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There are a number of advantages for the operator of a raster-scan display and concurrently there are some deficiencies too. The most obvious advantage of a raster-scan display is the brightness of the picture. This allows the observer to view the screen in almost all conditions of ambient light. Out of all the benefits offered by a raster-scan radar it is this ability which has assured its success. Another difference between the radial-scan and raster-scan displays is that the latter has a rectangular screen. The screen size is specified by the length of the diagonal and the width and height of the screen with an approximate ratio of 4:3. The raster-scan television tubes have a much longer life than a traditional radar
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observers by enabling them to automatically obtain information so that they can perform as well with multiple targets as they can by manually plotting a single target". As we can see from this statement the principal advantages of ARPA are a reduction in the workload of bridge personnel and fuller and quicker information on selected targets.
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At normal your ARPA does everything automatically, but here you find some more information about how to actually plot your ship. When it is decided (after assessment of the initial plot) that it is necessary for own ship to manoeuvre, it is essential to determine the effect of that manoeuvre prior to
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The radar picture of a raster-scan synthetic display is produced on a television screen and is made up of a large number of horizontal lines which form a pattern known as a raster. This type of display is much more complex than the radial-scan synthetic display and requires a large amount of memory.
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The IMO Performance
Standards for radar to provide a plan display with an effective display diameter of 180mm, 250mm, or 340mm depending upon the gross tonnage of the vessel. With the diameter parameters already chosen, the manufacturer has then to decide how to arrange the placement of the digital
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The majority of ARPAs manufactured in the 21st century integrate the ARPA features with the radar display. The modern integral ARPA combines the conventional radar data with the computer data processing systems into one unit. The main operational advantage is that both the radar and ARPA data are
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The initial development and design of ARPAs were stand-alone units. That is because they were designed to be an addition to the conventional radar unit. All of the ARPA functions were installed on board as a separate unit, but needed to be interfaced with existing equipment to get the basic radar
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requirements regarding the carrying of suitable automated radar plotting aids. The primary function of ARPAs can be summarized in the statement found under the IMO Performance
Standards. It states a requirement of ARPAs: "to improve the standard of collision avoidance at sea: Reduce the workload of
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Automatic ground stabilization for navigation purposes. ARPA processes radar information much more rapidly than conventional radar but is still subject to the same limitations. ARPA data is only as accurate as the data that comes from inputs such as the gyro and speed
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A typical ARPA function gives a presentation of the current situation and uses computer technology to predict future situations. An ARPA assesses the risk of collision, and enables operator to see proposed maneuvers by own ship.
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systems. Radar manufacturers used this technology to create the
Automatic Radar Plotting Aids. ARPAs are computer assisted radar data processing systems which generate predictive vectors and other ship movement information.
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data. The primary benefits were cost and time savings for ships already equipped with radar. This of course was not the ideal situation and eventually it was the integral ARPA that replaced the stand-alone unit.
190:(PPI) was replaced by a raster-scan PPI generated on a television type of display. The integral ARPA and conventional radar units with a raster-scan display will gradually replace the radial-scan radar sets.
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Because of the time taken for a change in speed to have any effect on the apparent motion line, the mariner will frequently select a change in course if it will achieve a satisfactory passing distance.
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its execution and to ensure that it will result in a safe passing distance. After the manoeuvre has been completed, plotting must be continued to ensure that the manoeuvre is having the desired effect.
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using radar contacts. The system can calculate the tracked object's course, speed and closest point of approach (CPA), thereby knowing if there is a danger of collision with the other ship or landmass.
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numerical data and control status indicators. The raster-scan display makes it easier for design engineers in the way auxiliary data can be written.raster from azimuth information digitized.
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182:. Although the cathode ray tube has retained its function over the years, the way in which the picture is presented has changed considerably. From about the mid-1980s the first
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The development of commercial marine radar entered a new phase in the 1980s when raster-scan displays that were compliant with the IMO Performance
Standards were introduced.
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Digital read-out of acquired targets which provides course, speed, range, bearing, closest point of approach (CPA, and time to CPA (TCPA).
201:(CRT). Although the tubes are cheaper over their counterpart, the complexity of the signal processing makes it more expensive overall.
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in dense fog and sank off the east coast of the United States. ARPA radars started to emerge in the 1960s, with the development of
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technology during the 1970s and 1980s have made it possible to apply computer techniques to improve commercial marine
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From the time radar was first introduced to the present day the radar picture has been presented on the screen of a
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The ability to perform trial maneuvers, including course changes, speed changes, and combined course/speed changes.
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While many different models of ARPAs are available on the market, the following functions are usually provided:
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Predict the range and bearing of the echo at 0935, if the (instantaneous) manoeuvre is made at 0941.
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At 0935 it is intended to alter course 60° to starboard (We assume this to be instantaneous).
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Example. With own ship steering 000° at a speed of 12 knots, an echo is observed as follows:
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United States
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Publication 1310,
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The ability to display collision assessment information directly on the
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Predict the new CPA and TCPA if the manoeuvre is delayed until 0941.
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It is more likely to be detected if the other vessel is plotting.
92:. ARPA-enabled radars are now available even for small yachts.
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Development of ARPA started after 1956, when the
Italian liner
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Automatic acquisition of targets plus manual acquisition.
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International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
339:Electronic maps for ARPA Radar in all Russia ports
324:The Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual,
120:(IMO) has set out certain standards amending the
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136:True or relative motion radar presentation.
241:The encounter may be more quickly cleared.
223:The plot when own ship alters course only
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307:(MARPA) or Automatic Tracking Aid (ATA)
255:0929 echo bears 036° (T) at 8.0 n mile
258:0935 echo bears 034° (T) at 6.5 n mile
252:0923 echo bears 037° (T) at 9.5 n mile
34:A typical shipboard ARPA/radar system.
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231:This has some distinct advantages:
186:displays appeared. The radial-scan
118:International Maritime Organization
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420:BOLE, A., DINELEY, B., WALL, A.,
305:Mini Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
214:The plot when own ship manoeuvers
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238:The vessel retains steerage way.
104:and the development of advanced
77:in 1969 and was manufactured by
424:Oxford, Elsevier, 2005, p. 312.
299:Automatic Identification System
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376:The dictionary definition of
356:The dictionary definition of
161:Standalone and integral ARPAs
100:The availability of low cost
393:"Kongsberg Maritime History"
266:predict the new CPA and TCPA
44:automatic radar plotting aid
18:Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
235:It is quick to take effect.
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379:closest point of approach
334:Radar in the 21st Century
50:) capability can create
188:Plan position indicator
147:Plan Position Indicator
27:Marine radar capability
440:Navigational equipment
422:Radar and Arpa manual.
326:Chapter 5. Available
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395:. Kongsberg Maritime
170:readily comparable.
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184:raster scan
82: [
72:cargo liner
434:Categories
399:2009-03-28
317:References
79:Norcontrol
75:MV Taimyr
277:See also
106:computer
359:contact
96:History
328:online
52:tracks
445:Radar
110:radar
86:]
42:with
156:log.
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48:ARPA
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