258:
40:
378:
327:
gave even higher numbers, stating that between the years 1484 and 1525 alone, 28,540 were burned in person, 16,520 burned in effigy and 303,847 penanced. However, after extensive examinations of archival records, modern scholars provide lower estimates, indicating that fewer than 10,000 were actually
201:
In the 14th century, Dominican and
Franciscan priests called on Christians to expel the Jews from Spain, blaming Jews for social problems and stirring the Christian majority to destroy synagogues, burn Jews alive, and impose forced conversion. Jews would be forced to attend sermons and have Christian
193:
From the 8th to the 15th centuries, much of Spain was controlled by
Muslims. Around the 11th century, growing suspicions of Jews prompted Christians to unite against the Muslims and Jews. From that point, Spain became a political melange of different powers and territories, each with its own policies
217:
laws were put in place that traced the bloodline of
Christians New and Old to see if they had Jewish ancestry. In doing so, Spain divided its Christian class along ethnic and religious lines, "othering" those with Jewish blood much as it had prior to conversion. Influential Christians believed that
209:
This uniformity brought with it new sources of anxiety. "The mistrust of the Jew as an outsider gave way to an even more alarming fear of the converso as an insider". The differences between religious classes had formerly been very clear. Laws and customs codified
Christian dominance in Spain. Once
205:
New laws segregated the Jewish population and limited the occupations that were still open to them, with the ultimate goal of conversion. More than 100,000 Jews converted. Once converted, these New
Christians joined the "conversos" class, who were afforded the legal and social privileges of a full
428:
was not an impromptu event, but thoroughly orchestrated. Preparations began a month in advance and only occurred when the inquisition authorities believed there were enough prisoners in a given community or city. The ritual took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours with
206:
Christian in society. Many New
Christians took advantage of their elevation in status and embraced Christian privileges. After a few generations, the converted Jews identified as nothing more or less than "regular" Christians, and Spain was almost uniformly Christian.
452:
or burning place, sometimes located outside the city walls. There the sentences were read. Prisoners who were acquitted or whose sentence was suspended would fall on their knees in thanksgiving, but the condemned would be punished. Artistic representations of the
1102:
412:
An
Inquisition usually began with the public proclamation of a grace period of 40 days. Anyone who was guilty or knew of someone who was guilty was urged to confess. If the accused were charged, they were presumed guilty. Officials could apply
445:. They served to identify the specific acts of heresy of the accused, whose identities were kept secret until the very last moment. In addition, the prisoners usually had no idea what the outcome of their trial had been or their sentencing.
249:
became quite popular throughout the
Spanish realm, competing with bullfights for the public's attention and attended by royalty. Though Ferdinand's action met with occasional resistance and resulted in the assassination of the inquisitor
273:
Once granted permission from the Pope to conduct inquisitions, the monarchs began establishing permanent trials and developing bureaucracies to carry out investigations in most of the cities and communities in their empire. The first
472:
was also a form of penitence for the public viewers, because they too were engaging in a process of reconciliation and by being involved were given the chance to confront their sins and be forgiven by the Church.
332:
257:
1144:
254:
by converted Jews in 1485, between 1487 and 1505 the processing and trying of more than 1,000 heretics was recorded by the
Barcelona chapter, of whom only 25 were ultimately absolved.
417:
during the trial. Inquisitors were required to hear and record all testimony. Proceedings were to be kept secret, and the identity of witnesses was not known to the accused.
331:
The
Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536 and lasted officially until 1821. Its influence was much weakened by the late 18th century under the government of the
210:
the Jews converted, however, many Christian Spaniards believed that they no longer knew whom they could trust and who could possibly be a treacherous heretic at heart.
437:
The ceremony of public penitence then began with a procession of prisoners, who bore elaborate visual symbols on their garments and bodies. These symbols were called
1068:
were described in contemporary published works listing the dignitaries in attendance, the condemned and their sentences. See, for example, Matias de Bocanegra,
218:
there was something different in the essence and soul of the person that could not be cured by religious conversion. With these laws came the resurgence of the
494:
432:
An all-night vigil would be held in or near the city's plaza, with prayers, ending in Mass at daybreak and a breakfast feast prepared for all who joined in.
1332:
1040:
237:
to name inquisitors throughout their domains in order to protect Catholicism as the one true Christian faith. The decree originally applied to the
1087:
891:
Jose Rogelio Alvarez, ed. "Inquisicion" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de Mexico. VII (2000 ed.). Mexico City: Sabeca International Investment Corp..
762:
1293:
Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim. Assimilation and Racial Anti-Semitism: The Iberian and the German Models. (Leo Baeck Institute, New York Press, 1982).
39:
1254:
1156:
1112:
917:
838:
797:
744:
712:
664:
1299:, Mem. histórico español: colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades que publica la Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish, 1851)
1194:
Goldstein, Phyllis. A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism. (Brookline: Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, 2012)
1315:
1352:
1377:
1288:
1246:
896:
876:
116:
1362:
1357:
1372:
31:
324:
1367:
868:
307:, the ex-secretary of the Holy Office, gave the following numbers for the Inquisition excluding the American colonies,
1266:
Rawlings, Helen. The Spanish Inquisition: The Historiography of the Inquisition. (Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2006).
362:
365:, recorded them. Although records are incomplete, one historian estimates that about 50 people were executed by the
194:
regarding the status of Jews and Muslims. By the 13th century almost all of modern Spain was under Christian rule.
195:
1316:
La Inquisición Española: origen, desarrollo, organización, administración, métodos y proceso inquisitorial
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174:
304:
230:
759:
462:
402:
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366:
354:
178:
170:
133:
1022:
975:
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594:
586:
539:
214:
251:
1326:
1300:
1284:
1250:
1242:
1204:
1152:
1108:
1014:
967:
913:
892:
872:
858:
834:
828:
793:
740:
734:
708:
702:
660:
654:
635:
578:
531:
275:
1006:
959:
625:
613:
570:
523:
238:
182:
153:
142:
69:
53:
377:
198:
boasted of being the king of three religions. This tolerance, however, did not last long.
1216:
774:
766:
498:
350:
242:
1224:
1220:
420:
Officials proclaimed the prisoner's sentence after the trial and administered it in an
409:, prayer, a public procession of those found guilty, and a reading of their sentences.
406:
382:
234:
1269:
Roth, Cecil. The Spanish Inquisition. (W.W Norton & Company, New York Press, 1964)
1346:
1321:
1212:
1149:
Judging Faith, Punishing Sin: Inquisitions and Consistories in the Early Modern World
1026:
598:
543:
43:
328:
executed during the whole history of the Spanish Inquisition, perhaps around 3,000.
681:
458:
358:
1010:
614:"Whose Golden Age? Some Thoughts on Jewish-Christian Relations in Medieval Iberia"
862:
994:
833:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–216 with footnotes 98–100.
698:
293:
286:
219:
241:—the domain of Isabella—but in 1483 Ferdinand extended it to his domain of the
574:
289:
1018:
971:
910:
Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World
639:
582:
535:
442:
438:
346:
297:
1232:
Frontiers of Heresy. The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Land to Sicily
630:
559:"Seeking remission: Jewish conversion in the Crown of Aragon, c. 1378–1391"
511:
181:
as punishment and enforced by civil authorities. Its most extreme form was
527:
202:
preachers outline what the Christians viewed as the errors of their ways.
17:
704:
Blood and Belief: The Circulation of a Symbol between Jews and Christians
312:
166:
590:
558:
979:
947:
512:"A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism by Phyllis Goldstein"
414:
282:
266:
158:
323:(i.e., following an act of penance). Later in the nineteenth century,
316:
308:
303:
The exact number of people executed by the Inquisition is not known.
162:
963:
682:"Christian Attitudes toward the Jews in the Earliest Centuries A.D."
1281:
Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition
376:
256:
38:
1325:
656:
Infidels: A History of the Conflict Between Christendom and Islam
27:
Public penance imposed on condemned persons during an Inquisition
285:
in 1481: the six accused were found guilty and executed. Later,
161:, carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries, of condemned
1041:"Inquisition and Society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478-1834"
1104:
The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536–1820: A Documentary History
790:
God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World
401:
was a major aspect of the tribunals and the final step in the
342:
105:
75:
995:"The Cost of Torture: Evidence from the Spanish Inquisition"
1151:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 251–340,
96:
87:
81:
946:
Edwards, John (1997). Netanyahu, B.; Roth, Norman (eds.).
1145:"Ecclesiastical Discipline's Expanding Reach and Decline"
1143:
Parker, Charles H.; Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen, eds. (2017),
864:
The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791
516:
Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
117:
102:
93:
72:
1199:
The Spanish Inquisition : A Historical Revision
429:
ecclesiastical and civil authorities in attendance.
157:) meaning 'act of faith'; was the ritual of public
108:
84:
78:
908:Perry, Mary Elizabeth; Cruz, Anne J., eds. (1991).
90:
1274:The Schocken Book of Modern Sephardic Literature
1132:. University of Santa Barbara. pp. 115–119.
136:
448:The prisoners were taken to a place called the
792:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012, pp. 65–69;
8:
1336:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
912:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
457:usually depict physical punishment such as
1181:Arouet, Francois-Marie (Voltaire) (1758).
728:
726:
724:
495:Saint Dominic presiding over an Auto-da-fe
629:
1088:University of California, Santa Barbara
948:"Was the Spanish Inquisition Truthful?"
830:Group Identity in the Renaissance World
487:
827:Wojciehowski, Hannah Chapelle (2011).
213:In an attempt to assuage these fears,
1209:A History of the Inquisition of Spain
618:Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations
152:
7:
1201:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
215:Limpieza de sangre (Purity of Blood)
46:anachronistically presiding over an
1239:The Spanish Inquisition: A History
808:Dedieu, p. 85; Perez, pp. 170–173.
707:. University of California Press.
25:
936:. New York: The Free Press, 1988.
659:. Random House Publishing Group.
357:. Contemporary historians of the
1130:The Auto de Fé as Medieval Drama
1084:The Auto de Fé as Medieval Drama
405:process. It involved a Catholic
68:
993:Hassner, Ron E. (26 May 2020).
612:Ray, Jonathan (28 April 2011).
1070:Auto general de la fé ...
1:
1276:. Random House, Inc. New York
1101:IV, John F. Chuchiak (2012).
1011:10.1080/09636412.2020.1761441
1234:. Cambridge University Press
869:Wayne State University Press
1279:Whitechapel, Simon (2003).
1263:. New York: The Free Press.
1187:Dedieu, Jean-Pierre (1987)
952:The Jewish Quarterly Review
680:Veldt, S. (1 August 2007).
653:Wheatcroft, Andrew (2004).
557:Guerson, Alexander (2010).
32:Auto-da-fé (disambiguation)
1394:
441:, and were made of yellow
29:
1353:Jewish Portuguese history
1241:, Yale University Press.
575:10.1007/s10835-009-9103-1
319:, and 291,450 reconciled
233:received permission from
1378:History of the conversos
1230:Monter, William (1990).
765:16 November 2011 at the
363:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
269:, illustration from 1870
196:Ferdinand III of Castile
1333:Encyclopædia Britannica
1259:Peters, Edward. (1988)
736:The Spanish Inquisition
325:José Amador de los Ríos
315:: 31,912 burnt, 17,696
1363:Portuguese Inquisition
1358:Jewish Spanish history
1272:Stavans, Ilan. (2005)
1227:. New York and London.
771:Històries de Catalunya
631:10.6017/scjr.v6i1.1585
394:
270:
227:Ferdinand II of Aragon
146:
137:
57:
1373:Christian terminology
1237:Perez, Joseph (2006)
1197:Kamen, Henry. (1997)
528:10.1353/sho.2013.0080
510:Lerner, Saul (2013).
380:
305:Juan Antonio Llorente
260:
231:Isabella I of Castile
42:
1297:Miscelanea de Zapata
1191:. Les Editions Fides
1045:publishing.cdlib.org
871:. pp. 202–203.
463:burning at the stake
225:On 1 November 1478,
154:[ˈawtoðeˈfe]
30:For other uses, see
1368:Spanish Inquisition
1090:. pp. 110–115.
1064:Many of the public
855:Marcus, Jacob Rader
733:Cecil Roth (1964).
391:Plaza Mayor, Madrid
367:Mexican Inquisition
355:Viceroyalty of Peru
341:also took place in
179:Mexican Inquisition
1327:"Auto-da-fé"
1283:. Creation Books.
1205:Lea, Henry Charles
395:
271:
58:
1255:978-0-300-11982-4
1158:978-1-107-14024-0
1114:978-1-4214-0449-3
919:978-0-520-07098-1
840:978-1-107-00360-6
798:978-0-618-09156-0
746:978-0-393-00255-3
714:978-0-520-93423-8
666:978-1-58836-390-9
381:1683 painting by
333:Marquês de Pombal
16:(Redirected from
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999:Security Studies
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958:(3/4): 351–366.
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867:. Detroit, MI:
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788:Cullen Murphy,
787:
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767:Wayback Machine
760:«La Inquisició»
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243:Crown of Aragon
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169:imposed by the
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1324:, ed. (1911).
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1307:External links
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1048:. Retrieved
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569:(1): 33–52.
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1066:autos-da-fé
934:Inquisition
403:Inquisition
339:Autos de fé
294:Inquisition
247:Autos de fé
220:blood libel
1347:Categories
1164:12 January
1050:12 January
739:. Norton.
477:References
470:auto de fé
455:auto de fé
426:auto de fé
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399:auto de fé
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387:auto de fé
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536:1534-5165
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298:New World
167:apostates
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373:Process
296:to the
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276:Iberian
267:Seville
189:History
171:Spanish
159:penance
143:Spanish
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587:JSTOR
540:S2CID
482:Notes
177:, or
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