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architecture of the
Congress, these meetings are also referred to as the "Metternich congress" or "Metternich system". Under Metternich as the Austrian foreign minister, other congresses would meet to resolve European foreign affairs. These included the Congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona (1822). The Metternich congresses aimed to maintain the political equilibrium among the European powers and prevent revolutionary efforts. These meetings also aimed to resolve foreign issues and disputes without resorting to violence. By means of these meetings and by allying the Austrian Empire with other European powers whose monarchs had a similar interest in preserving conservative political direction, Metternich was able to establish the Austrian Empire's influence on European politics. Also, because Metternich used the fear of revolutions among European powers, which he also shared, he was able to establish security and predominance of the Habsburgs in Europe.
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3241:"Vor dem Jahr 1848 is das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stelung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund." "Before 1848 the Austrian Empire can be regarded in constitutional law as a unitary monarchy on a differentiated federalistic basis, whereby the special position of Hungary within the framework of this federal entity was always evident. A further differentiation of the federalistic position followed from 1815 through the affiliation of a part of the empire to the German federation."
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3614:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden"
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1922:: the Austrian Empire fought no wars nor did it undergo any radical internal reforms. However, it was also thought of as a period of economic growth and prosperity in the Austrian Empire. The population of Austria rose to 37.5 million by 1843. Urban expansion also occurred and the population of Vienna reached 400,000. During the Metternich era, the Austrian Empire also maintained a stable economy and reached an almost balanced budget, despite having a major deficit following the Napoleonic Wars.
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the title of
Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary
1860:'s foreign policy. He also had a major influence in European politics. He was known for his strong conservative views and approach in politics. Metternich's policies were strongly against revolution and liberalism. In his opinion, liberalism was a form of legalized revolution. Metternich believed that
1707:) under Francis and his predecessors. By contrast, the Austrian Empire was legally a single state, although the overarching structure and the status of its component lands at first stayed much the same as they had been under the composite monarchy. This was especially demonstrated by the status of the
3229:
From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum
Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated ........ In 1804, Emperor Franz assumed
1901:
Metternich operated very freely with regard to foreign policy under
Emperor Francis I's reign. Francis died in 1835. This date marks the decline of Metternich's influence in the Austrian Empire. Francis' heir was his son Ferdinand I, but he suffered from health issues. Ferdinand's accession preserved
1897:
revolts in
Austrian north Italy and in the German states were forcibly crushed. At home, he pursued a similar policy to suppress revolutionary and liberal ideals. He employed the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which used strict censorship of education, press and speech to repress revolutionary and liberal
1914:
forced
Metternich's resignation. Metternich is remembered for his success in maintaining the status quo and the Habsburg influence in international affairs. No Habsburg foreign minister following Metternich held a similar position within the empire for such a long time nor held such a vast influence
2363:. Thanks to his efforts, Austria was seen as the senior partner with Prussia keeping watch over Germany as a whole. Further, Metternich opposed the weakening of France in the years after Napoleon, and viewed the new monarchy in Paris as an effective tool in keeping Russia at bay. From 1815 to 1848,
2287:
and
Commander in Chief of the Austrian army. Endowed with the enlarged powers, he reformed the Austrian Army to preparedness for another war. Johann Philipp von Stadion, the foreign minister, personally hated Napoleon due to an experience of confiscation of his possessions in France by Napoleon. In
2347:
exerting a large degree of influence over foreign policy in the
Austrian Empire, a matter nominally decided by the Emperor. Metternich initially supported an alliance with France, arranging the marriage between Napoleon and Francis I's daughter, Marie-Louise; however, by the 1812 campaign, he had
1951:
From March 1848 through
November 1849, the Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements, most of which were of a nationalist character. Besides that, liberal and even socialist currents resisted the empire's longstanding conservatism. Although most of the revolution plans failed, some changes
1889:
and also into Italy. Due to the
Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria was the leading member of the German Confederation. Following the Congress, the major European powers agreed to meet and discuss resolutions in the event of future disputes or revolutions. Because of Metternich's main role in the
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for almost ten years. This severely overburdened the Austrian economy, making the war greatly unpopular. Emperor Francis I therefore refused to join any further war against Napoleon for a long time. On the other hand, Francis I continued to intrigue for the possibility of revenge against France,
1864:
was the only proper system of government. This notion influenced his anti-revolutionary policy to ensure the continuation of the Habsburg monarchy in Europe. Metternich was a practitioner of balance-of-power diplomacy. His foreign policy aimed to maintain international political equilibrium to
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steered Austria Imperial foreign policy, and indeed the mood of Europe, and managed to keep peace on the continent despite the growing liberal and radical movements inside most major powers. His resignation in 1848, forced by moderates in the court, and
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1711:, a country that had never been a part of the Holy Roman Empire and which had always been considered a separate realm – a status that was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary's constitution in 1790 and described the state as a
1648:
for himself and his successors, thereby becoming Francis I of Austria. This new title and state were created to safeguard his dynasty's imperial status as he foresaw either the end of the Holy Roman Empire, or the eventual accession of
2388:, and, while not going to war, was supportive of the Anglo-French coalition. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859
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in the streets, may have caused the spread of the revolutions throughout the monarchy. It is stipulated that Metternich's departure emboldened liberal factions in Austria and Hungary, but this cannot be confirmed for certain.
2136:
with Denmark in 1864, Holstein came under Austrian administration, and Schleswig and Lauenburg under Prussian administration. But the internal difficulties continued. Diets replaced the parliament in 17 provinces, the
1782:. In practice this meant the dissolution of the long-lived Holy Roman Empire and a reorganization under a Napoleonic model of the German states. Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception.
2263:
suffered from wartime expenditures and its international position was significantly undermined, the humiliating Treaty of Pressburg provided plenty of time to strengthen the army and economy. Moreover, the ambitious
3640:"Verordnung des Ministeriums des Inneren vom 12. Mai 1851, wodurch in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 12. Mai 1851 die Organisirung politischen Verwaltung im Großfürstenthume Siebenbürgen kundgemacht wird"
2258:
Austrian unwillingness to join the Third Coalition was overcome by British subsidies, but the Austrians withdrew from the war yet again after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz. Although the Austrian
1902:
the Habsburg dynastic succession, but he was not capable of ruling. The leadership of the Austrian Empire was transferred to a state council composed of Metternich, Francis I's brother Archduke Louis, and
2339:
in 1809), Austria played a decisive part in the overthrow of Napoleon in the campaigns of 1813–14. It participated in a second invasion of France in 1815, and put an end to Murat's regime in south Italy.
1812:
in 1807, having been occupied several times since 1801, but Britain remained at war with France and no treaty was signed recognising their annexation. His claims were later settled by the creation of the
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was adopted. By this act, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria as two separate entities joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The frequent abbreviation
4805:
3692:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 1. Februar 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der serbischen Woiwodschaft und des Temeser Banates"
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Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts
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from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess, along with the French occupying the
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1739:
The French victories encouraged rulers of certain imperial territories to ally themselves with the French and assert their formal independence from the Empire. On 10 December 1805,
2055:. This exile undermined Borovský's health and he died soon afterwards. This affair earned Bach a very bad reputation among Czechs and subsequently led to the strengthening of the
1268:
3666:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 4. Juni 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung des Großfürstenthumes Siebenbürgen"
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entering into a secret military agreement with the Russian Empire in November 1804. This convention was to assure mutual cooperation in the case of a new war against France.
1717:. Hungary's affairs remained administered by its own institutions (King and Diet) as they had been beforehand; thus no Imperial institutions were involved in its government.
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1600:
2164:, "Imperial and Royal") does not refer to that dual monarchy but originated in 1745, when the "royal" part referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary. However, during
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in the same month and various Holy Roman states becoming allied with or against France, was the end of the empire. Taking this significant change into consideration,
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1778:, Slovakia) on 26 December 1805, in which he recognised these new titles and ceded large amounts of territory to Napoleon's German allies and the French Satellite
2028:
control over education and family life. This period in the history of the Austrian Empire would become known as the era of neo-absolutism, or Bach's absolutism.
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put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, Francis proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him.
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Administratively, most of the crown lands excluding Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Transylvania, Lombardy–Venetia and the Military Frontier were divided into
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on 2 December 1805. Francis was forced into negotiations with the French from 4 to 6 December 1805, which concluded with an armistice on 6 December 1805.
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3587:"Kaiserliche Entschließung vom 26. Juni 1849, wodurch die Grunzüge für die Organisation der Politischen Verwaltungs-Behörden genehmiget werden"
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3391:"History of Austria, Austria in the Age of Metternich." History of Austria, Austria in the Age of Metternich. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 March 2015.
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dominated Austrian foreign policy from 1804 to 1815. The Austrian army was one of the most formidable forces the French had to face. After
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largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed
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During this time, Metternich was able to maintain an elaborate balance between Prussia, the lesser German states, and Austria in the
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1885:. The Austrian Empire also gained new territories from the Congress of Vienna, and its influence expanded to the north through the
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in 1815. The Austrian Empire was the main beneficiary from the Congress of Vienna and it established an alliance with Britain,
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was accelerated by French intervention in the Empire in September 1805. On 20 October 1805, an Austrian army led by General
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Austria-Hungary issued military stamps for use in occupied regions, with the text "K.u.K. Feldpost" or K.u.K. Militärpost.
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was remarkable, and he became not only the premier statesman in Europe but the virtual ruler of the Empire until 1848—the
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realised the inevitability of Napoleon's downfall and took Austria to war against France. Metternich's influence at the
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Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
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a standing army of soldiers, a sitting army of office holders, a kneeling army of priests and a fawning army of sneaks
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Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864, by Edwin Mueller, 1961.
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1661:. Initially Francis II/I continued to hold both titles but abdicated the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
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Tuncer, Huner. "Metternich and the Modern Era." Arts–Culture. Daily News, 6 September 1996. Web. 24 March 2015.
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became Foreign Minister in 1809. He also held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848, under both
1732:. The French victory resulted in the capture of 20,000 Austrian soldiers and many cannons. Napoleon's army won
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However, Bach's relaxed ideological views (apart from the neo-absolutism) led to a great rise in the 1850s of
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Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
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This article is about the Habsburg realm between 1804 and 1867. For the Habsburg realms more generally, see
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signed a peace treaty with France on 5 April 1795, Austria was forced to carry the main burden of war with
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Imperial standard of the Austrian Empire with the medium coat of arms (used until 1915 for Austria-Hungary)
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Imperial standard of the Austrian Empire with the lesser coat of arms (used until 1915 for Austria-Hungary)
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constituted a single land with disaggregated provincial and military administration, and representation.
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in Spain on 27 July 1808 triggered the war. On 9 April 1809, an Austrian force of 170,000 men attacked
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in 1851 (re-divided in 1854); the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was also divided into
1833:, succeeded as King of Hanover, thus ending the personal union with Great Britain that dated to 1714.
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was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and countries. This confederation, under French influence,
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Sofka, James R. "Metternich's Theory of European Order: A Political Agenda for 'Perpetual Peace'."
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2897:(in today's France, Germany and Switzerland) had already been lost in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg.
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In her capacity as leader of the German Confederation, Austria participated with volunteers in the
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until the latter's dissolution in 1806. It continued fighting against Napoleon throughout the
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a brief attempt was made to introduce modern-style political districts (in addition to the
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1826:
1805:
1744:
1700:
1521:
1463:
810:
326:
322:
296:
264:
252:
3944:
3927:
The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary
3261:, In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557
6813:
6794:
6681:
6476:
6449:
6422:
6400:
6378:
6222:
6202:
6128:
6113:
5957:
5910:
5898:
5824:
5716:
5590:
5585:
5560:
5442:
5195:
5111:
5106:
5013:
4691:
4312:
3922:
3875:
3765:
2928:
2475:
2463:
2316:
2067:
1729:
1306:
706:
690:
3382:
Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. New York: Viking, 1963. Print.
2204:
Merchant ensign from 1786 until 1869 and naval and war ensign from 1786 until 1915 (
2070:
duties were abolished, and peasants were emancipated from their feudal obligations.
1865:
preserve the Habsburgs' power and influence in international affairs. Following the
1520:. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the
6686:
6427:
6417:
6383:
6312:
6307:
6234:
6024:
6006:
5967:
5962:
5942:
5937:
5809:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5676:
5614:
5595:
5580:
5516:
4240:
4203:
3729:
3497:
Napoleon's great adversaries: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian army, 1792–1814
3462:
3431:
3111:
2945:
in 1853/54 instead instituted a system which delegated the responsibilities of the
2404:
1513:
1154:
1076:
949:
536:
1898:
concepts. Metternich also used a wide-ranging spy network to dampen down unrest.
180:
6405:
6390:
6239:
5952:
5861:
5851:
5777:
5425:
5420:
3817:(1976). "Nobility and Military Careers: The Habsburg Officer Corps, 1740–1914".
2377:
2165:
2009:
1894:
520:
505:
335:
3882:
Sked, Alan. "Explaining the Habsburg Empire, 1830–90." in Pamela Pilbeam, ed.,
3795:
The World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22
6432:
6249:
6123:
6083:
6016:
4916:
3992:
3006:
The 'hauskrone' of Rudolph II, later the imperial crown of the Austrian Empire
2527:
2432:
2222:
2095:
removed Lombardy, except for the part east of the Mincio river, the so-called
1822:
1775:
1764:
1667:
1614:
1582:
was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form
1567:, which reaffirmed the empire as one of the great powers of the 19th century.
1144:
1122:
3846:
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1968). "The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich".
6322:
6093:
5977:
5947:
5728:
5602:
5393:
4599:
4317:
3950:
The empire of Austria; its rise and present power (Third millennium library)
3890:
2096:
1818:
1316:
1130:
363:
339:
3761:
Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867
3561:"Najnovije doba hrvatske povjesti (R. Horvat)/Prelom s Ugarskom – Wikizvor"
3225:
Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions
2969:
In the course of the post-1848 reforms Transylvania was also divided into
2141:
pressed for autonomy, and Venetia was attracted by the now unified Italy.
5723:
5506:
5464:
5403:
4230:
4213:
1650:
1540:
1126:
1094:
1084:
701:
3931:
3808:
3720:(Vol. 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016.
2024:) party, which culminated in the concordat of August 1855 that gave the
5636:
5565:
5521:
5437:
5376:
5286:
4208:
4166:
3867:
3838:
3259:
Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel
2499:
2247:
1953:
1874:
1610:
1563:. Austria and its allies emerged victorious in the war, leading to the
1362:
1080:
1046:
358:
351:
2392:, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; and in the 1866
1825:
as Kings of Hanover. Succession could only be in the male line, so on
5469:
5344:
4218:
3510:
1805, Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition
3272:"Maximilian I | Duke and Elector of Bavaria (1573-1651) | Britannica"
2260:
2157:
2052:
2044:
1685:
1088:
684:
234:
3830:
1808:; Hanover and Lauenburg were incorporated into the French satellite
4135:
3859:
2989:
German was the primary language of higher education in the empire.
2087:. Austria was defeated in the 1859 armed conflict. The Treaties of
1653:
as Holy Roman Emperor, who had earlier that year adopted the title
6103:
4191:
3804:
The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
3706:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
3680:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
3654:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
2822:
2423:
2415:
2403:
2274:
2221:
1983:
1962:
1924:
1134:
1066:
2129:). But most nationalities of the monarchy remained dissatisfied.
1952:
were made; significant lasting reforms included the abolition of
5317:
4787:
4139:
3958:
2396:, with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking land.
1796:
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was not recognized by
1767:
on 12 December. Each of these new states became French allies.
1751:, proclaimed himself king, followed by the Duke of Württemberg
1960:
said to implement a constitution throughout the whole Empire.
29:
2117:, also known as "February Patent", created a House of Lords (
3402:"Ferdinand (I) | Biography, Reign, & Facts | Britannica"
3227:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6,
2966:('office districts'), a system which persisted until 1867.
1932:
and the monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia after the
5313:
3090:
Military districts in Hungarian part of the Empire in 1850
2439:, including the local government reorganizations from the
3750:
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918
3378:
3376:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
2152:
of 1866 and the German Confederation was dissolved, the
1543:'s declaration of the First French Empire, unifying all
207:
The Austrian Empire in 1815, with the boundaries of the
2805:), from 1849, merged into Hungary and Slavonia in 1860
2428:
Ethnographic composition of the Austrian Empire in 1855
1699:, which had until then been legally separate realms in
3904:
The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918
3350:
3348:
3307:
The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918
2283:
Archduke Charles of Austria served as the Head of the
2016:
and abandoned public trials. He later represented the
1918:
Historians generally consider the Metternich era as a
1852:. The period of 1815–1848 is also referred to as the "
1547:
under one central government. It remained part of the
1516:
from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the
3618:ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online
3591:ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online
2272:
never abandoned the goal of further war with France.
3078:
Double-headed eagle at the Ministry of War in Vienna
2815:
autonomous entity 1848/49, not officially recognized
2533:
Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol mit dem Lande Vorarlberg
2292:, agreed with Stadion's efforts to begin a new war.
1559:
and later neutral during the first few weeks of the
23:. For the Habsburg realm between 1867 and 1918, see
6779:
6731:
6610:
6248:
5652:
5351:
5269:
5242:
5209:
5135:
5095:
5033:
4988:
4945:
4899:
4883:
4847:
4822:
4663:
4581:
4515:
4427:
4346:
4177:
1956:, cancellation of censorship and a promise made by
700:
672:
662:
655:
645:
638:
621:
608:
595:
582:
569:
556:
546:
532:
517:
502:
492:
475:
462:
448:
432:
420:
408:
394:
369:
357:
314:
240:
230:
94:
3331:The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs: 1814–1918
1601:Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
3696:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3670:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3644:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3463:"February Patent | Austrian history | Britannica"
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
2043:. Prisons were full of political prisoners, like
1856:". During this period, Metternich controlled the
2927:'), an administrative division introduced under
2408:The Austrian Empire, between 1816 and 1859 (the
3366:
3364:
3196:Germany Since 1789: A Nation Forged and Renewed
1829:'s accession to the British throne, her uncle,
3523:The Role of Metternich in Undermining Napoleon
2767:; restored to Hungary in 1822; to Croatia 1849
2343:The latter period of Napoleonic Wars featured
2083:allied itself with France for the conquest of
1730:defeated by French armies near the city of Ulm
6900:1867 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire
6890:States and territories disestablished in 1867
5329:
4799:
4151:
4115:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
3970:
2797:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
1481:
1274:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I
8:
6786:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3139:
2976:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2916:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2686:
2674:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2515:
2503:
2493:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2124:
2118:
2051:who was forcibly expatriated (1851–1855) to
1869:, Metternich was the chief architect of the
1683:
1665:
1625:) was declared, which reduced the number of
162:
100:
3884:Themes in Modern European History 1830–1890
3783:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
3611:Gesetz vom 19. Jänner 1853, RGBl. 10/1853:
2754:
1712:
1673:
6895:1804 establishments in the Austrian Empire
6885:States and territories established in 1804
6607:
5336:
5322:
5314:
5099:
4949:
4806:
4792:
4784:
4587:
4521:
4433:
4352:
4158:
4144:
4136:
3977:
3963:
3955:
3584:Gesetz vom 26. Juni 1849, RGBl. 295/1849:
3430:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
2031:The pillars of the so-called Bach system (
1947:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
1912:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
1804:(formally Brunswick-Lüneburg) and Duke of
1488:
1474:
1020:
217:
201:
91:
651:698,700 km (269,800 sq mi)
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3945:Austrian Army during the Napoleonic Wars
2802:Woiwodschaft Serbien und Temescher Banat
2759:under Hungary from 1779; part of French
43:This article includes a list of general
4110:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3172:
3127:
2996:
2593:Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca
2588:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
2288:addition, the third wife of Francis I,
2170:
1034:
1023:
654:
644:
637:
516:
3066:Postage stamp depicting Franz Joseph I
2469:Erzherzogtum Österreich unter der Enns
2435:of the Austrian Empire after the 1815
2234:, and other European diplomats at the
2004:in 1852, the Minister of the Interior
223:Greatest extent of the Austrian Empire
3895:Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation
3525:(University of Illinois Press, 1948).
3452:Mueller 1961, Historical Data, p. H5.
3442:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
3333:. Chicago: Rand Mcnally, 1969. Print.
3247:, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, p. 45
3148:
3102:Former countries in Europe after 1815
2420:The Austrian Empire, in 1866 and 1867
1770:Francis II agreed to the humiliating
661:
620:
607:
594:
581:
568:
555:
545:
541:
501:
474:
461:
457:
447:
431:
419:
407:
403:
393:
7:
1910:of the Austrian Empire. The liberal
1722:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
560:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
3886:(Routledge, 2002) pp. 141–176.
3539:. London: Allen Lane. p. 433.
3116:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
2931:in the 18th century. Following the
2481:Erzherzogtum Österreich ob der Enns
2154:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
1617:(1801–1803). On 24 March 1803, the
1580:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
895:Federation of the Seven Communities
6830:States of the German Confederation
4815:States of the German Confederation
4410:Western European broadleaf forests
4090:Grand Principality of Transylvania
3772:The Habsburg Empire: A New History
3114:for the Austrian Empire after the
2887:) merged into Transylvania in 1853
2785:Grand Principality of Transylvania
2778:Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich
2676:Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien
2047:nationalist journalist and writer
1605:Changes shaping the nature of the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:Empire in Europe from 1804 to 1867
14:
3054:Postage stamp depicting Francis I
2380:, Austria maintained a policy of
1695:) comprised all the lands of the
1609:took place during conferences in
4838:
4085:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
4030:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
4000:
3986:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2893:The old Habsburg possessions of
2745:City of Fiume with its territory
2671:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
2307:Despite military defeats of the
2197:
2185:
2173:
1798:George III of the United Kingdom
1457:
1269:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
1198:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
1045:
988:
974:
957:
940:
926:
901:
887:
873:
859:
853:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
845:
831:
817:
803:
789:
775:
761:
747:
733:
178:
141:
127:
34:
6840:Former countries in the Balkans
3309:. London: Longman, 1989. Print.
3030:Growth of the Habsburg Monarchy
2879:Transylvanian Military Frontier
5165:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
4365:Alps conifer and mixed forests
3439:New International Encyclopedia
3433:"Bach, Alexander, Baron"
3150:[ˌkaɪzɐtuːmˈøːstəʁaɪç]
2290:Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
1:
4120:Imperial Free City of Trieste
3918:detailed contemporary account
2600:Imperial Free City of Trieste
2294:Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
2002:Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg
1915:on European foreign affairs.
1774:, signed in Pressburg (today
1734:another victory at Austerlitz
1623:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
1535:The empire was proclaimed by
482:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
165:Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser
3698:(in German). 1 February 1854
3620:(in German). 19 January 1853
2548:), subdivided in 1849/1850:
1800:who was also the Elector of
881:Principality of Transylvania
6850:Former monarchies of Europe
4338:Military history of Austria
4328:Allied-administered Austria
4045:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3018:The crown jewels of Austria
2855:Slavonian Military Frontier
2790:Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen
2773:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2628:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
2311:—especially the Battles of
2279:The Austrian Empire in 1812
2123:) and a House of Deputies (
6916:
6825:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3198:(2nd ed.). New York:
2884:Siebenbürger Militärgrenze
2843:Croatian Military Frontier
2270:Johann Philipp von Stadion
2162:Kaiserliche und Königliche
2106:
1944:
1904:Count Franz Anton Kolowrat
1787:Confederation of the Rhine
1629:from 81 to only 3 and the
1598:
1504:, officially known as the
1292:Republic of German-Austria
1100:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy
922:North German Confederation
18:
5300:
5102:
4952:
4836:
4745:
4590:
4524:
4436:
4355:
4010:
3848:Journal of Modern History
3593:(in German). 26 June 1849
3521:Josephine Bunch Stearns,
2860:Slawonische Militärgrenze
1763:, was given the title of
1004:
712:
634:
542:
488:
458:
444:
404:
216:
200:
157:
123:
118:
6865:19th century in Slovakia
6860:19th century in Slovenia
4360:Administrative divisions
4308:Federal State of Austria
4105:Princely County of Tyrol
3781:Kann, Robert A. (1980).
3672:(in German). 4 June 1854
3646:(in German). 12 May 1851
3537:Crimea: The Last Crusade
2848:Kroatische Militärgrenze
2524:Princely County of Tyrol
2035:) were, in the words of
2006:Baron Alexander von Bach
1908:first Minister-President
1363:Second Austrian Republic
1312:Federal State of Austria
173:God Save Emperor Francis
6880:19th century in Hungary
6875:19th century in Bohemia
6870:19th century in Austria
4395:Pannonian mixed forests
4298:First Austrian Republic
3932:excerpt and text search
3809:excerpt and text search
3535:Figes, Orlando (2010).
3358:60.01 (1998): 115. Web.
3243:Zeilner, Franz (2008),
2867:Banat Military Frontier
2457:Erzherzogtum Österreich
2057:Czech national movement
2049:Karel Havlíček Borovský
1992:with his troops at the
1906:, who later became the
1726:Karl Mack von Leiberich
1539:in 1804 in response to
1518:realms of the Habsburgs
1358:Allied-occupied Austria
1297:First Austrian Republic
385:Constitutional monarchy
64:more precise citations.
4268:Siege of Vienna (1529)
4248:Margraviate of Austria
4100:Margraviate of Moravia
3910:Steed, Henry Wickham.
3815:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3356:The Review of Politics
3223:Laszlo, Péter (2011),
3140:
3136:Kaiserthum Oesterreich
3135:
2977:
2971:
2953:
2947:
2941:), but the reforms of
2937:
2917:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2755:
2750:Stadt Fiume mit Gebiet
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2687:
2675:
2661:
2649:
2645:Margraviate of Moravia
2637:
2617:Markgrafschaft Istrien
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2516:
2504:
2494:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2280:
2239:
2125:
2119:
2075:First War of Schleswig
2012:policies that reduced
1997:
1976:
1958:Ferdinand I of Austria
1937:
1930:Karl von Schwarzenberg
1842:Klemens von Metternich
1713:
1684:
1666:
1622:
1160:Margraviate of Austria
769:Electorate of Salzburg
469:Klemens von Metternich
163:
101:
6855:19th century in Italy
6756:Medieval great powers
4095:Margraviate of Istria
3912:The Hapsburg monarchy
2872:Banater Militärgrenze
2650:Markgrafschaft Mähren
2612:Margraviate of Istria
2536:), subdivided in 1861
2427:
2419:
2407:
2278:
2226:Metternich alongside
2225:
2026:Roman Catholic Church
1987:
1966:
1928:
1810:Kingdom of Westphalia
1785:On 12 July 1806, the
1655:Emperor of the French
1635:Electorate of Hanover
1627:ecclesiastical states
241:Common languages
149:Imperial coat of arms
6766:European colonialism
6751:Ancient great powers
4927:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4922:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4415:World Heritage Sites
4258:Archduchy of Austria
4055:Archduchy of Austria
3802:Okey, Robin (2002).
3495:Gunther Rothenberg,
3486:Mueller 1961, p. H6.
3192:Williamson, David G.
3141:Kaisertum Österreich
3042:Vereinstaler of 1866
2781:), lost in 1859/1866
2738:Königreich Slawonien
2702:Königreich Dalmatien
2691:), split off in 1850
2517:Herzogtum Steiermark
2452:Archduchy of Austria
2361:German Confederation
2148:was defeated in the
2115:Constitution of 1861
2014:freedom of the press
1973:Hungarian Revolution
1887:German Confederation
1741:Maximilian IV Joseph
1664:This new empire or "
1657:and established the
1631:free imperial cities
1545:Habsburg possessions
1246:German Confederation
1231:Archduchy of Austria
755:Archduchy of Austria
664:• 1843 estimate
599:Constitution adopted
548:• Proclamation
209:German Confederation
102:Kaisertum Österreich
6761:Modern great powers
5127:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4649:freedom of religion
4236:Ostrogothic Kingdom
4050:Kingdom of Slavonia
4025:Kingdom of Dalmatia
3902:Sked, Alan (2001).
3499:(Indiana UP, 1982).
3329:Jelavich, Barbara.
2933:revolutions of 1848
2819:Banat of Temeschwar
2733:Kingdom of Slavonia
2726:Königreich Kroatien
2697:Kingdom of Dalmatia
2662:Herzogtum Schlesien
2545:Königreich Illyrien
2441:Revolutions of 1848
2394:Austro-Prussian War
2390:Franco-Austrian War
2354:Year of revolutions
2150:Austro-Prussian War
2000:After the death of
1994:Battle of Solferino
1941:Revolutions of 1848
1920:period of stability
1772:Treaty of Pressburg
1659:First French Empire
1576:Austro-Prussian War
1561:Sixth Coalition War
1530:First French Empire
1225:Early modern period
1105:Ostrogothic Kingdom
839:Kingdom of Slavonia
612:Austro-Prussian War
4559:Telecommunications
4303:Austrian Civil War
4283:Congress of Vienna
4278:March Constitution
4197:Kingdom of Noricum
4065:Duchy of Carinthia
4040:Kingdom of Illyria
4035:Kingdom of Hungary
4020:Kingdom of Croatia
4015:Kingdom of Bohemia
3770:Judson, Pieter M.
3748:Bassett, Richard.
3467:www.britannica.com
3406:www.britannica.com
3276:www.britannica.com
3200:Palgrave Macmillan
3138:, modern spelling
2951:among subordinate
2765:Kingdom of Illyria
2761:Illyrian Provinces
2721:Kingdom of Croatia
2709:Kingdom of Hungary
2688:Herzogtum Bukowina
2633:Kingdom of Bohemia
2552:Duchy of Carinthia
2540:Kingdom of Illyria
2508:) of Upper Austria
2495:Herzogtum Salzburg
2437:Congress of Vienna
2430:
2422:
2414:
2382:hostile neutrality
2350:Congress of Vienna
2281:
2240:
2236:Congress of Vienna
2022:Klerikalabsolutist
1998:
1977:
1938:
1893:Under Metternich,
1883:Quadruple Alliance
1871:Congress of Vienna
1817:which was held by
1815:Kingdom of Hanover
1714:Regnum Independens
1709:Kingdom of Hungary
1705:composite monarchy
1646:Emperor of Austria
1644:created the title
1639:Holy Roman Emperor
1572:Kingdom of Hungary
1565:Congress of Vienna
1557:invasion of Russia
1464:Austria portal
1340:National Socialism
1213:Duchy of Carinthia
1165:House of Babenberg
1071:Kingdom of Noricum
1006:1: Territories of
825:Kingdom of Croatia
783:Kingdom of Hungary
625:Compromise of 1867
573:Congress of Vienna
450:Minister-President
6805:
6804:
6727:
6726:
6692:Polish–Lithuanian
5867:Gurjara-Pratihara
5311:
5310:
5265:
5264:
5191:
5178:
5091:
5090:
5035:Ernestine duchies
4781:
4780:
4741:
4740:
4577:
4576:
4511:
4510:
4503:Political parties
4456:Foreign relations
4423:
4422:
4333:History of Vienna
4263:Habsburg monarchy
4187:Hallstatt culture
4133:
4132:
4125:Military Frontier
4080:Duchy of Salzburg
4070:Duchy of Carniola
4060:Duchy of Bukovina
3565:hr.wikisource.org
3546:978-0-7139-9704-0
3209:978-1-137-35004-6
2910:Military Frontier
2831:Military Frontier
2809:Serbian Vojvodina
2714:Königreich Ungarn
2683:Duchy of Bukovina
2638:Königreich Böhmen
2564:Duchy of Carniola
2557:Herzogtum Kärnten
2490:Duchy of Salzburg
2410:Military Frontier
2400:Constituent lands
2319:, Austerlitz and
2252:Napoleonic France
2039:, four "armies":
1988:Austrian Emperor
1969:Battle of Komárom
1934:Battle of Leipzig
1862:absolute monarchy
1858:Habsburg monarchy
1854:Age of Metternich
1761:Margrave of Baden
1757:Charles Frederick
1697:Habsburg monarchy
1607:Holy Roman Empire
1549:Holy Roman Empire
1506:Empire of Austria
1498:
1497:
1322:Ostmark (Austria)
1193:Holy Roman Empire
1188:House of Habsburg
1170:Privilegium Minus
1117:Early Middle Ages
1062:Hallstatt culture
1019:
1018:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
914:
913:
867:Duchy of Bukovina
741:Holy Roman Empire
527:House of Deputies
464:• 1821–1848
434:• 1848–1916
422:• 1835–1848
410:• 1804–1835
379:Absolute monarchy
194:
96:Empire of Austria
90:
89:
82:
21:Habsburg monarchy
6907:
6835:Christian states
6608:
6273:Austro-Hungarian
5973:Chagatai Khanate
5338:
5331:
5324:
5315:
5235:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5155:Reuss-Lobenstein
5151:
5150:
5122:Schaumburg-Lippe
5100:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4990:Anhalt (Ascania)
4971:
4950:
4842:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4785:
4761:
4754:
4588:
4522:
4434:
4353:
4253:Duchy of Austria
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4005:
4004:
3991:
3990:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3930:
3907:
3898:
3879:
3842:
3819:Military Affairs
3807:
3798:
3791:Kissinger, Henry
3786:
3764:
3736:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3371:
3368:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3310:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2950:
2940:
2922:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2758:
2756:Corpus separatum
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2690:
2678:
2664:
2657:Duchy of Silesia
2652:
2640:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2519:
2507:
2497:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2298:Battle of Bailén
2266:Archduke Charles
2201:
2189:
2177:
2128:
2126:Abgeordnetenhaus
2122:
2085:Lombardy–Venetia
2064:economic freedom
2033:Bachsches System
1780:Kingdom of Italy
1755:on 11 December.
1716:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1613:(1797–1799) and
1490:
1483:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1406:Military history
1391:Economic history
1352:Post-war Austria
1203:Duchy of Austria
1150:Frankish Kingdom
1049:
1039:
1021:
992:
991:
984:Kingdom of Italy
978:
977:
961:
960:
944:
943:
930:
929:
918:
917:
905:
904:
891:
890:
877:
876:
863:
862:
849:
848:
835:
834:
821:
820:
807:
806:
797:Kingdom of Italy
793:
792:
779:
778:
765:
764:
751:
750:
737:
736:
730:
729:
714:
713:
497:Imperial Council
348:Eastern Catholic
344:Eastern Orthodox
221:
205:
196:
195:
176:
168:
145:
131:
113:
112:
104:
92:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6820:Austrian Empire
6810:
6809:
6806:
6801:
6790:American Empire
6775:
6771:African empires
6723:
6606:
6298:Central African
6244:
6062:Romano-Germanic
5648:
5382:Middle Assyrian
5355:
5347:
5342:
5312:
5307:
5296:
5261:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5145:Reuss-Ebersdorf
5131:
5087:
5077:
5069:
5067:Gotha-Altenburg
5061:
5053:
5051:Coburg-Saalfeld
5045:
5029:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4984:
4969:
4941:
4937:Weimar-Eisenach
4912:Hesse-Darmstadt
4895:
4879:
4843:
4834:
4818:
4812:
4782:
4777:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4737:
4728:Public holidays
4723:National anthem
4659:
4600:Austrian people
4573:
4507:
4419:
4342:
4288:Austria-Hungary
4273:Austrian Empire
4226:Germanic tribes
4173:
4164:
4134:
4129:
4075:Duchy of Styria
4006:
3999:
3997:Austrian Empire
3985:
3983:
3941:
3936:
3921:
3906:(2nd ed.).
3901:
3889:
3845:
3831:10.2307/1986702
3813:
3801:
3789:
3785:(2nd ed.).
3780:
3757:Evans, R. J. W.
3755:
3744:
3742:Further reading
3739:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3408:. 15 April 2024
3400:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3313:
3304:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3278:. 13 April 2024
3270:
3269:
3265:
3257:József Zachar,
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:October Diploma
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3107:Austria-Hungary
3098:
3091:
3088:
3079:
3076:
3067:
3064:
3055:
3052:
3043:
3040:
3031:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3007:
3004:
2995:
2987:
2957:
2895:Further Austria
2763:from 1809 then
2569:Herzogtum Krain
2512:Duchy of Styria
2445:October Diploma
2402:
2370:revolutionaries
2244:Napoleonic Wars
2220:
2213:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2111:
2109:Austria-Hungary
2105:
1982:
1949:
1943:
1867:Napoleonic Wars
1839:
1831:Ernest Augustus
1749:Duke of Bavaria
1692:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1619:Imperial Recess
1603:
1597:
1592:
1584:Austria-Hungary
1553:Napoleonic Wars
1502:Austrian Empire
1494:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1251:Austria-Hungary
1241:Austrian Empire
1236:Habsburg empire
1226:
1218:
1217:
1208:Duchy of Styria
1183:
1175:
1174:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1057:
1037:
1030:
1015:
989:
975:
958:
941:
936:Austria-Hungary
927:
909:Duchy of Warsaw
902:
888:
874:
860:
846:
832:
818:
804:
790:
776:
762:
748:
734:
696:
665:
648:
627:
614:
604:20 October 1860
601:
588:
586:1848 Revolution
575:
562:
549:
523:
508:
478:
465:
435:
423:
411:
390:
334:
330:
321:
226:
224:
212:
211:in dotted lines
179:
177:
170:
169:
153:
152:
151:
146:
138:
137:
132:
114:
106:
99:
97:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
25:Austria-Hungary
17:
12:
11:
5:
6913:
6911:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6845:Former empires
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6812:
6811:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6393:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6337:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5654:Post-classical
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5453:Middle Kingdom
5450:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5409:Neo-Babylonian
5406:
5401:
5399:Old Babylonian
5391:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5226:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5185:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5096:Principalities
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:Hildburghausen
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:Climate change
4437:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:German Austria
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4189:
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3939:External links
3937:
3935:
3934:
3923:Taylor, A.J.P.
3919:
3908:
3899:
3887:
3880:
3860:10.1086/240187
3854:(2): 155–165.
3843:
3825:(4): 182–186.
3811:
3799:
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3740:
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3737:
3726:978-1317118442
3709:
3683:
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3604:
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3527:
3514:
3508:Robert Goetz,
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3202:. p. 14.
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2537:
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2509:
2487:
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2398:
2285:Council of War
2219:
2218:Foreign policy
2216:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2172:
2107:Main article:
2104:
2101:
2037:Adolf Fischhof
1981:
1980:The Bach years
1978:
1945:Main article:
1942:
1939:
1838:
1837:Metternich era
1835:
1827:Queen Victoria
1806:Saxe-Lauenburg
1745:prince-elector
1701:personal union
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1526:United Kingdom
1522:Russian Empire
1496:
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1017:
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970:Transleithania
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811:Bohemian Crown
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552:11 August 1804
550:
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533:Historical era
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512:House of Lords
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494:
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466:
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455:
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439:Franz Joseph I
436:
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424:
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418:
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412:
409:
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401:
398:
392:
391:
389:
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375:
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367:
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323:Roman Catholic
316:
312:
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242:
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228:
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214:
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206:
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155:
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98:
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6780:Miscellaneous
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6379:German Empire
6377:
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6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6119:Turco-Persian
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
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6018:
6015:
6013:
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6008:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5986:
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5979:
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5966:
5964:
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5959:
5956:
5954:
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5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5257:Sondershausen
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5230:
5227:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5197:
5196:Reuss-Schleiz
5194:
5192:
5186:
5179:
5177:(Junior Line)
5173:
5166:
5163:
5156:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Liechtenstein
5110:
5108:
5107:Hesse-Homburg
5105:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:Grand duchies
4898:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:Ethnic groups
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Austrofascism
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3428:Gilman, D. C.
3423:
3420:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2929:Maria Theresa
2926:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:Militärgrenze
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:), 1815–1850
2496:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2476:Upper Austria
2474:
2470:
2465:
2464:Lower Austria
2462:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2412:is not shown)
2411:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:in 1806, and
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Austrian army
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Austrian army
2142:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:(1848–1850).
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Frederick III
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:The fall and
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:of 1866, the
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:multinational
1507:
1503:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Austrofascism
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:Early history
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1003:
987:
985:
982:
981:
973:
971:
969:
965:
964:
956:
954:
952:
948:
947:
939:
937:
934:
933:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
910:
907:
900:
899:
896:
893:
886:
885:
882:
879:
872:
871:
868:
865:
858:
857:
854:
851:
844:
843:
840:
837:
830:
829:
826:
823:
816:
815:
812:
809:
802:
801:
798:
795:
788:
787:
784:
781:
774:
773:
770:
767:
760:
759:
756:
753:
746:
745:
742:
739:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
703:
702:ISO 3166 code
699:
692:
691:Vereinsthaler
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
671:
667:
658:
650:
641:
633:
630:30 March 1867
629:
626:
616:
613:
603:
600:
591:13 March 1848
590:
587:
577:
574:
565:6 August 1806
564:
561:
551:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
522:
513:
510:
507:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
470:
467:
453:
451:
443:
440:
437:
428:
425:
416:
413:
399:
397:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
374:
372:
368:
365:
362:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
220:
215:
210:
204:
199:
174:
167:
166:
160:
156:
150:
144:
136:
130:
122:
117:
110:
103:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:December 2021
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
6807:
6546:Contemporary
6396:Indo-Persian
6384:Nazi Germany
6328:Contemporary
6267:
6230:Vijayanagara
6129:Great Seljuk
6040:Thessalonica
5968:Golden Horde
5608:Carthaginian
5387:Neo-Assyrian
5372:Neo-Sumerian
5233:(until 1850)
5223:(until 1850)
5211:Hohenzollern
5200:(until 1848)
5190:(Elder Line)
5188:Reuss-Greiz
5159:(until 1824)
5149:(until 1824)
5078:(until 1826)
5070:(until 1826)
5059:Coburg-Gotha
5054:(until 1826)
5025:(until 1847)
5017:(until 1863)
5009:(until 1863)
4891:Hesse-Kassel
4829:
4683:Coat of arms
4673:Architecture
4640:Prostitution
4610:Demographics
4488:Legal system
4466:Human rights
4446:Constitution
4272:
4241:East Francia
3996:
3926:
3911:
3903:
3894:
3883:
3851:
3847:
3822:
3818:
3803:
3794:
3782:
3771:
3760:
3749:
3730:Google Books
3717:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3643:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3617:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3590:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3448:
3437:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3387:
3355:
3338:
3330:
3306:
3305:Sked, Alan.
3280:. Retrieved
3275:
3266:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3195:
3186:
3175:
3130:
3112:Cisleithania
2988:
2968:
2914:
2899:
2892:
2812:
2505:Salzachkreis
2443:to the 1860
2431:
2375:
2358:
2342:
2325:Campo Formio
2306:
2282:
2257:
2241:
2209:
2205:
2161:
2143:
2131:
2112:
2079:
2072:
2061:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2021:
1999:
1990:Franz Joseph
1950:
1917:
1900:
1892:
1881:forming the
1848:and his son
1840:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1769:
1738:
1719:
1663:
1604:
1569:
1534:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1451:
1334:World War II
1240:
1155:East Francia
967:
953:Cisleithania
950:
723:Succeeded by
722:
717:
647:• Total
617:14 June 1866
537:19th century
477:• 1867
331:
318:
172:
158:
76:
67:
48:
6134:Khwarezmian
6067:Carolingian
5872:Rashtrakuta
5576:Shaishunaga
5475:Hellenistic
5458:New Kingdom
5448:Old Kingdom
5270:Free cities
5244:Schwarzburg
5229:Sigmaringen
5182:(from 1848)
5175:Reuss-Gera
5169:(1824-1848)
5062:(from 1826)
5046:(from 1826)
5001:(from 1863)
4970:(from 1839)
4884:Electorates
4875:Württemberg
4817:(1815–1866)
4635:Pornography
4625:Health care
4529:Agriculture
4483:LGBT rights
4476:enforcement
3993:Crown lands
2958: [
2955:Amtsbezirke
2900:From 1850,
2433:Crown lands
2378:Crimean War
2376:During the
2212:until 1918)
2166:World War I
2089:Villafranca
2066:. Internal
2010:reactionary
1971:during the
1895:nationalist
1850:Ferdinand I
1514:great power
1263:World War I
1182:Middle Ages
1036:History of
718:Preceded by
693:(1857–1867)
687:(1804–1857)
578:8 June 1815
521:Lower house
506:Upper house
493:Legislature
427:Ferdinand I
387:(1860–1867)
381:(1804–1860)
336:Lutheranism
332:Minorities:
225:(1846–1859)
62:introducing
6814:Categories
6704:Portuguese
6585:Revival Le
6575:Vietnamese
6218:Later Tran
6188:Vietnamese
6084:Singhasari
6072:Holy Roman
5696:Bulgarian
5632:Satavahana
5603:Phoenician
5539:Achaemenid
5500:Indo-Greek
5480:Macedonian
5394:Babylonian
5252:Rudolstadt
4917:Luxembourg
4703:Literature
4498:Parliament
4461:Government
4380:Ecoregions
3891:Sked, Alan
3168:References
3146:pronounced
2908:, and the
2581:Küstenland
2528:Vorarlberg
2502:District (
2365:Metternich
2345:Metternich
2337:Schönbrunn
2232:Talleyrand
2228:Wellington
2144:After the
2139:Hungarians
2134:second war
2132:After the
2120:Herrenhaus
2103:After 1859
2018:Absolutist
1823:William IV
1776:Bratislava
1765:Grand Duke
1668:Kaiserthum
1642:Francis II
1615:Regensburg
1599:See also:
1595:Foundation
1537:Francis II
1421:Liberalism
1145:Carantania
1123:Marcomanni
668:37,500,000
657:Population
371:Government
359:Demonym(s)
45:references
6697:Couronian
6335:Ethiopian
6323:Manchukuo
6278:Brazilian
6124:Ghaznavid
6094:Srivijaya
6045:Trebizond
6030:Byzantine
6012:North Sea
6007:Norwegian
5995:Almoravid
5978:Ilkhanate
5948:Majapahit
5921:Muromachi
5830:Solomonic
5815:Ethiopian
5729:Caliphate
5662:Aragonese
5490:Ptolemaic
5304:partially
5282:Frankfurt
5219:Hechingen
5083:Meiningen
5043:Altenburg
4980:Lauenburg
4957:Brunswick
4932:Oldenburg
4630:Languages
4615:Education
4569:Transport
4539:Companies
4451:Elections
4390:Mountains
4375:Districts
4348:Geography
4318:Anschluss
4204:Roman Era
3876:143628536
2985:Education
2333:Pressburg
2331:in 1801,
2329:Luneville
2327:in 1797,
2097:Mantovano
1846:Francis I
1819:George IV
1621:(German:
1512:European
1317:Anschluss
1302:Civil War
1131:Baiuvarii
1077:Roman Era
415:Francis I
340:Calvinist
319:Majority:
315:Religion
305:Ukrainian
265:Ruthenian
249:Hungarian
119:1804–1867
6677:Japanese
6640:Scottish
6620:American
6612:Colonial
6541:Imperial
6509:Moroccan
6445:Japanese
6423:Afsharid
6282:Burmese
6268:Austrian
6223:Later Le
6198:Early Le
6183:Venetian
6109:Tiwanaku
6022:Hellenic
5985:Moroccan
5916:Kamakura
5906:Japanese
5889:Saffarid
5842:Georgian
5756:Chalukya
5734:Rashidun
5724:Calakmul
5692:Bruneian
5571:Haryanka
5549:Sasanian
5544:Parthian
5495:Bactrian
5485:Seleucid
5465:Goguryeo
5443:Egyptian
5377:Assyrian
5367:Akkadian
5358:Colonies
5006:Bernburg
4962:Holstein
4848:Kingdoms
4768:Category
4645:Religion
4595:Abortion
4554:Taxation
4493:Military
4429:Politics
4231:Rugiland
4214:Pannonia
4171:articles
3925:(1941).
3893:(2008).
3793:(1955).
3759:(2006).
3194:(2016).
3134:German:
3096:See also
2906:Slavonia
2813:de facto
2576:Littoral
2384:towards
2210:de facto
2081:Sardinia
1791:de facto
1651:Napoleon
1541:Napoleon
1524:and the
1508:, was a
1453:Timeline
1436:Hinduism
1396:Football
1127:Lombards
1095:Rugiland
1085:Pannonia
1027:a series
1025:Part of
673:Currency
364:Austrian
327:official
293:Friulian
289:Venetian
281:Romanian
273:Croatian
6744:largest
6739:Empires
6719:Swedish
6714:Spanish
6709:Russian
6672:Italian
6647:Chinese
6635:English
6630:British
6625:Belgian
6600:Vietnam
6590:Tay son
6536:Tsarist
6531:Russian
6526:Ottoman
6492:Dzungar
6487:Khoshut
6460:Mexican
6455:Maratha
6438:Pahlavi
6418:Safavid
6413:Iranian
6340:Haitian
6303:Chinese
6263:Ashanti
6235:Wagadou
6161:Eastern
6156:Western
6139:Timurid
6099:Tibetan
6089:Songhai
6079:Serbian
6000:Almohad
5990:Idrisid
5894:Samanid
5884:Tahirid
5879:Iranian
5857:Kannauj
5837:Genoese
5773:Chinese
5766:Eastern
5761:Western
5749:Fatimid
5744:Abbasid
5739:Umayyad
5712:Burmese
5672:Ayyubid
5667:Angevin
5637:Xianbei
5625:Eastern
5620:Western
5566:Magadha
5529:Iranian
5522:Xiongnu
5507:Hittite
5416:Chinese
5404:Kassite
5353:Ancient
5345:Empires
5287:Hamburg
4967:Limburg
4946:Duchies
4870:Hanover
4860:Bavaria
4855:Prussia
4830:Austria
4823:Empires
4752:Outline
4713:Museums
4688:Cuisine
4665:Culture
4583:Society
4564:Tourism
4534:Banking
4517:Economy
4323:Ostmark
4209:Noricum
4179:History
4167:Austria
3995:of the
3914:(1919)
3868:1876727
3839:1986702
3776:excerpt
3774:(2016)
3752:(2016).
3570:15 June
3512:(2005).
2993:Gallery
2925:circles
2902:Croatia
2717:) with
2679:) with
2500:Salzach
2313:Marengo
2302:Bavaria
2248:Prussia
2206:de jure
2068:customs
1954:serfdom
1875:Prussia
1802:Hanover
1677:
1611:Rastatt
1590:History
1401:Cricket
1081:Noricum
1038:Austria
1012:Bohemia
1008:Austria
623:•
610:•
597:•
584:•
571:•
558:•
519:•
504:•
471:(first)
396:Emperor
352:Judaism
309:Yiddish
301:Italian
285:Lombard
277:Serbian
269:Slovene
231:Capital
159:Anthem:
58:improve
6682:Mongol
6667:German
6662:French
6652:Danish
6595:Dainam
6570:Tongan
6558:Somali
6553:Sokoto
6519:'Alawi
6497:Kalmyk
6477:Mongol
6470:Second
6450:Korean
6401:Mughal
6391:Indian
6374:German
6367:Second
6357:French
6350:Second
6286:Second
6258:Afghan
6250:Modern
6176:Kyrgyz
6171:Uighur
6166:Second
6146:Turkic
6114:Toltec
6050:Epirus
6035:Nicaea
5958:Mongol
5911:Yamato
5847:Huetar
5705:Second
5642:Rouran
5591:Shunga
5586:Maurya
5561:Kushan
5534:Median
5512:Hunnic
5470:Harsha
5292:Lübeck
5277:Bremen
5022:Köthen
5014:Dessau
4998:Anhalt
4975:Nassau
4865:Saxony
4773:Portal
4678:Cinema
4549:Mining
4544:Energy
4405:States
4400:Rivers
4370:Cities
4219:Raetia
4169:
3916:online
3874:
3866:
3837:
3766:online
3724:
3702:5 July
3676:5 July
3650:5 July
3624:5 July
3597:5 July
3543:
3472:28 May
3412:28 May
3282:6 June
3206:
2978:Kreise
2972:Kreise
2948:Kreise
2938:Kreise
2919:Kreise
2605:Triest
2386:Russia
2321:Wagram
2261:budget
2238:, 1815
2158:K.u.K.
2093:Zürich
2053:Brixen
1996:, 1859
1975:, 1849
1936:, 1813
1879:Russia
1877:, and
1743:, the
1686:Kaiser
1431:Cinema
1385:Vienna
1375:Topics
1089:Raetia
1029:on the
685:Thaler
680:Gulden
484:(last)
454:
400:
261:Polish
257:Slovak
245:German
235:Vienna
161:
109:German
105:
47:, but
6732:Lists
6687:Omani
6657:Dutch
6563:Isaaq
6514:Saadi
6482:Oirat
6465:First
6433:Qajar
6362:First
6345:First
6318:China
6291:Third
6151:First
6104:Tikal
6055:Morea
6025:Roman
5943:Latin
5938:Khmer
5933:Kanem
5899:Buyid
5825:Zagwe
5820:Aksum
5810:Chola
5717:First
5700:First
5687:Bornu
5682:Benin
5677:Aztec
5615:Roman
5596:Gupta
5581:Nanda
5517:White
5137:Reuss
5117:Lippe
4907:Baden
4759:Index
4733:Sport
4718:Music
4708:Media
4655:Women
4605:Crime
4385:Lakes
4192:Celts
3872:S2CID
3864:JSTOR
3835:JSTOR
3733:PT196
3122:Notes
2962:]
2823:Banat
2526:with
2045:Czech
1441:Islam
1426:Music
1416:Radio
1140:Avars
1135:Suebi
1067:Celts
1014:only.
640:Area
297:Ladin
253:Czech
6502:Bogd
6428:Zand
6406:Sikh
6313:Qing
6308:Ming
6240:Wari
6208:Tran
6193:Dinh
5963:Yuan
5953:Mali
5862:Pala
5852:Inca
5803:Yuan
5793:Song
5788:Liao
5783:Tang
5556:Kush
5438:Dʿmt
4698:Flag
4692:wine
3722:ISBN
3704:2023
3678:2023
3652:2023
3626:2023
3599:2023
3572:2019
3541:ISBN
3474:2024
3414:2024
3284:2024
3204:ISBN
2943:Bach
2268:and
2242:The
2113:The
2091:and
2020:(or
1967:The
1821:and
1747:and
1728:was
1690:-dom
1674:lit.
1570:The
1500:The
1381:Jews
1010:and
135:Flag
6580:Mac
6017:Oyo
5926:Edo
5798:Jīn
5778:Sui
5431:Jin
5426:Han
5421:Qin
4471:Law
3856:doi
3827:doi
2753:),
2317:Ulm
1703:(a
1672:" (
6816::
6213:Ho
6203:Ly
3870:.
3862:.
3852:40
3850:.
3833:.
3823:40
3821:.
3728:.
3694:.
3668:.
3642:.
3616:.
3589:.
3563:.
3465:.
3436:.
3404:.
3375:^
3363:^
3347:^
3314:^
3292:^
3274:.
3144:,
2981:.
2960:de
2923:('
2904:,
2839:)
2811:,
2584:)
2460:)
2447::
2315:,
2304:.
2230:,
2208:,
2099:.
2059:.
1759:,
1586:.
1532:.
1133:-
1129:-
1125:-
1087:-
1083:-
707:AT
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
295:,
291:,
287:,
283:,
279:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
251:,
247:,
5360:)
5356:(
5337:e
5330:t
5323:v
4807:e
4800:t
4793:v
4694:)
4690:(
4651:)
4647:(
4159:e
4152:t
4145:v
3978:e
3971:t
3964:v
3929:.
3897:.
3878:.
3858::
3841:.
3829::
3806:.
3797:.
3763:.
3735:.
3628:.
3601:.
3574:.
3549:.
3476:.
3416:.
3286:.
3212:.
2881:(
2875:)
2869:(
2863:)
2857:(
2851:)
2845:(
2833:(
2825:)
2821:(
2799:(
2793:)
2787:(
2775:(
2747:(
2741:)
2735:(
2729:)
2723:(
2711:(
2705:)
2699:(
2685:(
2673:(
2665:)
2659:(
2653:)
2647:(
2641:)
2635:(
2620:)
2614:(
2608:)
2602:(
2596:)
2590:(
2578:(
2572:)
2566:(
2560:)
2554:(
2542:(
2530:(
2520:)
2514:(
2492:(
2484:)
2478:(
2472:)
2466:(
2454:(
2160:(
1693:'
1680:'
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
1387:)
1383:(
1091:)
1079:(
1073:)
1069:(
968:∟
951:∟
329:)
325:(
175:"
171:"
111:)
107:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
27:.
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