Automatic number-plate recognition

1978:(ACLU) released 26,000 pages of data about ANPR systems obtained from local, state, and federal agencies through freedom of information laws. "The documents paint a startling picture of a technology deployed with too few rules that is becoming a tool for mass routine location tracking and surveillance" wrote the ACLU. The ACLU reported that in many locations the devices were being used to store location information on vehicles which were not suspected of any particular offense. "Private companies are also using license plate readers and sharing the information they collect with police with little or no oversight or privacy protections. A lack of regulation means that policies governing how long our location data is kept vary widely," the ACLU said. In 2012 the ACLU filed suit against the Department of Homeland Security, which funds many local and state ANPR programs through grants, after the agency failed to provide access to records the ACLU had requested under the Freedom of Information Act about the programs. 1136:

government facilities, and transportation centers. ANPR is marketed as able to be implemented through networks of IP based surveillance cameras that perform "double duty" alongside facial recognition, object tracking, and recording systems for the purpose of monitoring suspicious or anomalous behavior, improving access control, and matching against watch lists. ANPR systems are most commonly installed at points of significant sensitivity, ingress or egress. Major US agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, the Department of Transportation and the Department of Defense have purchased ANPR for perimeter security applications. Large networks of ANPR systems are being installed by cities such as Boston, London and New York City to provide citywide protection against acts of terrorism, and to provide support for public gatherings and public spaces.

579:. This returns the light back to the source and thus improves the contrast of the image. In some countries, the characters on the plate are not reflective, giving a high level of contrast with the reflective background in any lighting conditions. A camera that makes use of active infrared imaging (with a normal colour filter over the lens and an infrared illuminator next to it) benefits greatly from this as the infrared waves are reflected back from the plate. This is only possible on dedicated ANPR cameras, however, and so cameras used for other purposes must rely more heavily on the software capabilities. Further, when a full-colour image is required as well as use of the ANPR-retrieved details, it is necessary to have one infrared-enabled camera and one normal (colour) camera working together. 947:. With the widespread implementation of this technology, many U.S. states now issue misdemeanor citations of up to $ 500 when a license plate is identified as expired or on the incorrect vehicle. Successfully recognized plates may be matched against databases including "wanted person", "protection order", missing person, gang member, known and suspected terrorist, supervised release, immigration violator, and National Sex Offender lists. In addition to the real-time processing of license plate numbers, ANPR systems in the US collect (and can indefinitely store) data from each license plate capture. Images, dates, times and GPS coordinates can be stockpiled and can help place a suspect at a scene, aid in witness identification, pattern recognition or the tracking of individuals. 1956:. The breach exists, some say, in the fact that ANPR is used to monitor the activities of law-abiding citizens and treats everyone like the suspected criminals intended to be surveyed under the Act. The police themselves have been known to refer to the system of ANPR as a "24/7 traffic movement database" which is a diversion from its intended purpose of identifying vehicles involved in criminal activities. The opposing viewpoint is that where the plates have been cloned, a 'read' of an innocent motorist's vehicle will allow the elimination of that vehicle from an investigation by visual examination of the images stored. Likewise, stolen vehicles are read by ANPR systems between the time of theft and report to the Police, assisting in the investigation. 638: 366:

environments at hand. Highway patrol requires forward-looking cameras that span multiple lanes and are able to read license plates at high speeds. City patrol needs shorter range, lower focal length cameras for capturing plates on parked cars. Parking lots with perpendicularly parked cars often require a specialized camera with a very short focal length. Most technically advanced systems are flexible and can be configured with a number of cameras ranging from one to four which can easily be repositioned as needed. States with rear-only license plates have an additional challenge since a forward-looking camera is ineffective with oncoming traffic. In this case one camera may be turned backwards.

823:, i.e., capital Ankara, has debuted KGYS- which consists of a registration plate number recognition system on the main arteries and city exits. The system has been used with two cameras per lane, one for plate recognition, one for speed detection. Now the system has been widened to network all the registration number cameras together, and enforcing average speed over preset distances. Some arteries have 70 km/h (45 mph) limit, and some 50 km/h (30 mph), and photo evidence with date-time details are posted to registration address if speed violation is detected. As of 2012, the fine for exceeding the speed limit for more than 30% is about 1864: 354:

non-specialist hardware that also no longer needed to be given the pre-defined angles, direction, size and speed in which the plates would be passing the camera's field of view. Further scaled-down components at lower price points led to a record number of deployments by law enforcement agencies globally. Smaller cameras with the ability to read license plates at higher speeds, along with smaller, more durable processors that fit in the trunks of police vehicles, allowed law enforcement officers to patrol daily with the benefit of license plate reading in real time, when they can interdict immediately.

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the tolls between 3rd and 5th day after with a surplus charge. If he fails to do so, the owner is sent a letter home with a heavy fine. If this is not paid, it increases five-fold and after that, the car is inserted into a police database for vehicle impounding. This system is also used in some limited access areas of main cities to allow only entry from pre-registered residents. It is planned to be implemented both in more roads and in city entrance toll collection/access restriction. The efficacy of the system is considered to be so high that it is almost impossible for the driver to complain.

771:) with nationwide coverage by the end of 2015. Within the system, 160 portable traffic enforcement and data-gathering units and 365 permanent gantry installations were brought online with ANPR, speed detection, imaging and statistical capabilities. Since all the data points are connected to a centrally located ITS, each member of the consortium is able to separately utilize its range of administrative and enforcement activities, such as remote vehicle registration and insurance verification, speed, lane and traffic light enforcement and wanted or stolen vehicle interception among others. 903: 2006:

some states have the same license plate protocol. For example, more than one state uses the standard three letters followed by four numbers. So each time the ALPR systems alarms, it is the user's responsibility to make sure that the plate which caused the alarm matches the state associated with the license plate listed on the in-car computer. For maximum effectiveness, an ANPR system should be able to recognize plates from any jurisdiction, and the jurisdiction to which they are associated, but these many variables make such tasks difficult.

438: 342: 747: 653: 527:, "bike plates" are supposed to be fitted. Some small-scale systems allow for some errors in the license plate. When used for giving specific vehicles access to a barricaded area, the decision may be made to have an acceptable error rate of one character. This is because the likelihood of an unauthorized car having such a similar license plate is seen as quite small. However, this level of inaccuracy would not be acceptable in most applications of an ANPR system. 1720:(TfL) uses ANPR systems and charges motorists a daily fee of £11.50 if they enter, leave or move around within the congestion charge zone between 7 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., Monday to Friday. A reduced fee of £10.50 is paid by vehicle owners who sign up for the automatic deduction scheme. Fines for traveling within the zone without paying the charge are £65 per infraction if paid before the deadline, doubling to £130 per infraction thereafter. 915: 265:

some later point in time. When done at the lane site, the information captured of the plate alphanumeric, date-time, lane identification, and any other information required is completed in approximately 250 milliseconds. This information can easily be transmitted to a remote computer for further processing if necessary, or stored at the lane for later retrieval. In the other arrangement, there are typically large numbers of PCs used in a

1337: 600:, to assure that the taken images are distortion-free. Because the car is moving, slower shutter speeds could result in an image which is too blurred to read using the OCR software, especially if the camera is much higher up than the vehicle. In slow-moving traffic, or when the camera is at a lower level and the vehicle is at an angle approaching the camera, the shutter speed does not need to be so fast. Shutter speeds of 1872:

of contrast to be able to read it. This is typically done by using a plate cover or a spray, though claims regarding the effectiveness of the latter are disputed. In most jurisdictions, the covers are illegal and covered under existing laws, while in most countries there is no law to disallow the use of the sprays. Other users have attempted to smear their license plate with dirt or utilize covers to mask the plate.

375: 1971:(High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area) funds were used to spy on Muslims at mosques, and to track the license plate numbers of worshipers. Police in unmarked cars outfitted with electronic license plate readers would drive down the street and automatically catalog the plates of everyone parked near the mosque, amassing a covert database that would be distributed among officers and used to profile Muslims in public. 1300: 1701: 1616: 454: 1185:

watch lists, but may develop and match against their own databases for customers, VIPs, critical personnel or "banned person" lists. In addition to providing perimeter security, private ANPR has service applications for valet / recognized customer and VIP recognition, logistics and key personnel tracking, sales and advertising, parking management, and logistics (vendor and support

1088:(50 mph) to limit noise and air pollution in the area. In 2007, average speed cameras resulted in 1.7 million fines for overspeeding out of a total of 9.7 millions. According to the Dutch Attorney General, the average number of violation of the speed limits on motorway sections equipped with average speed cameras is between 1 and 2%, compared to 10 to 15% elsewhere. 40: 317:) to make them more distinct and therefore more legible to such systems. Some license plate arrangements use variations in font sizes and positioning—ANPR systems must be able to cope with such differences to be truly effective. More complicated systems can cope with international variants, though many programs are individually tailored to each country. 52: 849: 560: 738:. More specifically, the court found that the retention of any sort of information (i.e., number plate data) which was not for any pre-destined use (e.g., for use tracking suspected terrorists or for enforcement of speeding laws) was in violation of German law. These systems were provided by Jenoptik Robot GmbH, and called TraffiCapture. 1871:

Vehicle owners have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to evade ANPR systems and road-rule enforcement cameras in general. One method increases the reflective properties of the lettering and makes it more likely that the system will be unable to locate the plate or produce a high enough level

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When the smart tag is installed in the vehicle, the car is quickly identified and owner's bank account is automatically deducted. This process is realized at any speed up to over 250 km/h (160 mph). If the car does not have the smart tag, the driver is required to go to a pay station to pay

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2.55 (US$ 1.92) per month are not charged the "Video Toll Charge" of CA$ 3.6 (US$ 2.71) for using the road, with heavy vehicles (those with a gross weight of over 5,000 kg or 5.5 short tons) being required to use one. Using either system, users of the highway are notified of the usage charges by

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County Council's ROMANSE provide an interactive and real-time website showing details about traffic in the city. The site shows information about car parks, ongoing road works, special events and footage taken from CCTV cameras. ANPR systems can be used to provide average point-to-point journey times

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CCTV cameras can be used to help traffic control centres by giving them live data, allowing for traffic management decisions to be made in real-time. By using ANPR on this footage it is possible to monitor the travel of individual vehicles, automatically providing information about the speed and flow

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Relative speed is only one issue that affects the camera's ability to read a license plate. Algorithms must be able to compensate for all the variables that can affect the ANPR's ability to produce an accurate read, such as time of day, weather and angles between the cameras and the license plates. A

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From time to time, US states will make significant changes in their license plate protocol that will affect OCR accuracy. They may add a character or add a new license plate design. ALPR systems must adapt to these changes quickly in order to be effective. Another challenge with ALPR systems is that

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in 2004. Diotte wrote an article critical of Edmonton police use of traffic cameras for revenue enhancement, and in retaliation was added to an ANPR database of "high-risk drivers" in an attempt to monitor his habits and create an opportunity to arrest him. The police chief and several officers were

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It is estimated that around 98% of vehicles moving within the zone are caught on camera. The video streams are transmitted to a data centre located in central London where the ANPR software deduces the registration plate of the vehicle. A second data centre provides a backup location for image data.

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The UK company Trafficmaster has used ANPR since 1998 to estimate average traffic speeds on non-motorway roads without the results being skewed by local fluctuations caused by traffic lights and similar. The company now operates a network of over 4000 ANPR cameras, but claims that only the four most

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feared that people may play "Russian Roulette" changing from one lane to another to lessen their odds of being caught; however, in 2007 the system was upgraded for multi-lane use and in 2008 the manufacturer described the "myth" as "categorically untrue". There exists evidence that implementation of

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Early private sector mobile ANPR applications have been for vehicle repossession and recovery, although the application of ANPR by private companies to collect information from privately owned vehicles or collected from private property (for example, driveways) has become an issue of sensitivity and

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have grown rapidly, promoting stationary ALPR cameras to private individuals as well as neighbourhood associations and law enforcement. By April 2022, 1500 cities across the United States had implemented Flock cameras, despite criticism from the ACLU and other civil rights organisations and concerns

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Department of State Traffic Inspection (STI) experiments on the introduction of a modern technical complex which is capable to locate stolen cars, drivers deprived of driving licenses and other problem cars in real time. The Ukrainian complex "Video control" working by a principle of video fixing of

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180 gantries over major roads have been built throughout the country. These together with a further 250 fixed cameras is to enable a levy of an eco tax on lorries over 3.5 tonnes. The system is currently being opposed and whilst they may be collecting data on vehicles passing the cameras, no eco tax

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If an ANPR system cannot read the plate, it can flag the image for attention, with the human operators looking to see if they are able to identify the alphanumerics. In 2013 researchers at Sunflex Zone Ltd created a privacy license plate frame that uses near infrared light to make the license plate

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were made illegal in Texas on 1 September 2003 by Texas Senate Bill 439 because they caused problems with ANPR devices. That law made it a Class C misdemeanor (punishable by a fine of up to US$ 200), or Class B (punishable by a fine of up to US$ 2,000 and 180 days in jail) if it can be proven that

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Both front and back number plates are being captured, on vehicles going both in and out – this gives up to four chances to capture the number plates of a vehicle entering and exiting the zone. This list is then compared with a list of cars whose owners/operators have paid to enter the zone – those

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Installing ANPR cameras on law enforcement vehicles requires careful consideration of the juxtaposition of the cameras to the license plates they are to read. Using the right number of cameras and positioning them accurately for optimal results can prove challenging, given the various missions and

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Portuguese roads have old highways with toll stations where drivers can pay with cards and also lanes where there are electronic collection systems. However most new highways only have the option of electronic toll collection system. The electronic toll collection system comprises three different

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In addition to government facilities, many private sector industries with facility security concerns are beginning to implement ANPR solutions. Examples include casinos, hospitals, museums, parking facilities, and resorts. In the US, private facilities typically cannot access government or police

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in 1997 and was deemed a big success by the police, reducing overspeeding to 0.66%, compared to 5 to 6% when regular speed cameras were used at the same location. The first permanent average speed cameras were installed on the A13 in 2002, shortly after the speed limit was reduced to 80 km/h

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Mobile ANPR use is widespread among US law enforcement agencies at the city, county, state and federal level. According to a 2012 report by the Police Executive Research Forum, approximately 71% of all US police departments use some form of ANPR. Mobile ANPR is becoming a significant component of

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is to help detect, deter and disrupt criminality including tackling organised crime groups and terrorists. Vehicle movements are recorded through a network of nearly 13,000 cameras that capture approximately 55 million ANPR 'read' records daily. These records are stored for up to two years in the

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To maximize the chances of effective license plate capture, installers should carefully consider the positioning of the camera relative to the target capture area. Exceeding threshold angles of incidence between camera lens and license plate will greatly reduce the probability of obtaining usable

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of the license plate. ANPR systems are generally deployed in one of two basic approaches: one allows for the entire process to be performed at the lane location in real-time, and the other transmits all the images from many lanes to a remote computer location and performs the OCR process there at

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This works by tracking vehicles' travel time between two fixed points, and calculating the average speed. These cameras are claimed to have an advantage over traditional speed cameras in maintaining steady legal speeds over extended distances, rather than encouraging heavy braking on approach to

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Despite their effectiveness, there are noteworthy challenges related with mobile ANPRs. One of the biggest is that the processor and the cameras must work fast enough to accommodate relative speeds of more than 160 km/h (100 mph), a likely scenario in the case of oncoming traffic. This

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Many ANPR systems claim accuracy when trained to match plates from a single jurisdiction or region, but can fail when trying to recognize plates from other jurisdictions due to variations in format, font, color, layout, and other plate features. Some jurisdictions (particularly in the US) offer

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to toll vehicles entering and exiting the road. Radio antennas are located at each junction and detect the transponders, logging the unique identity of each vehicle in much the same way as the ANPR system does. Without ANPR as a second system it would not be possible to monitor all the traffic.

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obtained a recognition rate of 93.0% for OpenALPR and 89.8% for Sighthound, running both on the SSIG dataset; and a rate of 93.5% for a system of their own design based on the YOLO object detector, also using the SSIG dataset. Testing a "more realistic scenario" involving both plate and reader

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Similar criticisms have been raised in other countries. Easterbrook also argues that this technology is employed to maximize revenue for the state, rather than to promote safety. The electronic surveillance system produces tickets which in the US are often in excess of $ 100, and are virtually

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which includes several provisions related to controlling and restricting the collection, storage, retention, and use of information about individuals. Under this Act, the Home Office published a code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras, including ANPR, by government and law

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use white background, but several vehicle types may have a different background. There are only 17 Arabic letters used on the registration plates. A challenge for plates recognition in Saudi Arabia is the size of the digits. Some plates use both Eastern Arabic numerals and the 'Western Arabic'

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During the 1990s, significant advances in technology took automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR) systems from limited expensive, hard to set up, fixed based applications to simple "point and shoot" mobile ones. This was made possible by the creation of software that ran on cheaper PC based,

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applications at government facilities. Within the US, "homeland security" efforts to protect against alleged "acts of terrorism" have resulted in adoption of ANPR for sensitive facilities such as embassies, schools, airports, maritime ports, military and federal buildings, law enforcement and

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Federal, provincial, and municipal police services across Canada use automatic licence plate recognition software; they are also used on certain toll routes and by parking enforcement agencies. Laws governing usage of information thus obtained use of such devices are mandated through various

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were the first to trial and use a fixed ANPR camera system in Australia in 2005. In 2009 they began a roll-out of a mobile ANPR system (known officially as MANPR) with three infrared cameras fitted to its Highway Patrol fleet. The system identifies unregistered and stolen vehicles as well as

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Older systems had been notably unreliable; in the UK this has been known to lead to charges being made incorrectly with the vehicle owner having to pay £10 in order to be issued with proof (or not) of the offense. Improvements in technology have drastically decreased error rates, but false

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impossible for a citizen to contest in court without the help of an attorney. The revenues generated by these machines are shared generously with the private corporation that builds and operates them, creating a strong incentive to tweak the system to generate as many tickets as possible.

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In Johannesburg, South Africa, ANPR is used for the etoll fee collection. Owners of cars driving into or out of the inner city must pay a charge. The number of tolls passed depends on the distance travelled on the particular freeway. Some of the freeways with ANPR are the N12, N3, N1 etc.

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enforcement agencies. The aim of the code is to help ensure their use is "characterised as surveillance by consent, and such consent on the part of the community must be informed consent and not assumed by a system operator. Surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to

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from collecting and storing ALPR data outside of an investigation or intelligence gathering related to a criminal investigation. On October 22, 2020, the Supreme Court of Virginia overturned that decision, ruling that the data collected was not personal, identifying information.

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side of the system to work out solutions to these difficulties. Increasing the height of the camera may avoid problems with objects (such as other vehicles) obscuring the plate but introduces and increases other problems, such as adjusting for the increased skew of the plate.

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systems such as SPECS has a considerable effect on the volume of drivers travelling at excessive speeds; on the stretch of road mentioned above (A77 Between Glasgow and Ayr) there has been noted a "huge drop" in speeding violations since the introduction of a SPECS system.

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applications. Factors which pose difficulty for license plate imaging cameras include the speed of the vehicles being recorded, varying level of ambient light, headlight glare and harsh environmental conditions. Most dedicated license plate capture cameras will incorporate

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has proposed a federal database to combine all monitoring systems, which was cancelled after privacy complaints. In 1998, a Washington, D.C. police lieutenant pleaded guilty to extortion after blackmailing the owners of vehicles parked near a gay bar. In 2015, the

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A few ANPR software vendors publish accuracy results based on image benchmarks. These results may vary depending on which images the vendor has chosen to include in their test. In 2017, Sighthound reported a 93.6% accuracy on a private image benchmark. In 2017,

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In the United States, inaccurate results have led to unnecessary stops of innocent people. The most notable case involved a Black family in Aurora, Colorado with four children aged between 6 and 17 being held at gunpoint, and the children placed in handcuffs.

1064:, and the State Police. Over time it has been replaced by other versions for example the SICVe-PM where PM stands for PlateMatching and by the SICVe Vergilius. In addition to this average speed monitoring system, there are others Celeritas and T-Expeed v.2. 943:

municipal predictive policing strategies and intelligence gathering, as well as for recovery of stolen vehicles, identification of wanted felons, and revenue collection from individuals who are delinquent on city or state taxes or fines, or monitoring for

330: 236:. The first arrest through detection of a stolen car was made in 1981. However, ANPR did not become widely used until new developments in cheaper and easier to use software were pioneered during the 1990s. The collection of ANPR data for future use ( 2105:

Du, Shan; Ibrahim, Mahmoud; Shehata, Mohamed; Badawy, Wael (11 March 2017). "Shan Du; IntelliView Technol., Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada; Lakshman, M.; Shehata, M.; Badawy, Wael; Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR): A State-of-the-Art Review".

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Laws vary among the states regarding collection and retention of license plate information. As of 2019, 16 states have limits on how long the data may be retained, with the lowest being New Hampshire (3 minutes) and highest Colorado (3 years). The

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Many cities and districts have developed traffic control systems to help monitor the movement and flow of vehicles around the road network. This had typically involved looking at historical data, estimates, observations and statistics, such as:

786:-based hand-held versions also exist) and is mainly used to control the license plate of parking cars. As the Auxiliary Police do not have the authority to order moving vehicles to stop, if a stolen car is found, the formal police is informed. 412:

The averaging of the recognised value over multiple fields/images to produce a more reliable or confident result, especially given that any single image may contain a reflected light flare, be partially obscured, or possess other obfuscating

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In 2012 a state consortium was formed among the Hungarian Ministry of Interior, the National Police Headquarters and the Central Commission of Public Administration and Electronic Services with the aim to install and operate a unified

1910:"A machine classifies a person as an offender, and you can't confront your accuser because there is no accuser... can it be wise to establish a principle that when a machine says you did something illegal, you are presumed guilty?" 320:

The cameras used can be existing road-rule enforcement or closed-circuit television cameras, as well as mobile units, which are usually attached to vehicles. Some systems use infrared cameras to take a clearer image of the plates.

2442: 2013:) claims their system has been independently reviewed as able to accurately recognize the US state jurisdiction of license plates, and one European ANPR provider claims their system can differentiate all EU plate jurisdictions. 5480: 926:

In the United States, ANPR systems are more commonly referred to as ALPR (Automatic License Plate Reader/Recognition) technology, due to differences in language (i.e., "number plates" are referred to as "license plates" in

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In April 2020, The Register UK with the help of security researchers discovered nine million ANPR logs left wide-open on the internet. The 3M Sheffield Council system had been online and unprotected since 2013-2014

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Automatic number-plate recognition can be used to store the images captured by the cameras as well as the text from the license plate, with some configurable to store a photograph of the driver. Systems commonly use

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At the front end of any ANPR system is the imaging hardware which captures the image of the license plates. The initial image capture forms a critically important part of the ANPR system which, in accordance to the

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covering more than 2,500 km (1,600 miles) (2012). The Tutor system is also able to intercept cars while changing lanes. The Tutor or Safety Tutor is a joint project between the motorway management company,

782:. It consists of a portable computer equipped with a web camera that scans the stolen car database using automatic number-plate recognition. The system is installed on the dashboard of selected patrol vehicles ( 963:

public debate. Other ANPR uses include parking enforcement, and revenue collection from individuals who are delinquent on city or state taxes or fines. The technology is often featured in the reality TV show

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Privacy issues have caused concerns about ANPR, such as government tracking citizens' movements, misidentification, high error rates, and increased government spending. Critics have described it as a form of

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Film showing the approach to and passing of a toll station in Italy, using a Telepass OBU. Note the yellow Telepass lane signs and road markings and the sound emitted by the OBU when passing the lane.

1201: 5334: 5012: 3218: 5353: 4542: 928: 696:' (no insurance, stolen, etc.) generate an alarm in the dispatching room, so they can be intercepted by a patrol. As of early 2012, 1 million cars per week are automatically checked in this way. 220:

in Britain. Prototype systems were working by 1979, and contracts were awarded to produce industrial systems, first at EMI Electronics, and then at Computer Recognition Systems (CRS, now part of

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Decrease in crimes and calls for service across all hot spots during the trial. No statistically significant difference in crimes found between the visibility and visibility-activity hot spots.

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The Center For Evidence-Based Crime Policy in George Mason University identifies the following randomized controlled trials of automatic number-plate recognition technology as very rigorous.

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There are currently 1,500 cameras which use automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technology. There are also a number of mobile camera units which may be deployed anywhere in the zone.

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On some cars, tow bars may obscure one or two characters of the license plate. Bikes on bike racks can also obscure the number plate, though in some countries and jurisdictions, such as

2449: 864: 3199: 1202: 260:. It first uses a series of image manipulation techniques to detect, normalize and enhance the image of the number plate, and then optical character recognition (OCR) to extract the 1768:

Several UK companies and agencies use ANPR systems. These include Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA), Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and Transport for London.

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License plate capture is typically performed by specialized cameras designed specifically for the task, although new software techniques are being implemented that support any

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Drive-through customer recognition, to automatically recognize customers based on their license plate and offer them the items they ordered the last time they used the service

5687: 1637: 240:., in solving then-unidentified crimes) was documented in the early 2000s. The first documented case of ANPR being used to help solve a murder occurred in November 2005, in 3314: 2573: 1258:(VMS) giving drivers the ability to plan their route. ROMANSE also allows travellers to see the current situation using a mobile device with an Internet connection (such as 4801: 6088: 1097: 1011: 3916: 3296: 5717: 5639: 5019: 1938:

Other concerns include the storage of information that could be used to identify people and store details about their driving habits and daily life, contravening the

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Lasers for volumetric measurement of the vehicle to confirm whether it is a regular car or an SUV or truck, as charges differ according to the type of vehicle

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Laroca, Rayson; Severo, Evair; Zanlorensi, Luiz A.; Oliveira, Luiz S.; Resende Goncalves, Gabriel; Robson Schwartz, William; Menotti, David (28 April 2018).

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of a second up to 8 km/h (5 mph). License plate capture cameras can produce usable images from vehicles traveling at 190 km/h (120 mph).

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The complexity of each of these subsections of the program determines the accuracy of the system. During the third phase (normalization), some systems use

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lighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of day or night. ANPR technology must take into account plate variations from place to place.

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of various routes. These details can highlight problem areas as and when they occur and help the centre to make informed incident management decisions.

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Lack of coordination between countries or states. Two cars from different countries or states can have the same number but different design of the plate.

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project. Often in such systems, there is a requirement to forward images to the remote server, and this can require larger bandwidth transmission media.

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images due to distortion. Manufacturers have developed tools to help eliminate errors from the physical installation of license plate capture cameras.

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equipment must also be very efficient since the power source is the vehicle electrical system, and equipment must have minimal space requirements.

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reported accuracy rates for their commercial software in the range of 95-98% on a public image benchmark. April 2018 research from Brazil's

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enforcement in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Dubai (UAE), France, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, South Africa, the UK, and Kuwait.

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Early ANPR systems were unable to read white or silver lettering on black background, as permitted on UK vehicles built prior to 1973.

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Also of concern is the safety of the data once it is mined, following the discovery of police surveillance records lost in a gutter.

378:

Steps 2, 3 and 4: The license plate is normalized for brightness and contrast, and then the characters are segmented to be ready for

5732: 4733: 3041: 3016: 2991: 1756:, owners of cars driving into or out of the inner city must pay a charge, depending on the time of the day. From 2013, also for the 1663: 764: 734:

ruled that some areas of the laws permitting the use of automated number plate recognition systems in Germany violated the right to

302: 290: 5049: 2838: 1006:

found that the warrantless use of automated license plate readers to surveil a suspected heroin distributor's bridge crossings to

3606:"Ecco come funziona il Tutor in autostrada - Notizie brevi - News - Informazione - A.S.A.P.S. Il Portale della Sicurezza Stradale" 3322: 2577: 6093: 6078: 5882: 4666: 4575: 3982: 1430: 995: 669: 4327: 3653: 3278: 2675: 6063: 5867: 5625: 2856: 2027: 1575: 1399: 951: 886: 362:

system's illumination wavelengths can also have a direct impact on the resolution and accuracy of a read in these conditions.

5463: 4692: 3856: 2346: 1975: 1641: 3938: 2376: 465:

Poor file resolution, usually because the plate is too far away but sometimes resulting from the use of a low-quality camera

4606:

8th International Conference on Survey Methods in Transport: Harmonisation and Data Comparability, May 2008, Annecy, France

4477: 3499:

Recent Case: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Holds that Use of Automated License Plate Readers May Constitute a Search

692:

uses an ANPR system since September 2011 to scan all cars crossing the city limits (inbound and outbound). Cars listed on '

5976: 5907: 5758: 2617: 2081: 1434: 1259: 1054: 956: 379: 298: 71: 4885: 3162: 2044: 673: 642: 245: 87: 5727: 4990: 4643: 4159: 4062: 3960: 1731:

that have not paid are fined. The registered owner of such a vehicle is looked up in a database provided by the DVLA.

1406: 680:

disqualified or suspended drivers as well as other 'persons of interest' such as persons having outstanding warrants.

5549: 5278: 4609: 3498: 3444: 894:." In addition, a set of standards were introduced in 2014 for data, infrastructure, and data access and management. 256:

The software aspect of the system runs on standard home computer hardware and can be linked to other applications or

5384:"Nine million logs of Brits' road journeys spill onto the internet from password-less number-plate camera dashboard" 5297: 5205: 3675: 3434:

Note: The article incorrectly says Arkansas has a 3 year retention policy but it is Colorado that has such a policy.

1880:

the owner did it to deliberately obscure their plates. The law was later clarified in 2007 to allow novelty frames.

397:

Plate orientation and sizing – compensates for the skew of the plate and adjusts the dimensions to the required size

5872: 2922: 1964: 1583: 1565: 1535: 1369: 1084: 1077: 1061: 902: 783: 779: 564: 99: 75: 44: 5438: 4401: 4292: 986:

ruled in 2018 that data collected from ALPRs can constitute personal information. As a result, on 1 April 2019, a

437: 5924: 5837: 5076: 4911: 4164: 2059: 1847: 1757: 1416: 1412: 1385: 1308: 1210: 983: 857: 656: 83: 3259: 2892: 2035:

moving, the researchers obtained rates of less than 70% for the two commercial systems and 78.3% for their own.

1805:

Traffic management systems, which determine traffic flow using the time it takes vehicles to pass two ANPR sites

341: 6028: 5902: 3535: 2777: 2512: 2504: 1939: 1753: 1713: 1705: 1626: 987: 808: 270: 3561: 746: 2824: 878:

National ANPR Data Centre, which can be accessed, analysed and used as evidence as part of investigations by

5964: 5954: 5697: 4771: 3726: 3700: 3627: 1645: 1630: 1539: 1186: 1023: 537: 229: 5099: 3605: 2878: 659:

cameras such as these can be used to take the images scanned by automatic number-plate recognition systems.

6001: 5969: 5748: 5160: 4022: 2383: 2115: 1799: 1549: 652: 478: 4234: 4084: 2555: 1902:

oppose what they call "machines that issue speeding tickets and red-light tickets" as the beginning of a

1249:

to develop traffic monitoring systems for their own control centres and for the public. Projects such as

491:

Read license plates that are different at the front and the back because of towed trailers, campers, etc.

6053: 6006: 5817: 5763: 5357: 4707: 3118: 2413: 2353: 2069: 1922:

Perhaps the best known incident involving the abuse of an ANPR database in North America is the case of

1255: 751: 461:

There are a number of possible difficulties that the software must be able to cope with. These include:

79: 4854: 2173: 1080:. Some of these are divided in several "sections" to allow for cars leaving and entering the motorway. 4419: 4349: 959:

proposed sending letters to the home addresses of all vehicles that enter areas of high prostitution.

5929: 5912: 5892: 5862: 4375: 4296: 1946:). The laws in the UK are strict for any system that uses CCTV footage and can identify individuals. 1894: 1717: 1115: 907: 568: 482: 91: 4824: 3522: 2120: 1985:, it was discovered that the license plate records for a million people was online and unprotected. 1808:

Analyses of travel behaviour (route choice, origin-destination etc.) for transport planning purposes

1049: 5934: 5797: 5383: 4960: 4520: 4136: 4106: 1402: 1352: 1225: 1045: 891: 824: 524: 5428:"Automated License Plate Recognition Systems: Policy and Operational Guidance for Law Enforcement" 2810: 5949: 5857: 5842: 5802: 5604: 5576: 5126: 3503: 2719: 2133: 2064: 1815: 1587: 1493: 1451: 1422: 1381: 548: 4989:. ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers) ANPR Steering Group. 17 March 2005. Archived from 409:

Syntactical/Geometrical analysis – check characters and positions against country-specific rules

374: 17: 5516:"View Independent Vehicle Make, Model and Color Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network" 5315: 3297:"LA City Council Considers Sending 'Dear John' Letters To Homes Of Men Who Solicit Prostitutes" 515:

While some of these problems can be corrected within the software, it is primarily left to the

5887: 5832: 5784: 5594: 3882: 3418: 3126: 2151: 1899: 1841: 516: 346: 281: 119: 5354:"Boston's License Plate Reader Database Was Online in Plain Text With No Password Protection" 5256: 4453: 4212: 3340: 1892:

The introduction of ANPR systems has led to fears of misidentification and the furthering of

5996: 5959: 5807: 5667: 5586: 5298:"NYPD Defends Tactics Over Mosque Spying; Records Reveal New Details On Muslim Surveillance" 2125: 1960: 1531: 1341: 775: 2443:"License Plate Character Segmentation Based on the Gabor Transform and Vector Quantization" 914: 713:

The technique is tested by the Danish police. It has been in permanent use since mid 2016.

421:

techniques to increase the picture difference between the letters and the plate backing. A

106:

and as a method of cataloguing the movements of traffic, for example by highways agencies.

5991: 5939: 5648: 4481: 3200:"License Plate Reader Technology Enhances the Identification, Recovery of Stolen Vehicles" 2561: 2501:"A License Plate Recognition algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System applications" 2266: 2002:

vanity or affinity plates, which can create many variations within a single jurisdiction.

1935:

expressed public concern over the "growing police use of technology to spy on motorists."

1789: 1524: 1463: 1361: 1336: 919: 853: 597: 426: 233: 95: 4741: 4270: 1952:

There is also a case in the UK for saying that use of ANPR cameras is unlawful under the

970: 5045: 2842: 2534: 1114:. In 2006 it was confirmed that speeding tickets could potentially be avoided from the ' 244:, UK, where ANPR played a vital role in locating and subsequently convicting killers of 6016: 5986: 5897: 5822: 5753: 5230: 4763: 3909:"US Navy Selects PlateSmart® Exclusively to Help with Base Security and Investigations" 2476:"Algorithmic and mathematical principles of automatic number plate recognition systems" 1903: 1132: 1131:

Recent innovations have contributed to the adoption of ANPR for perimeter security and

1119: 874: 676: 645: 576: 468: 418: 337:

police use ANPR cameras to monitor vehicles in front and either side of the patrol car.

5514:

Dehghan, Afshin; Zain Masood, Syed; Shu, Guang; Ortiz, Enrique G. (19 February 2017).

4677: 3993: 1299: 1270:), allowing them to view mobile device CCTV images within the Hampshire road network. 596:

of a second. It is also important that the camera use a global shutter, as opposed to

6042: 5981: 5608: 5519: 4794:"2x Stealth Anti-Tracking IR Infrared License Plate Blocker Privacy Frame, Anti-ALPR" 4317: 3471:"Automated license plate data captured by police legal, Virginia Supreme Court rules" 2219: 2194: 2137: 1837: 1481: 1395: 1280:

published some papers on the plate number recognition technologies and applications.

1206: 1102:

One of the most notable stretches of average speed cameras in the UK is found on the

583: 495: 422: 4186: 3411:"Va. Supreme Court revives challenge to police storage of license plate reader data" 3093:"Things to Know Before Your Neighborhood Installs an Automated License Plate Reader" 3042:"National ANPR Standards for Policing Part 3 – Data Access and Management Standards" 2741: 488:

An object obscuring (part of) the plate, quite often a tow bar, or dirt on the plate

445: 5919: 5387: 3255: 1927: 1477: 1426: 965: 944: 935: 795: 693: 502: 394:

Plate localization – responsible for finding and isolating the plate on the picture

261: 103: 3860: 2244: 1700: 1681:

ANPR which works with infrared cameras and reads license plates from every vehicle

39: 5316:"ACLU raises privacy concerns about police technology tracking drivers - CNN.com" 3067:"Fast-Growing Company Flock is Building a New AI-Driven Mass-Surveillance System" 2387: 5827: 4474: 3184: 2320: 2293: 1615: 1356: 1312: 1029: 870: 556:

illumination in order to solve the problems of lighting and plate reflectivity.

472: 329: 266: 5590: 5182: 4937: 4498: 3366:"License plate data not just for cops: Private companies are tracking your car" 2377:"A neural network based artificial vision system for license plate recognition" 2129: 1708:

scheme uses 230 cameras and ANPR to help monitor vehicles in the charging zone.

453: 4608:. Universität Stuttgart Institut für Straßen und Verkehrswesen. Archived from 3883:"Jeremy Clarkson tilts at windmills – Speed camera avoidance is an urban myth" 3219:"Department of Homeland Security cancels national license-plate tracking plan" 2010: 1867:

Volkswagen car with plate with partly hidden letters and numbers. Russia, 2021

1473: 1246: 1107: 1036:

specific camera locations and subsequent acceleration back to illegal speeds.

991: 799:

equivalents. A research with source code is available for APNR Arabic digits.

610:

of a second can cope with traffic moving up to 65 km/h (40 mph) and

4889: 3422: 3130: 1159:"Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized, controlled trial", 2008 5492: 4915: 2049: 1749: 1489: 1250: 544: 387: 225: 4066: 2653: 2475: 5541: 5072: 4599:"Automatic number plate recognition for the observance of travel behavior" 4576:"Automatic number plate recognition for the observance of travel behavior" 1716:

is an example of a system that charges motorists entering a payment area.

305:

switched to a different style in 2002, one of the changes made was to the

2023: 1569: 1543: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1485: 1103: 1007: 821:

KGYS (Kent Guvenlik Yonetim Sistemi, City Security Administration System)

689: 553: 306: 286: 257: 241: 221: 111: 3017:"National ANPR Standards for Policing Part 2 – Infrastructure Standards" 2694:"Portiques écotaxe. Ils copient la plaque d'immatriculation de Hollande" 51: 3385:"Automated License Plate Readers | State Statutes Regulating Their Use" 1828: 1780:

Section control, to measure average vehicle speed over longer distances

1598: 1579: 1559: 1499: 1469: 1445: 1389: 1348: 1304: 848: 840:

the car with recognition of license plates with check under data base.

735: 559: 457:

Systems must be able to recognize international license plates as such.

2893:"Metropolitan Police access to ANPR camera data | Security Journal UK" 1760:, which also includes vehicles passing the city on the main highways. 540:

principle of computing, will often determine the overall performance.

403:

Character segmentation – finds the individual characters on the plates

5402:"Black family handcuffed at gunpoint by police sues Aurora. Colorado" 4872:"Edmonton officer reprimanded for checking up on newspaper columnist" 3748: 2676:"Denmark: Targeted ANPR data retention turned into mass surveillance" 1982: 1593: 1553: 1505: 1111: 778:

units also use a system called Matrix Police in cooperation with the

32:"ANPR" redirects here. For the Italian national register office, see 5018:. London: UK Government Home Office. 22 October 2004. Archived from 3630:(in Dutch). Dutch Attorney General. 31 December 2009. Archived from 3539: 1274:

central digits are identified, and no numberplate data is retained.

755: 5581: 4160:"Golden Gate Bridge sees smooth transition to all-electronic tolls" 5617: 4938:"Canada: Privacy Commissioner Concerned Over License Plate Spying" 4248: 1968: 1862: 1699: 1439: 1335: 1318: 1298: 1196: 913: 901: 847: 745: 651: 636: 558: 505:(some countries do not allow such plates, eliminating the problem) 452: 444: 436: 373: 340: 334: 328: 280: 50: 38: 5206:"A police memory stick containing secret data is found in gutter" 4081:"PIPS supplies Journey Time Measurement Systems to Trafficmaster" 3631: 3315:"LA considers letter campaign against johns to stem prostitution" 1967:

cars and license plate tracking equipment purchased with federal

1083:

A first experimental system was tested on a short stretch of the

4597:

Friedrich, Markus; Jehlicka, Prokop; Schlaich, Johannes (2008).

4574:

Friedrich, Markus; Jehlicka, Prokop; Schlaich, Johannes (2008).

4485: 1792:

to log when a motorist drives away without paying for their fuel

1373: 1263: 1170:"Evidence-Based Policing at Work in Smaller Jurisdictions", 2014 1106:

in Scotland, with 32 miles (51 km) being monitored between

1014:

only because of the limited time and scope of the observations.

873:

states the purpose of automatic number-plate recognition in the

400:

Normalization – adjusts the brightness and contrast of the image

5621: 5103: 4543:"Extreme CCTV Announces Contract for Stockholm Traffic Cameras" 3983:"License Plate Recognition, Tribal Casinos, and Banned Persons" 3565: 2992:"National ANPR Standards for Policing: Part 1 – Data Standards" 2414:"License plate localization and recognition in camera pictures" 1388:, which began using an all-electronic tolling system combining 5573:

2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

4578:. Universität Stuttgart Institut für Straßen und Verkehrswesen 4322: 4044: 2654:"Privacy Tech-Know Blog: Who's Watching Where You're Driving?" 2574:"eTendering - Contract Award Notice Detail View - 01092010RFT" 2108:

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology

1609: 819:

Several cities have tested—and some have put into service—the

3749:"Autovelox come funzionano. Fissi mobili Tutor Bidirezionali" 3445:"State Data Law Heightens Privacy Protections for Virginians" 2857:"Turk Telekom deploys traffic surveillance service in Ankara" 2421:

AI-METH 2002 – Artificial Intelligence Methods November 13–15

1340:

Two of the four ANPR cameras used for toll collection on the

1167:

Hegarty, T., Williams, L. S., Stanton, S., & Chernoff, W.

1162:

Declines for disorder calls for service in target hot spots.

5257:"Police number plate cameras may breach RIPA - Commissioner" 2656:. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. 13 June 2017 2321:"A Real-time vehicle License Plate Recognition (LPR) System" 835:

The project of system integration «OLLI Technology» and the

390:

that the software requires for identifying a license plate:

4768:"Obscured license plate could be motorists' ticket to fine" 4427: 4353: 1267: 4379: 3152:"How are Innovations in Technology Transforming Policing?" 5491:

the license plate recognition company (20 October 2004).

5435:

U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice

4914:. Edmonton Police Watch. 6 September 2008. Archived from 4045:"ROMANSE Traffic - Live travel information for Hampshire" 3939:"After Boston: The pros and cons of surveillance cameras" 3538:(in German). Austria: ORF.at. 7 June 2010. Archived from 3091:

Guariglia, Jason Kelley and Matthew (14 September 2020).

43:

The system must be able to deal with different styles of

5279:"Money for nothing: the drug war and the war on Muslims" 4110: 3725:(in Italian). Autostrade.it. 25 May 2008. Archived from 1898:-style surveillance. In the United States, some such as 865:

Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom

4521:"UK Billboards Equipped with License Plate Spy Cameras" 4499:"UK Billboards Equipped with License Plate Spy Cameras" 3588:"Abu Dhabi reveals number plate recognition technology" 1919:

accusations are still frequent enough to be a problem.

5127:"No hiding place? UK number plate cameras go national" 3258:& Jennifer Valentino-DeVries (29 September 2012). 3238:"Mass Surveillance of All Car Trips Is Nearly Upon Us" 750:

Road gantry traffic enforcement and data point on the

5493:"License Plate Recognition Algorithms and Technology" 3851: 3849: 1254:

along particular routes, which can be displayed on a

1245:

Some counties of the United Kingdom have worked with

269:

to handle high workloads, such as those found in the

5335:"ACLU files suit over info on license plate readers" 3676:"New point to point cameras going live February 1st" 3656:(in Spanish). Noticias.coches.com. 23 September 2009 5783: 5774: 5741: 5655: 2017:

Accuracy and measurement of ANPR system performance

3859:. A77safetygroup.com. 14 July 2005. Archived from 2292:Erez, Johanan; Cohen, Haim; Bergman, Gadi (2002). 1997:Plate inconsistency and jurisdictional differences 1098:Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom 1012:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution 309:, introducing small gaps in some letters (such as 4961:"The London charge zone, the DP Act, and MS .NET" 2972:. UK Government Home Office. June 2013. p. 5 1884:unreadable to license plate recognition systems. 939:about whether the system actually reduces crime. 4987:"ANPR Strategy for the Police Service 2005/2006" 4548:. Extremecctv.com. 22 April 2004. Archived from 3701:"Frequently Asked Question over Trajectcontrole" 3654:"Llegan los radares de velocidad media a España" 3119:"Can License Plate Readers Really Reduce Crime?" 563:Portable traffic enforcement system used by the 187:Lecture automatique de plaques d'immatriculation 130:ANPR is sometimes known by various other terms: 3180:"Cameras for insurance verification considered" 2412:Kwaśnicka, Halina; Wawrzyniak, Bartosz (2002), 2245:"Forensic person tracking method and apparatus" 1278:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society 575:Many countries now use license plates that are 228:, UK. Early trial systems were deployed on the 5157:"Recognizing a new way to keep traffic moving" 4158:Hansen, Megan and Will Jason (27 March 2013). 4019:"Recognising a new way to keep traffic moving" 3341:"The Wired Repo Man: He's Not 'As Seen on TV'" 34:Anagrafe nazionale della popolazione residente 5633: 5231:"Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000" 5100:"Automatic Number Plate Recognition Tutorial" 4912:"Officer faces suspension for Overtime sting" 4452:. Verkeershandhaving Dossiers. Archived from 2758:(in Hungarian). Országos Rendőr-főkapitányság 8: 4352:. Cclondon.com. 17 July 2011. Archived from 3383:Legislatures, National Conference of State. 3260:"New Tracking Frontier: Your License Plates" 1933:Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada 672:use both fixed and mobile ANPR systems. The 5183:"UK: Traffic Camera Data Dropped in Gutter" 4886:"CBC Edmonton - Features - Edmonton Police" 4734:"License-plate spray foils traffic cameras" 4708:"License-plate spray foils traffic cameras" 4475:"High-Tech System Helps Repo Man Find Cars" 2799:Vehicle registration plates of Saudi Arabia 2327:. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 2300:. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 1954:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 1644:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1502:in North Texas and EZ-Tag in Houston, Texas 1237:Frequency, location and cause of road works 5780: 5640: 5626: 5618: 4840: 4838: 3334: 3332: 2441:Kahraman, Fatih; Gokmen, Muhittin (2003). 2347:"An Approach To License Plate Recognition" 1360:Drivers who opt to rent a transponder for 1290:List of electronic toll collection systems 582:To avoid blurring it is ideal to have the 6089:Automatic identification and data capture 5580: 3536:"Section Control: 24.000 Raser angezeigt" 2825:"Polisens nya vapen: "Terminator"-teknik" 2119: 2009:Currently at least one US ANPR provider ( 1664:Learn how and when to remove this message 293:was changed to improve plate recognition. 5073:"License Plate Recognition – A Tutorial" 4847:"Daily Express - Lights, Camera, Action" 4665:Jeffrey Brian Gerfen (28 January 2002). 4107:"BLURA License Plate Recognition Engine" 3857:"SPECS - average speed cameras on SPECS" 3695: 3693: 3236:Friedersdorf, Conor (19 February 2014). 2618:"Mass surveillance system nicks drivers" 1141: 27:Optical character recognition technology 4845:Easterbrook, Gregg (28 February 2005). 4674:California Polytechnic State University 2756:"VÉDA Közúti Intelligens Kamerahálózat" 2722:(in German). Bverfg.de. 3 November 2008 2509:National Technical University of Athens 2097: 2055:Applications of artificial intelligence 1795:A marketing tool to log patterns of use 1496:uses a combination of E-ZPass and ANPR. 1372:networks which use this combination of 885:In 2012, the UK Parliament enacted the 837:Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine 811:at nine different locations in Sweden. 732:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 301:(OCR) on images taken by cameras. When 5793:3D reconstruction from multiple images 4667:"Microscale Emissions Modeling System" 4330:from the original on 13 September 2007 4251:. autopistacentral.cl. 22 January 2014 2967:"Surveillance Camera Code of Practice" 2827:. Sweden: Expressen.se. 28 March 2014. 1776:ANPR systems may also be used for/by: 1687:RFID-like to read on-board smart tags. 477:Poor lighting and low contrast due to 5813:Simultaneous localization and mapping 5352:Crockford, Kade (10 September 2015). 4501:. TheNewspaper.com. 25 September 2009 4402:"Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency" 4135:. Trafficmaster.co.uk. Archived from 3775:"Niemand rijdt meer te hard op de A2" 3217:Nakashima, Ellen (19 February 2014). 1906:towards an automated justice system: 1818:systems in recognizing guest vehicles 1530:OGS (Otomatik Geçiş Sistemi) used at 1355:uses a combination of ANPR and radio 668:Several State Police Forces, and the 547:and increase the utility of ANPR for 7: 5552:from the original on 31 October 2017 5333:Klein, Allison (26 September 2012). 4770:. Texas State Senate. Archived from 4021:. Siemenstraffic.com. Archived from 3303:. CBS Los Angeles. 26 November 2015. 3279:"The age of 'pre-crime' has arrived" 2915:"Automatic Number Plate Recognition" 2576:. Tenders.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 2535:"Automatic Number Plate Recognition" 2325:Vision and Images Science Laboratory 2319:Erez, Johanan; Ron, Bar-Hen (2003). 2298:Vision and Images Science Laboratory 1942:along with similar legislation (see 1642:adding citations to reliable sources 1118:' cameras by changing lanes and the 1004:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 910:police car equipped with mobile ALPR 494:Vehicle lane change in the camera's 218:Police Scientific Development Branch 5102:. ANPR-tutorial.com. Archived from 4318:"Met given real time c-charge data" 2839:"Ankara KGYS - Görüntüleme Sistemi" 2267:"CCTV network tracks 'getaway' car" 1944:personally identifiable information 1048:there is a monitoring system named 934:Since 2019, private companies like 6049:Automatic number plate recognition 5878:Automatic number-plate recognition 5137:from the original on 28 March 2005 5079:from the original on 24 March 2005 5052:from the original on 21 March 2005 4959:Lettice, John (21 February 2003). 4249:"autopistacentral.cl (in Spanish)" 3703:(in Dutch). Dutch Attorney General 2811:"Arabic Licence Plate Recognition" 2087:Outline of artificial intelligence 2032:Federal University of Minas Gerais 1523:Peach Pass I-85 Atlanta, Georgia ( 205:Vehicle recognition identification 60:Automatic number-plate recognition 25: 5296:Green, Jonah (24 February 2012). 5159:. Siemens Traffic. Archived from 4083:. PIPS Technology. Archived from 4065:. 18 October 2013. Archived from 3828:"Een duur foutje van de computer" 3277:Balko, Radley (1 December 2015). 918:ANPR cameras in operation on the 765:intelligent transportation system 303:Dutch vehicle registration plates 216:ANPR was invented in 1976 at the 199:Vehicle license-plate recognition 169:Automatisk nummerpladegenkendelse 70:below) is a technology that uses 55:License plate recognition process 5883:Automated species identification 3957:"Evidence-Based Policing Matrix" 3339:Belson, Ken (28 February 2010). 2616:Hoctor, Michelle (6 June 2012). 1614: 1234:Areas of low and high congestion 1180:Enterprise security and services 996:Fairfax County Police Department 670:Department of Justice (Victoria) 641:Mobile ANPR cameras fitted to a 163:Automatic vehicle identification 67: 18:Automated Vehicle Identification 6059:Applications of computer vision 5868:Audio-visual speech recognition 5259:. TheRegister.com. 17 July 2006 5204:Clements, Jon (11 March 2008). 5125:Lettice, John (24 March 2005). 5098:Lucena, Raul (24 August 2006). 4940:. Thenewspaper.com. 3 July 2007 4273:. Fetc.net.tw. 10 February 2006 3992:. February 2011. Archived from 3959:(Archived copy). Archived from 3826:Kreling, Tom (28 August 2008). 3159:Police Executive Research Forum 2859:. Telecompaper. 9 December 2010 2813:. Sourceforge. 2 November 2014. 2481:. Brno University of Technology 2294:"Car License Plate Recognition" 1752:, Sweden, ANPR is used for the 1576:Evergreen Point Floating Bridge 1400:Interstate 540 (North Carolina) 1231:Number of vehicles along a road 1156:Braga, A. A., & Bond, B. J. 952:Department of Homeland Security 807:The technique is tested by the 794:Vehicle registration plates in 5713:Recognition and categorization 4823:Mathieson, SA (19 June 2003). 4693:California Air Resources Board 4634:Basich, Melanie (1 May 2018). 3915:. 4 March 2013. Archived from 3801:"Nummerborden lezen op de A13" 3409:Jackman, Tom (26 April 2018). 3161:. January 2012. Archived from 3097:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3071:American Civil Liberties Union 2841:. 12 July 2012. Archived from 2744:. Jenoptic.com. 27 April 2023. 2720:"Das Bundesverfassungsgericht" 2680:European Digital Rights (EDRi) 2247:. Google Patents. 7 April 2005 2181:American Civil Liberties Union 1976:American Civil Liberties Union 1374:Radio frequency identification 501:A different font, popular for 1: 6084:Optical character recognition 5977:Optical character recognition 5908:Content-based image retrieval 5237:. The National Archives. 2000 4874:. CBC News. 14 November 2005. 4732:Sexton, Steve (3 July 2003). 4706:Sexton, Steve (3 July 2003). 2921:. Home Office. Archived from 2382:. Dept. of Computer Science, 2082:List of emerging technologies 1963:reported in August 2011 that 957:Los Angeles Police Department 586:of a dedicated camera set to 406:Optical character recognition 349:car equipped with mobile ANPR 299:optical character recognition 88:road-rule enforcement cameras 72:optical character recognition 4293:"Congestion Charge payments" 2045:Anti-facial recognition mask 2028:Federal University of Paraná 1448:in California, United States 674:New South Wales Police Force 643:New South Wales Police Force 545:IP-based surveillance camera 498:during license plate reading 6074:Traffic enforcement systems 4187:"Saint John Harbour Bridge" 4109:. Blura.com. Archived from 3781:(in Dutch). 18 October 1997 3628:"Description of the system" 3047:. Home Office. October 2014 3022:. Home Office. October 2014 2997:. Home Office. October 2014 2947:. College of Policing. 2013 1931:fired as a result, and The 1821:Police and auxiliary police 1798:Targeted advertising, a-la 1484:(as Fast Lane until 2012), 1442:, all Australian toll roads 1407:Wake County, North Carolina 880:UK law enforcement agencies 193:Mobile license-plate reader 76:vehicle registration plates 45:vehicle registration plates 6110: 6069:Electronic toll collection 5873:Automatic image annotation 5708:Noise reduction techniques 5591:10.1109/IJCNN.2018.8489629 5468:Police Technology Magazine 5464:"New Developments In ALPR" 4888:. CBC News. Archived from 4825:"Keeping 1984 in the past" 4189:. Saintjohn Harbour Bridge 2474:Martinsky, Ondrej (2007). 2130:10.1109/TCSVT.2012.2203741 1965:New York Police Department 1584:Washington State Route 167 1536:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 1392:and ANPR on March 27, 2013 1370:electronic toll collection 1287: 1284:Electronic toll collection 1095: 1021: 887:Protection of Freedoms Act 862: 100:electronic toll collection 31: 6025: 5838:Free viewpoint television 5530:– via ResearchGate. 4165:Marin Independent Journal 2152:"An introduction to ANPR" 2060:Facial recognition system 1758:Gothenburg congestion tax 1417:Saint John, New Brunswick 1413:Saint John Harbour Bridge 1386:San Francisco, California 1376:and ANPR. These include: 1368:There are numerous other 1309:Orange County, California 984:Supreme Court of Virginia 858:Greater Manchester Police 705:provincial privacy acts. 657:Closed-circuit television 571:are visible on the right. 181:License-plate recognition 143:license-plate recognition 84:closed-circuit television 5903:Computer-aided diagnosis 3913:Defense Procurement News 3518:Commonwealth v. McCarthy 3497: 2881:. Ukraine: Ollie.com.ua. 2560:18 February 2017 at the 2537:. Cctv-information.co.uk 2505:University of the Aegean 2375:Draghici, Sorin (1997). 2154:. Cctv-information.co.uk 1786:Automobile repossessions 1754:Stockholm congestion tax 1714:London congestion charge 1706:London congestion charge 1696:London congestion charge 809:Swedish Police Authority 508:Circumvention techniques 386:There are seven primary 271:London congestion charge 6094:Government by algorithm 6079:Road traffic management 5965:Moving object detection 5955:Medical image computing 5718:Research infrastructure 5688:Image sensor technology 5495:. Platerecognition.info 4860:(subscription required) 4851:The New Republic Online 3523:142 N.E.3d 1090 2174:"You Are Being Tracked" 1981:In mid-August 2015, in 1540:Trans European Motorway 1072:Average speed cameras ( 1062:Autostrade per l'Italia 1024:Speed limit enforcement 567:. The rows of infrared 538:garbage in, garbage out 427:reduce the visual noise 6064:Authentication methods 6002:Video content analysis 5970:Small object detection 5749:Computer stereo vision 5437:. 2012. Archived from 4350:"Transport for London" 3807:(in Dutch). 6 May 2002 3525: (Mass. 2020). 2511:. 2006. Archived from 2384:Wayne State University 1875:Novelty frames around 1868: 1709: 1566:Northern Gateway, SH 1 1462:Autopista Central in 1345: 1333: 1316: 1311:, uses ANPR and radio 1214: 923: 911: 860: 759: 730:On 11 March 2008, the 660: 649: 572: 458: 450: 442: 383: 350: 338: 294: 98:. It is also used for 82:. It can use existing 56: 48: 6007:Video motion analysis 5818:Structure from motion 5764:3D object recognition 5542:"OpenALPR Benchmarks" 5358:ACLU of Massachusetts 4480:14 April 2010 at the 2354:University of Calgary 2070:Vehicle location data 1866: 1824:Car parking companies 1703: 1586:HOT-lanes in western 1492:), and other states. 1339: 1331: 1302: 1256:variable-message sign 1205: 1018:Average-speed cameras 917: 905: 851: 749: 655: 640: 562: 471:images, particularly 456: 449:Swedish license plate 448: 440: 377: 344: 332: 284: 175:Car-plate recognition 92:vehicle is registered 80:vehicle location data 54: 42: 5930:Foreground detection 5913:Reverse image search 5893:Bioimage informatics 5863:Activity recognition 5285:. 10 September 2012. 5048:. CCTV Information. 5013:"Driving crime down" 4857:on 3 September 2005. 4424:Transport for London 4297:Transport for London 4209:"Golden Ears Bridge" 4133:"Trunk Roads – PTFM" 3325:on 28 November 2015. 1877:Texas license plates 1718:Transport for London 1638:improve this section 1458:Tunnels in Hong Kong 1411:Bridge Pass for the 1010:did not violate the 425:may also be used to 157:license-plate reader 5997:Autonomous vehicles 5935:Gesture recognition 5798:2D to 3D conversion 5548:. 31 October 2017. 5470:. 15 February 2011. 5339:The Washington Post 4636:"Move Over Or Else" 4523:. 25 September 2009 4488:. 11 November 2009. 4430:on 12 December 2007 4420:"Congestion Charge" 4382:on 8 September 2017 4356:on 12 December 2007 4215:on 4 September 2010 4069:on 18 October 2013. 3594:. 4 September 2018. 3188:. 29 November 2009. 3168:on 29 January 2013. 2620:. Illawarra Mercury 1940:Data Protection Act 1403:Triangle Expressway 1226:Pedestrian crossing 1002:In April 2020, the 892:policing by consent 525:Victoria, Australia 6012:Video surveillance 5950:Landmark detection 5858:3D pose estimation 5843:Volumetric capture 5803:Gaussian splatting 5759:Object recognition 5673:Commercial systems 5235:legislation.gov.uk 5185:. thenewspaper.com 4892:on 23 October 2007 4139:on 7 February 2012 4087:on 24 January 2009 4049:www.romanse.org.uk 3999:on 10 January 2016 3723:"Autostrade S.p.A" 3634:on 17 October 2009 3117:Matsakis, Louise. 2925:on 18 January 2020 2700:. 20 February 2014 2640:"ANPR in Mechelen" 2393:on 2 November 2005 2273:. 21 November 2005 2224:ANPR International 2199:ANPR International 2065:Road policing unit 1869: 1842:emergency vehicles 1829:automatic bollards 1827:To raise or lower 1816:visitor management 1710: 1494:Maryland Route 200 1423:Golden Ears Bridge 1382:Golden Gate Bridge 1346: 1334: 1317: 1215: 924: 912: 908:City of Alexandria 861: 774:Several Hungarian 760: 722:is being charged. 661: 650: 573: 549:perimeter security 459: 451: 443: 384: 351: 339: 295: 246:Sharon Beshenivsky 74:on images to read 57: 49: 6036: 6035: 5945:Image restoration 5888:Augmented reality 5853: 5852: 5833:4D reconstruction 5785:3D reconstruction 5678:Feature detection 5600:978-1-5090-6014-6 5575:. pp. 1–10. 5408:. 25 January 2021 5364:on 30 August 2017 5025:on 8 January 2007 4683:on 4 October 2006 4450:"Section control" 4237:. NSW Government. 4235:"Getting started" 4113:on 4 January 2012 3729:on 16 August 2012 3678:. 28 January 2014 3477:. 23 October 2020 3206:. September 2011. 2423:, Gliwice, Poland 2220:"History of ANPR" 2195:"History of ANPR" 1900:Gregg Easterbrook 1848:emissions testing 1802:-style billboards 1800:"Minority Report" 1674: 1673: 1666: 1552:Westlink Toll in 1421:Quickpass at the 1329: 1203: 1177: 1176: 1028:ANPR is used for 852:An ANPR Equipped 347:Merseyside Police 325:In mobile systems 120:mass surveillance 104:pay-per-use roads 16:(Redirected from 6101: 5960:Object detection 5925:Face recognition 5808:Shape from focus 5781: 5668:Digital geometry 5642: 5635: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5584: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518:. Archived from 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5390:. 28 April 2020. 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5360:. Archived from 5349: 5343: 5342: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5163:on 17 April 2005 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5106:on 31 March 2017 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5044:Constant, Mike. 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4993:on 20 March 2009 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4918:on 3 August 2012 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4853:. Archived from 4842: 4833: 4832: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4800:. Archived from 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4774:on 24 March 2005 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4740:. Archived from 4738:Washington Times 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4712:Washington Times 4703: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4676:. Archived from 4671: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4642:. Archived from 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4615:on 26 March 2012 4614: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4426:. Archived from 4416: 4410: 4409: 4408:. 2 August 2023. 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4378:. Archived from 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4326:. 17 July 2007. 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4211:. Archived from 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4063:"Mobile ROMANSE" 4059: 4053: 4052: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025:on 17 April 2005 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3990:Indiangaming.com 3987: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3963:on 4 August 2016 3953: 3947: 3946: 3945:. 26 April 2013. 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3863:on 11 March 2012 3853: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3753:www.ztlmilano.it 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3592:Arabian Business 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3568:on 3 August 2013 3564:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3506:2887 (2021). 3501: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3449:ACLU of Virginia 3441: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3321:. Archived from 3311: 3305: 3304: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2845:on 12 July 2012. 2835: 2829: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2600:"Year In Review" 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2580:on 23 March 2012 2570: 2564: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2515:on 20 April 2008 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2480: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2455:on 20 March 2009 2454: 2448:. Archived from 2447: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2386:. Archived from 2381: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2351: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2123: 2102: 1961:Associated Press 1783:Border crossings 1669: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1618: 1610: 1542:entry points in 1532:Bosphorus Bridge 1342:Hardanger Bridge 1330: 1204: 1187:vehicle tracking 1142: 1058: 1046:Italian highways 994:prohibiting the 990:judge issued an 929:American English 776:auxiliary police 619: 618: 614: 609: 608: 604: 595: 594: 590: 565:Hungarian police 531:Imaging hardware 21: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6021: 5992:Robotic mapping 5940:Image denoising 5849: 5770: 5737: 5703:Motion analysis 5651: 5649:Computer vision 5646: 5616: 5601: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5444:on 13 July 2018 5441: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5322:. 18 July 2013. 5314: 5313: 5309: 5302:Huffington Post 5295: 5294: 5290: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5210:The Mirror (UK) 5203: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5071:Hofman, Yoram. 5070: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4764:Wentworth, Jeff 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4744:on 31 July 2013 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4555:on 9 April 2008 4552: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482:Wayback Machine 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3919:on 5 March 2016 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3832:NRC Handelsblad 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3427: 3425: 3415:Washington Post 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3372:. 19 July 2013. 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3283:Washington Post 3276: 3275: 3271: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3223:Washington Post 3216: 3215: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2895:. 4 August 2022 2891: 2890: 2886: 2879:"Video control" 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2778:"Matrix Police" 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2742:"TraffiCapture" 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2562:Wayback Machine 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2121:10.1.1.352.2586 2104: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2041: 2019: 1999: 1890: 1861: 1856: 1790:Petrol stations 1774: 1766: 1746: 1737: 1698: 1670: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1635: 1619: 1608: 1525:Gwinnett County 1425:, crossing the 1353:407 ETR highway 1319: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1247:Siemens Traffic 1197: 1195: 1193:Traffic control 1182: 1129: 1127:Crime deterrent 1100: 1094: 1074:trajectcontrole 1070: 1052: 1042: 1026: 1020: 979: 971:A&E Network 920:Brooklyn Bridge 900: 867: 854:Vauxhall Vectra 846: 833: 827:315 (US$ 175). 817: 805: 792: 744: 728: 719: 711: 702: 686: 666: 635: 633:Law enforcement 630: 616: 612: 611: 606: 602: 601: 598:rolling shutter 592: 588: 587: 577:retroreflective 533: 435: 372: 327: 279: 254: 234:Dartford Tunnel 214: 128: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6017:Video tracking 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987:Remote sensing 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5898:Blob detection 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5830: 5825: 5823:View synthesis 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5756: 5754:Motion capture 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5614: 5599: 5563: 5533: 5522:on 30 May 2018 5506: 5483: 5473: 5455: 5419: 5393: 5375: 5344: 5325: 5307: 5288: 5270: 5248: 5222: 5196: 5174: 5148: 5117: 5090: 5063: 5036: 5004: 4978: 4951: 4929: 4903: 4877: 4863: 4834: 4815: 4804:on 20 May 2015 4785: 4755: 4724: 4698: 4657: 4626: 4589: 4566: 4534: 4512: 4490: 4467: 4456:on 12 May 2006 4441: 4411: 4393: 4367: 4341: 4309: 4284: 4262: 4240: 4226: 4200: 4178: 4150: 4124: 4098: 4072: 4054: 4036: 4010: 3974: 3948: 3930: 3900: 3889:. 21 July 2008 3874: 3845: 3818: 3792: 3766: 3740: 3714: 3689: 3667: 3645: 3619: 3597: 3579: 3562:"Flitsers.net" 3553: 3542:on 6 July 2011 3527: 3509: 3488: 3462: 3451:. 5 April 2019 3436: 3401: 3375: 3357: 3345:New York Times 3328: 3306: 3288: 3269: 3247: 3228: 3209: 3191: 3171: 3143: 3109: 3083: 3058: 3033: 3008: 2983: 2958: 2936: 2906: 2884: 2870: 2848: 2830: 2816: 2802: 2791: 2769: 2747: 2733: 2711: 2685: 2667: 2645: 2631: 2608: 2591: 2565: 2548: 2526: 2492: 2466: 2433: 2404: 2367: 2338: 2311: 2284: 2258: 2236: 2211: 2186: 2165: 2143: 2114:(2): 311–325. 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2018: 2015: 1998: 1995: 1912: 1911: 1904:slippery slope 1889: 1886: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1838:Move over laws 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1672: 1671: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1573: 1563: 1562:in South Korea 1557: 1547: 1528: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1497: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1419: 1409: 1393: 1296: 1293: 1285: 1282: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222:Car park usage 1194: 1191: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1133:access control 1128: 1125: 1120:RAC Foundation 1093: 1092:United Kingdom 1090: 1069: 1066: 1050:Tutor (device) 1041: 1038: 1022:Main article: 1019: 1016: 988:Fairfax County 978: 975: 899: 896: 875:United Kingdom 863:Main article: 845: 844:United Kingdom 842: 832: 829: 816: 813: 804: 801: 791: 788: 743: 740: 727: 724: 718: 715: 710: 707: 701: 698: 685: 682: 677:Highway Patrol 665: 662: 646:Highway Patrol 634: 631: 629: 626: 532: 529: 513: 512: 509: 506: 499: 492: 489: 486: 475: 466: 434: 431: 429:on the image. 419:edge detection 415: 414: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 371: 368: 326: 323: 278: 275: 253: 250: 213: 210: 209: 208: 202: 196: 190: 184: 178: 172: 166: 160: 146: 127: 124: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6106: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6031: 6030: 6029:Main category 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Pose tracking 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5564: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5507: 5494: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5197: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5064: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4816: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4646:on 2 May 2018 4645: 4641: 4640:policemag.com 4637: 4630: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4376:"vosa.gov.uk" 4371: 4368: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 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L. Rev. 3500: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3319:ABC13 Houston 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256:Angwin, Julia 3251: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3018: 3012: 3009: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2434: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1859:Circumvention 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1657: 1654:December 2012 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1623:This section 1621: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1572:, New Zealand 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:Massachusetts 1479: 1475: 1472:in New York, 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396:NC Quick Pass 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1207:Video tolling 1192: 1190: 1188: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 976: 974: 972: 968: 967: 960: 958: 953: 948: 946: 940: 937: 932: 930: 921: 916: 909: 904: 898:United States 897: 895: 893: 888: 883: 881: 876: 872: 866: 859: 856:belonging to 855: 850: 843: 841: 838: 830: 828: 826: 822: 814: 812: 810: 802: 800: 797: 789: 787: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 757: 753: 748: 741: 739: 737: 733: 725: 723: 716: 714: 708: 706: 699: 697: 695: 691: 683: 681: 678: 675: 671: 663: 658: 654: 647: 644: 639: 632: 627: 625: 621: 599: 585: 584:shutter speed 580: 578: 570: 566: 561: 557: 555: 550: 546: 541: 539: 530: 528: 526: 521: 518: 510: 507: 504: 503:vanity plates 500: 497: 496:angle of view 493: 490: 487: 484: 480: 476: 474: 470: 467: 464: 463: 462: 455: 447: 439: 432: 430: 428: 424: 423:median filter 420: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 392: 391: 389: 381: 376: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 348: 343: 336: 331: 324: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 292: 288: 283: 276: 274: 272: 268: 263: 262:alphanumerics 259: 251: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 211: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 136: 133: 132: 131: 125: 123: 121: 115: 113: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 46: 41: 35: 30: 19: 6054:Surveillance 6027: 5920:Eye tracking 5877: 5776:Applications 5742:Technologies 5728:Segmentation 5572: 5566: 5554:. Retrieved 5546:openalpr.com 5545: 5536: 5524:. Retrieved 5520:the original 5509: 5497:. Retrieved 5486: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5439:the original 5434: 5422: 5410:. Retrieved 5405: 5396: 5388:The Register 5378: 5366:. Retrieved 5362:the original 5347: 5338: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5251: 5239:. Retrieved 5234: 5225: 5213:. Retrieved 5209: 5199: 5187:. Retrieved 5177: 5165:. Retrieved 5161:the original 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5131:The Register 5130: 5120: 5108:. Retrieved 5104:the original 5093: 5081:. Retrieved 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5039: 5027:. Retrieved 5020:the original 5007: 4995:. Retrieved 4991:the original 4981: 4969:. Retrieved 4965:The Register 4964: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4932: 4920:. Retrieved 4916:the original 4906: 4894:. Retrieved 4890:the original 4880: 4866: 4855:the original 4850: 4829:The Guardian 4828: 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4802:the original 4797: 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4772:the original 4758: 4746:. 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