140:
355:
31:
53:
by the 18th and 19th centuries and had engaged in a struggle for supremacy among smaller German kingdoms. The rivalry was characterized by major territorial conflicts and economic, cultural, and political aspects. Therefore, the rivalry was an important element of the
842:"Friedens-Tractat, Welcher Zwischen Jhro Majestät Der Römischen Kaiserin, Zu Hungarn und Böheim Königin, Ertz-Hertzogin zu Oesterreich, etc. Und Jhro Majestät Dem König in Preussen – Treaty of Dresden, full text"
569:, Austria, for the third time, had to acknowledge the Prussian annexations. The usurper kingdom had prevailed against the European great powers and would play a vital future role in the "
1006:
981:
971:
246:, with respect to the fact that he still held the electoral dignity of Brandenburg and the royal title was only valid in the Prussian lands outside the Empire.
490:, took the opportunity of the breathing space to implement several civil and military reforms within the Austrian lands, like the establishment of the
549:
while
Austrian troops entered Silesia. His situation worsened when Austrian and Russian forces united to inflict a crushing defeat on him at the 1759
219:
499:
422:
1001:
139:
223:
996:
950:
923:
915:
Constructing and
Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's The Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's In Der Löwengrube
803:
749:
719:
127:
of 1879. Both countries were the main
Central Powers during World War I (1914–1918). After that war, Austria-Hungary fell apart, and Germany
554:
1011:
896:
776:
624:
saw
Denmark lose to the combined forces of Austria and Prussia, but Prussia would later gain full control of the province after the
262:
976:
480:
282:
266:
430:
292:
179:
659:
654:
403:
367:
339:
207:
991:
476:
288:
239:
147:
519:
617:
296:
94:
which functioned only in times of cooperation (1815–1848 and 1851–1859). They still fought on the same side (against
491:
399:
159:
106:
475:
was confirmed: Frederick kept
Silesia but finally acknowledged the accession of Maria Theresa's husband, Emperor
438:
986:
442:
679:
415:
258:
143:
592:. They were conflicted over the best nation-state to accomplish this, a question that became known as the
580:; after their conclusion, the German states were reorganized into a more unified 37 separate states of the
819:
689:
566:
471:
315:
235:
311:
were
Austrian archdukes of the Habsburg dynasty, who also held the Bohemian and Hungarian royal dignity.
503:
462:
434:
199:
669:
621:
581:
550:
426:
331:
323:
254:
231:
195:
123:
99:
91:
354:
684:
629:
625:
589:
562:
558:
531:
507:
454:
407:
371:
327:
270:
211:
171:
70:
66:
637:
527:
511:
387:
375:
359:
330:, Austria had to deal with the rising Brandenburg-Prussian power in the north, that replaced the
308:
300:
227:
741:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of
Westphalia, 1493–1648
946:
919:
892:
886:
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772:
745:
715:
613:
570:
515:
466:
411:
379:
319:
304:
274:
250:
198:
located in northwestern
Germany. It finally grew out of the Imperial borders when in 1618 the
167:
50:
42:
913:
863:
402:
and the indivisibility of the
Habsburg territories, whereby he sparked off the pan–European
278:
203:
183:
421:
At the time, Austria still claimed the mantle of the Empire and was the chief force of the
121:
became meaningless. Germany and
Austria-Hungary soon became close allies, as proven by the
649:
593:
577:
495:
187:
128:
114:
87:
55:
841:
664:
597:
542:
523:
446:
335:
215:
191:
163:
17:
965:
633:
585:
395:
391:
343:
243:
110:
62:
35:
640:
in 1878. Germany, led by Prussia, had become the superior power to Austria-Hungary.
674:
546:
151:
30:
940:
793:
766:
739:
709:
366:
The rivalry is largely held to have begun upon the death of the Habsburg Emperor
303:
outside the borders of the Empire, laying the foundation of the Central European
608:
Prussia annexing all the German states except Austria, while "Greater Germany" (
888:
The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo
605:
553:. Frederick, on the brink, was saved by the discord among the victors in the "
86:), which does not cover only rivalry but also cooperation, for example in the
291:, the Habsburg realm evolved to a European great power. In 1526 his brother
425:. Until 1745, Maria Theresa was able to regain the Imperial crown from her
820:"25. Dezember 1745 – Friede zu Dresden sichert erneut schlesischen Besitz"
346:
that, sooner or later, had to collide with the Habsburg claims to power.
117:, since 1867) no longer struggled over the hegemony in Germany, the term
34:
The Prussian lion circling around the Austrian elephant. Illustration by
458:
383:
175:
95:
69:
during the middle 18th century until the conflict's culmination in the
46:
358:
Frederick receives homage from the Silesian estates, wall painting by
538:
450:
514:
in order to isolate Prussia. Frederick, however, had completed the "
322:
and failed to strengthen their Imperial authority in the disastrous
138:
338:. The efforts made by the "Great Elector" and the "Soldier-king"
636:
in 1871, and the rivalry is often seen as subsiding after the
27:
Cooperation and rivalry between Austria and Prussia up to 1866
628:, thus saw Austria being excluded from Germany. After the
616:
Austria taking control of the separate German states. The
261:
and the final obtainment of the Imperial crown by Emperor
226:
and reached full sovereignty in Ducal Prussia by the 1657
418:, had to cede the bulk of the Silesian lands to Prussia.
406:. He decisively defeated the Austrian troops at the 1742
174:. It had extended most of its territory into the eastern
342:
had created a progressive state with a highly effective
398:. Frederick had broken his promise to acknowledge the
576:Austria and Prussia both would fight France in the
461:in 1744 and after the Prussian victory at the 1745
632:, Germany was unified under Prussia to become the
506:of 1756, allying with the former Habsburg nemesis
844:. Uni Heidelberg, historic literature – digitized
588:began to demand a unified Germany, especially by
234:. In 1701, Frederick William's son and successor
318:, the Catholic Habsburgs had to accept the 1555
541:failed and moreover, the king had to deal with
486:Maria Theresa, still chafing under the loss of
410:, whereafter Maria Theresa, by the Treaties of
90:. Indeed, both powers did jointly dominate the
522:with Great Britain. He again took action by a
498:in 1751. Her capable state chancellor, Prince
479:. The terms were again confirmed by the final
8:
733:
731:
77:
49:were the most powerful German states in the
939:William Carr; Harry Hearder (6 June 2014).
891:. Indiana University Press. pp. 192–.
242:to proclaim himself a King "in" Prussia at
942:The Wars of German Unification 1864 – 1871
565:concluded peace with Prussia. By the 1763
273:by marriage gained the inheritance of the
561:died on 5 January 1762 and her successor
307:. From the 15th to the 18th century, all
162:was officially declared one of the seven
113:was dominated by Prussia. As Austria (or
353:
249:The centuries-long rise of the Austrian
29:
795:Frederick the Great: A Military History
700:
620:also became tied up in the debate; the
457:started with Frederick's invasion into
453:, she failed to recapture Silesia: The
768:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840
1007:19th century in the Habsburg monarchy
982:18th century in the Habsburg monarchy
972:18th century in the Holy Roman Empire
7:
792:Dennis Showalter (24 October 2012).
708:Philip G. Dwyer (4 February 2014).
555:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg
822:. RBB PreuĂźen-Chronik. 21 May 2008
488:the most beautiful gem of my crown
25:
526:, invading Saxony and opening a
61:Both opponents first met in the
238:reached the consent of Emperor
230:concluded with the Polish king
218:. In 1653, the "Great Elector"
771:. Princeton University Press.
660:War of the Bavarian Succession
655:War of the Austrian Succession
537:Nevertheless, the conquest of
404:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
711:The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830
148:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
997:Foreign relations of Prussia
918:. Peter Lang. pp. 37–.
253:had already begun with King
180:War of the JĂĽlich succession
885:Russell F. Weigley (2004).
864:"Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle"
618:Schleswig-Holstein Question
518:" by the conclusion of the
297:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
190:as well as the counties of
1028:
866:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
492:Theresian Military Academy
400:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
334:as the leading Protestant
160:Margraviate of Brandenburg
107:North German Confederation
1012:History of Central Europe
1002:Austria–Prussia relations
265:in 1452. His descendants
202:electors became dukes of
945:. Taylor & Francis.
590:1848 and its revolutions
481:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
437:lands, but, despite her
378:launched an invasion of
977:19th century in Germany
912:Birgit Ryschka (2008).
738:Joachim Whaley (2012).
500:Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz
423:disunited German states
259:Battle on the Marchfeld
257:'s victory at the 1278
144:Frederick II of Prussia
111:new German nation state
18:Austria-Prussia rivalry
690:Unification of Germany
567:Treaty of Hubertusburg
472:status quo ante bellum
363:
316:Protestant Reformation
277:dukes and the Spanish
178:region, and after the
155:
78:
39:
765:Hajo Holborn (1982).
520:Treaty of Westminster
504:Diplomatic Revolution
463:Battle of Kesselsdorf
357:
287:), and under Emperor
284:tu felix Austria nube
206:, then a fief of the
142:
58:in the 19th century.
33:
992:Geopolitical rivalry
680:Punctation of OlmĂĽtz
670:German confederation
622:Second Schleswig War
582:German Confederation
551:Battle of Kunersdorf
332:Electorate of Saxony
232:John II Casimir Vasa
100:Second Schleswig War
92:German Confederation
798:. Frontline Books.
685:Austro-Prussian War
630:Franco-Prussian War
626:Austro-Prussian War
604:) solution favored
586:German nationalists
559:Elizabeth of Russia
502:, succeeded in the
455:Second Silesian War
408:Battle of Chotusitz
372:Frederick the Great
340:Frederick William I
328:Peace of Westphalia
309:Holy Roman Emperors
212:Brandenburg-Prussia
210:, and the lands of
172:Golden Bull of 1356
119:Deutscher Dualismus
79:Deutscher Dualismus
76:The German term is
71:Austro-Prussian War
638:Congress of Berlin
528:Third Silesian War
439:Quadruple Alliance
388:First Silesian War
364:
360:Wilhelm Camphausen
301:Kingdom of Hungary
156:
40:
952:978-1-317-87202-3
925:978-3-631-58111-7
805:978-1-78303-479-6
751:978-0-19-873101-6
721:978-1-317-88703-4
571:Concert of Europe
545:forces attacking
516:stately quadrille
467:Treaty of Dresden
433:by occupying his
394:to come) against
324:Thirty Years' War
320:Peace of Augsburg
305:Habsburg monarchy
251:House of Habsburg
224:Farther Pomerania
220:Frederick William
168:Holy Roman Empire
154:on 25 August 1769
129:became a republic
51:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
1019:
957:
956:
936:
930:
929:
909:
903:
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882:
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789:
783:
782:
762:
756:
755:
735:
726:
725:
705:
610:Grossdeutschland
602:Kleindeutschland
557:", when Empress
532:Seven Years' War
326:. Upon the 1648
279:Crown of Castile
228:Treaty of Wehlau
186:also gained the
184:Treaty of Xanten
109:) and 1871, the
81:
67:Seven Years' War
21:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
987:Austrian Empire
962:
961:
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953:
938:
937:
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906:
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884:
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879:
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786:
779:
764:
763:
759:
752:
737:
736:
729:
722:
707:
706:
702:
698:
650:German question
646:
594:German question
578:Napoleonic Wars
530:(and the wider
496:Wiener Neustadt
386:, starting the
352:
299:as well as the
271:Philip the Fair
188:Duchy of Cleves
137:
115:Austria-Hungary
88:Napoleonic Wars
56:German question
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
964:
963:
959:
958:
951:
931:
924:
904:
897:
877:
855:
833:
811:
804:
784:
777:
757:
750:
744:. OUP Oxford.
727:
720:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
645:
642:
598:Lesser Germany
524:preemptive war
447:Dutch Republic
370:in 1740, King
351:
348:
295:inherited the
216:personal union
214:were ruled in
136:
133:
84:German dualism
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
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978:
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954:
948:
944:
943:
935:
932:
927:
921:
917:
916:
908:
905:
900:
898:0-253-21707-5
894:
890:
889:
881:
878:
865:
859:
856:
843:
837:
834:
821:
815:
812:
807:
801:
797:
796:
788:
785:
780:
778:0-691-00796-9
774:
770:
769:
761:
758:
753:
747:
743:
742:
734:
732:
728:
723:
717:
714:. Routledge.
713:
712:
704:
701:
695:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
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661:
658:
656:
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651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
639:
635:
634:German Empire
631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
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529:
525:
521:
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497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Great Britain
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:Maria Theresa
393:
392:Silesian Wars
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
356:
349:
347:
345:
344:Prussian Army
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Frederick III
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
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217:
213:
209:
205:
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134:
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116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:Silesian Wars
59:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
36:Adolph Menzel
32:
19:
941:
934:
914:
907:
887:
880:
868:. Retrieved
858:
846:. Retrieved
836:
824:. Retrieved
814:
794:
787:
767:
760:
740:
710:
703:
675:Erfurt Union
609:
601:
575:
547:East Prussia
536:
487:
485:
470:
420:
382:-controlled
365:
313:
283:
267:Maximilian I
248:
208:Polish Crown
200:Hohenzollern
182:by the 1614
157:
122:
118:
105:After 1866 (
104:
83:
75:
60:
41:
665:FĂĽrstenbund
510:under King
431:Charles VII
427:Wittelsbach
293:Ferdinand I
236:Frederick I
164:electorates
82:(literally
966:Categories
696:References
612:) favored
606:Protestant
390:(of three
368:Charles VI
314:After the
275:Burgundian
244:Königsberg
196:Ravensberg
135:Background
563:Peter III
483:in 1748.
477:Francis I
465:, by the
289:Charles V
240:Leopold I
222:acquired
98:) in the
73:of 1866.
644:See also
614:Catholic
512:Louis XV
435:Bavarian
380:Austrian
150:meet at
124:Zweibund
102:(1864).
870:May 19,
848:May 19,
826:May 19,
596:. The "
543:Russian
459:Bohemia
412:Breslau
384:Silesia
376:Prussia
350:History
255:Rudolph
204:Prussia
176:Neumark
170:by the
166:of the
96:Denmark
47:Prussia
43:Austria
38:, 1846.
949:
922:
895:
802:
775:
748:
718:
539:Prague
508:France
451:Saxony
445:, the
429:rival
416:Berlin
362:, 1882
336:estate
152:Neisse
441:with
947:ISBN
920:ISBN
893:ISBN
872:2019
850:2019
828:2019
800:ISBN
773:ISBN
746:ISBN
716:ISBN
469:the
449:and
414:and
269:and
194:and
192:Mark
158:The
146:and
65:and
45:and
600:" (
573:".
534:).
494:at
374:of
968::
730:^
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955:.
928:.
901:.
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852:.
830:.
808:.
781:.
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281:(
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