756:
711:
653:
386:
46:
738:
729:
720:
33:
747:
692:. These grasshoppers inhabit areas with vegetation covering the ground and can be found in alpine environments where Little Hard Fern grows well. While these grasshoppers are considered endemic to New Zealand, their presence indicates a potential interaction between the fern and native herbivores in other ecosystems. The impact of these grasshoppers on the population dynamics and growth of
482:
This fern prefers coastal to alpine environments, including open forests, grasslands, subalpine scrub, alpine herb fields, creek beds, river terraces, and rocky herb fields. It can be found from sea level up to 1900 meters above sea level. The preferred temperature range for its productivity is 6 to
556:
features a wiry rhizome, which gives rise to long creeping and sparing branches. The fronds of this species exhibit strong dimorphism, with sterile fronds growing up to 400 mm when semi-erect in manner, while fertile fronds are longer and held erect, often reaching twice the length of the sterile
474:. The sterile fronds are prostrate or semi-erect, growing up to 400 mm in length, while the fertile fronds are longer and held erect. The sterile fronds have a yellow-brown stem, while the fertile fronds have a purplish-black stipe. Both types of fronds have
577:, with the sterile fronds being shorter and the fertile fronds being taller and more upright. The size difference between the two types of fronds is an important characteristic to differentiate this species and adds to its overall aesthetic appeal.
565:, with free veins. The sterile fronds bear 12–44 pairs of triangular or oblong pinnae, while the fertile fronds have 10–36 pairs of linear to narrowly oblong pinnae, which are replaced by tiny sterile flanges at the base of the lamina.
478:
laminae with free veins. The sterile fronds have 12–44 pairs of triangular or oblong pinnae, while the fertile fronds have 10–36 pairs of linear to narrowly oblong pinnae, which are replaced by tiny sterile flanges at the base.
580:
The sterile fronds of this species typically grow to a length of 15–400 mm in a prostrate or semi-erect manner. Fertile fronds are longer and held erect, often reaching up to twice the length of the sterile fronds.
636:. Similarly, in the South Island and Stewart Island, it occurs in the lowland to alpine areas. Notably, it has been observed growing at high elevations of up to 1900 meters above sea level in the
1121:
1341:
1717:
1242:
1732:
557:
fronds. Sterile fronds have a yellow-brown stem, whereas fertile fronds have a purplish-black stipe. The laminae of both sterile and fertile fronds are
1609:
1415:
1216:
878:
1622:
1428:
755:
1727:
526:
1047:
1737:
1635:
1454:
1229:
1109:
696:
warrants further investigation, as it may play a role in shaping the fern's distribution and abundance in its natural habitat.
1722:
1542:
1181:
1467:
843:
808:
518:
45:
613:
1707:
1596:
1516:
1350:
1190:
562:
869:
589:
The species is widely distributed throughout the global south, including New
Zealand, Australia, and South America.
1648:
1547:
1503:
1268:
1247:
983:
1079:"A classification for Blechnaceae (Polypodiales: Polypodiopsida): New genera, resurrected names, and combinations"
1653:
1508:
1273:
620:. It exhibits a broad altitudinal range, from sea level up to 1900 meters above sea level. In the North Island,
1712:
510:
170:
1394:
1077:
Gasper, AndrĂ© LuĂs De; Dittrich, VinĂcius
Antonio De Oliveira; Smith, Alan Reid; Salino, Alexandre (2016).
1389:
1143:
1627:
1433:
775:
625:
153:
1407:
950:
1702:
1482:
1363:
633:
710:
444:
652:
1674:
1555:
1402:
1294:
672:
485:
399:
179:
40:
670:
is subject to herbivory by several endemic grasshopper species in New
Zealand. The grasshoppers
385:
540:
The species name "penna-marina" refers to its feather-like appearance and its coastal habitat.
1255:
1203:
637:
617:
644:
highlights its adaptability to diverse habitats and climates across the southern hemisphere.
592:
Within New
Zealand, this fern species can be found throughout the country, spanning from the
1260:
1090:
737:
728:
684:
678:
609:
497:
491:
440:
699:
No fungal parasites or diseases have been recorded for this species as of March 30, 2023.
601:
428:
1495:
719:
32:
1490:
746:
605:
130:
70:
1696:
460:
1679:
1560:
1299:
1195:
597:
593:
448:
110:
100:
1601:
1208:
1009:
1587:
1355:
1166:
1521:
1472:
1441:
1335:
1175:
558:
483:
11 degrees
Celsius. It faces predation from endemic alpine grasshoppers such as
475:
452:
120:
1326:
1094:
849:
814:
1078:
1376:
1286:
629:
456:
1666:
1534:
1661:
1581:
1529:
1320:
1281:
1160:
1056:
PlantSynz - Invertebrate herbivore biodiversity assessment tool: Database
769:
573:
The varying sizes of the fronds contribute to the distinct appearance of
1614:
1420:
1221:
467:
432:
1446:
1459:
1234:
1137:
1108:
Allan, H. H.; Farrant, P. A.; Chambers, T. C. (17 September 2020).
1640:
1381:
882:
651:
561:, linear to narrowly elliptic, tapering to a pinnatifid apex, and
471:
384:
57:
1368:
436:
90:
80:
1141:
443:
Blechnaceae. It is a widely distributed fern species in the
389:
Little Hard Fern near Mount Cook, New
Zealand, November 2022
624:
is found in the lowlands to alpine regions, extending from
834:
Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (November 2019), "
799:
Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (November 2019), "
1571:
1310:
1150:
537:, although this change has not been widely used.
529:in 1868. In 2016 it was placed in the new genus
1342:Austroblechnum penna-marina subsp. penna-marina
845:Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World
810:Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World
640:, Nelson. The wide geographic distribution of
8:
984:"Austroblechnum Penna-Marina Subsp. Alpina"
1138:
794:
792:
790:
31:
20:
879:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
786:
706:
1014:to desiccation in tundra environments"
988:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
470:and exhibits strong dimorphism in its
949:Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. (2021).
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
186:
7:
1548:bc933b1a-c3cd-497c-8bdb-22a65e7cd4e4
1483:459ec9ec-1bdb-4f9f-9d0e-d0efe8d9541b
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
977:
975:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
663:There are few identified enemies of
1718:Flora of the Juan Fernández Islands
688:are known to feed on the pinnae of
1733:Flora of the Prince Edward Islands
1654:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17197380-1
1509:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17059990-1
1274:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77157918-1
527:Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn
14:
1120:. New Zealand Landcare Research.
519:Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique
1124:from the original on 18 May 2023
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
513:first described this species as
44:
521:”, and it was later shifted to
1:
376:(Poir.) Maxon & Morton
325:Lonchitis-aspera penna-marina
173:) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich
1182:Austroblechnum penna-marina
1152:Austroblechnum penna-marina
836:Austroblechnum penna-marina
801:Austroblechnum penna-marina
535:Austroblechnum penna-marina
395:Austroblechnum penna-marina
373:Struthiopteris penna-marina
163:Austroblechnum penna-marina
25:Austroblechnum penna-marina
1754:
1095:10.11646/phytotaxa.275.3.1
772:family of Little Hard Fern
189:Acrostichum polytrichoides
1728:Flora of Macquarie Island
1058:. Landcare Research. 2023
982:Lange, P. J. de. (2012).
185:
178:
159:
152:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1738:Plants described in 1804
1018:Antarctic Legacy Archive
1010:"Functional response of
1573:Polypodium penna-marina
1008:Rossouw, M. W. (2016).
515:Polypodium penna-marina
511:Jean Louis Marie Poiret
333:Polypodium penna-marina
848:, 8.11, archived from
813:, 8.11, archived from
665:Blechnum penna-marina.
660:
390:
365:Struthiopteris distans
317:Lonchitis penna-marina
301:Lomaria trichomanoides
1723:Flora of Gough Island
1408:Blechnum penna-marina
1312:Blechnum penna-marina
1112:Blechnum penna-marina
1050:Blechnum penna-marina
1012:Blechnum penna-marina
953:Blechnum penna-marina
776:Fernside, New Zealand
694:Blechnum penna-marina
690:Blechnum penna-marina
668:Blechnum penna-marina
658:Blechnum penna-marina
655:
642:Blechnum penna-marina
622:Blechnum penna-marina
575:Blechnum penna-marina
554:Blechnum penna-marina
523:Blechnum penna-marina
404:Blechnum penna-marina
388:
341:Spicanta penna-marina
285:Lomaria polypodioides
221:Blechnum penna-marina
1118:Biota of New Zealand
277:Lomaria penna-marina
213:Blechnum parvifolium
145:A. penna-marina
1052:Host simple report"
525:by German botanist
445:southern hemisphere
409:Antarctic hard-fern
288:Desv.ex Gaudich.
229:Blechnum uliginosum
216:(Colenso) C.Chr.
1708:Ferns of Argentina
673:Brachaspis nivalis
661:
486:Brachaspis nivalis
391:
368:(Colenso) Ching
280:(Poir.) Trevis.
269:Lomaria parvifolia
245:Lomaria antarctica
240:(R.Br.) Spreng.
1690:
1689:
1256:Open Tree of Life
1144:Taxon identifiers
638:Spenser Mountains
618:Antipodes Islands
421:alpine water fern
383:
382:
377:
369:
361:
353:
352:(Raoul) Kuntze
345:
344:(Poir.) Kuntze
337:
329:
321:
313:
309:Lomaria uliginosa
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
232:(Phil.) C.Chr.
225:
217:
209:
201:
193:
1745:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1473:NHMSYS0000456511
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1303:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
979:
970:
969:
967:
965:
946:
897:
896:
894:
893:
887:
881:. Archived from
876:
866:
860:
859:
858:
857:
831:
825:
824:
823:
822:
796:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
685:Sigaus australis
679:Paprides nitidus
634:south Wellington
600:, including the
509:French botanist
498:Sigaus australis
492:Paprides nitidus
451:range including
417:Alpine Hard Fern
413:Little Hard Fern
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
328:(Poir.) Farw.
327:
320:(Poir.) Farw.
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
261:Lomaria linearis
255:
247:
239:
231:
223:
215:
207:
200:(R.Br.) Mett.
199:
197:Blechnum alpinum
191:
165:
49:
48:
35:
21:
16:Species of plant
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1146:
1127:
1125:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
981:
980:
973:
963:
961:
948:
947:
900:
891:
889:
885:
874:
868:
867:
863:
855:
853:
833:
832:
828:
820:
818:
798:
797:
788:
785:
766:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
650:
587:
571:
551:
546:
507:
429:Chilean Spanish
357:Stegania alpina
349:Spicanta pumila
253:Lomaria distans
224:(Poir.) Kuhn
205:Blechnum hillii
174:
167:
161:
148:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Ferns of Chile
1710:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:wfo-0001219335
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:wfo-0001111445
1552:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1332:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:wfo-0001346640
1291:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1100:
1089:(3): 191–227.
1069:
1030:
1000:
971:
898:
871:BSBI List 2007
861:
826:
784:
781:
780:
779:
773:
765:
762:
761:
760:
753:
751:
744:
742:
735:
733:
726:
724:
717:
715:
708:
704:
701:
649:
646:
586:
583:
570:
567:
550:
547:
545:
542:
531:Austroblechnum
506:
503:
381:
380:
379:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
293:Lomaria pumila
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
237:Lomaria alpina
234:
226:
218:
210:
202:
194:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
157:
156:
150:
149:
142:
140:
136:
135:
132:Austroblechnum
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
91:Polypodiopsida
88:
84:
83:
81:Polypodiophyta
78:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1750:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1001:
989:
985:
978:
976:
972:
960:
956:
955:(Poir.) Kuhn"
954:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
899:
888:on 2015-06-26
884:
880:
873:
872:
865:
862:
852:on 2017-09-02
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
830:
827:
817:on 2017-09-02
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
795:
793:
791:
787:
782:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
763:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
702:
700:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
680:
675:
674:
669:
666:
659:
654:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
584:
582:
578:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
555:
548:
543:
541:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
480:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
461:South America
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
401:
397:
396:
387:
374:
371:
366:
363:
358:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
299:
294:
291:
286:
283:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
254:
251:
246:
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883:the original
870:
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850:the original
844:
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815:the original
809:
805:penna-marina
804:
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648:Interactions
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517:in 1804 in “
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111:Aspleniineae
101:Polypodiales
64:
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1703:Blechnaceae
1442:iNaturalist
1336:Wikispecies
1176:Wikispecies
559:pinnatisect
544:Description
476:pinnatisect
453:New Zealand
407:, known as
248:Carmich.
121:Blechnaceae
1697:Categories
1491:Plant List
1460:17059990-1
1235:77157918-1
892:2014-10-17
856:2019-12-22
821:2019-12-22
783:References
656:Pinnae of
563:coriaceous
549:Appearance
272:Colenso
256:Colenso
192:Thouars
107:Suborder:
77:Division:
1588:Q24955208
1395:242431059
1287:100448217
1167:Q42731227
1083:Phytotaxa
1062:March 31,
1023:March 31,
993:March 30,
964:March 30,
630:East Cape
457:Australia
447:, with a
208:C.Chr.
139:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1667:50000777
1662:Tropicos
1641:207363-2
1582:Wikidata
1543:VicFlora
1535:26605500
1530:Tropicos
1327:Q3283812
1321:Wikidata
1282:Tropicos
1161:Wikidata
1128:29 March
1122:Archived
770:Blechnum
764:See also
626:Hamilton
614:Campbell
610:Auckland
505:Taxonomy
468:rhizomes
431:), is a
360:R.Br.
336:Poir.
312:Phil.
304:Desv.
296:Raoul
180:Synonyms
117:Family:
1615:5650784
1421:7296768
1369:6087736
1222:9153206
1196:8026182
959:NZFlora
703:Gallery
606:Stewart
602:Chatham
596:to the
449:natural
439:in the
433:species
400:synonym
264:CoI.
127:Genus:
97:Order:
87:Class:
58:Plantae
1628:451569
1602:209578
1480:NZOR:
1447:218501
1434:403311
1261:610620
1248:393582
840:alpina
682:, and
616:, and
495:, and
472:fronds
459:, and
441:family
425:pinque
1403:FoAO2
1382:BLEPM
1356:56891
886:(xls)
875:(xls)
838:ssp.
803:ssp.
533:, as
171:Poir.
65:Clade
1649:POWO
1636:IPNI
1623:GRIN
1610:GBIF
1597:APNI
1522:2317
1504:POWO
1455:IPNI
1429:GRIN
1416:GBIF
1377:EPPO
1351:APNI
1269:POWO
1243:NCBI
1230:IPNI
1217:GBIF
1209:JVRC
1191:APNI
1130:2023
1064:2023
1025:2023
995:2023
966:2023
778:town
628:and
569:Size
437:fern
423:and
1675:WFO
1556:WFO
1517:RHS
1468:NBN
1390:FNA
1364:EoL
1295:WFO
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