Australian zebra finch - Knowledge (XXG)

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support this; a 1992 study found a correlation between the song rate of a male and the attractiveness of it (measured on the basis of how much time the female spent with the male). However, a 2007 study found that the responsiveness of a female (measured by behaviours indicating an intent to copulate or rejection) was not significantly related to the male's beak colour or its song rate. Song rate was instead hypothesised to draw female's attention to males. According to the author, this meant that the validity of the conclusions of the 1992 experiment needed to be reexamined. Combined with the lack of influence that certain morphological traits have, the large control of females over copulation could indicate chase-away sexual selection, where an exaggerated trait is evolved to counter increased resistance by the female to that feature. An additional theory as to why extra-pair copulation might evolve is the between-sex genetic correlation theory. This theory is based on the lack of definite female benefits in extra-pair copulations, and the benefits that males have by being promiscuous. It states that extra-pair mating behaviour could arise from the same set of loci, and thus that strong selection for extra-pair mating behaviour would indirectly select for promiscuous behaviour in females.

536:, and in cases of parasitism, there is usually only one parasitic egg per nest. Additionally, parasitised nests often have one more egg than non-parasitised nests. The female may follow a mixed strategy with relation to brood parasitism (being parasitic in addition to incubating its own clutch). From about 32% to 58% of females do this, and almost all (about 96%) lay parasitic eggs before incubating their clutch. Unpaired females sometimes lay parasitic eggs, but paired females do not rely solely on parasitism. A female that parasitised a nest in the past is more likely to do so in the future. Most of these eggs are unsuccessful; that is, the host abandons its otherwise empty nest after a parasitic egg is laid. Additionally, successful parasites are more likely to have future success from parasitism. At least during late incubation, the female zebra finch can distinguish its own eggs on the basis of odour. This method of distinction arises from the visual similarity between parasitic and non-parasitic eggs, and the cost associated with raising an egg other than one's own. When a bird is parasitised during a nesting attempt, it is less likely to be parasitised again during that season and, at the very least, during the next season (although this could be statistical noise). 502:

individual in a roosting nest saves about 18% of the energy of one outside. The breeding nest (which generally ranges from about 12 to 24 centimetres (4.7 to 9.4 in) in length) has a small entrance followed by a tunnel about three to five centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in) in diameter and up to eight centimetres (3.1 in) in length, which conceals the contents of the nest, leading to the egg chamber, which has (from the outside) a diameter of 12 to 20 centimetres (4.7 to 7.9 in); the latter two are separated by a raised lip, preventing eggs from rolling out. This chamber often sits on an old nest; otherwise, a foundation consisting of many short, stiff stems over horizontal branches is constructed. The walls of the nest range in thickness from one to three centimetres (0.39 to 1.18 in), with an outer layer of longer stiff and rough grass stems and an inner layer of shorter soft and fine stems. The egg chamber is also lined with soft material, such as wool and feathers. Both sites are defended during the day; but while a desperate bird is sometimes let in to the roosting nest during the night, the breeding nest is always guarded.

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Symmetry of both plumage, like chest bands, and artificial features, like leg bands, are preferred by the female, as measured by how often the male is displayed to. Because of the prevalence of extra-pair paternity, males have evolved various mechanisms to try and assure their paternity of a clutch. The male guards its mate by following it and stopping extra-pair copulation attempts. Sperm competition, where two or more males attempt to inseminate a single egg, also occurs. This is indicated by the male in a pair copulating with its mate more often the day before egg-starts. This is because the last male to copulate with a female before the next egg has a 70% to 80% chance of fertilising the egg in question. Another adaptation to sperm competition is the male ejaculating up to seven times more sperm in extra-pair copulations. The increased amount of sperm occurs because of the combination of ejaculate size being controlled by the time between previous copulations, and the fact that extra-pair copulations occur in the male after its period of within-pair copulation period is complete.

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it may drink from 6 to 12 millilitres (0.21 to 0.42 imp fl oz; 0.20 to 0.41 US fl oz) of water per day. The zebra finch also extracts water from seeds, and can get water from metabolising its food. This metabolic water consumption can equal the amount of water that is lost when temperatures are below 23 °C (73 °F), although only for birds that are gradually dehydrated. Suddenly dehydrated birds must be in temperatures below 12 °C (54 °F) before the water lost is equal to that produced by the metabolism. This finch can survive periods of low water consumption; one study that gradually reduced the amount of water given over a period of a few months to just 0.5 to 1 millilitre (0.018 to 0.035 imp fl oz; 0.017 to 0.034 US fl oz) per week at temperatures from 22 to 24 °C (72 to 75 °F) found that the zebra finch could survive these conditions. Additionally, more than half of birds survived in a total water deprivation experiment that ran 513 days long.

638:) of the zebra finch may vary from 38 to 44 °C (100 to 111 °F), rising with increasing air temperatures. Body temperatures over 45 °C (113 °F) can cause death within an hour. This finch first cools itself by covering its plumage with water, not moving, and holding its wings out to allow more thinly feathered regions to be exposed. It also has a large capacity for evaporative cooling through the lungs and skin, with measurements of heat lost through evaporative cooling over heat produced being as high as 1.37 at 43.4 °C (110.1 °F). This can occur as a result of panting, which starts to occur when body temperatures reach 42 to 43 °C (108 to 109 °F) (although this may start when the air temperature is as low as 32 °C (90 °F)). This can cause dehydration and may put birds into a lethargic state. Additionally, the zebra finch's simple 605:

available, like from August to September in northern Victoria, there is more feeding in the afternoon, less time spent on patches of food before leaving, and the distance between places where food is available is longer. There are generally two groups of individuals based on foraging behaviour. In the first group, the probability of starting or stopping a feeding bout is constant through time, and short meals are more usual. Most birds in this group have longer bouts when the gap between the previous bout is longer. In the second group (which may consist of more birds), the longer a gap is, the more likely the individual is to start feeding again. Additionally, for most birds in this group, the same is true of the stopping of a bout; the longer it is, the more likely it is to be stopped. Feeding is also usually cyclical for the second group.

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A feeding flock can be formed by individuals joining those already feeding, or by individuals landing on the ground together. Birds that arrive in this flock later are more likely to rely on scrounging, or taking food from competitors, whereas early arrivals are more likely to find food for themselves. Individuals that tend to explore more may be more dominant (measured by factors such as in what order individuals accessed a food source), at least in a study that had relatively low food availability and a single source where food could be taken from. These individuals may also be less successful in a scramble competition, where there are multiple points where food can be found. The reason for the latter is hypothesised to be a result of a trade-off between faster speed in sampling an area and lower accuracy in detecting seeds.

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between renditions but begins to incorporate some recognisable elements of tutor songs. A study conducted by Nottebohm et al., has shown that birds were able to successfully imitate their tutor's song after relatively short exposure (40 playbacks of the motifs lasting 30 seconds total) over the duration of their sensitive learning period. These birds eventually form a "template" of what their correct song should sound like. They rely on auditory feedback for both song learning and practice as juveniles and song maintenance as adults. Adult birds maintain their songs by correcting any deviations from their target song template. During adulthood, by around 90 days, the bird's song goes through a crystallisation phase where their song template is stable and it no longer changes. The learning process can be delayed by exposure to

229: 509:, initiating reproductive behaviour about one to three months after water becomes available. This is so that the young hatch when semi-ripe and ripe seeds (their primary food) become available. This finding is in line with the food quality hypothesis of zebra finch breeding, which states that dry grass seed is inadequate as a food source for nestlings, and that higher quality food (like ripening seeds) is needed to sustain them. Thus, in captivity, it can breed year round when provided with sufficient water, and it may attempt to breed several times per breeding season. Zebra finches are socially monogamous, with pair bonds lasting until the death of one of the partners, after which the widowed bird re-pairs. 442: 462:

one hour before sunset, when they return to the colony. On warmer days, some of the small groups return to the colony to build nests and perform their normal activities. During the breeding season, finches finding or building a nest often return after about an hour of feeding, and on cold days they are joined by those incubating or brooding young. Pairs that have not yet laid their eggs sometimes elect to court and mate in special "courting trees" before joining the flock. In the afternoon, most pairs engage in social activities, which often take place at "social trees". The zebra finch frequently does not breed where it was born; of the ringed birds that bred in the Danaher breeding colony (

888: 900: 845:. If a nest is provided, breeding will typically begin ~1 week after pairing. The female usually lays 5 eggs that are then incubated for 14 - 16 days. Young zebra finches fledge about 17 to 18 days after hatching. They feed themselves by around 35 days after hatching, although they are still socially dependent on their parents during this time; the young become socially independent between 36 and 50 days after hatching. They also develop sexually dimorphic plumage during this period. These finches are quick to attain sexual maturity, with most first attempting to form pair bonds and breed when they get close to 80 days in age. 729:. They are easy to keep and are suitable even for beginners. The minimum cage dimensions for a pair are around 70 cm × 40 cm × 50 cm (28 in × 16 in × 20 in), with enough horizontal space for flight. The metal bars of the cage should be placed no more than ~1 centimetre (0.39 in) apart. An external aviary should have an indoor space for shelter, where the birds can sleep, rest and hide from bad weather. Because of their social nature they shouldn't be kept alone and should at least be kept in pairs to have company. In addition to providing access to clean, fresh 404:. These motoneurons control the muscles of the trachea and syrinx. When learning a new song, the HVC sends efferents to Area X in the lobus parolfactorius, which connects to the medial nucleus of the dorsolateral thalamus (DLM). This structure connects to the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN), which projects to the RA, and continues like a normal learned song would. The function of the various areas involved in learning is still being investigated. Area X is likely involved in the acquisition of a new song, whereas the LMAN likely serves a key role in the 622:

submerged, unlike most birds that bring their bill tip up to swallow. This unique action is accomplished by having the tongue scoop water into the pharynx. Then, the front of the larynx forces the water into the oesophagus, which, through peristalsis, takes the fluid to the crop. This method could have evolved because the adaptations necessary were already there because of the need to quickly dehusk and swallow seeds. It allows for water to be drunk faster and taken from more diverse sources, such as drops of dew and cattle troughs; the latter requires the bird to drink upside down.

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further away. Pairs with preyed-upon nests are significantly more likely to nest in a bush more than 20 metres (66 ft) away from their previous nesting plant. Another large factor is where others nest: individuals are more likely to nest closer to conspecifics. In addition, reproductive success of conspecifics may play a role in where individuals nest; a study published in 2012 found that this finch was more likely to breed near nests with chicks older than six days (used as a proxy for reproductive success because they fledge about 87% of the time).

31: 652:, causing upwards of tens of thousands of this bird to die, with many being found in dams. However, so long as drinking water is available, the bird is able to tolerate heat waves on top of the usual high summer temperatures. Tolerance is also achieved through behaviour. In extreme conditions the finch will reduce its activity in the hotter parts of the day, and it is capable of predicting hotter events and will pre-emptively eat and drink in preparation for the hours of enforced inactivity. 380:. Their song is a few small beeps, leading up to a rhythmic song of varying complexity in males. Each male's song is different, although birds of the same bloodline will exhibit similarities, and all finches will overlay their own uniqueness onto a common rhythmic framework. Due to their extremely fine temporal-auditory discrimination, the zebra finch is able to recognise and respond to micro-auditory details nested within their calls which human ears cannot detect. 597:

seizing it with its bill or feet. In times of scarcity, the zebra finch can use its bill to dig into the ground to find buried seed. These seeds are generally taken from patches which have fewer husks (when compared to the number of whole seeds) and are larger and more dense. A seed patch may be checked for many months after its supply of seed is depleted. Additionally, colonial roosting and nesting and foraging in flocks can help birds discover new patches of seed.

579:. The nestlings diet consists almost entirely of half-ripe and ripe seeds, in addition to green plant material. There are two main reasons why grass seeds are the dietary staple of the zebra finch: they are an abundant and relatively stable food source in this finch's preferred climate, and they are convenient to, for example, dehusk. In some areas, such as the eastern arid zone in Australia, the seeds taken are consistent, whereas in others, like northern 87: 618:

drinking areas are preferred to more enclosed ones. It can also drink from dew on the tip of leaves. Due to the danger of predation, the zebra finch gathers in flocks in a bush or tree near a waterhole, only going to drink after the group is large enough. It then only drinks for a few seconds. After drinking, the zebra finch generally bathes for around a minute. Then, it dries off and re-oils its plumage in a warm sheltered spot.

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song learning and tutor imitation. These studies also have implications for human speech. Individuals heterozygous for a point mutation in FOXP2 manifest a speech disorder. Because of similar expression patterns between humans and songbirds, the Australian zebra finch is used as a model to study FoxP2 expression and function. The zebra finch genome was the second bird genome to be sequenced, in 2008, after that of the

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were given an incubation call having less mass at the end of the nestling phase when they experienced higher nest temperatures. This contrasts with chicks that were not given an incubation call, which have a higher mass at the end of nestling after being exposed to high nest temperatures. Additionally, the chicks called to as an embryo are more likely to call after experiencing high nest temperatures.

450: 513:, mating with individuals other than one's mate, occurs occasionally, with females usually soliciting it. Extra-pair parentage is relatively rare in the wild, accounting for about 2% of young. Attempts at forced extra-pair copulations by males occur frequently (about 43.8% of the time in one study); but, females can always successfully resist forced copulations if they so choose. 4124: 540:

dimorphic plumage during this period. These finches are quick to attain sexual maturity, with most first attempting to form pair bonds and breed when they get close to 80 days in age. During the second half of the breeding season at the Danaher breeding colony, 44% of pairs attempting to breed were formed by individuals that were born earlier in the season.

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these areas, it is found in grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs, and in open or grassy woodlands. It is also found in cultivated areas, such as rice fields. It usually stays confined to the low coastal areas of the islands it inhabits, but it can move to elevations up to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) to exploit expanding cultivation and grasslands.

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When water is close, the Australian zebra finch drinks regularly during the day; if it is over about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away, visits generally peak at midday. It prefers to drink from small puddles or other collections of water, especially those with gently sloped banks. Additionally, exposed

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There are several traits correlated with increased extra-pair copulations. Spending time with a mate is important; even more important than the attractiveness of a male (as judged by other females; attractiveness as judged by one female was positively correlated with the judgements of other females).

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There are multiple hypotheses as to why extra-pair copulation might have evolved. One theory is the good genes theory, which states that a female chooses extra-pair copulation if the extra-pair male grants its offspring direct benefits as a result of the male's alleles. There are results that seem to

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Calling behaviour is used by Australian zebra finches to negotiate parental care duties. In an experiment that delayed the return of the males to the nest, it was found that the resulting duets were shorter and calls were made more often. This is the first species that vocal negotiation over parental

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proposed that sustained heavy precipitation is detrimental to the zebra finch. This is supported by the observation that the nest does not shield the chicks or eggs from rain, and rainfall can sometimes result in clutches being abandoned. Furthermore, it is supported by Immelmann's finding that zebra

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The Australian zebra finch needs an average of only 3.6 seconds to drink 1.5 millilitres (0.053 imp fl oz; 0.051 US fl oz) of water. This short amount of time per bout is achieved by this finch's drinking method. It swallows the water it gets while its bill tip is still

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The Australian zebra finch generally consumes about 24% to 28% of its body weight (or about 3 millilitres (0.11 imp fl oz; 0.10 US fl oz)) in water per day at a temperature of 22 to 23 °C (72 to 73 °F). When at a higher temperature of 40 °C (104 °F),

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This bird commonly forages in flocks, although it sometimes forages in pairs or by itself. In the breeding season, small or medium-sized flocks are common, but in the non-breeding season, flocks of up to about 500 birds may be formed. It occasionally forms mixed-species flocks with other estrildids.

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is not sex-biased, unlike in most passerines. However, males between 36 and 50 days of age are more likely to disperse than females, although after this age, more females disperse than males. Predation is likely a major factor in coloniality; nests in the main colony suffer less predation than nests

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The Australian zebra finch generally breeds in loose colonies of up to 50 nests (although the number of individuals in a colony can be up to about 230 when breeding, and around 350 when not), but it may nest solitarily. It usually places its nest in a thorny shrub poor tree, although it will nest in

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to investigate the neural bases of learning, memory, and sensorimotor integration. For example, studies have investigated the role of FoxP2 in song learning and have found that in young finches both knockdown and overexpression of FoxP2 in the striatal song control nucleus, Area X, prevents accurate

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In non-arid parts of Australia, colonies are often occupied year-round. During cold days in the non-breeding season, members of these colonies usually feed in flocks for about two hours, breaking up into small groups to rest, preen, sing, and court before foraging again in a large flock until about

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The zebra finch primarily eats grass seeds, feeding mostly on semi-ripe and ripe seeds (although it also takes dry seeds). The seeds are all dehusked, and are found on stems and the ground, with most being taken, at least in the nominate subspecies, from the latter. The grasses they are taken from

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had only about a 25% survival rate, compared to about 41% for unrelated pairs. This early difference in survival eventually becomes null after fledging, with about equal survival rates for offspring from both sibling and unrelated pairs. Inbreeding depression mostly arises due to the expression of

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The Australian zebra finch uses an acoustic signal to communicate to embryos. It gives an incubation call to its eggs when the weather is hot—above 26 °C (79 °F)—and when the end of their incubation period is near. This call alters the growth and behaviour of the chicks, with chicks that

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The life expectancy of an Australian zebra finch is highly variable because of genetic and environmental factors. The zebra finch may reach up to five years in its natural environment. If they are kept caged, they normally live for 5 to 9 years but may live as long as 12 years, with an exceptional

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The Australian zebra finch is generally found in more arid areas. The areas it chooses to occupy are close to water, and places where rain is concentrated after it falls. However, this is likely more related to the abundance of vegetation than the abundance of water as a resource in itself. Within

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Young zebra finches fledge about 17 to 18 days after hatching. They feed themselves by around 35 days after hatching, although they are still socially dependent on their parents during this time; the young become socially dependent between 36 and 50 days after hatching. They also develop sexually

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Male Australian zebra finches begin to sing at puberty, while females lack a singing ability. This is due to a developmental difference, where in the embryo, the male zebra finch produces testosterone, which is transformed into estradiol in the brain, which in turn leads to the development of the

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The zebra finch generally forages for seeds on the ground, taking them individually. But, it also eats seeds on the heads of standing grass. To do this, it either flies and pecks out seeds one at a time, or it perches on a nearby branch. It may also take the head to the ground by jumping up and

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Sons generally learn the song of their fathers with little variation. There is a critical sensitive period during which juvenile males learn their songs by imitating a mature, male tutor. Subsong (early, poorly structured vocalisations) evolve into 'plastic song'. This plastic song is variable

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Foraging activity in the zebra finch peaks in the first hour after sunrise and the second to last hour before sunset. In the first instance, the increase foraging is generally achieved through many short bouts of foraging, whereas the latter comes from a few long bouts. When food becomes less

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The Australian zebra finch builds both a roosting and breeding nest. The former is dome-shaped, has a large entrance on the side, and lacks an entrance tunnel. This nest helps the zebra finch conserve body heat (likely through its roof and walls and by allowing birds to huddle together): an

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are commonly between about 1 and 2.6 millimetres (0.039 and 0.102 in) in length, and larger and easily dehusked seeds are preferred. It supplements its diet with insects (mainly ants and termites) caught in short flights from lookout perches, in addition to flowers of the genus

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Males and females are very similar in size, but are easily distinguished from one another after reaching maturity, as the males usually have bright orange cheek feathers, red beaks (as opposed to the orange beaks of females), and generally more striking black and white patterns.

648:. This lacking ability to cool the brain, in combination with dehydration, may cause the mass die-offs found during prolonged periods of high temperatures. For example, in January 1932, temperatures were between 47 and 52 °C (117 and 126 °F) for 16 days in northern 532:, with five being the most common number. These eggs are white or pale greyish blue in colour, and have a size of about 16 by 10 millimetres (0.63 by 0.39 in). They are incubated for 14 to 16 days. From about 5% to 11% of offspring are the result of intraspecific 346:

after the first heavy rains in November 1959, but returned to breed in April. It is hypothesised that birds in parts of northern Australia migrate inland during the wet season from October to May, and return to the coastal regions during the dryer months.

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The Australian zebra finch has the most extensive mainland distribution of the Australian estrilids, being found in about 75% of mainland Australia. The species is generally not found on the coasts, except for the arid western edge.

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Lai, Cecilia S. L.; Fisher, Simon E.; Hurst, Jane A.; Vargha-Khadem, Faraneh; Monaco, Anthony P. (4 October 2001). "A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder".

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Sohrabji, Farida; Nordeen, Ernest J.; Nordeen, Kathy W. (1990). "Selective impairment of song learning following lesions of a forebrain nucleus in the juvenile zebra finch".

262:. Due to the ease of keeping and breeding the zebra finch in captivity, it has become Australia's most widely studied bird; by 2010, it was the most studied captive model 1400:

Zann, Richard A.; Morton, Stephen R.; Jones, Kevin R.; Burley, Nancy T. (1995). "The timing of breeding by zebra finches in relation to rainfall in central Australia".

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with the dimensions 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm (5.9 in × 5.9 in × 5.9 in) and material for building the nest, such as

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It is likely that the Australian zebra finch evolved first, with the Sunda zebra finch descending from Australian zebra finches blown out to sea during the

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Birkhead, T. R.; Burke, T.; Zann, R.; Hunter, F. M.; Krupa, A. P. (1990). "Extra-pair paternity and intraspecific brood parasitism in wild zebra finches

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nervous system for a song system. There are multiple areas of the brain involved in the production of song. When a bird is singing a learned song, the

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case of 14.5 years reported for a caged specimen. The greatest threats to captive zebra finch survival are predation by cats and loss of natural food.

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Forstmeier, Wolfgang; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Griffith, Simon C.; Kempenaers, Bart (2014). "Female extra-pair mating: adaptation or genetic constraint?".

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Birkhead, T. R.; Fletcher, F.; Pellatt, E. J.; Staples, A. (1995). "Ejaculate quality and the success of extra-pair copulations in the zebra finch".

559:) in the zebra finch, although it does not seem to affect fertility. Embryos have a much lower survival rate, with a study finding fertile eggs from 254:. It ranges over most of the continent, avoiding only the cool humid south and some areas of the tropical far north. The bird has been introduced to 4386: 4257: 1846:"A comparative study of the behavioral deficits following lesions of various parts of the zebra finch song system: implications for vocal learning" 4412: 441: 303: 4106: 2605: 1524: 3604:

David, Morgan; Cézilly, Frank; Giraldeau, Luc-Alain (2011). "Personality affects zebra finch feeding success in a producer–scrounger game".

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Mariette, Mylene M.; Griffith, Simon C. (2012). "Conspecific attraction and nest site selection in a nomadic species, the zebra finch".

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Haesler, Sebastian; Rochefort, Christelle; Georgi, Benjamin; Licznerski, Pawel; Osten, Pavel; Scharff, Constance (4 December 2007).

4470: 4417: 290:) was described. For over a century and a half, the Australian and Sunda zebra finches were classified as a single species, 4128: 1461: 465: 2691:

Houtman, Anne M. (22 July 1992). "Female Zebra Finches Choose Extra-Pair Copulations with Genetically Attractive Males".

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David, Morgan; Auclair, Yannick; Cézilly, Frank (2011). "Personality predicts social dominance in female zebra finches,

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Cooper, Christine Elizabeth; Withers, Philip Carew; Hurley, Laura Leilani; Griffith, Simon Charles (20 November 2019).

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Payne, R. (2018). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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Payne, R. (2018). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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They normally live for 5 to 9 years but may live as long as 12 years or more. This depends on the quality of care,

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Gurney, ME; Konishi, M. (1980). "Hormone-induced sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in zebra finches".

1490: 997: 393: 30: 4148: 2305:"Vocal negotiation over parental care? Acoustic communication at the nest predicts partners' incubation share" 2182:

Teramitsu, Ikuko; Kudo, Lili C.; London, Sarah E.; Geschwind, Daniel H.; White, Stephanie A. (31 March 2004).

1999:"Incomplete and Inaccurate Vocal Imitation after Knockdown of FoxP2 in Songbird Basal Ganglia Nucleus Area X" 411:

Because Australian zebra finch males learn their songs from their surroundings, they are often used as avian

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Schielzeth, Holger; Bolund, Elisabeth (2010). "Patterns of conspecific brood parasitism in zebra finches".

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Brumm, Henrik; Goymann, Wolfgang; Derégnaucourt, Sébastien; Geberzahn, Nicole; Zollinger, Sue Anne (2021).

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Heidweiller, J.; Zweers, G. A. (1990). "Drinking mechanisms in the zebra finch and the Bengalese finch".

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Swaddle, J. P.; Cuthill, I. C. (1994). "Female zebra finches prefer males with symmetric chest plumage".

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Brainard, Michael S.; Doupe, Allison J. (16 May 2002). "What songbirds teach us about learning".

1356: 1259: 1177: 1105: 1059: 814: 689: 677: 649: 493:) from 1985 to 1989, 24% of them were hatched from the colony or in the immediate vicinity. This 311: 207: 81: 4009:

Olson, Christopher R.; Wirthlin, Morgan; Lovell, Peter V.; Mello, Claudio V. (23 October 2014).

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Zann, Richard; Runciman, David (2008). "Survivorship, dispersal and sex ratios of zebra finches

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Tchernichovski, Ofer; Lints, Thierry; Mitra, Partha P.; Nottebohm, Fernando (26 October 1999).

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The zebra finch diet consists of a seed mixture for small birds. They like different kinds of

644:(found in the head) makes it unable to cool the brain as effectively as other birds, like the 401: 307: 283: 251: 4450: 4249: 4038: 4022: 3885: 3875: 3828: 3769: 3709: 3659: 3613: 3570: 3454: 3392: 3355: 3306: 3288: 3218: 3167: 3120: 3075: 3028: 2985: 2940: 2922: 2878: 2860: 2800: 2742: 2700: 2635: 2524: 2478: 2420: 2328: 2318: 2275: 2211: 2195: 2138: 2130: 2085: 2069: 2028: 2010: 1963: 1912: 1875: 1857: 1813: 1803: 1751: 1741: 1692: 1674: 1611: 1561: 1553: 1417: 1348: 1251: 1151: 1097: 1043: 969: 873: 533: 3154:

Birkhead, T.R.; Hunter, F.M.; Pellatt, J.E. (1989). "Sperm competition in the zebra finch,

4152: 4011:"Proper Care, Husbandry, and Breeding Guidelines for the Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata" 2597:

The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species

2143: 1780: 951: 412: 405: 385: 338: 247: 4158: 1781:"Developmental changes in estrogen-sensitive neurons in the forebrain of the zebra finch" 3351: 3284: 3214: 2981: 2856: 2796: 2520: 2474: 2271: 2126: 1959: 1799: 1737: 1670: 1607: 1413: 1147: 1132:"A comprehensive phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the waxbills (Aves: Estrildidae)" 1039: 458:

other structures, natural and artificial. Often, there are multiple nests in one shrub.

4043: 4010: 3890: 3863: 3458: 3311: 3268: 3080: 3063: 2945: 2910: 2883: 2840: 2424: 2216: 2183: 2090: 2057: 2033: 1998: 1880: 1862: 1845: 1756: 1721: 1566: 1541: 802: 730: 693: 645: 4168: 4067: 3926: 3663: 3171: 1818: 4434: 4283: 3019:

Forstmeier, Wolfgang (2004). "Female resistance to male seduction in zebra finches".

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Australian zebra finches are loud and boisterous singers. Their calls can be a loud

4365: 3238: 2199: 2168: 2073: 1639: 750: 669: 4352: 3617: 3574: 3412: 3032: 2746: 2639: 2507:

Kikkawa, Jiro (1980). "Seasonality of nesting by zebra finches at Armidale, NSW".

1967: 1557: 4328: 4220: 4096: 3293: 2865: 2733:; Svedin, Nina (2010). "Low level of extrapair parentage in wild zebra finches". 2595: 2015: 408:

necessary for learning. Activation of song behaviour later depends on androgens.

337:

Although Australian zebra finch breeding, for example, is initiated by rainfall,

40: 4399: 4229: 2730: 1156: 1131: 866: 862: 701: 665: 661: 575: 318: 255: 158: 148: 3650:

Slater, P. J. B. (1974). "The temporal pattern of feeding in the zebra finch".

2989: 2909:

Forstmeier, W.; Martin, K.; Bolund, E.; Schielzeth, H.; Kempenaers, B. (2011).

1659:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Calder, W. A.; King, J. R. (1963). "Evaporative cooling in the zebra finch".

3721: 3671: 3625: 3582: 3466: 3302: 3230: 3179: 3132: 3089: 3040: 2997: 2936: 2911:"Female extrapair mating behavior can evolve via indirect selection on males" 2874: 2812: 2754: 2647: 2536: 2490: 2432: 2207: 2152: 2081: 2024: 1924: 1871: 1688: 1679: 1623: 1429: 1165: 1055: 480: 467: 2927: 2280: 2255: 1808: 770: 734: 697: 263: 138: 98: 4052: 4026: 3899: 3789: 3404: 3383:

Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".

3369: 3320: 3124: 3097: 3005: 2954: 2892: 2704: 2289: 2225: 2160: 2099: 2042: 1975: 1765: 1746: 1706: 1631: 1575: 1352: 1255: 1173: 4123: 3445:), and an examination of granivory in birds of the Australian arid zone". 1932: 1889: 1827: 1655:"Vocal imitation in zebra finches is inversely related to model abundance" 4322: 4214: 1722:"Traffic noise disrupts vocal development and suppresses immune function" 1101: 834: 778: 726: 705: 525: 259: 118: 1047: 4391: 4262: 4162: 3832: 3773: 3729: 3360: 3335: 2804: 1089: 818: 806: 798: 758: 560: 417: 4404: 2528: 2323: 2304: 1421: 1023: 306:

followed suit in 2022 based on studies noting differences in plumage,

3222: 2134: 2058:"Behavior-linked FoxP2 regulation enables zebra finch vocal learning" 842: 810: 786: 782: 754: 746: 722: 633: 108: 4378: 4191: 3713: 3396: 1615: 4145: 4373: 893:

Adult male at Dundee Wildlife Park, Murray Bridge, South Australia

794: 790: 774: 766: 448: 440: 227: 854: 762: 128: 4195: 3811:

Bech, Claus; Midtgård, Uffe (1981). "Brain temperature and the

3441:

Morton, S. R.; Davies, P. H. (2006). "Food of the zebra finch (

1022:

Griffith, Simon C.; Buchanan, Katherine L. (1 September 2010).

945: 943: 838: 2729:

Griffith, Simon C.; Holleley, Clare E.; Mariette, Mylene M.;

2056:

Heston, Jonathan B.; White, Stephanie A. (18 February 2015).

4098:

The Zebra Finch: A Synthesis of Field and Laboratory Studies

833:

For nesting, it is recommended to provide the birds with a

660:

Nest predators of the Australian zebra finch include the

3695: 3693: 1519:. Illustrated by Tony Oliver. Golden Press. p. 44. 587:

74% of the seeds eaten over a 15-month period were from

3985:"Zebra Finch - Taeniopygia guttata or Poephila guttata" 3113:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2904: 2902: 2724: 2722: 2621: 2619: 2617: 1839: 1837: 998:"Consistency in the scientific name of the zebra finch" 445:

Female with two juveniles in New South Wales, Australia

2350:"Zebra finches negotiate parental duties through song" 733:, zebra finches should have access to a shallow water 704:. Carnivorous marsupials are also nest predators, and 2600:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 640. 1024:"The Zebra Finch: the ultimate Australian supermodel" 765:

themselves. Another important part of their diet are

2774: 2772: 2254:

Mariette, Mylene M.; Buchanan, Katherine L. (2016).

274:

The Australian zebra finch was described in 1837 by

4312: 4204: 3436: 3434: 3336:"Inbreeding causes early death in a passerine bird" 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 975:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103817982A132195948.en

1334: 1237: 2834: 2832: 2830: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 2915:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1788:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1517:The Golden Book of Australian birds and mammals 266:species worldwide, by a considerable margin. 2686: 2684: 2502: 2500: 3645: 3643: 2589: 2587: 2585: 8: 3743: 3741: 3739: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 1296: 1294: 1292: 4187:Zebra finch on the Finch Information Center 630:The body temperature (as measured from the 4192: 3960:"Zebra finch care | Animal Humane Society" 3334:Hemmings NL, Slate J, Birkhead TR (2012). 3250: 3248: 1510: 1508: 1130:Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (1 May 2020). 60: 38: 29: 20: 4042: 3889: 3879: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3359: 3310: 3292: 3079: 3062:Holland, Brett; Rice, William R. (1998). 2944: 2926: 2882: 2864: 2560: 2558: 2444: 2442: 2332: 2322: 2310:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2279: 2215: 2142: 2089: 2032: 2014: 1879: 1861: 1817: 1807: 1755: 1745: 1696: 1678: 1565: 1542:"Do we hear what birds hear in birdsong?" 1311: 1309: 1155: 973: 905:Domesticated zebra finch, southern France 4135:BirdLife International species factsheet 1345:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 1248:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 4183:Housing and husbandry for zebra finches 3269:"Female zebra finches smell their eggs" 1328: 1326: 1324: 939: 883: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 396:projects to the robust nucleus of the 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1540:Dooling, R. J.; Prior, N. H. (2016). 1491:"AnAge entry for Taeniopygia guttata" 1485: 1483: 1136:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 304:International Ornithological Congress 7: 4068:"What to Know About the Zebra Finch" 3747: 3684: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3479: 3425: 3254: 2675: 2576: 2564: 2549: 2448: 2387: 2375: 2244:. Washington University in St. Louis 1442: 1380: 1315: 1300: 1283: 1206: 1194: 1076: 996:Clayton, N.S.; Birkhead, T. (1989). 4441:IUCN Red List least concern species 2785:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2783:, revealed by DNA fingerprinting". 1460:White, R. & Fraser, A. (2007). 1347:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. 1250:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. 961:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 853:Zebra finches can have knemicoptes 708:take roosting adult zebra finches. 400:(RA), which itself projects to the 314:between both species in captivity. 232:Male in Karratha, Western Australia 3459:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1983.tb01321.x 3081:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb05132.x 2693:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2425:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01077.x 1863:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02896.1991 528:ranges from two to eight eggs per 14: 3821:Journal of Comparative Physiology 2970:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2594:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014). 2348:Izaac, Joshua (2 December 2015). 1844:Scharff, C; Nottebohm, F (1991). 813:to birds. An important source of 505:The Australian zebra finch is an 4122: 2483:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20014.x 922: 910: 898: 886: 849:Health and lifespan in captivity 825:. Egg food is also recommended. 85: 4142:on the Internet Bird Collection 950:BirdLife International (2018). 564:deleterious recessive alleles. 4343:Taeniopygia_guttata_castanotis 4314:Taeniopygia guttata castanotis 2200:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5589-03.2004 2144:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CB9C-F 2074:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3715-14.2015 809:shouldn't be given due to its 282:, about two decades after the 220:Taeniopygia guttata castanotis 1: 3664:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80050-3 3618:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.025 3575:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.10.008 3447:Australian Journal of Ecology 3172:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80135-6 3033:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.003 2839:Forstmeier, Wolfgang (2007). 2747:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.031 2640:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.03.006 1968:10.1126/science.208.4450.1380 1905:Behavioral and Neural Biology 1779:Gahr, M; Konishi, M. (1988). 1558:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.012 721:Zebra finches can be kept in 428:care has ever been reported. 4015:Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 3294:10.1371/journal.pone.0155513 2866:10.1371/journal.pone.0000952 2016:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050321 1917:10.1016/0163-1047(90)90797-A 1094:IOC World Bird List Datasets 360:Song and other vocalisations 4140:Videos, photos & sounds 4101:. Oxford University Press. 3964:www.animalhumanesociety.org 2062:The Journal of Neuroscience 1850:The Journal of Neuroscience 1157:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106757 216:Poephila guttata castanotis 4492: 3813:rete mirabile ophthalmicum 2990:10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.005 1493:. Genomics.senescence.info 1090:"IOC World Bird List 12.1" 968:: e.T103817982A132195948. 641:rete mirabile ophthalmicum 4181:Maintaining zebra finches 4095:Zann, Richard A. (1996). 3561:, in a feeding context". 2509:Emu - Austral Ornithology 2411:in southeast Australia". 1402:Emu - Austral Ornithology 1239:"Australian Zebra Finch ( 1028:Emu - Austral Ornithology 294:. They were split by the 213: 206: 187: 180: 82:Scientific classification 80: 58: 49: 37: 28: 23: 4476:Taxa named by John Gould 4151:15 December 2013 at the 3881:10.3389/fphys.2019.01405 1680:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12901 1468:. University of Michigan 325:Habitat and distribution 4471:Birds described in 1837 4173:genome assembly in the 3931:Corydon Animal Hospital 3868:Frontiers in Physiology 3385:Nature Reviews Genetics 2928:10.1073/pnas.1103195108 2281:10.1126/science.aaf7049 2188:Journal of Neuroscience 1809:10.1073/pnas.85.19.7380 402:hypoglossal motoneurons 24:Australian zebra finch 4236:Taeniopygia castanotis 4206:Taeniopygia castanotis 4027:10.1101/pdb.prot084780 3125:10.1098/rspb.1994.0172 2705:10.1098/rspb.1992.0075 1747:10.1126/sciadv.abe2405 1515:Haddon, Frank (1985). 1353:10.2173/bow.zebfin2.01 1256:10.2173/bow.zebfin2.01 1241:Taeniopygia castanotis 626:Temperature regulation 454: 453:Juvenile zebra finches 446: 300:BirdLife International 270:Taxonomy and phylogeny 243:Taeniopygia castanotis 238:Australian zebra finch 233: 191:Taeniopygia castanotis 4146:Description on Vinkie 3340:Nature Communications 2355:Australian Geographic 2334:10536/DRO/DU:30082281 1462:"Taeniopygia guttata" 876:, and other factors. 686:yellow-throated miner 557:inbreeding depression 511:Extra-pair copulation 507:opportunistic breeder 452: 444: 246:) is the most common 231: 4131:at Wikimedia Commons 3815:in the zebra finch ( 1466:Animal Diversity Web 1336:"Timor Zebra Finch ( 1102:10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1 682:grey-crowned babbler 609:Drinking and bathing 590:Panicum decompositum 555:causes early death ( 4175:UCSC Genome Browser 4129:Taeniopygia guttata 3559:Taeniopygia guttata 3352:2012NatCo...3..863H 3285:2016PLoSO..1155513G 3215:1995Natur.377..422B 3156:Taeniopygia guttata 2982:2014TEcoE..29..456F 2921:(26): 10608–10613. 2857:2007PLoSO...2..952F 2797:1990BEcoS..27..315B 2781:Taeniopygia guttata 2521:1980EmuAO..80...13K 2475:2012Oikos.121..823M 2409:Taeniopygia guttata 2272:2016Sci...353..812M 2240:Taeniopygia guttata 2127:2001Natur.413..519L 1960:1980Sci...208.1380G 1954:(4450): 1380–1383. 1800:1988PNAS...85.7380G 1738:2021SciA....7.2405B 1671:1999PNAS...9612901T 1665:(22): 12901–12904. 1608:2002Natur.417..351B 1414:1995EmuAO..95..208Z 1338:Taeniopygia guttata 1148:2020MolPE.14606757O 1079:, pp. xiii–xiv 1048:10.1071/MUv110n3_ED 1040:2010EmuAO.110D...5G 954:Taeniopygia guttata 674:pygmy mulga monitor 477: / 292:Taeniopygia guttata 52:Conservation status 4461:Domesticated birds 4456:Birds of Australia 4159:Zebra finch genome 3933:. 27 February 2019 3833:10.1007/BF00782598 3774:10.1007/BF02151016 3361:10.1038/ncomms1870 2805:10.1007/BF00164002 678:singing honeyeater 650:Southern Australia 481:36.150°S 145.433°E 455: 447: 312:assortative mating 280:Amadina castanotis 234: 173:T. castanotis 4428: 4427: 4198:Taxon identifiers 4127:Media related to 4108:978-0-19-854079-3 4021:(12): 1243–1248. 3989:www.finchinfo.com 3209:(6548): 422–423. 3119:(1353): 267–271. 2607:978-0-226-05781-1 2529:10.1071/MU9800013 2324:10.1111/bij.12705 2266:(6301): 812–814. 2194:(13): 3152–3163. 2121:(6855): 519–523. 1794:(19): 7380–7383. 1602:(6886): 351–358. 1526:978-0-7302-0011-6 1422:10.1071/MU9950208 857:, air sac mites, 284:Sunda zebra finch 252:Central Australia 226: 225: 75: 43: 4483: 4421: 4420: 4408: 4407: 4395: 4394: 4382: 4381: 4369: 4368: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4305: 4304: 4292: 4291: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4265: 4253: 4252: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4193: 4126: 4112: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4066:Myers, Jeannie. 4063: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3883: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3817:Poephila guttata 3808: 3802: 3801: 3757: 3751: 3750:, pp. 69–71 3745: 3734: 3733: 3697: 3688: 3687:, pp. 60–62 3682: 3676: 3675: 3652:Animal Behaviour 3647: 3638: 3637: 3606:Animal Behaviour 3601: 3595: 3594: 3563:Animal Behaviour 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3535:, pp. 51–52 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3511:, pp. 49–50 3506: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3482:, pp. 50–51 3477: 3471: 3470: 3443:Poephila guttata 3438: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3296: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3223:10.1038/377422a0 3198: 3192: 3191: 3160:Animal Behaviour 3151: 3145: 3144: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3083: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3027:(5): 1005–1015. 3021:Animal Behaviour 3016: 3010: 3009: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2930: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2868: 2836: 2825: 2824: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2735:Animal Behaviour 2726: 2717: 2716: 2688: 2679: 2678:, pp. 84–85 2673: 2660: 2659: 2634:(6): 1329–1337. 2628:Animal Behaviour 2623: 2612: 2611: 2591: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2404: 2391: 2390:, pp. 81–82 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2326: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2283: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2146: 2135:10.1038/35097076 2110: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2068:(7): 2885–2894. 2053: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2018: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1865: 1856:(9): 2896–2913. 1841: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1811: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1749: 1732:(20): eabe2405. 1726:Science Advances 1717: 1711: 1710: 1700: 1682: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1591: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1546:Animal Behaviour 1537: 1531: 1530: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1397: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1342: 1330: 1319: 1313: 1304: 1303:, pp. 62–68 1298: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1245: 1233: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1159: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1002: 993: 987: 986: 984: 982: 977: 947: 926: 914: 902: 890: 635: 534:brood parasitism 492: 491: 489: 488: 487: 486:-36.150; 145.433 482: 478: 475: 474: 473: 470: 310:divergence, and 193: 90: 89: 69: 64: 63: 45: 44: 33: 21: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4416: 4411: 4403: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4349: 4341: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4308: 4300: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4200: 4153:Wayback Machine 4119: 4109: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3927:"Zebra Finches" 3925: 3924: 3907: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3768:(11): 603–604. 3759: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3737: 3714:10.2307/1368379 3699: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3397:10.1038/nrg2664 3382: 3381: 3377: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3279:(5): e0155513. 3266: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3246: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3018: 3017: 3013: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2731:Pryke, Sarah R. 2728: 2727: 2720: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2663: 2625: 2624: 2615: 2608: 2593: 2592: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2440: 2406: 2405: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2242:Research Status 2237: 2233: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2055: 2054: 2050: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1616:10.1038/417351a 1593: 1592: 1583: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1399: 1398: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1314: 1307: 1299: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1235: 1234: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1197:, pp. 9–10 1193: 1189: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1000: 995: 994: 990: 980: 978: 949: 948: 941: 937: 930: 927: 918: 915: 906: 903: 894: 891: 882: 851: 831: 823:cuttlefish bone 743: 719: 714: 658: 637: 628: 611: 593:, for example. 570: 550: 495:natal dispersal 485: 483: 479: 476: 471: 468: 466: 464: 463: 439: 434: 413:model organisms 362: 353: 339:Klaus Immelmann 327: 272: 248:estrildid finch 218: 202: 195: 189: 176: 84: 76: 65: 61: 54: 39: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4409: 4396: 4383: 4370: 4357: 4347: 4334: 4318: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4293: 4280: 4267: 4254: 4241: 4226: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4155: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4118: 4117:External links 4115: 4114: 4113: 4107: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4058: 4001: 3976: 3944: 3905: 3854: 3803: 3752: 3735: 3689: 3677: 3658:(2): 506–515. 3639: 3596: 3569:(1): 219–224. 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3484: 3472: 3453:(3): 235–243. 3430: 3418: 3391:(11): 783–96. 3375: 3326: 3259: 3244: 3193: 3166:(6): 935–950. 3146: 3103: 3054: 3011: 2976:(8): 456–464. 2960: 2898: 2826: 2791:(5): 315–324. 2768: 2741:(2): 261–264. 2718: 2680: 2661: 2613: 2606: 2581: 2569: 2554: 2542: 2496: 2469:(6): 823–834. 2453: 2438: 2419:(2): 136–143. 2392: 2380: 2368: 2340: 2317:(2): 322–336. 2295: 2246: 2231: 2174: 2105: 2048: 1989: 1938: 1895: 1833: 1771: 1712: 1645: 1581: 1532: 1525: 1504: 1479: 1447: 1435: 1408:(3): 208–222. 1385: 1373: 1320: 1305: 1288: 1276: 1211: 1199: 1187: 1122: 1081: 1069: 1014: 988: 938: 936: 933: 932: 931: 929:Captive female 928: 921: 919: 916: 909: 907: 904: 897: 895: 892: 885: 881: 878: 850: 847: 830: 827: 821:egg shells or 761:that they can 742: 739: 731:drinking water 718: 715: 713: 710: 694:Torresian crow 657: 654: 646:common kestrel 631: 627: 624: 610: 607: 569: 566: 549: 546: 524:The number of 438: 435: 433: 430: 361: 358: 352: 349: 326: 323: 271: 268: 224: 223: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 185: 184: 178: 177: 170: 168: 164: 163: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 78: 77: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4488: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:Animal models 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3257:, p. 335 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699:(1324): 3–6. 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1646: 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884: 879: 877: 875: 870: 868: 867:blood-sucking 864: 860: 859:aspergillosis 856: 848: 846: 844: 840: 836: 828: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 740: 738: 737:for bathing. 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670:dragon lizard 667: 663: 655: 653: 651: 647: 643: 642: 636: 625: 623: 619: 615: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 592: 591: 586: 582: 578: 577: 567: 565: 562: 561:sibling pairs 558: 554: 547: 545: 541: 537: 535: 531: 527: 522: 518: 514: 512: 508: 503: 499: 496: 490: 459: 451: 443: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 419: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 398:archistriatum 395: 389: 387: 386:traffic noise 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 359: 357: 350: 348: 345: 342:finches left 340: 335: 331: 324: 322: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 302:in 2016. The 301: 297: 296:IUCN Red List 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 269: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244: 239: 230: 222: 221: 217: 212: 209: 205: 200: 194: 192: 186: 183: 182:Binomial name 179: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139:Passeriformes 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 88: 83: 79: 73: 68: 67:Least Concern 57: 53: 48: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4313: 4205: 4169: 4097: 4089:Bibliography 4075:. Retrieved 4071: 4061: 4018: 4014: 4004: 3992:. Retrieved 3988: 3979: 3967:. Retrieved 3963: 3935:. Retrieved 3930: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3827:(1): 89–93. 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3705: 3701: 3680: 3655: 3651: 3612:(1): 61–67. 3609: 3605: 3599: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3547:, p. 54 3540: 3528: 3523:, p. 48 3516: 3504: 3499:, p. 46 3475: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3428:, p. 45 3421: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2918: 2914: 2848: 2844: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2738: 2734: 2696: 2692: 2631: 2627: 2596: 2579:, p. 73 2572: 2567:, p. 87 2552:, p. 81 2545: 2515:(1): 13–20. 2512: 2508: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2451:, p. 76 2416: 2412: 2408: 2383: 2378:, p. 78 2371: 2359:. Retrieved 2353: 2343: 2314: 2308: 2298: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2239: 2234: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2009:(12): e321. 2006: 2003:PLOS Biology 2002: 1992: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1911:(1): 51–63. 1908: 1904: 1898: 1853: 1849: 1791: 1787: 1774: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1599: 1595: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1516: 1495:. Retrieved 1470:. Retrieved 1465: 1445:, p. 25 1438: 1405: 1401: 1383:, p. 17 1376: 1364:. Retrieved 1344: 1337: 1318:, p. 27 1286:, p. 23 1279: 1267:. Retrieved 1247: 1240: 1209:, p. 19 1202: 1190: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1113:. Retrieved 1093: 1084: 1072: 1034:(3): v–xii. 1031: 1027: 1017: 1008: 1004: 991: 979:. Retrieved 965: 959: 953: 917:Captive male 871: 852: 832: 744: 720: 717:Living space 659: 639: 629: 620: 616: 612: 603: 599: 595: 588: 574: 571: 551: 542: 538: 523: 519: 515: 504: 500: 460: 456: 426: 422: 410: 390: 382: 377: 373: 369: 365: 363: 354: 336: 332: 328: 316: 291: 287: 279: 273: 242: 241: 237: 235: 219: 215: 214: 190: 188: 172: 171: 159: 18: 4446:Taeniopygia 4400:iNaturalist 4230:Wikispecies 3762:Experientia 3708:(1): 1–28. 2851:(9): e952. 1552:: 283–289. 981:12 November 863:coccidiosis 835:nesting box 817:is crushed 702:house mouse 690:little crow 666:brown snake 662:tiger snake 576:Chenopodium 484: / 319:Pleistocene 256:Puerto Rico 160:Taeniopygia 149:Estrildidae 4435:Categories 4077:4 December 3994:4 December 3969:4 December 3937:5 December 3702:The Condor 3074:(1): 1–7. 1497:25 January 1142:: 106757. 1115:29 January 935:References 801:and other 773:, such as 771:vegetables 753:of common 712:Aviculture 585:Queensland 553:Inbreeding 548:Inbreeding 406:plasticity 351:Life cycle 288:T. guttata 276:John Gould 4329:Q27634858 4289:103818044 4250:103818044 4221:Q55111699 4167:View the 4157:View the 4035:1940-3402 3841:0174-1578 3782:0014-4754 3748:Zann 1996 3722:0010-5422 3685:Zann 1996 3672:0003-3472 3626:0003-3472 3583:0003-3472 3545:Zann 1996 3533:Zann 1996 3521:Zann 1996 3509:Zann 1996 3497:Zann 1996 3480:Zann 1996 3467:0307-692X 3426:Zann 1996 3303:1932-6203 3255:Zann 1996 3231:0028-0836 3180:0003-3472 3133:0962-8452 3090:0014-3820 3068:Evolution 3041:0003-3472 2998:0169-5347 2937:0027-8424 2875:1932-6203 2813:0340-5443 2755:0003-3472 2676:Zann 1996 2648:0003-3472 2577:Zann 1996 2565:Zann 1996 2550:Zann 1996 2537:0158-4197 2491:0030-1299 2449:Zann 1996 2433:0019-1019 2388:Zann 1996 2376:Zann 1996 2361:5 October 2208:0270-6474 2153:0028-0836 2082:1529-2401 2025:1545-7885 1925:0163-1047 1872:0270-6474 1689:0027-8424 1624:0028-0836 1443:Zann 1996 1430:0158-4197 1381:Zann 1996 1361:216499275 1316:Zann 1996 1301:Zann 1996 1284:Zann 1996 1264:216499275 1207:Zann 1996 1195:Zann 1996 1182:211048731 1166:1055-7903 1110:246050277 1077:Zann 1996 1056:0158-4197 781:, grated 779:cucumbers 706:barn owls 698:black rat 656:Predators 432:Behaviour 264:passerine 167:Species: 105:Kingdom: 99:Eukaryota 4323:Wikidata 4276:11295683 4245:BirdLife 4215:Wikidata 4149:Archived 4053:25342067 3900:31824330 3874:: 1405. 3849:34672423 3798:22114512 3790:14101529 3634:54412471 3591:53178426 3405:19834483 3370:22643890 3321:27192061 3273:PLOS ONE 3188:53168363 3141:85258085 3098:28568154 3049:53186504 3006:24909948 2955:21670288 2893:17895992 2845:PLOS ONE 2821:12744714 2763:53170552 2713:83985353 2656:53171704 2290:27540172 2226:15056695 2161:11586359 2100:25698728 2043:18052609 1984:11669349 1976:17775725 1766:33980481 1707:10536020 1632:12015616 1576:29628517 1366:5 August 1269:5 August 1174:32028027 1064:86055134 815:minerals 811:toxicity 723:aviaries 581:Victoria 472:145°26′E 437:Breeding 260:Portugal 208:Synonyms 145:Family: 119:Chordata 115:Phylum: 109:Animalia 95:Domain: 72:IUCN 3.1 4451:Finches 4392:6540505 4379:chefin1 4353:chefin1 4263:4845808 4170:taeGut2 4163:Ensembl 4044:4574870 3891:6879461 3730:1368379 3348:Bibcode 3346:: 863. 3312:4871452 3281:Bibcode 3239:4263304 3211:Bibcode 2978:Bibcode 2946:3127899 2884:1978515 2853:Bibcode 2793:Bibcode 2517:Bibcode 2471:Bibcode 2268:Bibcode 2260:Science 2217:6730014 2169:4421562 2123:Bibcode 2091:4331621 2034:2100148 1956:Bibcode 1948:Science 1933:2302141 1890:1880555 1881:6575264 1828:3174641 1796:Bibcode 1757:8115921 1734:Bibcode 1667:Bibcode 1640:4329603 1604:Bibcode 1567:5884127 1472:22 July 1410:Bibcode 1144:Bibcode 1036:Bibcode 880:Gallery 869:mites. 829:Nesting 819:chicken 807:Avocado 799:spinach 787:bananas 783:carrots 759:grasses 755:cereals 741:Feeding 469:36°09′S 418:chicken 344:Wyndham 201:, 1837) 155:Genus: 135:Order: 125:Class: 70: ( 4418:924665 4405:569255 4302:644770 4105: 4051: 4041: 4033: 3898: 3888: 3847: 3839: 3796: 3788: 3780: 3728: 3720: 3670: 3632: 3624: 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