213:. This led to a series of reforms in Australian industry regulations. The 1982 Export Control Act was introduced to regulate the export of meat in the aftermath of the scandal. It introduced new legal requirements for meat processing operations and required exporters to meet the food standards of countries importing their meat, in addition to Australian standards. The Australian Bureau of Animal Health was replaced by the Export Inspection Service (EIS) in 1982, eventually becoming part of the current
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95:, California, became suspicious of three blocks of frozen Australian boneless beef that were "darker and stringier" than beef should be. Tests revealed that they were horse meat, not beef, and further testing elsewhere in the United States revealed that some Australian "beef" contained kangaroo meat. Some of the meat had found its way into burgers at the
165:
noted that the condition of kangaroos processed for meat did not meet United States standards. In particular, it stated that kangaroos were typically hunted in the field, and then transported hundreds of miles by truck to be processed. The Royal
Commission's report also noted unhygienic conditions at
178:
Ten companies referenced in the appendix had their food export licenses revoked, effectively shutting nine of them down. Penalties for breaching export license conditions were also increased from $ 2,000 to $ 100,000. However, the maximum fine at the time for the perpetrators themselves was only $
114:
into the Meat
Industry to investigate. Exports of meat from processing plants in Victoria were also suspended for 30 days. The commission investigated 35 companies and released a report on its findings in September 1982. The commission found that "malpractices in the nature of commercial cheating
1289:
144:
meat was also substituted for halal meat. Justice
Woodward noted that the scale of the operation could not be properly assessed due to attempts to cover it up, but said that the types of meat used as substitutes would be easily obtained in the
115:
have been widespread in the export industry." The report stated that companies routinely falsified packing dates and description of meats. It also found that there was a perception in the industry that this was tolerated by inspectors.
132:
The flesh of donkeys, goats, kangaroos, buffaloes and horses, killed in the field and without regard to any consideration of hygiene ... was used indiscriminately to produce food for human consumption
205:
At the time, there were concerns that the scandal would affect the beef exporting industry, as the United States was the largest importer of
Australian beef. It also affected Australian exports to
79:, later announced that a police investigation of Primmer's claims found no evidence of meat substitution. Allegations of meat substitution were made in both the Australian parliament and the
1452:
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100. Richard V. Hammon, a principal at
Profreeze, was convicted of "forging documents issued by or deliverable to Commonwealth authorities" and sentenced to four years in prison.
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76:
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39:. While the substitution primarily affected meat exported overseas, particularly to the United States, further investigations revealed that these as well as
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118:
However, Appendix h of the report was not published at the time, and was only made available to the public in 2012, nearly 30 years later, after a
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194:, the Minister of Primary Industry at the time of the scandal. Detractors of Nixon nicknamed the scandal "Slaughtergate", a reference to the
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The scandal led to widespread criticism in
Australia of the government and federal police. Critics of Prime Minister
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claimed that his administration had failed to respond to the scandal until it reached international proportions.
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claimed that meat processors were being warned when to expect quality inspections by
American officials.
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imposed stringent inspections on
Australian beef imports. In 1982, the Australian government launched a
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cuts of meat intended for pet food, which they then repackaged and exported for human consumption. Non-
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It was confirmed that meat substitution had been occurring for at least five years. Sources within
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slaughterhouses, including poor cleanliness and the presence of maggots at a slaughterhouse in
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over the following years. However, these claims were not seriously investigated by police.
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488:"An Australian meat company owner said Wednesday he replaced... - UPI Archives"
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Stains on a white collar: fourteen studies in corporate crime or corporate harm
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Australian Meat
Industry - Royal Commission - Report, dated September 1982
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were substituting other types of meat for beef were brought before the
1658:
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1043:
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Several meat distributors in
Australia were found to have purchased
47:
had been packaged for human consumption and non-halal meat sold as
1039:
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128:
in December 1982 was finally successful. The appendix noted that:
91:
The scandal unraveled on 27 July 1981 after a food inspector in
32:
566:
393:
Food Safety and International Competitiveness: The Case of Beef
936:
336:"Australians are hopping mad over kangaroo-for-beef scandal"
515:
From 1915 to the Early 1980s: A History of Queensland
1601:
1539:
1463:
1418:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1240:
1162:
1109:
1038:
988:
960:
922:
811:
719:
667:
600:
539:Hooker, Neal H.; Murano, Elsa A. (8 March 2001).
460:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
23:of 1981 involved the widespread substitution of
518:. University of Queensland Press. p. 416.
130:
170:. Katherine Abbatoirs and Wales Meat Exports.
578:
476:. Republic Publishing Company. pp. 8–10.
422:"The significance of food fraud in Australia"
8:
1593:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
1408:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
1307:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
215:Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
1531:United Kingdom food information regulations
585:
571:
563:
370:"'Skippy meat' scandal became global joke"
1369:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
246:. 26 August 1981 – via NYTimes.com.
59:Claims that meat processing companies in
1413:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
1275:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
452:
450:
448:
446:
1383:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
226:
1398:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
975:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
542:Interdisciplinary Food Safety Research
257:
255:
253:
234:
232:
230:
7:
1689:
1577:Institute for Food Safety and Health
1317:Australian meat substitution scandal
1285:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
1061:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
415:
413:
390:Spriggs, John; Isaac, Grant (2001).
385:
383:
330:
328:
326:
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294:Branigin, William (4 October 1981).
289:
287:
285:
283:
281:
279:
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21:Australian meat substitution scandal
1709:
1565:Food Information and Control Agency
368:Kretowicz, Ewa (17 November 2012).
262:Kretowicz, Ewa (18 November 2012).
240:"AUSTRALIAN MEAT WILL BE INSPECTED"
51:domestically in Australia as well.
14:
1775:Australia–United States relations
1582:International Food Safety Network
1506:International Food Safety Network
1227:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1177:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
904:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1708:
1698:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1657:
1587:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
1423:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
1354:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
1349:ICA meat repackaging controversy
456:Grabosky P & Sutton A 1989.
420:Curll, Janine (1 January 2015).
264:"How they fed us donkey burgers"
1526:Quality Assurance International
1433:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
1403:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
1297:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
1212:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
99:chain, leading to jokes about "
1555:European Food Safety Authority
1428:Food safety incidents in China
1265:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1232:Water fluoridation controversy
426:Australian Business Law Review
190:called for the resignation of
1:
470:Croly, Herbert David (1981).
340:The Christian Science Monitor
168:Katherine, Northern Territory
1560:Food and Drug Administration
1242:Food contamination incidents
108:Food and Drug Administration
77:Minister of Primary Industry
1745:July 1981 events in Oceania
1614:Food and drink prohibitions
1388:Bihar school meal poisoning
1312:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
1270:1900 English beer poisoning
624:Antibiotic use in livestock
147:eastern states of Australia
1791:
1609:Curing (food preservation)
682:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
122:request first made by the
1652:
1639:Genetically modified food
1491:Food labeling regulations
1359:2008 Chinese milk scandal
545:. CRC Press. p. 57.
512:Fitzgerald, Ross (1984).
1501:Food safety in Australia
697:High-fructose corn syrup
16:1981 food export scandal
1481:Acceptable daily intake
1393:2013 horse meat scandal
834:Clostridium perfringens
198:involving US President
65:Parliament of Australia
1549:Centre for Food Safety
1364:2008 Irish pork crisis
1066:Benzene in soft drinks
188:Australian Labor Party
134:
120:Freedom of Information
81:Parliament of Victoria
1765:Scandals in Australia
1571:Food Standards Agency
1521:Organic certification
1516:Nutrition facts label
1260:Esing Bakery incident
1048:environment pollution
396:. CABI. p. 109.
209:and countries in the
1760:Food safety scandals
1340:2006 North American
998:Acesulfame potassium
827:Campylobacter jejuni
721:Intestinal parasites
594:Consumer food safety
1644:Conspiracy theories
1197:Heterocyclic amines
1101:Shellfish poisoning
300:The Washington Post
296:"Let Them Eat 'Roo"
162:The Washington Post
1302:Toxic oil syndrome
1255:Swill milk scandal
1081:Diethylstilbestrol
753:Diphyllobothriasis
374:The Canberra Times
268:The Canberra Times
244:The New York Times
159:A 1981 article in
1735:1981 in Australia
1722:
1721:
1629:Food preservation
1438:Foodborne illness
990:Sugar substitutes
743:Cryptosporidiosis
725:parasitic disease
639:HGH controversies
606:food contaminants
552:978-1-4200-3909-2
525:978-0-7022-1734-0
403:978-0-85199-858-9
196:Watergate scandal
106:In response, the
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1674:Drink portal
1672:
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1661:
1573:(United Kingdom)
1322:Jack in the Box
1293:
1280:Minamata disease
1192:Food irradiation
1172:4-Hydroxynonenal
1020:Sodium cyclamate
863:Escherichia coli
855:Escherichia coli
587:
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1770:Jack in the Box
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1664:Food portal
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1496:Food libel laws
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1202:Modified starch
1164:Food processing
1158:
1105:
1034:
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980:Sodium benzoate
956:
918:
913:Vibrio cholerae
807:
778:Gnathostomiasis
763:Fasciolopsiasis
715:
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654:Mercury in fish
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154:Victoria Police
97:Jack in the Box
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1602:Related topics
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793:Toxoplasmosis
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1714:WikiProject
1551:(Hong Kong)
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1250:Devon colic
1124:Breast milk
1096:Nonylphenol
1071:Bisphenol A
1008:controversy
875:Hepatitis E
870:Hepatitis A
848:Enterovirus
841:Cronobacter
798:Trichinosis
768:Fasciolosis
738:Anisakiasis
709:controversy
602:Adulterants
497:26 February
353:26 February
313:26 February
211:Middle East
192:Peter Nixon
41:donkey meat
1729:Categories
1465:Regulation
1448:death toll
1217:Shortening
1182:Acrylamide
1111:Food fraud
1091:Mycotoxins
924:Pesticides
898:Salmonella
773:Giardiasis
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677:Flavorings
221:References
103:burgers".
55:Background
49:halal meat
25:horse meat
1511:ISO 22000
1473:watchdogs
1469:standards
1443:outbreaks
1344:outbreaks
1222:Trans fat
1134:Olive oil
1056:Aflatoxin
1030:Sucralose
1015:Saccharin
1003:Aspartame
947:Malathion
892:Rotavirus
887:Norovirus
348:0882-7729
308:0190-8286
207:Singapore
138:low-grade
93:San Diego
71:in 1977.
37:Australia
1704:Cookbook
1684:Category
1486:E number
1378:outbreak
1335:outbreak
1326:outbreak
1076:Dieldrin
1025:Sorbitol
881:Listeria
821:Botulism
649:Melamine
619:Aldicarb
61:Victoria
45:pet food
1694:Commons
1567:(Spain)
1376:E. coli
1342:E. coli
1333:E. coli
1324:E. coli
1144:Seafood
1044:poisons
942:Lindane
906:E. coli
865:O157:H7
857:O104:H4
659:Sudan I
629:Cyanide
75:, then
1149:Shrimp
1086:Dioxin
1040:Toxins
614:3-MCPD
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101:Skippy
1292:]
1139:Prawn
1119:Bread
692:Sugar
142:halal
687:Salt
547:ISBN
520:ISBN
499:2023
398:ISBN
355:2023
344:ISSN
315:2023
304:ISSN
43:and
33:beef
31:for
27:and
19:The
1154:Tea
1129:Egg
937:DDT
492:UPI
67:by
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