320:). The Australian crake has a sooty face with steel-blue/dark grey breast, belly and throat. Brown upperparts, including the crown, are streaked black and white, with barred black and white flanks. Shorter undertail coverts are black and longer undertail coverts are white, forming a distinctive upside down V when tail is cocked. The outermost primaries have a distinctly white leading edge that is visible during flight. The bill is yellow-green with red base to upper mandible and measures 1.8–2.1 cm (0.71–0.83 in). Legs and feet are also yellow-green and the iris is red. While
42:
245:
338:
91:
66:
352:, the Australian crake can be found throughout southeast and Western Australia. It is less common in Tasmania and tropical areas of northern Australia. The Australian crake lives in both coastal and inland habitats in freshwater, brackish, marine and terrestrial environments where it prefers densely vegetated areas of marshes, swamps, estuaries and saltmarshes that support
329:
with white fringed plumage on belly and breast appearing like muted barring. Juveniles are similar to adults but lack the steel-blue/dark grey plumage and instead have brown and white speckled underparts, as well as a brown iris and no red on bill. Chicks have very plumulaceous black feathers with a deep green hue and a distinctive, red blaze to base of upper mandible.
410:
flattened in an approach-ramp or stage leading up to the nest. Nests of individual mating pairs are often found together, with as many as 30 individual nests in a group. Clutches are of 3-6 eggs that are pale brown with dark brown, red-brown and black spots. The eggs are incubated by both parents. The young are
376:
Foraging often occurs in pairs, family groups and sometimes, when food is abundant, in large groups of up to 100 individuals. Densely vegetated areas amongst reeds, on mudflats or in shallow water (below 5 cm in depth) are favoured, where a variety of foods are enjoyed including; aquatic plants,
328:
that "the sexes present so little difference in colour, that they are only to be distinguished by dissection", it can be noted that the female is slightly smaller and paler than male with a brown stripe across upper lores and more defined white spots on breast and neck. Immature birds are paler again
409:
Breeding occurs between August–February. Nests are often over or beside water 2–50 cm (0.79–19.69 in) above waterline within reeds, rushes, grasses and low shrubs. Additional nesting materials of rushes or grasses are laid over the nest in an inverted dome shape, and foliage is often
535:
426:
Although the
Australian crake is listed as Least Concern, habitat loss, invasive and feral animals, agriculture and livestock grazing and climate change are threats to this species and the conservation of wetlands is fundamental to the survival of this species.
307:
The
Australian crake measures 19–23 cm (7.5–9.1 in) in length, weighs 55–70 g (1.9–2.5 oz) and has a wingspan of 27–33 cm (11–13 in). It is similar in appearance and behaviour to Baillon's crake
936:
963:
401:. These birds forage by probing the ground, wading and swimming, submerging their heads underwater and knocking larger food items against the ground by the water's edge.
356:, chenopods, rushes and sedges. Distribution and movement is dependent on water conditions, so following periods of high rainfall, range can extend inland to areas like
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314:), but the Australian crake is stockier and darker overall and lacks the distinctive barred undertail of the Baillon's crake (
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algae, seeds, molluscs, crustaceans, spiders, tadpoles and insects, both adult and larval, in orders including
1002:. Vol. 2, Raptors to lapwings. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 551–557, Plate 44.
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G, Broinowski. 1891.The Birds of
Australia, Tabuan Water Crake Or Sooty Crake, (colour litho).
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Although bearing the year 1842 on the title page, the article did not appear until 1843.
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570:"Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin – IOC World Bird List"
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645:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 184.
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Rails : a guide to the rails, crakes, gallinules and coots of the world
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Australian crake (far right). 1891 lithograph by
Gracius Broinowski.
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937:"Australian Crake (Porzana fluminea) - BirdLife species factsheet"
336:
281:
243:
228:
132:
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692:"Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin"
235:. It is the only species of Australian crake in the genus
1000:
Handbook of
Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds
1061:
469:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692680A93363806.en
964:"Australian Spotted Crake | BIRDS in BACKYARDS"
618:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
773:Birds of australia : a photographic guide
8:
659:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1049:
987:Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J., eds. (1993).
64:
40:
31:
662:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 162.
537:The field guide to the birds of Australia
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698:. International Ornithologists' Union
261:in 1843 by the English ornithologist
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1306:419b3083-63d6-4c3d-a0b2-f5731bcbb0db
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1368:IUCN Red List least concern species
916:"Atlas of Living Australia website"
455:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
859:Complete guide to Australian birds
594:https://www-bridgemaneducation-com
498:"Australian Spotted Crake - eBird"
418:. Both sexes accompany the young.
25:
291:meaning "river"). The species is
812:Menkhorst, Peter (August 2019).
732:Taylor, Barry (30 August 2010).
696:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
642:Check-List of Birds of the World
89:
444:BirdLife International (2016).
280:. The specific epithet is from
862:. North Sydney, NSW: Penguin.
776:. Princeton University Press.
341:Australian crake distribution.
326:The Birds of Australia (Gould)
49:In New South Wales, Australia
1:
1025:"Wise Use Wetlands Factsheet"
1404:
1378:Endemic birds of Australia
1120:Porzana_(Porzana)_fluminea
656:Jobling, James A. (2010).
815:The Australian bird guide
287:meaning "riverine" (from
257:The Australian crake was
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1388:Taxa named by John Gould
1159:australian-spotted-crake
968:www.birdsinbackyards.net
462:: e.T22692680A93363806.
333:Distribution and habitat
221:Australian spotted crake
18:Australian spotted crake
1383:Birds described in 1843
770:Campbell, Iain (2015).
534:Pizzey, Graham (1980).
574:www.worldbirdnames.org
342:
249:
1327:Paleobiology Database
941:datazone.birdlife.org
856:George Adams (2018).
367:Behaviour and ecology
340:
247:
690:, eds. (July 2023).
540:. Sydney: Collins.
272:. He specified the
56:Conservation status
1154:BirdLife-Australia
686:; Donsker, David;
343:
259:formally described
250:
213:Australian crake (
1355:
1354:
1055:Taxon identifiers
1009:978-0-19-553069-8
993:Australian crake"
869:978-0-14-378708-2
825:978-1-4863-1193-4
783:978-1-4008-6510-9
745:978-1-4081-3537-2
738:. A&C Black.
688:Rasmussen, Pamela
669:978-1-4081-2501-4
637:Peters, James Lee
547:978-0-7322-9193-8
209:
208:
79:
35:Australian crake
16:(Redirected from
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1345:Porzana-fluminea
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1296:australian-crake
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372:Food and feeding
299:are recognised.
270:Porzana fluminea
227:is a species of
219:, also known as
215:Porzana fluminea
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177:P. fluminea
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225:spotted crake
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1035:. Retrieved
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971:. Retrieved
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944:. Retrieved
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473:. Retrieved
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422:Conservation
408:
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344:
324:asserted in
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29:
1229:iNaturalist
1087:Wikispecies
892:"Volume VI"
702:29 December
684:Gill, Frank
624:(117): 139.
606:Gould, John
475:12 November
399:Hymenoptera
395:Lepidoptera
303:Description
1362:Categories
1340:Xeno-canto
973:2022-06-19
946:2022-06-18
901:2022-06-20
878:1046086429
834:1096383391
754:1053858279
579:2023-07-07
507:2022-06-18
431:References
416:nidifugous
387:Coleoptera
383:Orthoptera
379:Dermaptera
297:subspecies
263:John Gould
143:Gruiformes
818:. CSIRO.
792:884015045
556:505187991
502:ebird.org
412:precocial
350:Australia
293:monotypic
285:flumineus
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1273:22692680
1247:11326050
1146:22692680
1141:BirdLife
1078:Q1273794
1072:Wikidata
608:(1842).
405:Breeding
360:Mparntwe
253:Taxonomy
233:Rallidae
153:Rallidae
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1373:Porzana
1286:1294532
1221:2474614
1195:auscra1
1169:auscra1
1128:Avibase
1037:17 June
921:17 June
391:Diptera
346:Endemic
238:Porzana
164:Porzana
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1332:369383
1303:NZOR:
1293:NZBO:
1260:176246
1208:913275
1006:
876:
866:
832:
822:
790:
780:
752:
742:
666:
554:
544:
354:lignum
289:flumen
204:, 1843
1319:72822
1242:IRMNG
1190:eBird
1182:4M2QZ
1166:BOW:
1028:(PDF)
1023:AWE.
996:(PDF)
896:Trove
322:Gould
295:: no
282:Latin
223:, or
202:Gould
1281:NCBI
1268:IUCN
1255:ITIS
1216:GBIF
1039:2022
1004:ISBN
923:2022
874:OCLC
864:ISBN
830:OCLC
820:ISBN
788:OCLC
778:ISBN
750:OCLC
740:ISBN
704:2023
664:ISBN
552:OCLC
542:ISBN
477:2021
460:2016
414:and
397:and
229:bird
211:The
133:Aves
1234:156
1203:EoL
1177:CoL
1115:AFD
1102:ADW
1032:AWE
464:doi
348:to
276:as
1364::
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1192::
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1156::
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1117::
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1089::
1074::
1030:.
998:.
966:.
955:^
939:.
894:.
872:.
842:^
828:.
800:^
786:.
762:^
748:.
712:^
694:.
622:10
620:.
616:.
572:.
550:.
516:^
500:.
485:^
458:.
452:.
393:,
389:,
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