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journey in the afterlife, and mentions many feasts and that he be celebrated. Lastly, a list of his virtues is included, such as never judging between two, helping other civilians, and building a house. This is very similar to the duties of a king; Harkuf, who is a highly esteemed priest has these king-like qualities to him.
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Harkhuf accounts his expedition to Yam (located in Upper Nubia), the first time with his father, bearing gifts and products. The second trip was done alone where he traveled back through other foreign lands, noting that this has not been done by anyone else before, and again, bearing beautiful gifts.
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Harkhuf has prayers for offerings and a good burial. He mentions an "offering which the king gives and Anubia." This shows his significance and hierarchy in Egypt. Even the king gives an offering, revealing even further. Harkhuf states his titles such as
Governor of Upper Egypt, prays for a peaceful
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The narration of
Harkhuf's career is aforementioned by prayers for offerings and a good burial, and the list of virtues - standardized components of tomb-autobiography. Carved on the outside of the soft, flaking stone of the tomb are fifty-eight lines. Listed below are the descriptions of the
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After satisfying the ruler of Yam, Harkhuf came down through the south of Irtjet and north of Setju. He found their ruler, who was impressed by all of his goods and products as well as the numerous troops from Yam with him, and led him with an escort to Irtjet's mountain path.
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Harkhuf's tomb describes the text of a letter he received from the king
Neferkare, where he vividly expresses his eagerness to see the pygmy whom Harkhuf was bringing back with him. For his success, Harkhuf is promised with many worthy honors by the king.
218:, with the person of the king becoming more human and displaying emotions and interests, while commenting on a person leading a moral life by helping his neighbour: "I gave bread to the hungry, clothing to the naked, I ferried him who had no boat."
172:, forging political bonds with local leaders, and preparing the ground for an Egyptian expansion into Nubia. He led four major expeditions to Nubia. His written account of these expeditions is the most important source for Egypt's relations with
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The third trip to Yam, he found that the ruler had gone to Tjemeh-land to smite the Tjemeh; however, Harkhuf was able to please the ruler of Yam, and Yam's ruler praised all the gods.
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at this time. On the last expedition, he brought back with him what his correspondence with the young pharaoh Pepi II referred to
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Harkhuf's expeditions stated the only purpose was to reach Yam, acquire the desired products, and return to Egypt.
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The inscriptions in
Harkhuf's tomb reflect changes in the Egyptian world view that were occurring during the Late
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429:. BIFAO 52 (in French). Cairo: Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. pp. 173–178.
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339:"List of Rulers of Ancient Egypt and Nubia | Lists of Rulers | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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O'Connor, David (1986). "The
Locations of Yam and Kush and Their Historical Implications".
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as one of the two most important, and the most famous, autobiographical inscriptions of
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Maat, the Moral Ideal in
Ancient Egypt: A Study in Classical African Ethics
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all that is known of his life comes from the inscriptions in his tomb at
606:, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 131, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 72–75
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306:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 23.
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He travelled a considerable distance to a land called
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Harkhuf in a relief from his tomb at Qubbet el-Hawa.
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377:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 122.
523:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
402:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 74.
597:Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings
203:thought Iyam was located further north in the
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343:The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
230:Entrance to the tomb of Harkhuf around 1890
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248:Right side of entrance (Fourteen lines)
235:inscriptions on each side of the tomb.
599:, Vol.1, Berkeley 1973, pp. 23–27
398:Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003).
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426:Pour une localisation du pays de Iam
266:On the far right (Twenty-six lines)
109:is a private tomb inscription from
16:Tomb inscription from ancient Egypt
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257:Left side of entrance (Ten lines)
644:Ancient Egyptian autobiographies
345:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
239:Above the entrance (Eight lines)
152:of the Nile. He was a native of
479:. Vol. Part One. Chicago:
178:as a dwarf, apparently a pygmy
124:His name sometimes spelled as
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156:. Harkhuf served under kings
639:23rd-century BC inscriptions
481:University of Chicago Press
304:The Old and Middle Kingdoms
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164:(ca. 2255–2246 B.C.), and
449:. Routledge. p. 52.
216:First Intermediate Period
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611:Ancient Records of Egypt
476:Ancient Records of Egypt
400:The Book of the Pharaohs
375:The Book of the Pharaohs
140:on the west bank of the
107:Autobiography of Harkhuf
604:Harkhuf's Third Journey
602:George William Murray,
113:. It is significant in
649:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
613:, Vol. I, Chicago 1906
609:James Henry Breasted,
423:Yoyotte, Jean (1953).
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471:Breasted, James Henry
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199:. However,
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154:Elephantine
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35:of the 1st
633:Categories
349:2017-05-24
278:References
195:joins the
115:Egyptology
529:: 27–50.
493:Lichtheim
322:889165092
193:Blue Nile
158:Merenre I
99:, Tomb 34
83:Merenre I
61:possibly
58:Successor
543:40001089
473:(1906).
443:(2004).
373:(2003).
302:(2006).
214:and the
189:Khartoum
134:Hirkhuf,
590:Sources
166:Pepi II
130:Horkhuf
126:Herkhuf
87:Pepi II
79:Pharaoh
69:Dynasty
31:Nomarch
23:Harkhuf
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93:Burial
63:Heqaib
539:JSTOR
283:Notes
197:White
174:Nubia
170:Nubia
146:Aswan
132:, or
37:nomos
451:ISBN
404:ISBN
379:ISBN
318:OCLC
308:ISBN
185:Iyam
142:Nile
105:The
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