Automotive safety - Knowledge (XXG)

737:

lower rate of serious injury in silver cars, with higher rates in brown, black, and green cars. The Vehicle Colour Study, conducted by Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) and published in 2007, analysed 855,258 crashes that occurring between 1987 and 2004 in the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia that resulted in injury or in a vehicle being towed away. The study analysed risk by light condition. It found that in daylight, black cars were 12% more likely than white to be involved in a collision, followed by grey cars at 11%, silver cars at 10%, and red and blue cars at 7%, with no other colours found to be significantly more or less risky than white. At dawn or dusk, the risk ratio for black cars jumped to 47% more likely than white, and that for silver cars to 15%. In the hours of darkness, only red and silver cars were found to be significantly more risky than white, by 10% and 8% respectively.

173:

toll in human suffering. Truck drivers tend to endure higher fatality rates than workers in other occupations, but concerns about motor vehicle safety in the workplace are not limited to those surrounding the operation of large trucks. Workers outside the motor carrier industry routinely operate company-owned vehicles for deliveries, sales and repair calls, client visits, etc. In these instances, the employer providing the vehicle generally plays a major role in setting safety, maintenance, and training policy. As in non-occupational driving, young drivers are especially at risk. In the workplace, 45% of all fatal injuries to workers under age 18 between 1992 and 2000 in the United States resulted from transportation incidents.

1440: 1575:, with special rules. By 2010, all US states required a graduated driver's licence for drivers under age 18. In Italy, the maximum speed and power of vehicles driven by new drivers is restricted. In Romania, the maximum speed of vehicles driven by new drivers (less than one year in experience) is 20 km/h lower than the national standard (except villages, towns and cities). Many U.S. states allow 18-year-olds to skip some requirements that younger drivers would face, which statistics show may be causing higher crash rates among new drivers. New Jersey has the same requirements for new drivers up to the age of 21, which may obviate this problem. 464: 1460:

the level of large commercial truck traffic has substantially increased since the 1960s, while highway capacity has not kept pace with the increase in large commercial truck traffic on US highways. However, other factors exert significant influence; Canada has lower roadway death and injury rates despite a vehicle mix comparable to that of the US. Nevertheless, the widespread use of truck-based vehicles as passenger carriers is correlated with roadway deaths and injuries not only directly by dint of vehicular safety performance

57: 647: 1725: 1519:

135 cm tall or reach 12 years of age, which ever comes soonest. As another example, in Austria, the driver of passenger vehicles is responsible for people shorter than 150 cm and below 14 years to be seated in an adequate child safety seat. Moreover, it is not allowed for children below the age of 3 to ride in a passenger vehicle without "security system" (which in practice means the vehicle is not equipped with any seat belts or technical systems like

1739: 6154: 5504: 6174: 5524: 574: 387: 6164: 5514: 448: 1349:

the EU average road death rate was 49 people per million inhabitants. Also in 2018, Romania had the worst figures in this regard with 96 people out of a million inhabitants dying on the roads, Belgium had the median score standing at 52 deaths per million, and the UK scored the best with 28 people out of every million dying on its roads.

1628: 1053: 1600:

over 75. The overall trend may be due to greater experience and avoiding driving in adverse conditions. However, on a per-miles-travelled basis, drivers younger than 25-30 and older than 65-70 have significantly higher crash rates. Survivability of crashes decreases monotonically with the age of the victim.

1599:

Insurance statistics in the United States indicate a 30% increase in the number of elderly killed, comparing 1975 to 2000. Several states require additional testing for elderly drivers. On a per-driver basis, the number of fatal and overall crashes decreases with age, with some exceptions for drivers

1510:

Children present significant challenges in engineering and producing safe vehicles, because most children are significantly smaller and lighter than most adults. Additionally, children far from being just scaled down adults, still have an undeveloped skeletal system. This means that vehicle restraint

1348:

Safety is a significant concern in the European Union (EU 28) with 25,249 fatalities and around 130,000 serious injuries in 2018 and 2017 respectively. Overall, between 2001 and 2018, there was an almost 50% reduction in road deaths in the EU from 55,092 in 2001 to the 2018 figure of 25,249. In 2018,

1563:

In some areas, new drivers' vehicles must bear a warning sign to alert other drivers that the vehicle is being driven by an inexperienced and learning driver, giving them opportunity to be more cautious and to encourage other drivers to give novices more leeway. In the U.S. New Jersey has Kyleigh's

1501:

When pregnant, women should continue to use seatbelts and airbags properly. A University of Michigan study found that "unrestrained or improperly restrained pregnant women are 5.7 times more likely to have an adverse fetal outcome than properly restrained pregnant women". If seatbelts are not long

1459:

found that SUVs and pickup trucks are significantly less safe than passenger cars, that non-US branded vehicles tend to be safer than US branded vehicles, and that the size and weight of a vehicle has a significantly smaller effect on safety than the quality of the vehicle's engineering. In the US,

1485:

has been traditionally characterized as male-dominated. As a result there has been a lack of female automotive designers in the area of automotive safety compared to male automotive designers. This leads to oversights in automotive safety and ergonomics for female consumers, who make up 62% of all

736:

and safety stated that no previous studies had been scientifically conclusive. Since then, a Swedish study found that pink cars are involved in the fewest and black cars are involved in the most crashes (Land transport NZ 2005). In Auckland New Zealand, a study found that there was a significantly

701:

Vehicles are equipped with a variety of lights and reflectors to mark their presence, position, width, length, and direction of travel as well as to convey the driver's intent and actions to other drivers. These include the vehicle's headlamps, front and rear position lamps, side marker lights and

172:

Work-related roadway crashes are the leading cause of death from traumatic injuries in the U.S. workplace. They accounted for nearly 12,000 deaths between 1992 and 2000. Deaths and injuries from these roadway crashes result in increased costs to employers and lost productivity in addition to their

134:

Coalitions to promote road and automotive safety, such as Together for Safer Roads (TSR), brings together global private sector companies, across industries, to collaborate on improving road safety. TSR brings together members' knowledge, data, technology, and global networks to focus on five road

1344:

In the US, about 34,000 people were killed by traffic crashes every year from 2015 to 2020. Sharp rises in the price of fuel and related driver behavioural changes reduced 2007-8 highway fatalities in the US to below the 1961 fatality count. Litigation played a large part in mandating safer cars.

1559:

In the UK, a full driving licence can be had at age 17, and most areas in the United States will issue a full driver's license at the age of 16, and all within a range between 14 and 18. In addition to being relatively inexperienced, teen drivers are also cognitively immature, compared to adult

1518:

Within Europe ECE Regulation R44 dictates that children below 150 cm must travel in a child restraint that is appropriate for their weight. Each country have their own adaptions of this Regulation. For instance, in the United Kingdom, children must travel in a child restraint until they are

1467:

The US NHTSA has issued relatively few regulations since the mid-1980s; most of the vehicle-based reduction in vehicle fatality rates in the US during the last third of the 20th Century were gained by the initial NHTSA safety standards issued from 1968 to 1984 and subsequent voluntary changes in

491:

limit the forward motion of an occupant, stretch to absorb energy, to lengthen the time of the occupant's negative acceleration in a crash, reducing the loading on the occupants' body. They prevent occupants being ejected from the vehicle and ensure that they are in the correct position for the

1075:

In 1979, NHTSA began crash-testing popular cars and publishing the results, to inform consumers and encourage manufacturers to improve the safety of their vehicles. Initially, the US NCAP (New Car Assessment Program) crash tests examined compliance with the occupant-protection provisions of

1587:, although most drivers with medical conditions were safe drivers, drivers with psychiatric conditions or substance abuse were particularly at higher risks of unsafe driving. The study also reported that drivers with neurological conditions were the majority of the entire study population ( 767:

in 1771, is reported by some to have crashed into a wall during its demonstration run. However, according to Georges Ageon, the earliest mention of this occurrence dates from 1801 and it does not feature in contemporary accounts. One of the earliest recorded car-related fatalities was

535:

Collapsible universally jointed steering columns, along with steering wheel airbag. The steering system is mounted behind the front axle - behind and protected by, the front crumple zone. This reduces the risk and severity of driver impact or even impalement on the column in a frontal

1357:

In 1996, the US had about 2 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles, compared to 1.9 in Germany, 2.6 in France, and 1.5 in the UK. In 1998, there were 3,421 fatal crashes in the UK, the fewest since 1926; in 2010, this number was further reduced to 1,857 and was attributed to the 2009–2010

1511:

systems such as airbags and seat belts, far from being effective, are hazardous if used to restrain young children. In recognition of this, many medical professionals and jurisdictions recommend or require that children under a particular age, height, and/or weight ride in a

1603:

A common problem for the elderly is the question of when a medical condition or biological aging presents a serious enough problem that one should stop driving. In some cases, this means giving up some personal independence, but in urban areas often means relying more on

516:

absorb and dissipate the force of a collision, displacing and diverting it away from the passenger compartment and reducing the negative acceleration impact force on the vehicle occupants. Vehicles will include a front, rear and maybe side crumple zones (like Volvo SIPS)

1124:, in 1987. In 1988, Chrysler was the first United States company to install standard driver's side air bags, in six of its passenger models. In 1989, Chrysler became the first U.S. auto manufacturer to install driver-side air bags in all its domestic-built automobiles. 745:

Many different inventions and ideas which may or may not have been practical about auto safety have been put forward but never made it to a production car. Such items include the driver seat in the middle (to give the person a better view) (the exception being the

1045:

in rear-end collisions. These safety requirements did not apply to vehicles classified as "commercial," such as light-duty pickup trucks. Thus, manufacturers did not always include such hardware in these vehicles, even though many did passenger-car duty.

661:

Cars are much more dangerous to pedestrians than they are to drivers and passengers. Two-thirds of 1.3 million yearly auto related deaths are pedestrians. Since at least the early 1970s, attention has also been given to vehicle design regarding the

505:

remain in one piece when impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted occupants' heads and maintaining a minimal but adequate transparency for control of the car immediately following a collision. It is also a bonded structural part of the safety cell.

146:, that both addresses the main existing safety issues and creates new issues. The autonomous car is expected to be safer than existing vehicles, by eliminating the single most dangerous element - the driver. The Center for Internet and Society at 3316: 997:

In 1967, equipment specifications by such major fleet purchasers as the City and County of Los Angeles, California, encouraged the voluntary installation in most new cars sold in the US of safety devices, systems, and design features including:

1143:(Euro NCAP) was established to test new vehicles' safety performance and publish the results for vehicle shoppers' information. The NHTSA crash tests are presently operated and published as the U.S. branch of the international NCAP programme. 185:" is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive safety" to components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash. 126:

countries. Nevertheless, auto collisions are the leading cause of injury-related deaths, an estimated total of 1.2 million in 2004, or 25% of the total from all causes. Of those killed by autos, nearly two-thirds are pedestrians.

3233: 1110:

Airbags were first installed in production vehicles in the 1980s as standard equipment instead of an option as was done in the mid-1970s (such as the Oldsmobile Toronado in 1974). In 1981, airbags were an available option on the

1210:

In 2015, recognizing that safer roads are a shared responsibility, Together for Safer Roads (TSR) was formally launched to align the private sector's road safety efforts with the United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety.

1550:

Very young children can perish from heat or cold if left unattended in a parked car, whether deliberately or through absent-mindedness. In 2004, the U.S. NHTSA estimated 25 fatalities per year among children left in hot cars.

845:

added such items as a flat, smooth dash with recessed controls, rounded door handles, a windshield wiper control made of rubber, and the back of the front seat heavily padded to provide protection for rear passengers.

1184:

became the first manufacturer to feature "Snowmotion", an Intelligent Anti Skid system developed in conjunction with Bosch, which gives drivers a level of control in extreme ice or snow conditions similar to a 4x4.

1119:

Turbo became the first car to have driver and passenger airbags as standard equipment, and airbags were offered as an available option on the 944 and 944S. The first airbag was also installed in a Japanese car, the

3441: 498:

inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle occupant with various parts of the vehicle's interior. The most important being the prevention of direct impact of the driver's head with the steering wheel and door

938:, which became standard equipment on all Volvo cars in 1959. Over the next several decades, three-point safety belts were gradually mandated in all vehicles by regulators throughout the industrialised world. 1490:(IIHS), women are less likely to get into a crash than men are. However, women are 17% more likely to die in a car crash and 73% more likely to sustain serious injuries from a crash when compared to men. In 1206:

In 2014, ESP (Electronic Stability Program) and TPMS became mandatory in the European Union, with also the driver seat belt reminder and the ISOFIX system, under General Safety Regulation (EC) No 661/2009.

545:

Padding of the instrument panel and other interior parts, on the vehicle in areas likely to be struck by the occupants during a crash, and the careful placement of mounting brackets away from those areas.

982:(NTSB) was created as an independent organization on April 1, 1967, but was reliant on the DOT for administration and funding. However, in 1975 the organization was made completely independent by the 1705:

In Victoria, Australia, safety features checked include the structure of the vehicle, the tires (depth of tread), the wheels, the engine, steering, suspension, brakes, and lights and seatbelts.

4593: 3259: 3199: 1188:

In 2009, NHTSA upgraded its roof-crush standard for vehicles weighing 6000 pounds or less. The new standard increased the crush load requirement from 1.5 to 3 times the vehicle's curb weight.

520:

Safety Cell—the passenger compartment is reinforced with high strength materials, at places subject to high loads in a crash, in order to maintain a survival space for the vehicle occupants.

3237: 119:

In the United States, a pedestrian is injured by a motor vehicle every 8 minutes, and are 1.5 times more likely than a vehicle's occupants to be killed in a motor vehicle crash per outing.

826:

In 1936, the Hudson Terraplane came with the first back-up brake system. Should the hydraulic brakes fail, the brake pedal would activate a set of mechanical brakes for the back wheels.

1532:

The majority of medical professionals and biomechanical engineers agree that children below the age of two years old are much safer if they travel in a rearward facing child restraint.

953:-based crash-avoidance system" located in the on the nose cones of the vehicle that would make audible and visual signals to the driver if there were obstacles in the vehicle's path. 116:(WHO), 80% of cars sold in the world are not compliant with main safety standards. Only 40 countries have adopted the full set of the seven most important regulations for car safety. 3608: 1685:

in EU directives. Typical intervals are every two years (in EU) and every year (in UK). When a vehicle passes inspection, often a sticker is placed on the vehicle's windshield or

3030: 899:

wrote an article on how to make cars safer for those riding in it. Aside from the usual safety features, such as seat belts and padded dashboards, bumper shocks were introduced.

3407: 2800: 1464:, but also indirectly through the relatively low fuel costs that facilitate the use of such vehicles in North America; motor vehicle fatalities decline as fuel prices increase. 4622: 1365:

The sizable traffic safety lead enjoyed by the US since the 1960s had narrowed significantly by 2002, with the US improvement percentages lagging in 16th place behind those of

923: 763:

Automotive safety may have become an issue almost from the beginning of mechanised road vehicle development. The second steam-powered "Fardier" (artillery tractor), created by

869:

was built with the world's first padded dashboard. It also came with middle headlight that turned with the steering wheel, a front steel bulkhead, and a front safety chamber.

559:

and vans. These help prevent injuries caused by occupants being struck by unsecured cargo. They can also help prevent collapse of the roof in the event of a vehicle rollover.

971:

Effective in 1966, US-market passenger cars were required to be equipped with padded instrument panels, front and rear outboard lap belts, and white reverse (backup) lamps.

4727: 3928: 3156: 2626: 2338: 4758: 4383: 1425:

in terms of deaths per thousand vehicles, while in terms of deaths per 100 million vehicle miles travelled, the US had dropped from first place to tenth place.

282:

control the direction and range of the headlight beams to light the driver's way through curves and maximize seeing distance without partially blinding other drivers

4440: 1616:

While it is usually considered that the driver has the responsibility when collisions occur, vehicle can also contribute to collisions, up to 3% to 5% of crashes.

1072:

was introduced to assess the impacts of car collisions. It represented the 50th percentile male standing at approximately 5' 9" tall and weighing 78 kg (171 lbs).

1904: 1170: 1151:

In 2000, the NHTSA released a regulation making trunk releases mandatory for new cars by September of the following year due, in part, to the lobbying efforts of

1026: 480:

systems and devices prevent or reduce the severity of injuries when a crash is imminent or actually happening. Much research is carried out using anthropomorphic

2779: 4563: 4419: 1996: 1692:

Vehicles are tested at inspection stations when due for inspection. Most US inspection decals/stickers display the month's number and the year. They are called

965: 167: 4208: 2955: 1447:

Research on the trends in use of heavy vehicles indicate that a significant difference between the US and other countries is the relatively high prevalence of

3130: 1303:

In addition, a number of regulatory changes have been made in the update to the GSR in relation to vehicle design, in which the following have been mandated:

2758: 1853: 3624: 1433: 975: 4678: 2737: 2590: 2471: 1662:

mandated by national or subnational governments in many countries, in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it conforms to regulations governing

3868:"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Road safety: Data show improvements in 2018 but further concrete and swift actions are needed" 1713:

Tires should be checked regularly. Tire checking is important, because proper contact between tire and road is required for adequate vehicle control.

1608:. Many transit systems offer discounted fares to seniors, and some local governments run "senior shuttles" specifically targeted at this demographic. 1077: 635: 3206: 3709: 1919: 663: 3541: 5560: 3169:

Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.

3079: 1981: 1699: 4977: 1177:. This dummy was just a scaled-down version of the original Hybrid III, only representing the smallest 5% of women based on mid-1970s standards. 1158:

In 2003, the IIHS began conducting side impact crash tests. In 2004, NHTSA released new tests designed to test the rollover risk of new cars and

207:

Crash avoidance systems and devices help the driver — and, increasingly, help the vehicle itself — to avoid a collision. This category includes:

4019: 2608: 1229: 5118: 1869: 1487: 1439: 1133: 1030: 5040: 5019: 4152: 3972: 3014: 2851: 2693: 3108: 35: 4334: 3730: 3604: 2980: 2362: 1909: 1639:

is a government or institutional car safety program tasked with evaluating new car designs for performance against various safety threats.

979: 510:

side and rear windows break into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass does.

4811: 372:

notify a driver how close their vehicle is to an object - usually providing a distance measurement, to the inch, as to how close they are.

131:

theory has been used in arguments against safety devices, regulations and modifications of vehicles despite the efficacy of saving lives.

2425: 2375: 6032: 2821: 1529:

specify that a child or an adult shorter than 140 cm is legally forbidden to ride in a place with an active airbag in front of it.

4944:

Reumerman, H.-J; Roggero, M; Ruffini, M (2005). "The application-based clustering concept and requirements for intervehicle networks".

3565: 2647: 1498:

injuries when compared to their male counterparts due to their lighter weight which causes them to be propelled forward more rapidly.

1317:

Improved easy access, for people with low levels of mobility, on buses which have a capacity over 22 persons, and which allow standing.

4256:

Forman, Jason; Poplin, Gerald S.; Shaw, C. Greg; McMurry, Timothy L.; Schmidt, Kristin; Ash, Joseph; Sunnevang, Cecilia (2019-08-18).

2079: 1889: 991: 595: 408: 334: 70:

is the study and practice of automotive design, construction, equipment and regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of

3891: 5479: 3451: 3417: 3326: 2492: 621: 434: 267: 4520: 3474: 1136:(IIHS) began frontal offset crash tests. Also in the same year, Volvo introduced the world's first car with side airbags: the 850. 5000: 4034: 2036: 2523: 2250: 1894: 4734: 4359: 3996: 3936: 2706: 1268: 1196:

From 2011, new cars should have brake assist system in the EU, according to The Pedestrian Protection Regulation (EC) 78/2009.

90: 4833: 926:, an international standards body advancing auto safety. Many of the most life saving safety innovations, like seat belts and 6057: 4363: 3380: 2152: 599: 412: 6135: 6052: 5969: 5191: 4387: 4041: 1879: 1659: 1456: 1277: 1100: 903: 302: 4448: 1443:

Unlike most other developed nations, per capita road accident deaths in the US reversed their decline in the early 2010s.

961:

Effective on new passenger cars sold in the United States after January 1, 1964. front outboard lap belts were required.

5151: 1758: 1667: 1236: 1200: 983: 539: 352: 323: 105:

and injuries is the disproportionate mass and velocity of an automobile compared to that of the predominant victim, the

3587: 634:

Post-crash survivability is the chance that drivers and passengers survive a crash after it occurs. Technology such as

369: 5916: 5553: 5433: 5277: 3500: 1848: 1670:, or both. Inspection can be required at various times, e.g., periodically or on the transfer of title to a vehicle. 1242: 654: 264:

Driver Alertness Detection System (DADS) to help prevent crashes caused by fatigue, lack of alertness, or distractions

4571: 4409: 2228: 584: 397: 5075: 4543:"Kyleigh's Law, GDL, Driver Education, Crash Maps, Videos, Safety Tips & more... | New Jersey Teen Driving" 4469: 2959: 1335:

were exempted from regulations pertaining to height and vehicle characteristics, these exemptions have been revised.

1065:

In 1974, GM offered driver and passenger airbags as optional equipment on large Cadillacs, Buicks, and Oldsmobiles.

6198: 6118: 5323: 5201: 5111: 5061: 3164: 2668: 1686: 1636: 1257: 463: 312: 202: 2450: 603: 588: 416: 401: 260:

systems, which help the driver to detect obstacles and to control the vehicle. Driver assistance systems include:

2302: 1991: 1818: 1321: 1262: 941:

In 1959, American Motors Corporation offered the first optional head rests for the front seat. Also in 1959, the

113: 1689:

to simplify later controls, but in some countries (such as Netherlands since 1994) this is no longer necessary.

551:

are sometimes fitted to provide a physical barrier between passenger and cargo compartments in vehicles such as

4637: 3632: 3260:"Fasten Your Seatbelts: A Female Car Crash Test Dummy Represents Average Women For The First Time In 60+ Years" 2888: 1783: 1773: 1768: 1297: 329: 4682: 2181: 1619:

Two kinds of programs exist: new car assessment program for new cars, and vehicle inspections for other ones.

56: 4915:

Wai Chen; Shengwei Cai (2005). "Ad hoc peer-to-peer network architecture for vehicle safety communications".

4703: 5873: 5156: 3362: 3283: 2594: 1584: 1096:

has not). NHTSA estimates the resulting increased seat belt use saves 10,000 per year in the United States.

346: 317: 296: 273: 6167: 5517: 4232: 6090: 5736: 5546: 5236: 3778:

Sivak, Michael (July 2008). "Is the U.S. on the Path to the Lowest Motor Vehicle Fatalities in Decades?".

2058: 1884: 1015: 340: 285: 31: 4297:"Seat Influences on Female Neck Responses in Rear Crashes: A Reason Why Women Have Higher Whiplash Rates" 3801:

Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann (2004). ""Dangerous Instrumentality": The Bystander as Subject in Automobility".

720:

have been required in the Nordic countries since the mid-1970s, in Canada since 1990, and throughout the

5611: 5338: 5104: 3843: 3654: 2001: 1605: 1452: 1328: 1159: 834: 769: 764: 4502: 3297: 3087: 4973: 1288: 1049:

Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964 and introduced its own booster seat in 1978.

122:

Improvements in roadway and motor vehicle designs have steadily reduced injury and death rates in all

6203: 6037: 4636:

Devos, Hannes; Akinwuntan, Abiodun E.; Tant, Mark; Ranchet, Maud; Moon, Sanghee (September 1, 2017).

4414: 4257: 4011: 3674:"HOW SAFE ARE NEW CARS SOLD IN THE EU? AN ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET PENETRATION OF EURO NCAP-RATED CARS" 2612: 1949: 1874: 1763: 1152: 773: 717: 670:

would require cars sold there to have a minimum/maximum hood (bonnet) height. From 2006, the use of "

240: 638:

can automatically place calls to emergency services and send information about a vehicle collision.

181:

The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but important terms in the world of automotive safety. "

158:

specify the required safety, it is still a burden on the industry to demonstrate acceptable safety.

6130: 6024: 5999: 5979: 5931: 5699: 3960: 1970: 1959: 1914: 1838: 1793: 1753: 1572: 1495: 1251: 1104: 1042: 1034: 838: 696: 220: 147: 79: 6173: 5523: 646: 5936: 5810: 5186: 5166: 4961: 4932: 4094: 3818: 1976: 1954: 1944: 1859: 1788: 1744: 1491: 1311: 1112: 896: 797: 707: 525: 521: 279: 50: 4819: 4338: 4112:

Grabowski, David C; Morrisey, Michael A (2004). "Gasoline prices and motor vehicle fatalities".

4012:"The Rise in U.S. Traffic Deaths / What's behind America's unique problem with vehicle crashes?" 2984: 4851: 4812:"Research in developed countries suggests that vehicle defects cause about 3% to 5% of crashes" 4069:

Robertson, Leon S (2006). "Motor Vehicle Deaths: Failed Policy Analysis and Neglected Policy".

2429: 5838: 5569: 5443: 5397: 5036: 5015: 4903: 4657: 4616: 4316: 4277: 4189: 4148: 4086: 3968: 3447: 3413: 3322: 3050: 3010: 2937: 2908:"Mechanical analysis of survival in falls from heights of fifty to one hundred and fifty feet" 2847: 2689: 2566: 2379: 2131: 1924: 1899: 1823: 1808: 1778: 1535: 1482: 880: 866: 801: 711: 363: 139: 128: 94: 71: 5085: 2020: 1088:

In 1984, New York State passed the first U.S. law requiring seat belt use in passenger cars.

902:

In 1956, Ford tried unsuccessfully to interest Americans in purchasing safer cars with their

6102: 6085: 5878: 5843: 5653: 5643: 5606: 5402: 5333: 4953: 4924: 4893: 4885: 4649: 4308: 4296: 4269: 4258:"Automobile injury trends in the contemporary fleet: Belted occupants in frontal collisions" 4181: 4121: 4078: 3810: 3783: 2927: 2919: 2867: 2218: 2121: 2113: 1986: 1929: 1833: 1798: 1359: 1033:

took effect. These required shoulder belts for left and right front-seat vehicle occupants,

942: 860:

Mechanical analysis of survival in falls from heights of fifty to one hundred and fifty feet

675: 481: 198: 3673: 2562: 6047: 5974: 5790: 5719: 5090: 5079: 4169: 3895: 3612: 1939: 1803: 1738: 1542:

lockout controls prevent children from opening doors and windows from inside the vehicle.

682:, became illegal in the European Union, after having been banned on all new cars in 2002. 507: 502: 477: 358: 3867: 3134: 2499: 1591:) who were referred for a driving evaluation, but they were not the most unsafe drivers. 1103:

was mandated in North America with most of the world following with similar standards in

968:

became law in the U.S., the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.

150:

claims that "Some ninety percent of motor vehicle crashes are caused at least in part by

27:

Study and practice to minimize the occurrence and consequences of motor vehicle accidents

3478: 2044: 1560:

drivers. This combination leads to a relatively high crash rate among this demographic.

5994: 5896: 5800: 5795: 5428: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5272: 5216: 5211: 4993: 4141: 4045: 3343: 2932: 2907: 2258: 2126: 2101: 1502:

enough, extensions are available from the car manufacturer or an aftermarket supplier.

1390: 1282: 1222: 1089: 1038: 919: 816: 721: 556: 548: 216: 143: 4898: 4873: 3031:"Directory Index: Chrysler and Imperial/1951 Chrysler/1951 Chrysler Imperial_Brochure" 2530: 6192: 6157: 5946: 5911: 5906: 5858: 5830: 5805: 5731: 5714: 5663: 5626: 5616: 5598: 5507: 5474: 5448: 5292: 5241: 5161: 3988: 1864: 1093: 291: 194: 182: 86: 75: 46: 4965: 4936: 4098: 3892:"Estimating global road fatalities - Regional Analyses - Highly Motorised Countries" 3822: 2713: 1037:, collapsible steering columns, and other safety features. 1969 saw the addition of 6123: 6080: 6062: 5853: 5848: 5815: 5709: 5704: 5685: 5670: 5658: 5648: 5633: 5621: 5589: 5257: 3995:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 15 December 2023. 1813: 1539: 1448: 1121: 855: 513: 467: 4273: 4082: 3384: 2554: 2080:"World Health Organization: World report on road traffic injury prevention (2004)" 714:

strips outlining their side and rear perimeters for greater conspicuity at night.

4872:

Furness, S; Connor, J; Robinson, E; Norton, R; Ameratunga, S; Jackson, R (2003).

4653: 3504: 1199:

Starting in 2012, all cars under 10,000 lbs. sold in the US are required to have

1080:. Over the subsequent years, this NHTSA program was gradually expanded in scope. 6177: 5989: 5984: 5921: 5901: 5772: 5527: 5458: 5407: 5392: 5348: 5328: 5221: 5171: 3754: 3234:"Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1974 Oldsmobile/1974 Oldsmobile Air Cushion Folder" 2400: 2160: 1730: 1568: 1422: 1410: 1406: 1116: 946: 908: 872:

In 1949, SAAB incorporated aircraft safety thinking into automobiles making the

573: 529: 386: 308: 151: 123: 4783: 3381:"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Subaru Legend airbag system" 3182: 305:

to alert the driver of an unintended departure from the intended lane of travel

5951: 5868: 5820: 5767: 5680: 5675: 5484: 5387: 5282: 5231: 5226: 5196: 4994:"The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries" 4957: 4928: 4889: 4874:"Car colour and risk of car crash injury: Population based case control study" 4335:"Wearing a seat belt during pregnancy - Minnesota Department of Public Safety" 3694: 3188:. 2017 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, Volume 5, Issue 1. 2801:"Directory Index: Plymouth/1937 Plymouth/1937_Plymouth Biggest Value Brochure" 2524:"An Investigation into the Relationship between Vehicle Colour and Crash Risk" 1934: 1720: 1663: 1512: 1402: 1181: 1174: 1163: 1069: 1056:

Consumer information label for a vehicle with at least one US NCAP star rating

820: 785: 747: 733: 703: 456: 452: 288:, which alert drivers to difficult-to-see objects in their path when reversing 106: 60: 4320: 4281: 4193: 3814: 2780:"Directory Index: Chrysler and Imperial/1937 Chrysler/1937 Chrysler Brochure" 2570: 2223: 2117: 135:

safety areas that will make an impact globally and within local communities.

97:. The main conclusion of their extensive report is the crucial importance of 6097: 5751: 5724: 5694: 5489: 5453: 5438: 5412: 5343: 5318: 4185: 2686:

The Seat Belt, Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety

2211:"Work-Related Roadway Crashes - Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention" 1843: 1647: 1366: 935: 934:

engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the three-point lap and shoulder

927: 809: 805: 155: 98: 4907: 4661: 4312: 4090: 3915: 3542:"The Crash Test Bias: How Male-Focused Testing Puts Female Drivers at Risk" 2941: 2669:"History of Straith Clinic in Birmingham, Dearborn, and West Bloomfield MI" 2451:"Press Release "New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today"" 2257:. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from 2210: 1631:

Consumer information label for a vehicle with at least one NCAP star rating

17: 2135: 1523:), whereas children between 3 and 14 years have to ride in the back seat. 6042: 5926: 5782: 5741: 5366: 5206: 5181: 5072: 4035:"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model" 3787: 1678: 1140: 830: 671: 488: 236: 212: 2923: 930:

construction were brought to market under its auspices. That same year,

5863: 5746: 5638: 5382: 4704:"Age of Driver and Number in Accidents statistics - USA Census numbers" 4147:(book) (Third edition, pp. 186-194 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1828: 1643: 1588: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1332: 873: 447: 38:. For the European Train Control System (not to be confused with), see 4209:"7 Reasons There Are Few Women In Automotive Leadership: New Research" 4125: 2313: 1627: 1052: 1005:

Additional padding on the instrument panel and other interior surfaces

101:

and padded dashboards. However, the primary vector of traffic-related

5377: 5267: 5176: 3412:. Vol. 32. Automobile Heritage Publishing & Co. p. 71. 2280: 1964: 1526: 1520: 1418: 1414: 1374: 1002:

Elimination of protruding knobs and controls in passenger compartment

667: 495: 471: 253: 226: 5538: 4834:"How to Check if Your Tires Are Safe for Driving this Winter Season" 4477: 987: 3672:

Adminaite, Dovile; Jost, Graziella; Stipdonk, Henk; Ward, Heather.

3200:"A Case Study of the Acquisition of Swedish Volvo by Chinese Geely" 702:

reflectors, turn signals, stop (brake) lamps, and reversing lamps.

30:"Passive safety" and "ETSC" redirect here. For nuclear safety, see 5262: 5027:, January 2006, "Vehicle Design and the Physics of Traffic Safety" 4528: 2147: 2145: 1626: 1438: 1398: 1232:, the revision includes the following automotive safety features: 1218: 1051: 950: 931: 842: 788:

Model A became the first car to have four-wheel hydraulic brakes.

645: 462: 446: 232: 102: 55: 1567:

Some countries, such as Australia, the United States, Canada and

1564:

Law citing that teen drivers must have a decal on their vehicle.

1214:

In 2016 and 2017, ABS became mandatory on motorcycles in the EU.

5941: 5073:

National agency for Automotive Safety & Victim's Aid (NASVA)

4542: 2759:"Directory Index: Hudson/1936 Hudson/1936 Hudson - How What Why" 2738:"Directory Index: Hudson/1936 Hudson/1936 Hudson - How What Why" 892: 651: 39: 5542: 5100: 5096: 5093:

monthly, February 1919, bottom page 27, Scanned by Google Books

4594:"Fatal Car Crashes Drop For 16-Year-Olds, Rise For Older Teens" 3844:"13th Annual Road Safety Performance Index (PIN) Report | ETSC" 2627:"Directory Index: Duesenberg/1922 Duesenberg Model A Catalogue" 5580: 5136: 4601: 4360:"Austrian "Kraftfahrgesetz" § 106 Abs. 5 (Motor Vehicles Act)" 3409:

Form, Function, and Fantasy - seventy years of Chrysler design

812:. Strickland founded the Automobile Safety League of America. 679: 567: 552: 380: 4728:"Elderly Driving Statistics and Motor Vehicle Operation Laws" 3525:

O'Donnell, Jane (2003). "Driven to make cars safe for kids".

2426:"The Effectiveness of Retroreflective Tape on Heavy Trailers" 2217:. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 3757:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2016-01-29 2251:"Preventing Deaths, Injuries and Illnesses of Young Workers" 2037:"OMS | 10 faits sur la sécurité routière dans le monde" 1173:(NHTSA) introduced a female counterpart crash test dummy of 5056: 4852:"Tyre tread depth and tyre safety checks | RAC Drive" 3566:"Citroen C5 with Snow Motion Intelligent Anti-Skid System" 3383:. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan. Archived from 1468:

vehicle design and construction by vehicle manufacturers.

4384:"Why going forward facing too soon could kill your child" 3725: 3723: 3710:"Backup camera in every new car puts safety at forefront" 3131:"This Cadillac Concept Had Radar Crash-Avoidance in 1959" 1041:

for front outboard passengers, addressing the problem of

978:(DOT) with automobile safety as one of its purposes. The 299:

which maintains a safe distance from the vehicle in front

276:

systems to increase seeing distance beyond headlamp range

5066: 4638:"Comparison of Unsafe Driving Across Medical Conditions" 3755:"FATALITY ANALYSIS REPORTING SYSTEM (FARS) ENCYCLOPEDIA" 3205:. Blekinge Tekniska Högskola. 2011-02-01. Archived from 2303:"BIG AND BAD: How the S.U.V. ran over automotive safety" 326:, which intervenes to avert an impending loss of control 85:

One of the first formal academic studies into improving

3695:"Traffic Technology News | Tolling | Mapping" 3318:

Americans Held Hostage by the Environmentalist Movement

2822:"Directory Index: Dodge/1940 Dodge/1940 Dodge Brochure" 2648:"Directory Index: Ford/1930 Ford/1930 Ford Brochure 02" 524:

is one recognized failure mode of the safety cell, and

270:

systems to prevent or reduce the severity of collision.

4410:"The perfect storm: Family tragedy plays out in court" 2339:"InterCore's Driver Alertness Detection System (DADS)" 3286:. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. March 2018. 2059:"Injury Prevention and Control: Motor Vehicle Safety" 906:

safety package. (Its attempt nevertheless earns Ford

883:

was the first car to come with standard disc brakes.

320:

which restore traction if driven wheels begin to spin

4806: 4804: 4679:"Online NewsHour: Elderly Drivers - August 14, 2001" 924:

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

804:

and physician C. J. Strickland advocated the use of

6111: 6073: 6023: 6012: 5962: 5889: 5829: 5781: 5760: 5597: 5588: 5467: 5421: 5357: 5311: 5250: 5144: 3228: 3226: 3183:"Safety and Security in Automobile and Its History" 3109:"Directory Index: AMC/1959 AMC/1959 Rambler Wagons" 3069:(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.701. 2868:"America on the Move; Publicizing Interior Hazards" 2472:"DRL Mandate Takes Effect in Europe, R48 Countries" 2209:Pratt, Stephanie G.; et al. (September 2003). 4140: 876:the first production SAAB car with a safety cage. 664:safety of pedestrians in car-pedestrian collisions 3298:"Trends in Occupant Restraint Use and Fatalities" 2249:Mardis, Anne L.; Stephanie G. Pratt (July 2003). 1008:Mounting points for front outboard shoulder belts 4621:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4503:"Brain Immaturity Could Explain Teen Crash Rate" 3157:"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act" 3007:American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year 2401:"EUROPE | Bull bars banned from next year" 34:. For the former East Texas State College, see 1905:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1700:Vehicle inspection exists in the United States 1583:According to a study published in 2017 in the 1171:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1027:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 63:is one of the components of automotive safety. 5554: 5112: 4496: 4494: 3605:NHTSA declines to revisit roof-crush standard 3009:. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 1997:Work-related road safety in the United States 1673:If required periodically, it might be termed 966:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 796:In 1930, safety glass became standard on all 168:Work-related road safety in the United States 8: 3929:"Scrappage cuts road death rate | News" 45:"Passive restraint" redirects here. For the 2844:standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 2182:"Human error as a cause of vehicle crashes" 2061:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1854:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 1486:new cars sold in the USA. According to the 657:featuring a "pedestrian-friendly" front end 602:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 528:are one component addressing protection in 415:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6020: 5594: 5561: 5547: 5539: 5119: 5105: 5097: 5087:No More Flying Glass When Vehicles Collide 4604:. Archived from the original on 2011-11-07 4237:IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety 3955: 3953: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3773: 3771: 3625:"BELGIUM: EU makes brake assist mandatory" 3588:"Government Improves Roof-Crush Standards" 1434:Transportation safety in the United States 1230:revise the General Safety Regulation (GSR) 976:United States Department of Transportation 142:is largely driven by the move towards the 4897: 4722: 4720: 4501:Williamson, Elizabeth (1 February 2005). 4168:Barthel-Bouchier, Diane (February 2006). 4114:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3361:Lisa Wade McCormick (25 September 2006). 2931: 2707:"VEHICLE SAFETY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE" 2222: 2125: 636:Advanced Automatic Collision Notification 622:Learn how and when to remove this message 435:Learn how and when to remove this message 4233:"Fatality Facts 2021: Males and females" 1920:Pedestrian safety through vehicle design 1644:United States New Car Assessment Program 1515:and/or in the back seat, as applicable. 1472:Issues for particular demographic groups 1025:In 1968, the precursor agency to the US 451:Passive safety devices being put to the 355:measurement and speed governance systems 4673: 4671: 2204: 2202: 2013: 1982:Vehicle inspection in the United States 1494:, female drivers face a higher risk of 750:super car) and control stick steering. 154:". But while safety standards like the 4664:– via mayoclinicproceedings.org. 4614: 4592:Aubrey, Allison (September 14, 2011). 4022:from the original on 14 December 2023. 3284:"Safety belt and child restraint laws" 2712:. aesvn.org. p. 3. Archived from 1870:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1488:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1298:Driver Availability Monitoring Systems 1134:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1092:have since been adopted by 49 states ( 1031:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 1014:A uniform P-R-N-D-L gear sequence for 710:in North America are required to bear 82:more broadly includes roadway design. 5006:from the original on 24 November 2005 4999:. Geneva, World Health Organization. 4681:. Pbs.org. 2001-08-14. Archived from 4010:Leonhardt, David (11 December 2023). 3236:. oldcarbrochures.com. Archived from 3129:Del-Colle, Andrew (23 October 2015). 2956:"Directory Index: Tucker/album/album" 2231:from the original on 23 December 2008 1648:European New Car Assessment Programme 1141:European New Car Assessment Programme 915:s "Car of the Year" award for 1956.) 732:A 2004 essay on the relation between 7: 6163: 5513: 5067:National Transportation Safety Board 4980:from the original on 2 February 2006 4422:from the original on 2 February 2008 1910:National Transportation Safety Board 1021:Dual-circuit brake hydraulic systems 980:National Transportation Safety Board 800:cars. In the 1930s, plastic surgeon 600:adding citations to reliable sources 413:adding citations to reliable sources 6136:Vehicle identification number (VIN) 4992:Peden M, McGee K, Sharma G (2002). 3916:"UK Road deaths fall to record low" 3631:. December 10, 2009. Archived from 2378:. Car Design Online. Archived from 1291:covering all the seats in a vehicle 4295:Viano, David C. (September 2003). 3586:Jensen, Christopher (5 May 2009). 3503:. Safecarguide.com. Archived from 3446:. Wadsworth/Cengage. p. 220. 3304:. US Department of Transportation. 2981:"Saab shows its first concept car" 2153:"About Us – TogetherForSaferRoads" 2102:"Seat belts and risk compensation" 1890:Management systems for road safety 1455:in the US. A 2003 study by the US 1436:is monitored by various agencies. 974:In 1966, the U.S. established the 335:Electronic brakeforce distribution 25: 5480:Automobile auxiliary power outlet 3999:from the original on 6 July 2023. 3155:Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). 2870:. amhistory.si.edu. 16 March 2012 2761:. oldcarbrochures.com. p. 89 2740:. oldcarbrochures.com. p. 87 2283:. Corporate.honda.com. 2006-03-02 1675:periodic motor vehicle inspection 1307:Enlargement of Head Impact Zones. 370:Obstacle detection sensor systems 268:Advanced emergency braking system 36:Texas A&M University–Commerce 6172: 6162: 6153: 6152: 5579:Part of a series of articles on 5522: 5512: 5503: 5502: 5135:Part of a series of articles on 4733:. 19 August 2009. Archived from 3708:Cosgrove, Jaclyn (14 May 2018). 3342:Bellis, Mary (22 January 2018). 2498:. AAA Foundation. Archived from 2301:Gladwell, Malcolm (2004-01-12). 1895:Mobile phones and driving safety 1737: 1723: 1221:became mandatory in the EU, and 572: 385: 4408:Courteney Stuart (2008-01-31). 4071:Journal of Public Health Policy 3568:. Autoevolution.com. 2010-12-18 3363:"A Short History of the Airbag" 3159:. In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). 3005:Flory, Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). 2895:. Hearst Magazines. April 1937. 1294:Vehicle Master Control Switches 1269:Tire-pressure monitoring system 1265:Installation Facilitation (ALC) 91:Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory 4364:Federal Chancellery of Austria 3918:, BBC News, September 9, 1999. 3477:. Euroncap.com. Archived from 3163:. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). 3161:Dictionary of American History 2337:Roy, Sree (17 December 2014). 1278:Lane Departure Warning Systems 1228:In 2019, the EU legislated to 1068:In 1976, the crash test dummy 303:Lane departure warning systems 1: 5970:Approach and departure angles 5192:Electronic instrument cluster 4274:10.1080/15389588.2019.1630825 4083:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074 4042:Transportation Research Board 4033:Wenzel, T.; Ross, M. (2003). 3540:Bergmann, Andy (2019-10-23). 1457:Transportation Research Board 540:Pedestrian protection systems 5152:Automotive navigation system 4946:IEEE Communications Magazine 4917:IEEE Communications Magazine 4654:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.003 4443:Unattended Children and Cars 3989:"OECD Data / Road Accidents" 2983:. 2008-05-19. Archived from 2281:"American Honda safety page" 1759:Assured clear distance ahead 1274:Emergency Stop Signals (ESS) 1237:Intelligent Speed Assistance 1201:Electronic Stability Control 1113:Mercedes-Benz W126 (S-Class) 984:Independent Safety Board Act 819:performed the first barrier 353:Assured Clear Distance Ahead 324:Electronic Stability Control 6033:Automotive light bulb types 5278:Electronic throttle control 5035:. Science Serving Society. 4976:. Land transport NZ. 2005. 4568:Roads and Maritime Services 4447:. Nhtsa.gov. Archived from 3967:. Science Serving Society. 3080:"Safety Innovation in Cars" 2559:The Popular Science Monthly 2428:. Nhtsa.gov. Archived from 2021:Making the Death Seat Safer 1849:Experimental safety vehicle 1571:, have graduated levels of 1289:Safety-belt Warning Systems 655:Experimental Safety Vehicle 313:Deflation Detection Systems 6220: 5324:Automatic vehicle location 3056:, June 1955, pp. 27-30/252 1637:New Car Assessment Program 1322:frontal protection systems 1320:Regulation in relation to 1258:Advanced Emergency Braking 964:On September 9, 1966, the 694: 203:Collision avoidance system 192: 165: 44: 29: 6148: 5576: 5498: 5132: 4958:10.1109/MCOM.2005.1421913 4929:10.1109/MCOM.2005.1421912 4890:10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1455 4598:Shots - NPR's Health Blog 4470:"Driving in other states" 4301:Traffic Injury Prevention 4262:Traffic Injury Prevention 3440:Shaw, William H. (2011). 2157:togetherforsaferroads.org 1992:Vehicle safety technology 1819:Frontal protection system 1654:Legal vehicle inspections 1314:for buses, vans and HGVs. 772:, on August 31, 1869, in 759:18th century–19th century 492:operation of the airbags. 330:Anti-lock braking systems 177:Active and passive safety 114:World Health Organization 6053:high-intensity discharge 4816:IRAP Road Safety Toolkit 3815:10.1525/can.2004.19.1.61 3731:"Search in the register" 3344:"The History of Airbags" 2224:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003119 2118:10.1136/bmj.291.6498.757 1784:Automobile safety rating 1774:Automated highway system 1769:Aurora safety car (1957) 1658:Vehicle inspection is a 1642:Two well known NCAP are 1353:International comparison 1011:Four-way hazard flashers 895:surgeon who advised the 564:Post-crash survivability 318:Traction control systems 309:Tire pressure monitoring 5157:Automotive night vision 5057:European safety ratings 5031:Evans, Leonard (2004). 4642:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 4445:, retrieved 2011-08-15" 4186:10.1525/ctx.2006.5.1.34 4139:L.S. Robertson (2007). 3321:. Dorrance Publishing. 3315:Bruce, Schlink (2012). 3165:Charles Scribner's Sons 3067:American Cars 1946–1959 3065:Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. 2846:. Krause publications. 2842:Kimes, Beverly (1996). 2561:. Bonnier Corporation: 2474:. Drivingvisionnews.com 2453:. Europa.eu. 2011-02-07 1585:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1101:central 3rd brake light 881:Chrysler Imperial Crown 724:since 7 February 2011. 347:Cornering Brake Control 297:Adaptive cruise control 5737:Stressed member engine 4974:"Safe vehicle colours" 4759:"Reduced Fare Program" 4313:10.1080/15389580309880 2591:"Le fardier de Cugnot" 2493:"Car Color and Safety" 1839:Emergency road service 1632: 1538:and driver-controlled 1444: 1057: 1016:automatic transmission 865:In 1947, the American 858:published the classic 741:Unused safety features 658: 474: 460: 341:Emergency brake assist 286:Reverse backup sensors 256:of crash avoidance is 64: 32:Passive nuclear safety 5869:Windshield/windscreen 5339:Remote keyless system 3803:Cultural Anthropology 3181:Dharam Pal, Kashyap. 3111:. oldcarbrochures.com 3033:. oldcarbrochures.com 2824:. oldcarbrochures.com 2803:. Oldcarbrochures.com 2782:. oldcarbrochures.com 2650:. oldcarbrochures.com 2629:. oldcarbrochures.com 2609:"Mary Ward 1827–1869" 2186:cyberlaw.stanford.edu 2082:. Who.int. 2010-12-12 2002:Road safety in Europe 1709:Other safety measures 1630: 1606:public transportation 1442: 1166:got a 5-star rating. 1055: 765:Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 718:Daytime running lamps 691:Lights and reflectors 649: 503:Laminated windshields 466: 450: 274:Infrared night vision 59: 6038:Daytime running lamp 3475:"Euro NCAP Timeline" 3167:. pp. 561–562. 2906:De Haven, H (2000). 1885:Life Critical System 1764:Artificial Passenger 1546:Infants left in cars 1506:Infants and children 1252:Event Data Recorders 774:Parsonstown, Ireland 596:improve this section 470:steering wheel with 409:improve this section 162:Occupational driving 138:The rising trend of 6000:Weight distribution 5932:Omniview technology 4884:(7429): 1455–1456. 4838:preferredmutual.com 4788:Senior Shuttle Plus 4740:on 29 December 2009 4545:. Njteendriving.com 4525:servicenl.gov.nl.ca 4418:. Charlottesville. 4143:Injury Epidemiology 3735:consilium.europa.eu 3655:"Vehicles with ESC" 3607:- Consumer Reports 3406:Godshall, Jeffery. 2924:10.1136/ip.6.1.62-b 2889:"Popular Mechanics" 2376:"Pedestrian Safety" 2215:NIOSH Hazard Review 2047:on August 10, 2009. 1971:Unsafe at Any Speed 1960:Road traffic safety 1915:Omniview technology 1794:Automobile handling 1754:Automotive industry 1683:roadworthiness test 1492:rear-end collisions 1283:Reversing Detection 1105:automotive lighting 708:semi-trailer trucks 697:Automotive lighting 526:anti-intrusion bars 148:Stanford Law School 80:Road traffic safety 6119:Registration plate 5187:Check engine light 5167:Blind spot monitor 5078:2007-03-22 at the 4706:. Allcountries.org 4600:. Washington, DC: 4531:on April 17, 2007. 4170:"Fashioning Steel" 4016:The New York Times 3714:chicagotribune.com 3611:2018-09-18 at the 3501:"US NCAP overview" 2719:on October 8, 2007 2261:on 2 December 2008 2100:MacKay, M (1985). 1977:Vehicle inspection 1955:Traffic psychology 1945:Safety engineering 1860:Worker road safety 1789:Vehicle blind spot 1745:Formula One portal 1696:in EU directives. 1687:registration plate 1633: 1579:Medical conditions 1536:Child safety locks 1445: 1248:Distraction Alerts 1169:Also in 2003, the 1058: 1035:side marker lights 897:US Surgeon General 879:Also in 1949, the 659: 522:Footwell intrusion 482:crash test dummies 475: 461: 280:Adaptive headlamps 221:lights and signals 72:traffic collisions 65: 51:Passive Restraints 6199:Automotive safety 6186: 6185: 6144: 6143: 6008: 6007: 5839:Glass run channel 5773:Trunk/boot/dickie 5570:Automotive design 5536: 5535: 5444:Glove compartment 5398:Child safety lock 5062:Automotive Safety 5042:978-0-9754871-0-5 5020:978-92-4-156220-1 4207:Michelson, Joan. 4154:978-0-19-506956-3 4126:10.1002/pam.20028 3974:978-0-9754871-0-5 3016:978-0-7864-3229-5 2912:Injury Prevention 2853:978-0-87341-428-9 2694:978-91-630-9389-0 2673:straithclinic.com 2565:. December 1956. 2555:"Popular Science" 2112:(6498): 757–758. 1925:Risk compensation 1900:Motorcycle safety 1824:Defensive driving 1809:Criticism of SUVs 1779:Automotive design 1483:automotive design 1327:Previously vans, 1263:Alcohol Interlock 1243:Drowsiness Alerts 802:Claire L. Straith 642:Pedestrian safety 632: 631: 624: 445: 444: 437: 364:Automated parking 258:driver assistance 248:Driver assistance 140:autonomous things 129:Risk compensation 112:According to the 95:Buffalo, New York 68:Automotive safety 16:(Redirected from 6211: 6176: 6166: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6103:Window deflector 6086:Side-view mirror 6021: 5644:Continental tire 5607:Backbone chassis 5595: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5540: 5526: 5516: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5403:Rear-view mirror 5334:Power door locks 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 5046: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4969: 4940: 4911: 4901: 4860: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4818:. Archived from 4808: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4648:(9): 1341–1350. 4633: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4570:. Archived from 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4527:. Archived from 4517: 4511: 4510: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4476:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4386:. Archived from 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341:on June 23, 2004 4337:. Archived from 4331: 4325: 4324: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4146: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4044:. Archived from 4039: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3935:. Archived from 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3894:. Archived from 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3827: 3826: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3546:Consumer Reports 3537: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3367:Consumer Affairs 3358: 3352: 3351: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3135:Road & Track 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3076: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2958:. Archived from 2952: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2611:. Archived from 2605: 2599: 2598: 2593:. Archived from 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2529:. Archived from 2528: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2312:. Archived from 2307: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2159:. Archived from 2149: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2043:. Archived from 2033: 2027: 2018: 1987:Vehicle recovery 1930:Safe Driving Day 1834:Self-driving car 1799:Crash test dummy 1747: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1612:Vehicle programs 1573:driver's licence 1429:US specificities 1360:scrappage scheme 943:Cadillac Cyclone 922:established the 914: 674:", a fashion on 627: 620: 616: 613: 607: 576: 568: 440: 433: 429: 426: 420: 389: 381: 199:Pre-crash system 21: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6140: 6107: 6069: 6017: 6015: 6004: 5975:Breakover angle 5958: 5885: 5825: 5777: 5756: 5584: 5572: 5567: 5537: 5532: 5494: 5463: 5417: 5371: 5353: 5307: 5246: 5202:Head-up display 5140: 5128: 5125: 5091:Popular Science 5080:Wayback Machine 5053: 5043: 5030: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4983: 4981: 4972: 4943: 4914: 4871: 4868: 4866:Further reading 4863: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4822:on May 7, 2010. 4810: 4809: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4507:Washington Post 4500: 4499: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4052: 4051:on 9 March 2008 4048: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3898:on July 4, 2010 3890: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3830: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3635:on May 16, 2018 3623: 3622: 3618: 3613:Wayback Machine 3603: 3599: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3443:Business ethics 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3064: 3060: 3054:Popular Science 3049: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2024:Popular Science 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1940:Safety engineer 1880:Lateral Support 1875:Intelligent car 1804:Crashworthiness 1743: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1711: 1656: 1646:since 1978 and 1625: 1614: 1597: 1581: 1557: 1555:Teenage drivers 1508: 1479: 1474: 1431: 1355: 1342: 1194: 1153:Janette Fennell 1149: 1130: 1115:. In 1987, the 1086: 1063: 1039:head restraints 959: 912: 889: 852: 794: 782: 761: 756: 743: 730: 712:retroreflective 699: 693: 688: 666:. Proposals in 644: 628: 617: 611: 608: 593: 577: 566: 441: 430: 424: 421: 406: 390: 379: 377:Crashworthiness 359:Precrash system 250: 205: 191: 189:Crash avoidance 179: 170: 164: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6217: 6215: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6160: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6074:Other elements 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5995:Turning radius 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5897:Bumper sticker 5893: 5891: 5890:Other elements 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5510: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5434:Center console 5431: 5425: 5423: 5422:Other elements 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5303:Steering wheel 5300: 5298:Power steering 5295: 5290: 5288:Manettino dial 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Cruise control 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5217:Radar detector 5214: 5212:Parking sensor 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5083: 5070: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5051:External links 5049: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5033:Traffic Safety 5028: 5022: 4989: 4970: 4952:(4): 108–113. 4941: 4923:(4): 100–107. 4912: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4843: 4825: 4800: 4775: 4750: 4716: 4695: 4667: 4628: 4584: 4555: 4534: 4512: 4490: 4474:golocalnet.com 4461: 4432: 4400: 4375: 4351: 4326: 4307:(3): 228–239. 4287: 4268:(6): 607–612. 4248: 4224: 4199: 4160: 4153: 4131: 4120:(3): 575–593. 4104: 4077:(2): 182–189. 4061: 4025: 4002: 3980: 3973: 3965:Traffic Safety 3961:Evans, Leonard 3949: 3920: 3908: 3883: 3859: 3828: 3793: 3767: 3746: 3719: 3700: 3686: 3664: 3646: 3616: 3597: 3592:New York Times 3578: 3557: 3532: 3517: 3492: 3481:on 1 June 2020 3466: 3452: 3432: 3418: 3398: 3372: 3353: 3334: 3327: 3307: 3289: 3275: 3250: 3222: 3191: 3173: 3147: 3121: 3100: 3071: 3058: 3043: 3022: 3015: 2997: 2972: 2947: 2918:(1): 62–b–68. 2898: 2880: 2859: 2852: 2834: 2813: 2792: 2771: 2750: 2729: 2698: 2678: 2660: 2639: 2618: 2615:on 2008-03-11. 2600: 2597:on 2008-04-16. 2582: 2546: 2515: 2484: 2463: 2442: 2417: 2392: 2367: 2355: 2329: 2310:The New Yorker 2293: 2272: 2241: 2198: 2173: 2141: 2092: 2071: 2050: 2028: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1734: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1694:testing centre 1681:in the UK, or 1655: 1652: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1596: 1593: 1580: 1577: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1507: 1504: 1481:The domain of 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1430: 1427: 1391:United Kingdom 1354: 1351: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1223:reverse camera 1193: 1190: 1148: 1145: 1129: 1126: 1090:Seat belt laws 1085: 1082: 1062: 1059: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018:gear selectors 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 958: 955: 920:United Nations 888: 885: 851: 848: 793: 790: 781: 778: 760: 757: 755: 752: 742: 739: 729: 728:Vehicle colour 726: 722:European Union 695:Main article: 692: 689: 687: 684: 643: 640: 630: 629: 580: 578: 571: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557:station wagons 549:Cargo barriers 546: 543: 537: 533: 518: 511: 508:Tempered glass 500: 493: 443: 442: 393: 391: 384: 378: 375: 374: 373: 367: 361: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 327: 321: 315: 306: 300: 294: 289: 283: 277: 271: 265: 249: 246: 245: 244: 231:The vehicle's 229: 225:The vehicle's 223: 211:The vehicle's 190: 187: 178: 175: 166:Main article: 163: 160: 144:autonomous car 89:safety was by 76:motor vehicles 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6216: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6011: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:Hood ornament 5910: 5908: 5907:Front-end bra 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:Quarter glass 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Quarter panel 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:Body-on-frame 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Molded carpet 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Parking brake 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5242:Trip computer 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:Backup camera 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5025:Physics Today 5023: 5021: 5017: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4685:on 2013-04-02 4684: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4574:on 2008-03-02 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4480:on 2021-11-04 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4451:on 2011-10-24 4450: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4401: 4390:on 2016-08-28 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3993:data.OECD.org 3990: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3939:on 2011-07-18 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3788:2027.42/60424 3785: 3781: 3780:Umtri-2008-39 3774: 3772: 3768: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3697:. 4 May 2023. 3696: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3634: 3630: 3629:just-auto.com 3626: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3507:on 2012-09-12 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3455: 3453:9780495808763 3449: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3433: 3421: 3419:9781596139275 3415: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3399: 3387:on 2014-11-23 3386: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3328:9781434975362 3324: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3240:on 2014-12-13 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3212:on 2011-08-12 3208: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3090:on 2016-11-13 3089: 3085: 3084:volvocars.com 3081: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3051:"Safer Cars." 3047: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2987:on 2008-05-19 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2962:on 2010-12-04 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2835: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2715: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2536:on 2011-06-07 2532: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2505:on 2012-05-04 2501: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2432:on 2016-11-24 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2382:on 2012-03-08 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2319:on 2009-07-06 2315: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2163:on 2019-11-05 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1965:Travel safety 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865:Hazard symbol 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:pickup trucks 1441: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1340:Safety trends 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310:Reduction of 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1139:In 1996, the 1137: 1135: 1132:In 1995, the 1127: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1099:In 1986, the 1097: 1095: 1094:New Hampshire 1091: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 969: 967: 962: 956: 954: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 918:In 1958, the 916: 911: 910: 905: 900: 898: 894: 886: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 857: 849: 847: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 824: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 791: 789: 787: 784:In 1922, the 779: 777: 775: 771: 766: 758: 753: 751: 749: 740: 738: 735: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 698: 690: 685: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 656: 653: 648: 641: 639: 637: 626: 623: 615: 605: 601: 597: 591: 590: 586: 581:This section 579: 575: 570: 569: 563: 558: 554: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:Crumple zones 512: 509: 504: 501: 497: 494: 490: 487: 486: 485: 483: 479: 473: 469: 465: 458: 454: 449: 439: 436: 428: 418: 414: 410: 404: 403: 399: 394:This section 392: 388: 383: 382: 376: 371: 368: 365: 362: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 314: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 293: 292:Backup camera 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 261: 259: 255: 247: 242: 238: 234: 230: 228: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:Active safety 188: 186: 184: 183:Active safety 176: 174: 169: 161: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 132: 130: 125: 120: 117: 115: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:motor vehicle 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 62: 61:Crash testing 58: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6124:vanity plate 6063:trafficators 5874:washer fluid 5854:Power window 5849:Opera window 5761:Compartments 5649:Crumple zone 5634:Cabrio coach 5578: 5361: 5258:Bowden cable 5134: 5127:Car interior 5086: 5032: 5024: 5008:. Retrieved 4982:. Retrieved 4949: 4945: 4920: 4916: 4881: 4877: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4820:the original 4815: 4791:. Retrieved 4787: 4778: 4766:. Retrieved 4763:My Way There 4762: 4753: 4742:. Retrieved 4735:the original 4708:. Retrieved 4698: 4687:. Retrieved 4683:the original 4645: 4641: 4631: 4606:. Retrieved 4597: 4587: 4576:. Retrieved 4572:the original 4567: 4558: 4547:. Retrieved 4537: 4529:the original 4524: 4521:"Service NL" 4515: 4506: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4473: 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4449:the original 4442: 4435: 4424:. Retrieved 4413: 4403: 4392:. Retrieved 4388:the original 4378: 4367:. Retrieved 4354: 4343:. Retrieved 4339:the original 4329: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4240:. Retrieved 4236: 4227: 4216:. Retrieved 4212: 4202: 4180:(1): 34–38. 4177: 4173: 4163: 4142: 4134: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4053:. Retrieved 4046:the original 4028: 4015: 4005: 3992: 3983: 3964: 3941:. Retrieved 3937:the original 3933:Auto Express 3932: 3923: 3911: 3900:. Retrieved 3896:the original 3886: 3875:. Retrieved 3871: 3862: 3851:. Retrieved 3847: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3779: 3759:. Retrieved 3749: 3738:. Retrieved 3734: 3713: 3703: 3689: 3680: 3667: 3659:SaferCar.gov 3658: 3649: 3637:. Retrieved 3633:the original 3628: 3619: 3600: 3591: 3581: 3570:. Retrieved 3560: 3549:. Retrieved 3545: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3509:. Retrieved 3505:the original 3495: 3483:. Retrieved 3479:the original 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3442: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3408: 3401: 3389:. Retrieved 3385:the original 3375: 3366: 3356: 3347: 3337: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3278: 3267:. Retrieved 3263: 3258:Epker, Eva. 3253: 3242:. Retrieved 3238:the original 3214:. Retrieved 3207:the original 3194: 3176: 3168: 3160: 3150: 3138:. Retrieved 3124: 3113:. Retrieved 3103: 3092:. Retrieved 3088:the original 3083: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3035:. Retrieved 3025: 3006: 3000: 2989:. Retrieved 2985:the original 2975: 2964:. Retrieved 2960:the original 2950: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2872:. Retrieved 2862: 2843: 2837: 2826:. Retrieved 2816: 2805:. Retrieved 2795: 2784:. Retrieved 2774: 2763:. Retrieved 2753: 2742:. Retrieved 2732: 2721:. Retrieved 2714:the original 2701: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2652:. Retrieved 2642: 2631:. Retrieved 2621: 2613:the original 2603: 2595:the original 2585: 2574:. Retrieved 2558: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2531:the original 2518: 2507:. Retrieved 2500:the original 2487: 2476:. Retrieved 2466: 2455:. Retrieved 2445: 2434:. Retrieved 2430:the original 2420: 2409:. Retrieved 2407:. 2001-11-27 2404: 2395: 2384:. Retrieved 2380:the original 2370: 2365:, World Bank 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2343:Sleep Review 2342: 2332: 2321:. Retrieved 2314:the original 2309: 2296: 2285:. Retrieved 2275: 2263:. Retrieved 2259:the original 2254: 2244: 2233:. Retrieved 2214: 2189:. Retrieved 2185: 2176: 2165:. Retrieved 2161:the original 2156: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2084:. Retrieved 2074: 2063:. Retrieved 2053: 2045:the original 2040: 2031: 2023: 2016: 1969: 1814:Crumple zone 1712: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1657: 1650:since 1997. 1641: 1634: 1618: 1615: 1602: 1598: 1582: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1540:power window 1534: 1531: 1525: 1517: 1509: 1500: 1480: 1466: 1461: 1446: 1432: 1364: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1302: 1227: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1187: 1179: 1168: 1157: 1150: 1138: 1131: 1122:Honda Legend 1109: 1098: 1087: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1048: 1024: 996: 973: 970: 963: 960: 940: 917: 907: 901: 890: 878: 871: 864: 859: 856:Hugh DeHaven 853: 828: 825: 814: 795: 783: 762: 744: 731: 716: 704:School buses 700: 660: 652:Mini Clubman 633: 618: 609: 594:Please help 582: 530:side impacts 476: 468:Ferrari F430 431: 422: 407:Please help 395: 257: 251: 219:, and other 206: 180: 171: 137: 133: 121: 118: 111: 84: 67: 66: 6204:Road safety 6058:sealed beam 5990:Roll center 5985:Ride height 5922:Japan black 5917:Instruments 5902:Curb feeler 5768:Hood/bonnet 5468:Convenience 5459:Vehicle mat 5408:Rumble seat 5393:Bucket seat 5349:VIN etching 5329:Immobiliser 5222:Speedometer 5172:Boost gauge 5145:Instruments 2363:Road Safety 2265:10 November 2255:NIOSH Alert 1731:Cars portal 1569:New Zealand 1423:Switzerland 1411:New Zealand 1407:Netherlands 1312:blind spots 1225:in the US. 1162:. Only the 1117:Porsche 944 947:Harley Earl 945:concept by 909:Motor Trend 891:In 1955, a 808:and padded 686:Conspicuity 478:Crashworthy 311:systems or 152:human error 124:first world 18:Auto safety 6193:Categories 5844:Greenhouse 5485:Cup holder 5429:Boot liner 5388:Bench seat 5312:Anti-theft 5283:Gear stick 5232:Telematics 5227:Tachometer 5197:Fuel gauge 5010:2006-01-01 4984:2006-01-01 4744:2014-12-12 4710:2011-09-20 4689:2011-09-20 4608:2011-11-07 4578:2008-03-05 4549:2011-09-20 4484:2006-08-31 4455:2011-09-20 4426:2008-02-23 4394:2016-04-29 4369:2013-09-28 4345:2014-12-12 4242:2024-04-08 4218:2024-04-08 4055:2008-03-09 3943:2011-09-20 3902:2014-12-12 3877:2019-07-04 3853:2019-07-04 3761:2022-09-29 3740:2019-07-04 3572:2011-09-20 3551:2024-04-08 3511:2011-09-20 3269:2024-04-08 3244:2014-12-12 3216:2012-03-20 3140:25 October 3115:2014-12-12 3094:2016-11-12 3037:2014-12-12 2991:2012-01-08 2966:2014-12-12 2893:google.com 2874:2014-12-12 2828:2012-01-08 2807:2012-01-08 2786:2012-01-08 2765:2014-12-12 2744:2014-12-12 2723:2011-09-20 2654:2014-12-12 2633:2014-12-12 2576:2014-12-12 2540:2011-09-20 2509:2012-03-20 2478:2011-09-20 2457:2011-09-20 2436:2011-09-20 2411:2011-09-20 2386:2012-03-20 2323:2009-07-24 2287:2011-09-20 2235:2008-11-10 2167:2016-11-07 2086:2011-09-20 2065:2012-03-20 2009:References 1935:Safety car 1513:child seat 1403:Luxembourg 1175:Hybrid III 1164:Mazda RX-8 1070:Hybrid III 821:crash test 810:dashboards 806:seat belts 786:Duesenburg 748:McLaren F1 734:car colour 612:April 2016 457:Mazda CX-5 425:April 2016 241:suspension 217:reflectors 193:See also: 107:pedestrian 99:seat belts 74:involving 6098:Tow hitch 6016:equipment 5942:Tire/tyre 5801:Gull-wing 5791:Butterfly 5752:Trunk lid 5695:Monocoque 5599:Framework 5490:Car phone 5454:Sun visor 5439:Dashboard 5413:Seat belt 5344:Smart key 5237:Tell-tale 4856:rac.co.uk 4784:"Service" 4564:"Licence" 4321:1538-9588 4282:1538-9588 4194:1536-5042 3872:europa.eu 3809:: 61–94. 3527:USA Today 3348:ThoughtCo 2696:, page 13 2571:0161-7370 2191:April 18, 2026:July 1950 1950:Smart car 1844:Euro NCAP 1668:emissions 1660:procedure 1367:Australia 1217:In 2018, 1180:In 2009, 1078:FMVSS 208 1029:'s first 992:49 U.S.C. 936:seat belt 928:roll cage 904:Lifeguard 854:In 1942, 829:In 1937, 815:In 1934, 770:Mary Ward 672:bull bars 583:does not 489:Seatbelts 459:crossover 396:does not 213:headlamps 156:ISO 26262 6158:Category 6043:Headlamp 6025:Lighting 6014:Exterior 5980:Overhang 5963:Geometry 5947:run-flat 5927:Nerf bar 5742:Subframe 5710:Platform 5700:Overhang 5612:Beltline 5508:Category 5251:Controls 5207:Odometer 5182:Carputer 5076:Archived 5001:Archived 4978:Archived 4966:11548000 4937:10423453 4908:14684646 4662:28870353 4617:cite web 4420:Archived 4415:The Hook 4174:Contexts 4099:19954345 4091:16961196 4020:Archived 3997:Archived 3963:(2004). 3823:17924196 3661:. NHTSA. 3609:Archived 3485:25 March 3459:16 March 3425:16 March 3391:16 March 2942:10728546 2405:BBC News 2229:Archived 1717:See also 1679:MOT test 1496:whiplash 1245:(DDR-AW) 1043:whiplash 990:93-633; 835:Plymouth 831:Chrysler 237:steering 49:EP, see 6168:Commons 5864:Sunroof 5816:Suicide 5811:Sliding 5806:Scissor 5747:Tonneau 5732:Spoiler 5639:Chassis 5518:Commons 5383:Armrest 5367:Seating 5082:, Japan 4793:20 June 4768:20 June 3848:etsc.eu 3681:etsc.eu 3639:May 15, 2933:1730592 2348:6 March 2136:3929928 2127:1419041 1856:(FMCSA) 1829:Dooring 1595:Elderly 1589:Belgium 1395:Iceland 1387:Germany 1383:Finland 1379:Denmark 1371:Austria 1182:Citroën 994:1901). 949:had "a 874:Saab 92 754:History 604:removed 589:sources 499:pillar. 496:Airbags 417:removed 402:sources 349:systems 343:systems 337:systems 243:systems 227:mirrors 6178:Portal 6048:hidden 5796:Canopy 5705:Pillar 5686:shaker 5671:Grille 5664:skirts 5659:ponton 5654:Fender 5627:Dagmar 5622:Bumper 5528:Portal 5378:Airbag 5362:Safety 5268:Clutch 5177:Buzzer 5069:. (US) 5039: 5018: 4964: 4935: 4906: 4899:300804 4896: 4660: 4319: 4280: 4213:Forbes 4192: 4151: 4097: 4089: 3971: 3821: 3450: 3416: 3325: 3264:Forbes 3013: 2940: 2930: 2850: 2692: 2569: 2134: 2124: 1664:safety 1527:Sweden 1521:Isofix 1462:per se 1421:, and 1419:Sweden 1415:Norway 1405:, the 1375:Canada 1271:(TPMS) 867:Tucker 841:, and 839:DeSoto 668:Europe 536:crash. 472:airbag 366:system 254:subset 239:, and 233:brakes 201:, and 103:deaths 47:Clutch 6131:Theft 6112:Legal 6091:power 5952:spare 5937:Parts 5879:wiper 5831:Glass 5783:Doors 5681:scoop 5475:Audio 5319:Alarm 5263:Brake 5004:(PDF) 4997:(PDF) 4962:S2CID 4933:S2CID 4738:(PDF) 4731:(PDF) 4095:S2CID 4049:(PDF) 4038:(PDF) 3819:S2CID 3677:(PDF) 3529:: 6B. 3302:NHTSA 3210:(PDF) 3203:(PDF) 3186:(PDF) 2717:(PDF) 2710:(PDF) 2534:(PDF) 2527:(PDF) 2503:(PDF) 2496:(PDF) 2317:(PDF) 2306:(PDF) 1677:, or 1477:Women 1399:Japan 1285:(REV) 1254:(EDR) 1239:(ISA) 1219:eCall 1192:2010s 1147:2000s 1128:1990s 1084:1980s 1061:1970s 957:1960s 951:radar 932:Volvo 913:' 887:1950s 850:1940s 843:Dodge 792:1930s 780:1920s 650:1974 455:in a 6081:Horn 5821:Swan 5725:rack 5720:Roof 5676:Hood 5590:Body 5581:cars 5137:cars 5037:ISBN 5016:ISBN 4904:PMID 4795:2020 4770:2020 4658:PMID 4623:link 4317:ISSN 4278:ISSN 4190:ISSN 4149:ISBN 4087:PMID 3969:ISBN 3641:2018 3487:2018 3461:2014 3448:ISBN 3427:2014 3414:ISBN 3393:2014 3323:ISBN 3142:2015 3011:ISBN 2938:PMID 2848:ISBN 2690:ISBN 2567:ISSN 2350:2021 2267:2008 2193:2017 2132:PMID 1623:NCAP 1453:SUVs 1451:and 1333:MPVs 1331:and 1329:SUVs 1160:SUVs 988:P.L. 986:(in 893:USAF 798:Ford 706:and 680:SUVs 678:and 676:4x4s 587:any 585:cite 553:SUVs 517:too. 453:test 400:any 398:cite 40:ETCS 4954:doi 4925:doi 4894:PMC 4886:doi 4882:327 4878:BMJ 4650:doi 4602:NPR 4309:doi 4270:doi 4182:doi 4122:doi 4079:doi 3811:doi 3784:hdl 2928:PMC 2920:doi 2219:doi 2122:PMC 2114:doi 2110:291 2106:BMJ 2041:WHO 598:by 411:by 93:of 6195:: 4960:. 4950:43 4948:. 4931:. 4921:43 4919:. 4902:. 4892:. 4880:. 4876:. 4854:. 4836:. 4814:. 4803:^ 4786:. 4761:. 4719:^ 4670:^ 4656:. 4646:92 4644:. 4640:. 4619:}} 4615:{{ 4596:. 4566:. 4523:. 4505:. 4493:^ 4472:. 4412:. 4362:. 4315:. 4303:. 4299:. 4276:. 4266:20 4264:. 4260:. 4235:. 4211:. 4188:. 4176:. 4172:. 4118:23 4116:. 4093:. 4085:. 4075:27 4073:. 4040:. 4018:. 4014:. 3991:. 3952:^ 3931:. 3870:. 3846:. 3831:^ 3817:. 3807:19 3805:. 3782:. 3770:^ 3733:. 3722:^ 3712:. 3679:. 3657:. 3627:. 3590:. 3544:. 3365:. 3346:. 3300:. 3262:. 3225:^ 3133:. 3082:. 2936:. 2926:. 2914:. 2910:. 2891:. 2688:, 2671:. 2563:94 2557:. 2403:. 2341:. 2308:. 2253:. 2227:. 2213:. 2201:^ 2184:. 2155:. 2144:^ 2130:. 2120:. 2108:. 2104:. 2039:. 1702:. 1666:, 1635:A 1417:, 1413:, 1409:, 1401:, 1397:, 1393:, 1389:, 1385:, 1381:, 1377:, 1373:, 1369:, 1362:. 1203:. 1155:. 1107:. 862:. 837:, 833:, 823:. 817:GM 776:. 555:, 484:. 252:A 235:, 215:, 197:, 109:. 78:. 5562:e 5555:t 5548:v 5120:e 5113:t 5106:v 5045:. 5013:. 4987:. 4968:. 4956:: 4939:. 4927:: 4910:. 4888:: 4858:. 4840:. 4797:. 4772:. 4747:. 4713:. 4692:. 4652:: 4625:) 4611:. 4581:. 4552:. 4509:. 4487:. 4458:. 4441:" 4429:. 4397:. 4372:. 4348:. 4323:. 4311:: 4305:4 4284:. 4272:: 4245:. 4221:. 4196:. 4184:: 4178:5 4157:. 4128:. 4124:: 4101:. 4081:: 4058:. 3977:. 3946:. 3905:. 3880:. 3856:. 3825:. 3813:: 3790:. 3786:: 3764:. 3743:. 3716:. 3683:. 3643:. 3594:. 3575:. 3554:. 3514:. 3489:. 3463:. 3429:. 3395:. 3369:. 3350:. 3331:. 3272:. 3247:. 3219:. 3144:. 3118:. 3097:. 3040:. 3019:. 2994:. 2969:. 2944:. 2922:: 2916:6 2877:. 2856:. 2831:. 2810:. 2789:. 2768:. 2747:. 2726:. 2675:. 2657:. 2636:. 2579:. 2543:. 2512:. 2481:. 2460:. 2439:. 2414:. 2389:. 2352:. 2326:. 2290:. 2269:. 2238:. 2221:: 2195:. 2170:. 2138:. 2116:: 2089:. 2068:. 1324:. 625:) 619:( 614:) 610:( 606:. 592:. 542:. 532:. 438:) 432:( 427:) 423:( 419:. 405:. 53:. 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.