:
6647:
6605:
6058:
5925:
5378:
5342:
4126:
3632:
2137:
2080:
2041:
1969:
1901:
1769:
1604:
Continued European settlement and expansion in Western Australia led to further frontier conflict,
1585:
1578:. The posse eventually murdered Gaywal and abducted his three sons, two of whom were imprisoned on
1256:
The first frontier war began in 1795 when encroaching British settlers established farms along the
1212:
1112:
601:
4571:
I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed': Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier
7002:
6870:
6852:
6803:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6689:
6461:
6419:
6250:
6226:
6196:
6124:
5782:
5754:
5523:
5312:
5288:
5096:
5054:
Invasion And Resistance: Aboriginal-European Relations On The North Queensland Frontier 1861β1897
4933:
4196:
4148:
2981:
2075:
2015:
1921:
1905:
1718:
1678:
1496:
The first British settlement in Western Australia was established by a detachment of soldiers at
1278:
1163:
1147:
565:
216:
200:
157:
4898:
3886:"Battle of One Tree Hill: remembering an Indigenous victory and a warrior who routed the whites"
1127:
3410:
2497:
586:
Some historians have argued that under prevailing European legal doctrine such land was deemed
7186:
7020:
7014:
6924:
6785:
6731:
6587:
6238:
6160:
6130:
6021:
5517:
5390:
5174:
5137:
5082:
5061:
5038:
5012:
4993:
4974:
4864:
4845:
4822:
4803:
4780:
4751:
4720:
4701:
4664:
4639:
4616:
4593:
4554:
4531:
4512:
4485:
4460:
4437:
4411:
4381:
4356:
4107:
4097:
4037:
3369:
3361:
3351:
3040:
3032:
3022:
2938:
2778:
2770:
2760:
2453:
2306:
2024:
2004:
1736:
1631:
1575:
1540:
1517:
1509:
1265:
1237:(c.1935β1943). In inland Australia, the skills of Aboriginal stockmen became highly regarded.
593:
369:
363:
178:
169:
50:
4084:
Tatz, Colin (2006). Maaka, Roger; Andersen, Chris (eds.). "Confronting Australian Genocide".
17:
7044:
7032:
7026:
6984:
6888:
6858:
6773:
6593:
6575:
6557:
6527:
6142:
5991:
5931:
5627:
5354:
5258:
5034:
4925:
4799:
4741:
4685:
4433:
4407:
4377:
4188:
4140:
4066:
3694:
3008:
2236:
2124:
2108:
1957:
1941:
1780:
1754:
1746:
In 1839 the reprisal raid against Aboriginal resistance in central Victoria resulted in the
1645:
1397:
1388:'s party being "threatened by blacks at the junction of the Murray and Darling, 1830", near
1257:
1171:
1140:
1116:
1092:
1020:
951:
408:
211:
4772:
The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia
2986:
1816:
1732:
squatter Charles Franks who squatted on land west of the Melbourne's fledgling settlement.
1186:
Painting of Aboriginal people and European colonists coexisting in South Australia, c. 1850
6936:
6876:
6815:
6809:
6737:
6617:
6521:
6503:
6154:
4264:
2449:
1579:
1469:
1349:
1329:
1316:
1304:
1200:
906:
576:
358:
347:
186:
140:
6076:
2990:
2967:
2007:
between its establishment in 1827 and abandonment in 1829. The third British settlement,
1547:
under the supervision of Lyon and two soldiers. The group later escaped from the island.
545:
in January 1788, and the last conflicts occurred in the early 20th century following the
105:
Indigenous population decline due to epidemics, killings, starvation and forced migration
1694:
sentiments and the dispossession that the settlement involved made conflict inevitable.
1203:
expedition was nursed by local Aboriginal residents, and the famous Aboriginal explorer
7196:
7068:
6797:
6719:
6677:
6671:
6659:
6347:
5903:
5824:
5622:
5587:
5481:
5384:
5372:
4690:
4395:
4259:
2963:
2275:
2267:
2147:
2142:
2112:
2008:
1765:
1761:
1709:
In 1833β34, the battle for rights to a beached whale between whalers and people of the
1649:
1230:
1208:
1196:
1167:
1108:
1029:
613:
560:
352:
341:
336:
325:
314:
303:
132:
127:
3627:
1074:
7211:
7074:
7050:
6948:
6942:
6840:
6280:
6208:
6094:
6064:
5582:
5125:
4937:
4776:
4200:
4152:
3924:
2128:
1932:
1850:
1842:
1661:
1544:
1501:
1461:
1385:
1361:
1282:
1204:
1192:
1104:
988:
775:
588:
432:
385:
287:
4430:
Our Original Aggression: Aboriginal Populations of Southeastern Australia, 1788β1850
4233:
4055:
Palmer, Alison (1998). "Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories".
3169:
3149:
6918:
6761:
6635:
6286:
6256:
6039:
5270:
3890:
3767:
2176:
2057:
2054:
2011:, was also established on the Cobourg Peninsula in 1838 but was abandoned in 1849.
1687:
1298:
1261:
1220:
984:
962:
930:
918:
460:
6581:
4929:
4192:
1804:
1450:
expansion caused conflict over land. This led to sustained frontier warfare (the "
4475:
4325:"Rachel Perkins welcomes War Memorial's expansion of frontier conflicts exhibits"
4144:
4023:
2746:
1764:
took place in southwest Victoria, and many years of violence occurred during the
1608:
warriors also attacked European settlements during the 1890s until Bunuba leader
7086:
7038:
6683:
6479:
6413:
6220:
6070:
5612:
5592:
5557:
4425:
2224:
2206:
1996:
1995:
was established in 1824 but was abandoned in 1829 due to attacks from the local
1988:
1871:
1710:
1508:
nation and European settlers broke out in Western Australia in the 1830s as the
1447:
1320:
1234:
1100:
1037:
959:
624:
620:
542:
420:
416:
273:
5009:
Gudyarra: The First Wiradyuri War of Resistance - The Bathurst War, 1822 - 1824
6485:
6407:
6118:
5955:
5632:
5577:
5572:
5493:
5026:
4885:
4659:. Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law. Cambridge, England:
4481:
2271:
2255:
2242:
2158:
2120:
1949:
1897:
1854:
1825:
1776:
1609:
1465:
1342:
910:
580:
572:
571:
In 1770 an expedition from Great Britain under the command of then-Lieutenant
424:
400:
330:
308:
253:
228:
5169:
History and Fiction: Mapping Frontier Violence in Colonial Queensland Writing
4590:
Out of the Silence: the history and memory of South Australia's frontier wars
4041:
4024:"Queensland's Frontier Killing Times – Facing Up to Genocide"
3365:
3337:
3036:
2774:
979:
duration, due to social groups needing to regularly hunt and forage for food.
6900:
6653:
6473:
5282:
4868:
4734:
Peters-Little, Frances; Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John, eds. (3 October 2011).
4070:
3373:
3044:
2782:
1562:
1451:
1369:
1312:
1000:
552:
Estimates of the number of people killed in the fighting vary considerably.
412:
319:
269:
261:
78:
5189:
4402:". In McKernan, Michael; Browne, Margaret; Australian War Memorial (eds.).
4111:
3720:
3465:
3432:
2541:. The percentage in column two was calculated on the basis of N.G. Butlin:
4971:
Fatal Collisions: The South Australian Frontier and the Violence of Memory
3867:
3684:
2027:
in 1928 and further reprisal expeditions were conducted in 1932 and 1933.
592:
or land belonging to nobody or land "empty of inhabitants" (as defined by
6629:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5567:
5562:
3866:
Note: Dr Ray Kerkhove, owner of this site, is a reputable historian. See
2218:
2212:
2100:
1976:
1566:
1443:
1365:
1055:
1042:
995:
missiles and in close combat, and spears (often used in conjunction with
894:
628:
579:
who had sought to prevent them from landing at the foot of their camp at
436:
428:
396:
392:
380:
265:
257:
152:
108:
Disruption of Indigenous cultures, assimilation of many Indigenous people
82:
4746:
4400:
The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770β1930
1408:
in 1838, and did not end until 1843. Further violence took place in the
1082:' rescue parties and Indigenous Australians at Bulla, Queensland in 1861
783:
Estimated minimum Indigenous population by 1788 (based on Prentis 1988)
5642:
5617:
5552:
3698:
3493:
2931:
Justice All Their Own: Caledon Bay and Woodah Island Killings 1932-1933
2230:
1793:
1505:
1485:
1324:
There is a display of the weaponry and history of this conflict at the
922:
282:
3831:, pp. 16β20 and Appendix A: Listing the Death Toll of the Invader
2828:
2826:
2186:, publications by the Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament
541:
The first conflict took place several months after the landing of the
5547:
5542:
2813:
2811:
1605:
1598:
1151:
914:
249:
4581:
4569:
4008:
1277:
during the period between 1795 and 1802. These attacks led Governor
941:
5692:
Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897
4530:(Second ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
2498:"Map of Aboriginal Australia " Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet"
2227:, also known as Walyer, Waloa or Walloa, a rebel leader in Tasmania
1908:, which in 1901 was said to have taken up to 200 Aboriginal lives.
1617:
by a police expedition in retaliation for the death of a European.
5637:
5300:
3766:
Aboriginal History Monograph 21. Edited by Frances Peters-Little,
2034:
1910:
1815:
1803:
1630:
1627:
List of massacres of Indigenous Australians Β§ South Australia
1536:
1513:
1489:
1479:
1425:
1379:
1181:
1126:
1073:
1019:
940:
559:
404:
5686:
Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889
4545:
Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995).
3586:
3584:
3547:
3545:
3543:
102:
British system of law established; Indigenous people dispossessed
4406:. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian War Memorial in association with
3017:. Vol. Supplement. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2755:. Vol. Supplement. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2141:, the War Memorial's outgoing chair, former government minister
1480:
245:
7090:
5871:
5193:
1968:
The conflict in Queensland was the bloodiest in the history of
27:
1788β1934 conflicts between settlers and Indigenous Australians
5158:
5116:
5112:"The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait"
3220:
Sir Thomas Brisbane to Earl Bathurst, Despatch No.18 per ship
1058:. European activities provoking significant conflict included
4717:
Frontier History Revisited β Queensland and the 'History War'
3760:
The country has another past: Queensland and the History Wars
1891:
List of massacres of Indigenous Australians Β§ Queensland
5130:
The Remote Garrison: The British Army in Australia 1788β1870
3764:
Passionate Histories: Myth, memory, and Indigenous Australia
3722:
Aboriginal-European relations in North Queensland, 1861β1897
4819:
Truth-Telling: History, Sovereignty and the Uluru Statement
4737:
Passionate Histories: Myth, memory and Indigenous Australia
4696:. Cambridge Concise Histories (First ed.). Cambridge:
3771:
1303:
Conflict began again when the British expanded into inland
4969:
Foster, Robert; Hosking, Rick; Nettleback, Amanda (2001).
4373:
Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's frontier killing times
4838:
Police of the Pastoral Frontier: Native Police, 1849β1859
4740:. Aboriginal History Monograph. Vol. 21. ANU-Press.
3474:. National Library of Australia. 13 March 1841. p. 3
2403:
2401:
1824:
The frontier wars were particularly bloody and bitter in
1504:
were generally good. Open conflict between people of the
619:
The British colonisation of Australia commenced when the
4990:
The Sydney Wars: Conflict in the early colony, 1788-1817
4260:"War memorial battle over frontier conflict recognition"
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
7105:
History of the branches of the Australian Defence Force
4173:
Rogers, Thomas James; Bain, Stephen (3 February 2016).
2018:. A permanent settlement was established at modern-day
1820:
Fighting near Creen Creek, Queensland in September 1876
7263:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania
2641:
2639:
2637:
2258:, conflict between Spanish and Mapuche people in Chile
1792:
In the late 1840s, frontier conflict continued in the
1500:
in 1826. Relations between the garrison and the local
608:
colony abided by its own legal doctrine. The colony's
4656:
Diversity and Self-Determination in International Law
4568:
Evans, Raymond; ΓrstedβJensen, Robert (9 July 2014).
2892:
2880:
2856:
2832:
2817:
2604:
901:, with depopulation in large sections of what is now
2352:
2350:
1527:
attacked an Indigenous campsite on the banks of the
1341:
soon brought them to a sense of their Duty, and ...
913:
up to 50% or more, even before the move inland from
627:
in January 1788. Colonisation spread to present-day
6825:
6296:
6049:
5910:
5802:
5790:
Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes
5763:
5737:
5658:
5651:
5533:
5227:
4547:
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History
4505:
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History
3927:Among Cannibals (London 1889) page 58β59; See also
3492:
3265:
National Treasures from Australia's Great Libraries
5175:Stories from the Archive: Queensland Frontier Wars
4689:
1753:The Indigenous groups in Victoria concentrated on
5159:Telling the Stories of Queensland - Frontier Wars
4719:. Cooparoo, Brisbane, Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing.
3686:Frontier conflict in the Bowen district 1861β1874
2562:, pp. 10β11 & 15, see more in ref above.
1702:Fighting also took place in early pre-separation
1635:Aboriginal people attack squatters sleeping near
1565:region, relations between white settlers and the
4022:Baldry, Hannah; McKeon, Alisa; McDougal, Scott.
3614:
3602:
3590:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3471:The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal
3438:The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal
3295:"Governor Daveys Proclamation to the Aborigines"
3224:,Government House, N.S. Wales, 31 December 1824.
1975:Some sources have characterised these events as
3984:
3923:Queenslander 20 April 1901, page 757d-758c and
2740:
2738:
2583:(2 revised edition, Redfern NSW 1988, page 41).
2239:, Parperloihener resistance fighter in Tasmania
2078:published a series of articles in the magazine
1785:
1654:
1589:Aboriginal prisoners at Roebourne Gaol, ca.1910
1364:in 1826 after fighting broke out there between
1215:. Respectful studies were conducted by such as
564:"Night Attack by Blacks", monotone painting by
34:
5666:List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians
5184:The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies
4086:The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives
2245:, Wiradjuri warrior and resistance leader, NSW
2095:The frontier wars are not commemorated at the
1728:was a reprisal for the killing of a prominent
1597:in 1892 brought thousands of prospectors onto
5883:
5205:
4175:"Genocide and frontier violence in Australia"
3828:
3782:
3780:
3746:
3670:
3484:However, according to Warren Bert Kimberly's
2572:
2559:
2534:
2521:
2107:but is opposed by many historians, including
8:
3500:. Melbourne: F. W. Niven. 1897. p. 116.
3394:
3392:
3390:
2579:and "others", by M. D. Prentis for his book
2545:and "others", by M. D. Prentis for his book
1550:Fighting continued into the 1840s along the
1332:of the deployment of the troops under Major
897:epidemics may have impacted heavily on some
534:) and primarily British settlers during the
5810:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
4588:Foster, Robert; Nettlebeck, Amanda (2012).
3855:"Battle of One Tree Hill and Its Aftermath"
3628:"The settlers and the blacks of Port Fairy"
3081:"The Wave Hill 'walk-off' β Fact sheet 224"
2190:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
1857:region, and at one stage the settlement of
1328:. This includes a commendation by Governor
1166:. Following the crisis, the anthropologist
1158:, Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda, was launched to the
7087:
5890:
5876:
5868:
5655:
5212:
5198:
5190:
5101:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4886:"Australian Frontier Conflicts 1788-1940s"
4404:Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace
4009:"The Partial Case for Queensland Genocide"
3346:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1195:employed Aboriginal envoys to explore the
31:
7130:Military history of Australia by conflict
7123:History of the Royal Australian Air Force
5815:Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians
4745:
4578:: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
4503:". In Dennis, Peter; et al. (eds.).
4132:The International Journal of Human Rights
3772:Peters-Little, Curthoys & Docker 2011
3401:"Wonnerup: a chronicle of the south-west"
3170:"Text of Proclamation ending Martial Law"
3111:
2904:
2717:
2472:
2431:
2407:
2105:Returned and Services League of Australia
1935:, the editor of the short-lived Brisbane
1356:, who began as mounted infantry from the
1207:loyally accompanied his ill-fated friend
1115:as well as rapid-fire rifles such as the
659:Share of population in the 1988 estimates
656:Share of population in the 1930 estimates
5671:Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840
3824:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3299:Manuscripts, Oral History & Pictures
2392:
2368:
1584:
1438:The British established a settlement in
1223:in their renowned anthropological study
781:
769:
646:
7258:Violence against Indigenous Australians
5717:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911
5707:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
5056:. Canberra, Australia; Miami, Fl, USA:
4796:Frontier: Aborigines, Settlers and Land
4528:The Encyclopedia of Australia's Battles
4477:The Australian frontier wars, 1788β1838
3928:
3911:
2916:
2322:
2294:
1109:Snider single shot breech-loading rifle
5094:
4220:
3840:
3658:
3534:
3522:
3323:
3247:
3235:
3136:
2802:
2729:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2628:
2616:
2592:
2484:
2380:
2341:
2329:
1226:The Native Tribes of Central Australia
4295:Karvelas, Patricia (2 October 2022).
3150:"Text of Proclamation of Martial Law"
2086:The Fabrication of Aboriginal History
1999:. Some fighting also took place near
774:Indigenous group on the banks of the
547:federation of the Australian colonies
7:
7113:History of the Royal Australian Navy
6149:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
5850:
5058:Australian National University Press
3275:from the original on 28 October 2010
2958:Murray, Tom; Collins, Allan (2004).
2868:
2844:
2419:
2356:
2250:Comparable events in other countries
2169:Military history of Australia portal
2014:The final battles took place in the
1003:and stones used as missile weapons.
4611:(Second ed.). Port Melbourne:
4270:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2278:; comparable events in South Africa
522:were the violent conflicts between
7197:Military intervention against ISIL
5171:, State Library of Queensland blog
4890:Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1940
4634:(Third ed.). Port Melbourne:
4526:Coulthard-Clark, Chris D. (2001).
4258:Peacock, Matt (26 February 2009).
3343:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3190:"Bells Falls Gorge β virtual tour"
3014:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2752:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2446:The Journals of Captain James Cook
2215:, Gai-Mariagal warrior in Tasmania
509:Minimum 2,000, highest 20,000 dead
25:
5898:Colonial conflicts involving the
4323:Butler, Dan (30 September 2022).
4125:Docker, John (13 December 2014).
3884:Marr, David (14 September 2019).
3009:"Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda (1900β1934)"
2301:Not to be confused with the 1915
1775:In 1842, white settlers from the
1601:land, causing sporadic fighting.
69:1788β1934; table below, 1788-1900
7233:History of Australia (1901β1945)
7228:History of Australia (1851β1900)
7223:History of Australia (1788β1850)
7172:IndonesiaβMalaysia confrontation
5849:
5838:
5837:
4861:Captain Cook's Voyages 1768β1779
4276:from the original on 26 May 2009
3853:Kerkhove, Ray (19 August 2017).
3466:"The Western Australian Journal"
3433:"The Western Australian Journal"
3303:State Library of New South Wales
3261:"Governor Arthur's proclamation"
2282:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2161:
2061:from an Indigenous perspective,
1384:An illustration of the explorer
379:
368:
357:
346:
335:
324:
313:
302:
227:
210:
185:
168:
151:
139:
126:
40:
5974:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
4957:The Journal of Military History
4897:Booth, Andrea (18 April 2016).
4859:Williams, Glyndwr, ed. (1997).
4821:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing.
4632:A Military History of Australia
4609:A Military History of Australia
2209:, Ugarapu warrior in Queensland
2183:Historical Records of Australia
1412:region during the early 1840s.
1268:dispatched a detachment of the
958:In 1840, the American-Canadian
7118:History of the Australian Army
6077:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
5820:Aborigines' Protection Society
5697:Aborigines Protection Act 1909
5681:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
4973:. Kent Town: Wakefield Press.
4945:Clayton-Dixon, Callum (2019).
4842:University of Queensland Press
4715:Γrsted-Jensen, Robert (2011).
4692:A Concise History of Australia
4507:(Second ed.). Melbourne:
4410:, Australia. pp. 92β120.
3943:, 1 May 1869, page 2g and the
3758:Evans, Raymond (October 2011)
3615:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012)
3603:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012)
3591:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012)
3576:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012)
3564:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012)
3552:Foster & Nettlebeck (2012)
3348:Australian National University
3086:National Archives of Australia
3019:Australian National University
2757:Australian National University
2201:Aboriginal Australian warriors
2195:List of conflicts in Australia
2068:The Other Side of the Frontier
1939:(later editor-in-chief of the
1834:Queensland Native Police Force
1706:after it was settled in 1834.
1354:New South Wales Mounted Police
1045:, but neither was successful.
937:Traditional Aboriginal warfare
623:established a penal colony at
47:New South Wales Mounted Police
1:
7093:Military history of Australia
6474:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
6318:Castle Hill convict rebellion
5440:Avenue Range Station massacre
5277:Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828
4930:10.1080/1031461X.2022.2071954
4917:Australian Historical Studies
4899:"What are the Frontier Wars?"
4592:. Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
4511:Australia & New Zealand.
4238:National Gallery of Australia
4193:10.1080/14623528.2016.1120466
3947:(Sydney) 25 May 1869, page 2.
3646:National Library of Australia
3443:National Library of Australia
3269:National Library of Australia
3175:National Library of Australia
3155:National Library of Australia
2284:; comparable events in Russia
2264:, Argentine military campaign
2047:National Gallery of Australia
85:and other surrounding islands
18:Australian frontier conflicts
5367:Fighting Waterholes massacre
5110:Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018).
4453:An Atlas of Australia's Wars
4353:A Short History of the World
4180:Journal of Genocide Research
4145:10.1080/13642987.2014.987952
3406:Australian Heritage magazine
3195:National Museum of Australia
1326:National Museum of Australia
1264:raided farms until Governor
1049:Coastal and inland expansion
1024:Detail of an artwork by the
662:Distribution of tribal land
536:colonial period of Australia
5773:Aboriginal Protection Board
5163:State Library of Queensland
5031:Six Australian Battlefields
4836:Skinner, Leslie E. (1975).
3495:s:History of West Australia
1866:on 17 October 1861. At the
1779:area wrote a letter to the
1593:The discovery of gold near
1307:. Settlers who crossed the
1199:; the lone survivor of the
1178:Frequent friendly relations
1028:that shows the spearing of
638:Map of Aboriginal Australia
192:Province of South Australia
175:Colony of Western Australia
7289:
6991:Jewish revolt in Palestine
6636:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
6281:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
6173:American Revolutionary War
5722:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
5421:War of Southern Queensland
5307:Convincing Ground massacre
5295:Port Phillip District Wars
5235:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
4698:Cambridge University Press
4661:Cambridge University Press
4636:Cambridge University Press
4613:Cambridge University Press
4351:Blainey, Geoffrey (2003).
3445:. 13 March 1841. p. 3
2935:Melbourne University Press
2581:A Study in Black and White
2547:A Study in Black and White
2448:. Vol. 1. Cambridge:
1888:
1715:Convincing Ground massacre
1624:
1419:
1390:Wentworth, New South Wales
1296:
1252:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1249:
1246:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
486:State and territory police
7099:
6762:Jameson Raid South Africa
5833:
5265:Minnamurra River massacre
5179:Queensland State Archives
4863:. London: Folio Society.
4840:. St. Lucia, Queensland:
4370:Bottoms, Timothy (2013).
4234:"The Aboriginal Memorial"
4058:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3959:, 8 March 1879, page 313d
3487:History of West Australia
2444:Beaglehole, J.C. (1955).
2221:, Bidjigal warrior in NSW
2071:, was published in 1982.
1962:Frederic Charles Urquhart
794:Population in percentage
556:Background and population
503:
452:
295:
146:Colony of New South Wales
118:
61:
39:
7273:Wars involving Australia
7218:Australian frontier wars
6973:Arab revolt in Palestine
6570:Second Anglo-Burmese War
6312:Second Anglo-Maratha War
6203:Australian frontier wars
5750:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2)
5745:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1)
5676:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
5488:Koonchera Point massacre
5470:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
5349:Murdering Gully massacre
5337:Campaspe Plains massacre
5221:Australian frontier wars
5075:Reynolds, Henry (2013).
4817:Reynolds, Henry (2021).
4794:Reynolds, Henry (1987).
4653:Knop, Karen (May 2002).
4576:University of Queensland
3336:Reece, R. H. W. (2019).
2023:killed by police in the
1864:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
1841:surrounding land in the
1810:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
1748:Campaspe Plains massacre
1078:Fighting between one of
520:Australian frontier wars
466:Australian native police
35:Australian frontier wars
6967:Second Mohmand campaign
6702:Third Anglo-Burmese War
6666:Second Anglo-Afghan War
6468:First Anglo-Burmese War
6444:Third Anglo-Maratha War
6275:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
6185:Second Anglo-Mysore War
6179:First Anglo-Maratha War
5778:Protector of Aborigines
5494:Jandamarra Guerilla War
5464:Hospital Creek Massacre
5427:Battle of One Tree Hill
5415:Warrigal Creek massacre
5361:Fighting Hills massacre
5325:Waterloo Creek massacre
5241:Battle of Richmond Hill
5007:Gapps, Stephen (2021).
4988:Gapps, Stephen (2018).
4551:Oxford University Press
4509:Oxford University Press
4457:Oxford University Press
4355:. Lanham: Ivan R. Dee.
4094:Canadian Scholars Press
4071:10.1080/014198798330115
3975:), 1 January 1879, p2f.
2960:"Dhakiyarr vs the King"
2577:Our Original Aggression
2571:Statistics compiled by
2558:Statistics compiled by
2543:Our Original Aggression
2533:Statistics compiled by
2233:, Dharug warrrio in NSW
2097:Australian War Memorial
1948:Raids conducted by the
1868:Battle of One Tree Hill
1726:Mount Cottrell massacre
1713:nation resulted in the
1402:Waterloo Creek massacre
1160:High Court of Australia
532:Torres Strait Islanders
55:Waterloo Creek massacre
7248:20th-century conflicts
7243:19th-century conflicts
7238:18th-century conflicts
6907:Third Anglo-Afghan War
6792:First Mohmand campaign
6516:First Anglo-Afghan War
6215:Third Anglo-Mysore War
5534:Indigenous Australian
5512:Forrest River massacre
5500:Mistake Creek massacre
5319:Battle of Broken River
5186:, with interactive map
5052:Loos, Noel A. (1982).
5029:; Hill, Marji (1988).
4630:Grey, Jeffrey (2008).
4607:Grey, Jeffrey (1999).
4499:Connor, John (2008). "
3985:Coulthard-Clark (2001)
3065:Flannery, Tim (1998).
3007:Dewar, Mickey (2005).
2747:"Pemulwuy (1750β1802)"
2539:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
2303:Mistake Creek massacre
2262:Conquest of the Desert
2074:Between 2000 and 2002
2050:
1916:
1821:
1813:
1808:Aftermath of the 1861
1790:
1741:Battle of Broken River
1659:
1640:
1615:Forrest River massacre
1590:
1493:
1435:
1393:
1347:
1217:Walter Baldwin Spencer
1187:
1135:
1083:
1033:
946:
899:Aboriginal communities
779:
600:off the west coast of
568:
528:Aboriginal Australians
524:Indigenous Australians
498:Convict/settler allies
483:Colonial police forces
296:Commanders and leaders
241:Aboriginal Australians
6564:Second Anglo-Sikh War
6221:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
6107:French and Indian War
5458:Hornet Bank massacre
5452:East Ballina massacre
5446:Waterloo Bay massacre
5403:Pelican Creek tragedy
4474:Connor, John (2002).
4451:Coates, John (2006).
3727:James Cook University
3693:of North Queensland.
3691:James Cook University
2987:[1934] HCA 49
2745:Kohen, J. L. (2005).
2038:
1914:
1889:Further information:
1819:
1807:
1739:in 1838 known as the
1634:
1625:Further information:
1588:
1492:'s severed head, 1833
1483:
1429:
1422:Aboriginal Tasmanians
1406:Myall Creek massacres
1383:
1372:people and settlers.
1352:also established the
1338:
1270:46th Regiment of Foot
1185:
1156:Indigenous Australian
1130:
1077:
1023:
944:
791:Population in numbers
773:
563:
504:Casualties and losses
221:Port Phillip District
7253:Genocides in Oceania
6726:HunzaβNagar Campaign
6534:First Anglo-Sikh War
6510:EgyptianβOttoman War
5506:Mowla Bluff massacre
5476:Flying Foam Massacre
5434:Darkey Flat Massacre
5397:Rufus River massacre
5331:Myall Creek massacre
5285:(Tasmania) (1828β32)
5253:Risdon Cove massacre
5246:Battle of Parramatta
5011:. Sydney: NewSouth.
4992:. Sydney: NewSouth.
3829:Γrsted-Jensen (2011)
3823:, pp. 121β127;
3747:Γrsted-Jensen (2011)
3671:Γrsted-Jensen (2011)
2893:Dennis et al. (1995)
2881:Dennis et al. (1995)
2857:Dennis et al. (1995)
2833:Dennis et al. (1995)
2818:Dennis et al. (1995)
2605:Dennis et al. (1995)
2177:Gulf Country#History
1089:American Indian Wars
1026:Port Jackson Painter
512:100,000-115,000 dead
234:Colony of Queensland
53:warriors during the
6979:Waziristan campaign
6913:Waziristan campaign
6606:Revolt of Rajab Ali
6083:War of Jenkins' Ear
5727:Aborigines Act 1934
5712:Aborigines Act 1911
5702:Aborigines Act 1910
5536:resistance warriors
5409:Evans Head massacre
5379:Gippsland massacres
5343:Blood Hole massacre
4747:10.22459/PH.09.2010
3931:, pp. 172β174.
3799:, pp. 121β127.
3719:Loos, Noel (1976).
3683:Loos, Noel (1970).
3661:, pp. 102β103.
3644:– via Trove,
3633:Southern Australian
3537:, pp. 108β109.
3338:"Yagan (1795β1833)"
3093:on 21 December 2010
2371:, pp. 191β192.
2138:The Australian Wars
2135:documentary series
2042:Aboriginal Memorial
1902:Bladensburg Station
1870:in September 1843,
1770:Gippsland massacres
1459:Lieutenant-Governor
1123:Dispersed frontiers
1113:Martini-Henry rifle
832:Northern Territory
784:
709:Northern Territory
649:
602:Cape York Peninsula
7187:War in Afghanistan
6853:Bambatha Rebellion
6768:Anglo-Zanzibar War
6756:Chitral Expedition
6690:Anglo-Egyptian War
6462:Anglo-Ashanti wars
6167:Lord Dunmore's War
6125:Anglo-Cherokee War
6034:King William's War
5783:Aboriginal reserve
5755:Tuckiar v The King
5524:Caledon Bay crisis
5313:Battle of Pinjarra
5289:Cape Grim massacre
3973:Queensland Patriot
3941:Port Denison Times
3699:10.25903/mmrc-5e46
3202:on 2 February 2012
3069:. Text Publishing.
2982:Tuckiar v The King
2970:on 14 August 2014.
2929:Egan, Ted (1996).
2573:Γrsted-Jensen 2011
2560:Γrsted-Jensen 2011
2535:Γrsted-Jensen 2011
2522:Γrsted-Jensen 2011
2383:, pp. xiβxii.
2076:Keith Windschuttle
2051:
2016:Northern Territory
1983:Northern Territory
1970:colonial Australia
1922:Port Denison Times
1917:
1822:
1814:
1719:Portland, Victoria
1650:Governor Hindmarsh
1641:
1591:
1494:
1436:
1394:
1376:Wars on the plains
1279:Philip Gidley King
1188:
1164:Tuckiar v The King
1148:Caledon Bay crisis
1136:
1084:
1060:pastoral squatting
1034:
947:
945:Aboriginal warrior
810:Western Australia
782:
780:
681:Western Australia
647:
569:
566:Livingston Hopkins
471:NSW Mounted Police
217:Colony of Victoria
201:Northern Territory
158:Colony of Tasmania
7205:
7204:
7167:Malayan Emergency
7152:Russian Civil War
7084:
7083:
7015:Malayan Emergency
6925:Malabar rebellion
6786:Siege of Malakand
6732:Anglo-Manipur War
6588:Anglo-Persian War
6137:Anglo-Spanish War
6089:King George's War
6010:King Philip's War
5986:Anglo-Spanish War
5865:
5864:
5798:
5797:
5688:(statute 24/1889)
5518:Coniston massacre
5391:Wonnerup massacre
5035:Allen & Unwin
4800:Allen & Unwin
4757:978-1-921666-64-3
4686:Macintyre, Stuart
4670:978-0-521-78178-7
4645:978-0-521-69791-0
4518:978-0-19-551784-2
4434:Allen & Unwin
4408:Allen & Unwin
4387:978-1-74331-382-4
4378:Allen & Unwin
3987:, pp. 51β52.
3770:and John Docker (
3673:, pp. 10β11.
3357:978-0-522-84459-7
3028:978-0-522-84459-7
2991:(1934) 52 CLR 335
2883:, pp. 12β13.
2805:, pp. 33β34.
2766:978-0-522-84459-7
2732:, pp. 31β33.
2696:, pp. 12β13.
2307:Western Australia
2025:Coniston massacre
2005:Cobourg Peninsula
1730:Van Diemen's Land
1676:In 1840 the ship
1576:Wonnerup massacre
1541:Robert Menli Lyon
1518:Pinjarra massacre
1510:Swan River Colony
1476:Western Australia
1440:Van Diemen's Land
1432:Van Diemen's Land
1430:Poster issued in
1311:were harassed by
927:venereal diseases
889:Impact of disease
886:
885:
764:
763:
598:Possession Island
594:Emerich de Vattel
516:
515:
489:Aboriginal allies
480:British colonists
476:NSW Border Police
364:Lachlan Macquarie
179:Swan River Colony
162:Van Diemen's Land
114:
113:
95:Colonial victory
16:(Redirected from
7280:
7088:
7033:Cyprus Emergency
6859:Maritz rebellion
6847:Tibet expedition
6780:Benin Expedition
6600:Indian Rebellion
6594:Second Opium War
6576:Eureka Rebellion
6552:British Honduras
6528:New Zealand Wars
6113:Seven Years' War
6059:Queen Anne's War
5892:
5885:
5878:
5869:
5853:
5852:
5841:
5840:
5656:
5628:Tunnerminnerwait
5355:Battle of Yering
5301:Yagan Resistance
5214:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5147:
5121:
5106:
5100:
5092:
5071:
5048:
5022:
5003:
4984:
4965:
4950:
4941:
4910:
4893:
4872:
4855:
4832:
4813:
4790:
4761:
4749:
4730:
4711:
4695:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4649:
4626:
4603:
4579:
4564:
4541:
4522:
4495:
4470:
4447:
4421:
4391:
4366:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3938:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3881:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3409:. Archived from
3396:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3198:. Archived from
3186:
3180:
3179:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3115:
3112:Macintyre (1999)
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3089:. Archived from
3077:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3004:
2998:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2966:. Archived from
2955:
2949:
2948:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2905:Macintyre (1999)
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2718:Macintyre (1999)
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2684:, pp. 8β12.
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2531:
2525:
2524:, pp. 6β15.
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2473:Macintyre (1999)
2470:
2464:
2463:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2408:Macintyre (1999)
2405:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2310:
2299:
2237:Tunnerminnerwait
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2125:Michael McKernan
2109:Geoffrey Blainey
2058:W. E. H. Stanner
1958:North Queensland
1942:Brisbane Courier
1879:Frederick Walker
1755:economic warfare
1646:Proclamation Day
1398:Liverpool Plains
1258:Hawkesbury River
1172:Douglas Nicholls
1141:Geoffrey Blainey
1117:Winchester rifle
1093:New Zealand Wars
1070:Unequal weaponry
1016:First occupation
952:Edward John Eyre
876:Estimated total
854:South Australia
821:New South Wales
785:
737:South Australia
695:New South Wales
650:
526:(including both
409:Tunnerminnerwait
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
350:
340:
339:
329:
328:
318:
317:
307:
306:
232:
231:
215:
214:
190:
189:
173:
172:
156:
155:
144:
143:
131:
130:
99:No treaty signed
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7095:
7085:
7080:
7021:Kenya Emergency
6827:
6821:
6816:Second Boer War
6810:Boxer Rebellion
6738:Pahang Uprising
6618:Ambela campaign
6540:RΓo de la Plata
6522:First Opium War
6504:Aden Expedition
6336:RΓo de la Plata
6298:
6292:
6263:Irish Rebellion
6155:First Carib War
6051:
6045:
5968:Confederate War
5962:Irish Rebellion
5912:
5906:
5896:
5866:
5861:
5829:
5794:
5765:
5759:
5733:
5647:
5535:
5529:
5223:
5218:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5124:
5109:
5093:
5089:
5074:
5068:
5051:
5045:
5033:. St Leonards:
5025:
5019:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4968:
4953:
4944:
4913:
4896:
4884:
4880:
4878:Further reading
4875:
4858:
4852:
4835:
4829:
4816:
4810:
4793:
4787:
4767:Reynolds, Henry
4765:
4758:
4733:
4727:
4714:
4708:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4652:
4646:
4629:
4623:
4606:
4600:
4587:
4567:
4561:
4544:
4538:
4525:
4519:
4498:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4450:
4444:
4426:Butlin, Noel G.
4424:
4418:
4396:Broome, Richard
4394:
4388:
4369:
4363:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4265:The 7:30 Report
4257:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4104:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3825:Reynolds (1987)
3821:Reynolds (1982)
3819:
3815:
3809:Reynolds (1987)
3807:
3803:
3797:Reynolds (1982)
3795:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3639:
3637:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3506:
3491:
3477:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3399:Stirling, Ros.
3398:
3397:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3358:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3029:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2979:
2975:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:, pp. 7β8.
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2767:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:, pp. 4β5.
2668:
2664:
2660:, pp. 5β8.
2656:
2652:
2644:
2635:
2631:, pp. 3β4.
2627:
2623:
2619:, pp. 2β3.
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:. p. 387.
2450:Hakluyt Society
2443:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2369:Reynolds (2021)
2367:
2363:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2252:
2203:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2119:, John Connor,
2033:
2001:Fort Wellington
1993:Melville Island
1985:
1893:
1887:
1885:Major massacres
1802:
1781:Charles Latrobe
1760:From 1840, the
1700:
1662:Governor Gawler
1629:
1623:
1621:South Australia
1580:Rottnest Island
1567:Wardandi people
1478:
1470:Flinders Island
1424:
1418:
1378:
1305:New South Wales
1301:
1295:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1241:New South Wales
1229:(1899); and by
1201:Burke and Wills
1180:
1125:
1080:Burke and Wills
1072:
1051:
1018:
1013:
1011:General history
989:missile weapons
939:
907:New South Wales
891:
788:State/territory
653:State/territory
577:Dharawal nation
558:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:
378:
377:
367:
366:
356:
355:
345:
344:
334:
333:
323:
322:
312:
311:
301:
290:
286:
281:
276:
272:
264:
260:
244:
226:
209:
184:
167:
150:
138:
125:
86:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7286:
7284:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7210:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6961:Barzani revolt
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6798:Tirah campaign
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6708:Central Africa
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6678:First Boer War
6675:
6669:
6663:
6660:Anglo-Zulu War
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6348:Froberg mutiny
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6028:Williamite War
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5904:British Empire
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5847:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5825:Half-Caste Act
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5662:
5660:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5623:Tongerlongeter
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Maulboyheenner
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5482:Kalkadoon Wars
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5385:Eumerella Wars
5382:
5376:
5373:Maria massacre
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5172:
5166:
5154:
5153:External links
5151:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5134:Kangaroo Press
5126:Stanley, Peter
5122:
5107:
5087:
5072:
5066:
5049:
5043:
5023:
5017:
5004:
4998:
4985:
4979:
4966:
4964:(4): 985β1006.
4951:
4942:
4911:
4894:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4856:
4850:
4833:
4827:
4814:
4808:
4791:
4785:
4763:
4756:
4731:
4725:
4712:
4706:
4682:
4669:
4650:
4644:
4627:
4621:
4604:
4598:
4585:
4565:
4559:
4542:
4536:
4523:
4517:
4496:
4490:
4471:
4465:
4448:
4442:
4422:
4416:
4392:
4386:
4367:
4361:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4315:
4287:
4250:
4225:
4223:, p. 109.
4213:
4165:
4117:
4103:978-1551303000
4102:
4076:
4047:
4029:QUT Law Review
4014:
4007:Gibbons, Ray.
3999:
3989:
3977:
3961:
3949:
3933:
3916:
3912:Skinner (1975)
3904:
3876:
3845:
3843:, p. 102.
3833:
3827:, p. 53;
3813:
3801:
3789:
3776:
3751:
3739:
3711:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3636:. 10 June 1842
3619:
3607:
3595:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3539:
3527:
3525:, p. 221.
3504:
3456:
3424:
3413:on 25 May 2011
3386:
3356:
3328:
3316:
3286:
3252:
3250:, p. 101.
3240:
3228:
3213:
3181:
3161:
3141:
3139:, p. 220.
3116:
3104:
3072:
3057:
3027:
2999:
2973:
2964:Film Australia
2950:
2943:
2921:
2919:, p. 313.
2917:Blainey (2003)
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2822:
2807:
2795:
2765:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2564:
2551:
2526:
2514:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2458:
2436:
2432:Macintyre 1999
2424:
2422:, p. 128.
2412:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2346:
2344:, p. xii.
2334:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2276:Anglo-Zulu war
2268:The Great Trek
2265:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2156:
2153:
2148:Rachel Perkins
2143:Brendan Nelson
2113:Gordon Briscoe
2063:Henry Reynolds
2055:anthropologist
2032:
2031:Historiography
2029:
1984:
1981:
1886:
1883:
1801:
1798:
1766:Warrigal Creek
1762:Eumerella Wars
1699:
1696:
1622:
1619:
1512:expanded from
1477:
1474:
1417:
1414:
1377:
1374:
1358:third Regiment
1309:Blue Mountains
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1231:Donald Thomson
1209:Edmund Kennedy
1197:Murray-Darling
1179:
1176:
1168:Donald Thomson
1124:
1121:
1111:and later the
1071:
1068:
1050:
1047:
1030:Arthur Phillip
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
997:spear throwers
981:
980:
977:
974:
938:
935:
890:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
855:
851:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
829:
828:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
614:Arthur Phillip
557:
554:
514:
513:
510:
506:
505:
501:
500:
499:
496:
492:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
473:
468:
463:
455:
454:
450:
449:
390:
375:James Stirling
353:Arthur Phillip
342:Queen Victoria
298:
297:
293:
292:
238:
237:
236:
224:
206:
205:
204:
203:
195:
194:
182:
165:
148:
133:British Empire
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
92:
88:
87:
77:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7285:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7137:Frontier wars
7135:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6949:Ikhwan revolt
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6396:Spice Islands
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6354:Santo Domingo
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6143:Pontiac's War
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6095:Carnatic Wars
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6065:Tuscarora War
6063:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5858:
5857:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Mannalargenna
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5387:(1840sβ1860s)
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5259:Tedbury's War
5257:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5143:0-86417-091-2
5139:
5135:
5132:. Kenthurst:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5090:
5088:9781742233925
5084:
5080:
5079:
5078:Forgotten War
5073:
5069:
5067:0-7081-1521-7
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5044:1-86448-672-4
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5018:9781742236711
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4999:9781742232140
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4980:1-86254-533-2
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4828:9781742236940
4824:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4809:0-04-994005-8
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4777:Penguin Books
4774:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4726:9781466386822
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4707:0-521-62577-7
4703:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4622:0-521-64483-6
4618:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4599:9781743055823
4595:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4560:0-19-553227-9
4556:
4552:
4549:. Melbourne:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4501:Frontier Wars
4497:
4493:
4491:0-86840-756-9
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4466:0-19-555914-2
4462:
4458:
4455:. Melbourne:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4417:0-642-99502-8
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4221:Broome (1988)
4217:
4214:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4187:(1): 83β100.
4186:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4036:(1): 92β113.
4035:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:Carl Lumholtz
3920:
3917:
3914:, p. 26.
3913:
3908:
3905:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:Broome (1988)
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3811:, p. 53.
3810:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:Broome (1988)
3655:
3652:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3617:, p. 42.
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:, p. 34.
3604:
3599:
3596:
3593:, p. 25.
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:, p. 22.
3577:
3572:
3569:
3566:, p. 24.
3565:
3560:
3557:
3554:, p. 21.
3553:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:Broome (1988)
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:Connor (2008)
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3326:, p. 96.
3325:
3324:Broome (1988)
3320:
3317:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:Broome (1988)
3244:
3241:
3238:, p. 62.
3237:
3236:Connor (2008)
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:Connor (2008)
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:, p. 38.
3113:
3108:
3105:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3067:The Explorers
3061:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:, p. 62.
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2871:, p. 30.
2870:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2847:, p. 31.
2846:
2841:
2838:
2835:, p. 12.
2834:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:Connor (2002)
2799:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:Connor (2002)
2726:
2723:
2720:, p. 33.
2719:
2714:
2711:
2708:, p. 94.
2707:
2706:Broome (1988)
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:Connor (2002)
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:Connor (2002)
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:Connor (2002)
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:Connor (2002)
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:Connor (2002)
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:Connor (2002)
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:Connor (2002)
2613:
2610:
2607:, p. 11.
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:Butlin (1983)
2589:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2487:, p. 93.
2486:
2485:Broome (1988)
2481:
2478:
2475:, p. 30.
2474:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2410:, p. 34.
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:, p. 95.
2394:
2393:Williams 1997
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:Connor (2002)
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2359:, p. 39.
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:Connor (2002)
2338:
2335:
2332:, p. 12.
2331:
2330:Coates (2006)
2326:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2129:Peter Stanley
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:and the book
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2009:Fort Victoria
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:Carl Feilberg
1929:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Burnett River
1848:
1844:
1843:Darling Downs
1838:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1545:Carnac Island
1542:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Minang people
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1386:Charles Sturt
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Hunter Region
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:Georges River
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:Jackey Jackey
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Charles Sturt
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1132:Native police
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Colt revolver
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
986:
978:
975:
972:
971:
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967:
964:
961:
956:
953:
943:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
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896:
888:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
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856:
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852:
848:
845:
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841:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
786:
777:
776:River Torrens
772:
768:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
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694:
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686:
683:
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675:
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669:
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658:
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651:
645:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
589:terra nullius
584:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
555:
553:
550:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
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511:
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477:
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472:
469:
467:
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459:
458:
457:
456:
451:
438:
434:
433:Mannalargenna
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
386:George Arthur
382:
376:
371:
365:
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349:
343:
338:
332:
327:
321:
316:
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305:
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137:
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107:
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84:
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76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7157:World War II
7136:
7129:
7103:
6919:Iraqi Revolt
6774:Matabeleland
6750:North Borneo
6744:Matabeleland
6696:Saskatchewan
6498:Upper Canada
6492:Lower Canada
6450:Persian Gulf
6366:Persian Gulf
6306:Newfoundland
6287:Polygar Wars
6257:Kandyan Wars
6209:Nootka Sound
6202:
5854:
5842:
5436:(circa 1845)
5271:Bathurst War
5237:(1795β1816)
5220:
5129:
5115:
5077:
5053:
5030:
5008:
4989:
4970:
4961:
4955:
4946:
4921:
4915:
4909:. Explainer.
4902:
4889:
4860:
4837:
4818:
4795:
4775:. Ringwood:
4771:
4736:
4716:
4691:
4674:. Retrieved
4655:
4631:
4608:
4589:
4570:
4546:
4527:
4504:
4500:
4476:
4452:
4429:
4403:
4399:
4372:
4352:
4329:. Retrieved
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4300:
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4263:
4253:
4241:. Retrieved
4228:
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4184:
4178:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4139:(1): 74β89.
4136:
4130:
4120:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4033:
4027:
4017:
4002:
3992:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:Queenslander
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:Bottoms 2013
3919:
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3891:The Guardian
3889:
3879:
3858:. Retrieved
3848:
3836:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3768:Ann Curthoys
3763:
3759:
3754:
3742:
3732:11 September
3730:. Retrieved
3721:
3714:
3704:11 September
3702:. Retrieved
3685:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3638:. Retrieved
3631:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3571:
3559:
3530:
3494:
3485:
3476:. Retrieved
3469:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3436:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:the original
3404:
3377:. Retrieved
3341:
3331:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3206:23 September
3204:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3193:
3184:
3173:
3164:
3153:
3144:
3107:
3097:23 September
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3084:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3012:
3002:
2980:
2976:
2968:the original
2953:
2930:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2859:, p. 5.
2852:
2840:
2820:, p. 9.
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2750:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2648:, p. 4.
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2517:
2507:23 September
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2445:
2439:
2434:, p. 39
2427:
2415:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2337:
2325:
2297:
2181:
2136:
2094:
2090:history wars
2085:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2052:
2040:
2039:The artwork
2013:
1986:
1974:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1920:
1919:In 1869 the
1918:
1894:
1876:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1791:
1786:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1688:Port Lincoln
1686:The town of
1685:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1642:
1603:
1592:
1560:
1549:
1533:
1529:Murray River
1495:
1484:Portrait of
1456:
1437:
1395:
1348:
1339:
1302:
1299:Bathurst War
1293:Bathurst War
1262:Darug people
1255:
1224:
1221:Frank Gillen
1189:
1145:
1137:
1097:
1085:
1052:
1035:
1005:
993:
982:
968:
963:Horatio Hale
957:
948:
931:tuberculosis
892:
765:
642:
637:
618:
606:
587:
585:
570:
551:
540:
519:
517:
461:British Army
446:Koort Kirrup
444:Partpoaermin
124:
119:Belligerents
94:
81:, including
29:
7177:Vietnam War
7147:World War I
7039:Suez Crisis
6937:Transjordan
6841:West Africa
6818:(1899β1902)
6812:(1898β1901)
6804:Six-Day War
6752:(1894β1905)
6740:(1891β1895)
6720:Mashonaland
6684:Mahdist War
6624:Shimonoseki
6554:(1847β1901)
6464:(1824β1901)
6432:Cape Colony
6330:Cape Colony
6289:(1799β1805)
6283:(1799β1803)
6271:(1798β1800)
6259:(1796β1818)
6233:Cape Colony
6223:(1793β1806)
6205:(1788β1934)
6101:Nova Scotia
6071:Yamasee War
6042:(1694β1700)
6016:Child's War
6004:2nd Tangier
5998:1st Tangier
5994:(1655β1739)
5944:Saint Kitts
5922:(1593β1603)
5764:Committees
5738:Court cases
5633:Windradyne
5613:Tarenorerer
5593:Multuggerah
5558:Cannabaygal
5279:(1827-1828)
5027:Grassby, Al
4924:: 109β124.
4779:Australia.
2869:Grey (1999)
2845:Grey (1999)
2420:Knop (2002)
2357:Grey (2008)
2225:Tarenorerer
2207:Multuggerah
2117:John Coates
1997:Tiwi people
1989:Fort Dundas
1872:Multuggerah
1859:Maryborough
1735:A clash at
1711:Gunditjmara
1572:John Molloy
1410:New England
1321:martial law
1319:proclaimed
1235:Arnhem Land
1064:gold rushes
1038:First Fleet
960:ethnologist
799:Queensland
667:Queensland
625:Sydney Cove
621:First Fleet
543:First Fleet
421:Multuggerah
417:Tarenorerer
291:Many others
274:Gunditjmara
7268:Proxy wars
7212:Categories
7162:Korean War
6943:Pink's War
6835:Somaliland
6672:Basutoland
6426:Guadeloupe
6408:Xhosa Wars
6390:Seychelles
6372:Guadeloupe
6360:Martinique
6227:Rohilkhand
6191:Gold Coast
6161:Rohilkhand
6119:Bengal War
5956:Pequot War
5766:and boards
5578:Kikatapula
5573:Jandamarra
5423:(1843β55)
5081:. Sydney.
4851:0702209775
4798:. Sydney:
4786:0140224750
4537:1865086347
4482:UNSW Press
4480:. Sydney:
4443:0868612235
4432:. Sydney:
4376:. Sydney:
4362:1461709865
4344:References
4331:22 January
4308:22 January
4065:: 89β115.
3971:(formerly
3969:Daily News
3640:4 December
3379:4 November
3279:5 November
2995:High Court
2944:0522846939
2502:ecu.edu.au
2459:0851157440
2272:Xhosa Wars
2256:Arauco War
2243:Windradyne
2146:filmmaker
2121:Ken Inglis
2049:since 1988
1937:Daily News
1898:strychnine
1855:Hervey Bay
1826:Queensland
1800:Queensland
1777:Port Fairy
1610:Jandamarra
1599:Wangkathaa
1595:Coolgardie
1552:Avon River
1466:Black Line
1420:See also:
1275:Parramatta
1001:boomerangs
911:Queensland
612:, Captain
581:Botany Bay
573:James Cook
448:Alkapurata
425:Jandamarra
401:Windradyne
331:William IV
309:George III
254:Gandangara
51:Aboriginal
7075:Falklands
7071:(1963β67)
7065:(1962β66)
7059:(1962β90)
7047:(1962β76)
7035:(1955β59)
7029:(1954β59)
7023:(1952β60)
7017:(1948β60)
7011:(1946β50)
7003:Indonesia
6999:(1945β46)
6997:Indochina
6993:(1944β48)
6981:(1936β39)
6975:(1936β39)
6963:(1931β32)
6957:(1930β31)
6951:(1927β30)
6933:(1922β24)
6931:Kurdistan
6915:(1919β20)
6891:(1916β17)
6871:Nyasaland
6867:(1914β15)
6861:(1914β15)
6849:(1903β04)
6843:(1901β02)
6837:(1900β20)
6800:(1897β98)
6794:(1897β98)
6776:(1896β97)
6746:(1893β94)
6710:(1886β89)
6686:(1881β99)
6680:(1880β81)
6674:(1880β81)
6668:(1879β80)
6656:(1875β76)
6642:Abyssinia
6638:(1866β71)
6632:(1864β65)
6620:(1863β64)
6612:Kagoshima
6608:(1857β58)
6602:(1857β59)
6596:(1856β60)
6590:(1856β57)
6584:(1854β56)
6582:Γ
land War
6566:(1848β49)
6542:(1845β50)
6536:(1845β46)
6530:(1845β72)
6524:(1839β42)
6518:(1839β42)
6512:(1839β41)
6500:(1837β38)
6494:(1837β38)
6488:(1831β33)
6482:(1831β32)
6476:(1828β32)
6470:(1824β26)
6446:(1817β18)
6422:(1814β16)
6416:(1812β15)
6410:(1811β79)
6404:(1810β11)
6384:Mauritius
6356:(1808β09)
6338:(1806β07)
6314:(1803β05)
6277:(1798β99)
6247:(1795β96)
6241:(1795β96)
6217:(1789β92)
6193:(1781β82)
6187:(1779β84)
6181:(1775β82)
6175:(1775β83)
6163:(1773β74)
6157:(1769β73)
6151:(1765β71)
6145:(1763β66)
6139:(1762β63)
6127:(1758β61)
6121:(1756β65)
6115:(1756β63)
6109:(1754β63)
6103:(1749β55)
6097:(1746β63)
6091:(1744β48)
6085:(1740β42)
6079:(1722β25)
6073:(1715β17)
6067:(1711β15)
6061:(1702β13)
6036:(1688β97)
6030:(1688β91)
6018:(1686β90)
6012:(1675β78)
5988:(1654β60)
5982:(1654β67)
5976:(1649β53)
5970:(1641β53)
5958:(1634β38)
5928:(1609β46)
5526:(1932β34)
5496:(1894β97)
5484:(1870β90)
5309:(1833/34)
5303:(1831β33)
5297:(1830β50)
5283:Black War
5261:(1804β05)
5097:cite book
4938:249139781
4676:9 January
4398:(1988). "
4201:147512803
4153:145745263
4096:: 16β36.
4042:2201-7275
3689:(other).
3366:1833-7538
3037:1833-7538
2775:1833-7538
2317:Citations
2289:Footnotes
1954:Cloncurry
1950:Kalkadoon
1724:The 1836
1637:Lake Hope
1563:Busselton
1452:Black War
1370:Kamilaroi
1313:Wiradjuri
1266:Macquarie
1213:Cape York
1056:massacres
919:squatters
865:Tasmania
843:Victoria
751:Tasmania
723:Victoria
413:Truganini
320:George IV
270:Gamilaroi
262:Wiradjuri
79:Australia
49:engaging
7192:Iraq War
7182:Gulf War
7142:Boer War
7063:Malaysia
6985:Ethiopia
6883:Peshawar
6648:Manitoba
6630:Duar War
5926:Virginia
5844:Category
5608:Pemulwuy
5603:Nemarluk
5598:Musquito
5568:Eumarrah
5563:Dundalli
5128:(1986).
4869:38549967
4769:(1982).
4688:(1999).
4582:abstract
4428:(1983).
4280:18 April
4274:Archived
4112:19514155
3897:5 August
3860:5 August
3478:23 April
3449:23 April
3417:21 April
3374:70677943
3273:Archived
3045:70677943
2783:70677943
2219:Pemulwuy
2213:Musquito
2155:See also
2101:Canberra
2081:Quadrant
1977:genocide
1847:Wide Bay
1704:Victoria
1698:Victoria
1648:in 1836
1525:Stirling
1522:Governor
1488:warrior
1457:In 1830
1448:pastoral
1444:Tasmania
1442:(modern
1416:Tasmania
1366:Wonnarua
1350:Brisbane
1343:Saturday
1334:Morisset
1330:Brisbane
1317:Brisbane
1287:Prospect
1043:Pemulwuy
903:Victoria
895:smallpox
879:795,000
835:100,000
824:160,000
813:150,000
802:300,000
633:Victoria
629:Tasmania
610:Governor
453:Strength
442:Cocknose
440:Tarrarer
437:Nemarluk
429:Dundalli
397:Musquito
393:Pemulwuy
266:Wonnarua
258:Tharawal
83:Tasmania
74:Location
7057:Sarawak
7009:Sarawak
6901:Nigeria
6889:Mohmand
6877:Nigeria
6828:century
6486:Malacca
6480:Jamaica
6438:Algiers
6378:Reunion
6324:Surinam
6299:century
6245:Grenada
6239:Jamaica
6131:Jamaica
6052:century
5992:Jamaica
5920:Ireland
5913:century
5900:English
5856:Commons
5643:Yilbung
5618:Tedbury
5553:Calyute
5543:Baulie
5490:(1880s)
5381:(1840s)
4574:. AHA.
4206:8 March
4158:8 March
3787:Network
3725:(PhD).
3309:19 June
3222:Mangles
3050:29 July
2788:12 July
2231:Tedbury
2003:on the
1794:Wimmera
1737:Benalla
1561:In the
1506:Noongar
1486:Noongar
1289:areas.
1134:in 1865
923:measles
857:32,000
846:45,000
285:peoples
283:Noongar
280:peoples
57:of 1838
7077:(1982)
7053:(1962)
7051:Brunei
7041:(1956)
7005:(1945)
6987:(1943)
6969:(1935)
6945:(1925)
6939:(1923)
6927:(1921)
6921:(1920)
6909:(1919)
6903:(1918)
6897:(1917)
6895:Quebec
6885:(1915)
6879:(1915)
6873:(1915)
6855:(1906)
6806:(1899)
6788:(1897)
6782:(1897)
6770:(1896)
6764:(1896)
6758:(1895)
6734:(1891)
6728:(1891)
6722:(1890)
6716:(1888)
6714:Hazara
6704:(1885)
6698:(1885)
6692:(1882)
6662:(1879)
6650:(1870)
6644:(1868)
6626:(1864)
6614:(1863)
6578:(1854)
6572:(1852)
6560:(1848)
6558:Ceylon
6548:(1847)
6546:Canton
6506:(1839)
6458:(1823)
6456:Guiana
6452:(1819)
6440:(1816)
6434:(1815)
6428:(1815)
6398:(1810)
6392:(1810)
6386:(1810)
6380:(1810)
6374:(1810)
6368:(1809)
6362:(1809)
6350:(1807)
6344:(1807)
6332:(1806)
6326:(1804)
6320:(1804)
6308:(1800)
6265:(1798)
6253:(1795)
6251:Ceylon
6235:(1795)
6229:(1794)
6211:(1789)
6199:(1786)
6169:(1774)
6133:(1762)
6024:(1687)
6006:(1664)
6000:(1662)
5980:Acadia
5964:(1641)
5952:(1628)
5950:Quebec
5946:(1626)
5940:(1622)
5934:(1612)
5932:Swally
5548:Beilba
5520:(1928)
5514:(1926)
5508:(1916)
5502:(1915)
5478:(1868)
5472:(1861)
5466:(1859)
5460:(1857)
5454:(1853)
5448:(1849)
5442:(1848)
5417:(1843)
5411:(1842)
5405:(1842)
5399:(1841)
5393:(1841)
5375:(1840)
5369:(1840)
5363:(1840)
5357:(1840)
5351:(1839)
5345:(1839)
5339:(1839)
5333:(1838)
5327:(1838)
5321:(1836)
5315:(1834)
5291:(1828)
5273:(1824)
5267:(1818)
5255:(1804)
5228:Events
5140:
5085:
5064:
5041:
5015:
4996:
4977:
4936:
4903:NITV (
4867:
4848:
4825:
4806:
4783:
4754:
4723:
4704:
4667:
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