632:
a set time, predetermined or varied by the control centre as required, the ATO will close the doors and automatically restart the train if the door closed proving circuit is complete. Some systems have platform screen doors as well. ATO will also provide a signal for these to open once it has completed the on-board checking procedure. Although described here as an ATO function, door enabling at stations is often incorporated as part of the ATP equipment because it is regarded as a "vital" system and requires the same safety validation processes as ATP.
588:
375:, but a driver operates the doors, drives the train if needed and handles emergencies. Many ATO systems are GoA2. In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a driver is in the cab, with responsibility for door closing, obstacle detection on the track in front of the train and handling of emergency situations. As in a GoA3 system, the GoA2 train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board. Examples include the
209:
274:
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47:
627:
The train approaches the station under clear signals, so it can do a normal run-in. When it reaches the first beacon â originally a looped cable, now usually a fixed transponder â a station brake command is received by the train. The on-board computer calculates the braking curve to enable it to stop
426:
installed. In this system, trains are capable of operating automatically at all times, including door closing, obstacle detection and emergency situations. On-board staff may be provided for other purposes, e.g. customer service, but are not required for safe operation. Controls are often provided to
856:
Before the prime minister was supposed to ride the train and a few days before the opening, the train was undergoing ATO trails at the
Kalindi Kunj Depot, as the train approached the buffer, it hit the buffers and derailed, hitting the front wall, the wall was eventually patched with bricks, however
631:
When the train has stopped, it verifies that its brakes are applied and checks that it has stopped within the door-enabling loops. These loops verify the position of the train relative to the platform and which side the doors should open. Once all this is complete, the ATO will open the doors. After
615:
operations such as route setting and train regulation are carried out by the system. The ATC and ATP systems will work together to maintain a train within a defined tolerance of its timetable. The combined system will marginally adjust operating parameters such as the ratio of power to coasting when
623:
Whereas ATP is the safety system that ensures a safe spacing between trains and provides sufficient warning as to when to stop. ATO is the "non-safety" part of train operation related to station stops and starts, and indicates the stopping position for the train once the ATP has confirmed that the
403:
Starting and stopping are automated, but a train attendant operates the doors and drives the train in case of emergencies. In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a staff member is always in the train, with responsibility for handling of emergency situations. In a GoA3
796:
board was obstructing the tracks. The second train, No. 5, left
Terminal AĂ©rea station with the analogue PA-135 ATO system turned on despite the driver being asked to turn it off and to operate the train manually, as the protocol requests it when it rains because trains have to drive with
895:
signalling system. There were no passengers aboard either train, although the operators of both trains were injured. Before the crash site had been cleaned up, all Tsuen Wan line trains terminated at
Admiralty instead of Central. The same vendor also provided a similar signalling system in
555:
started commercial operation of automatic train operation using the ATS-DK on the Kashii Line (between Nishi-Tozaki and Kashii
Stations) on a trial basis on December 24, 2020. The goal is to achieve GoA3, a form of "driverless operation with an attendant".
892:
769:, injuring 284â300 people. Initial investigations found that train operators violated regulations while operating the trains manually after a loss of power on the line caused its ATO and signalling systems to fail. No deaths were reported.
844:
signalling system. One of the trains involved had a safety protection feature removed when it went over a faulty signalling circuit as a fix for a known software bug, hence "bursting" the signalling bubble and leading to the collision.
635:
Once door operation is completed, ATO will accelerate the train to its cruising speed, allow it to coast to the next station brake command beacon and then brake into the next station, assuming no intervention by the ATP system.
228:
The degree of automation is indicated by the Grade of
Automation (GoA), up to GoA4 in which the train is automatically controlled without any staff on board. On most systems for lower grades of automation up to GoA2, there is a
945:. On seeing the situation, the staff misoperated the traindoor controlling system, allowing the screendoor to isolate without detecting, causing the train run a short while and fatally injuring the trapped passenger.
3099:
2790:
857:
it was eventually realized that the brakes were not applied by the train by default under the operation. This led to the trains being controlled by drivers till 2024, delaying the full UTO operations by 7 years.
2323:
908:(EMSD) published an investigation report into the incident and concluded that a programming error in the SelTrac signalling system led the ATP system to malfunction, resulting in the collision.
2483:
2450:
1788:
2998:
1209:, Germany. The conventional, standard-track, non-metro train technology could, according to reports, theoretically be implemented for rail transport worldwide and is also substantially more
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3160:
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818:
213:
174:
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reduced speed. Train No. 5 crashed into Train No. 4 at 31.8 km/h (19.8 mph) â double the average on arrival at the platforms â and left twelve people injured.
2587:
2195:
1562:
2265:
1756:
628:
at the correct point, and as the train runs in towards the platform, the curve is updated a number of times (which varies from system to system) to ensure accuracy.
1205:
In
October 2021, the pilot project of the "world's first automated, driverless train" on regular tracks shared with other rail traffic was launched in the city of
3405:
2315:
1547:
3042:
2399:
905:
286:
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controls starting and stopping, operation of doors and handling of emergencies or sudden diversions. Overseen signals due to human errors are safeguarded by
96:
2816:
2346:
2164:
167:
205:, which performs any or all of functions like programmed stopping, speed adjusting, door operation, and similar otherwise assigned to the train operator.
1471:
2228:
2916:
3165:
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in the line's ATO equipment that transmits the brake command signal, causing the brakes to not operate. Operations resumed on 19 November 1993 after
1637:
3523:
2472:
114:
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3903:
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160:
1969:
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1364:
826:
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1347:
645:
256:
119:
2717:
Hemzal, Georg; Firnkorn, Jörg; Sadeghipour, Sadegh; Leuschel, Michael; Schlingloff, Bernd-Holger; GroĂmann, JĂŒrgen; Strobel, Timo (2021).
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1369:
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888:
81:
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Instead of a trained driver, a train attendant sits in the cab, with nothing to do except detect obstacles and evacuate passengers.
3133:
2020:
Singh, Prashant; Dulebenets, Maxim A.; Pasha, Junayed; Gonzalez, Ernesto D. R. Santibanez; Lau, Yui-Yip; Kampmann, Raphael (2021).
422:
Starting, stopping and operation of doors are all fully automated without any on-train staff. It is recommended that stations have
2614:
201:
where the driver is not required or required for supervision at most. Alternatively, ATO can be defined as a subsystem within the
3309:
2187:
1221:
657:
386:
260:
124:
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221:
3655:
3345:
3128:
3555:
3210:
1569:
1372:â An automatic braking system used on some Japanese railway lines, can also be combined with ATO as its auto-braking function
919:
592:
432:
217:
2257:
1998:
2791:"LOK Report - Deutsche Bahn: AusrĂŒstung von zwei RegionalzĂŒgen mit modernster Sensortechnik fĂŒr vollautomatisiertes Fahren"
1763:
1717:
Peleska, Jan; Haxthausen, Anne E.; Lecomte, Thierry (2022). "Standardisation
Considerations for Autonomous Train Control".
3682:
1385:
1284:
has been undergoing signal upgrades in order to use ATO and ATC over the next decade. Work has been completed on sections
1249:
484:
86:
2999:"How will the Eglinton Crosstown LRT's automatic train control work? We break down every major element in an infographic"
3467:
3462:
3442:
3335:
1563:"A global bid for automation: UITP Observatory of Automated Metros confirms sustained growth rates for the coming years"
1320:
789:
1406:"IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Details for IEV number 821-09-01: "automatic train operation""
1285:
3734:
3677:
3516:
3299:
3200:
617:
242:
91:
2719:"KI-LOK â Ein Verbundprojekt ĂŒber PrĂŒfverfahren fĂŒr KI-basierte Komponenten im Eisenbahnbetrieb | Eurailpress Archiv"
780:
On 4 May 2015, at around 18:00 hours local time (00:00 hours UTC) during heavy rain with hail, two trains crashed at
792:. The first train, No. 4, was parked at the end of OceanĂa station's platform after the driver reported that a
3882:
3148:
3138:
3112:
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1256:
1229:
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234:
64:
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3205:
3170:
942:
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758:
739:
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147:
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in
Singapore, causing 38 injuries. At that time, the East-West Line was in the process of having its previous
781:
587:
233:
present to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies. Driverless automation is primarily used on
2218:
1497:
3635:
3550:
3472:
3185:
877:
830:
723:
608:
405:
364:
202:
2424:
2318:[And by the way, how many crashes have occurred throughout the history of the Mexico City Metro?].
224:
in
Singapore. This line runs under ATO GoA 4, which is automatically controlled without any on-board staff.
3877:
3856:
3851:
3617:
3509:
3457:
3447:
3323:
3279:
3245:
2740:"Advanced integrated obstacle and track intrusion detection system for smart automation of rail transport"
901:
808:
727:
552:
460:
74:
69:
3861:
3400:
3284:
2866:
1129:
Advanced integrated obstacle and track intrusion detection system for smart automation of rail transport
881:
762:
684:
476:
472:
423:
938:
2615:"Forschungsvorhaben Komponenten Automatisierter Schienenverkehr KOMPAS, Phase I : Schlussbericht"
2089:"Impacts of Unattended Train Operations (UTO) on Productivity and Efficiency in Metropolitan Railways"
3846:
3230:
2033:
1721:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 13704. Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 286â307.
1375:
1358:
822:
383:
31:
1612:
1292:
will be equipped with ATC and ATO in 2022. The underground portion will use a GoA2 system while the
3729:
2253:
1432:
IEEE Standard for
Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC) Performance and Functional Requirements
1260:
1210:
653:
596:
540:
444:
293:, there are five Grades of Automation (GoA) of trains. These levels correspond with the automotive
238:
237:
systems where it is easier to ensure the safety due to isolated tracks. Fully automated trains for
1954:
2018 16th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Telecommunications (ITST)
3811:
3612:
3380:
2287:
2069:
1975:
1923:
1541:
1241:
1217:
815:
440:
436:
376:
290:
2022:"Deployment of Autonomous Trains in Rail Transportation: Current Trends and Existing Challenges"
1361:â A method of train operation, sometimes seen as an intermediate step towards greater automation
404:
system, the train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board. Examples include the
2136:
3697:
3390:
3077:
2316:"Y a todo esto, ÂżcuĂĄntos choques han ocurrido a lo largo de la historia del Metro de la CDMX?"
2061:
1965:
1913:
1732:
1697:
1527:
1444:
1233:
2718:
2613:
Haecker, Thies; Alcatel-SEL-Aktiengesellschaft, Unternehmensbereich Transportsysteme (2003).
2473:"Investigation Report on Incident of the New Signalling System Testing on MTR Tsuen Wan Line"
981:
3841:
3836:
3806:
3751:
3687:
3645:
3536:
3220:
2051:
2041:
1957:
1905:
1722:
1436:
1029:
999:
766:
612:
480:
468:
142:
2975:"Rail News â TTC extends signal system to Queen Station. For Railroad Career Professionals"
1896:
Tagiew, Rustam; Buder, Thomas; Hofmann, Kai; Klotz, Christian; Tilly, Roman (2 July 2021).
1594:
1011:
3763:
3607:
3043:"LOK Report - Tschechien: AĆœD will Kopidlno - DolnĂ Bousov im Jahr 2025 autonom betreiben"
2739:
2443:"Signalling system in Hong Kong MTR train collision a 'version' of that used in Singapore"
1897:
1312:
1308:
1289:
528:
1820:
1665:"Assistierter, automatischer oder autonomer Betrieb â Potentiale fĂŒr den Schienenverkehr"
1331:
17:
2037:
734:, injuring 217 people. The cause was believed to have been a malfunction in some of the
564:
An umbrella term for GoA3 and GoA4 meaning replacement of human train driver. The terms
515:
In addition to GoA1, there is connected on-board train energy optimisation (C-DAS) over
3791:
3786:
3602:
3427:
3340:
3304:
3225:
2841:
1849:
1281:
937:
On Jan 22, 2022, an elder passenger was caught between the traindoor and screendoor in
869:
671:
456:
3501:
2817:"Projekt "AutomatedTrain": ZĂŒge fahren vollautomatisiert und fahrerlos | Verkehrslage"
3897:
3816:
3801:
3267:
2534:
2073:
1927:
1259:
announced that they will test ATO on a 12-car W7 series Shinkansen train used on the
1245:
1225:
699:
in railway operation, there have been a few notable accidents involving ATO systems:
531:, a GoA2 is able to reverse in GoA4 at the final stations. This is indicated by '+'.
452:
379:
1979:
208:
3826:
3796:
3594:
3532:
1355:â A moving block signalling system that can be used to automate operation of trains
1297:
1274:
923:
841:
834:
464:
338:
230:
1335:
2006:
1727:
1691:
3821:
3577:
3360:
3350:
3262:
3190:
3180:
2046:
2021:
1719:
Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Practice
812:
731:
696:
448:
1949:
1874:
1440:
1430:
3175:
3069:
3021:"Ontario Line will be driven by proven tech rather than futuristic prototypes"
2159:
1961:
1380:
269:
A diagram representing the different levels of automation possible on railways
198:
2065:
811:â on 15 November 2017 at about 08:30 hours local time (00:30 hours UTC), one
3477:
3289:
3073:
2665:"autoBAHN - autonom fahrende EisenBAHN auf bestehenden Regionalbahnstrecken"
2370:"Joo Koon collision: 'Inadvertent removal' of software fix led to collision"
1909:
1237:
897:
294:
265:
2766:"safe.trAIn Project to Advance Development of AI-Enabled Automated Trains"
2638:
Bundesministerium fĂŒr Bildung und Forschung, Referat Informationstechnik.
3831:
3215:
3195:
2892:"Germany: Hamburg gets first fully automated tram | DW | 11 October 2021"
2283:"Error humano causĂł choque en Metro OceanĂa, informa comitĂ© investigador"
1638:"Cross-Domain Fertilisation in the Evolution towards Autonomous Vehicles"
1327:
1316:
431:
is considered a basic enabler technology for GoA4. Examples include the
3567:
3562:
3432:
3395:
2056:
1902:
2021 5th High Performance Computing and Cluster Technologies Conference
1206:
986:
885:
837:
793:
372:
368:
346:
273:
2696:
Internationales Verkehrswesen : Transport and mobility management
2088:
3452:
3437:
3385:
3365:
2561:"EinfĂŒhrungsstrategien fĂŒr die Automatisierung von Nahverkehrsbahnen"
1472:"Thales and Knorr-Bremse will jointly develop ATO for freight trains"
1267:
2639:
2510:"47 parah, 166 cedera ringan LRT bertembung berhampiran Stesen KLCC"
2400:"Driverless Delhi Metro Train Crashes Into Wall, These Memes Follow"
1693:
Computers in Railways XVII Railway Engineering Design and Operation
1277:
will feature driverless operation without any staff in attendance.
1016:
667:
Increasing capacity by stronger utilisation of existing rail tracks
3375:
1296:
will use a GoA4 system and travel driverless around the yard. The
735:
586:
272:
207:
195:
1300:
is proposed have a GoA4 driverless system and will open in 2030.
241:
are an area of research. The first driverless experiments in the
2260:[Mexico: Details of crash at OceanĂa station released].
1950:"The Autonomous Train: A game changer for the railways industry"
1326:
In 2025, regular driverless passenger services on the line from
1304:
516:
483:, Honolulu Skyline, Delhi Metro Magenta/Pink/Grey Lines and the
428:
278:
3505:
3081:
2258:"MĂ©xico:Dan a conocer detalles del choque en el Metro OceanĂa"
2223:
695:
While ATO has been proven to drastically reduce the chance of
660:, which showed the following advantages of autonomous trains:
46:
2958:"Yonge Subway Extension â Recommended Concept/Project Issues"
2341:[Human error caused train crash at OceanĂa station].
2157:[A train crash at Mexico's metro leaves 12 injured].
427:
drive the train manually in the event of a computer failure.
2692:"RCAS â Collision avoidance without permanent installations"
2087:
Cohen, J. M.; Barron, A. S.; Anderson, R. J.; Graham, D. J.
753:
On 27 September 2011 at 14:51 hours local time (06:51 hours
2425:"Hong Kong faces commuter chaos after rare train collision"
1794:(in Dutch). Rapportage audit Noord/Zuidlijn. Archived from
2155:"Un choque en el metro de MĂ©xico deja al menos 12 heridos"
1188:
Rail to Digital automated up to autonomous train operation
1663:
NieĂen, Nils; Schindler, Christian; Vallee, Dirk (2017).
3161:
Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines)
1904:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 41â47.
1263:
at the Hakusan General Rolling Stock Yard during 2022.
2339:"Error humano causĂł choque de trenes en Metro OceanĂa"
1270:
will be equipped with ATO in 2023 on the new U5 line.
674:
reduced its operational costs in case of GoA 4 by 30%.
2588:"RUBIN: Die erste fahrerlose U-Bahn im Mischbetrieb"
2137:"Signal maker: Not to blame for Shanghai rail crash"
1069:
Autonomous trains on existing regional railway lines
868:
A similar incident as the above occurred on the MTR
3779:
3722:
3706:
3670:
3628:
3593:
3586:
3543:
3418:
3322:
3244:
3147:
3119:
2219:"Mexico City metro trains crash; injuries reported"
1088:
Collision avoidance without permanent installations
363:Starting and stopping are automated using advanced
2106:"性éȘćžăă„ăŒăă©ă æŽè”°äșæ
ćć ăŻăȘăŹăŒćè·Żæ„ç¶äžèŻ é茞çăäžéć ±ć ăăŹăŒăæ什äŒăăă".
680:Improving fleet management and service flexibility
539:This is GoA2 with additional functions related to
1948:Lagay, RĂ©my; Adell, Gemma Morral (October 2018).
1821:"01-03-00079 1.02 Branchenlösung ATO auf GoA2(+)"
2633:
2631:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1365:Signaling of the New York City Subway#Automation
742:equipment was installed and tested on the line.
1875:"JRäčć·ăèȘćéè»ąăźć¶æ„éè»ąăčăżăŒăïŒć°æ„ăŻăGoA2.5ăăźćœąæ
çźæă | èȘćéè»ąă©ă"
1561:International Association of Public Transport.
876:crashed in the crossover track section between
3406:Unbuilt Rosemont personal rapid transit system
2565:ZEV DET Glasers Annalen â Die Eisenbahntechnik
1898:"Towards Nucleation of GoA3+ Approval Process"
726:train overran the line's southern terminus at
3517:
3093:
2931:"JR West to test ATO on W7 series Shinkansen"
2480:Electrical and Mechanical Services Department
1787:Korf, Wim; Grinwis, Piet; Podt, Theo (2010).
1169:Fully automated staging and parking of trains
906:Electrical and Mechanical Services Department
287:International Association of Public Transport
168:
8:
3573:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
3236:UP Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System
2277:
2275:
1613:"IEC 62290-1:2014 â IEC-Normen â VDE VERLAG"
833:and associated ATO system replaced with the
3693:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
2659:
2657:
1844:
1842:
1685:
1683:
1681:
884:while MTR was testing a new version of the
620:in order to adhere to a defined timetable.
3590:
3524:
3510:
3502:
3415:
3319:
3241:
3144:
3100:
3086:
3078:
2867:"Germany unveils first self-driving train"
2186:Robles, Johana; Ruiz, Fanny (5 May 2015).
2125:. Kotsu Shimbunsha. 1993-11-19. p. 1.
2110:. Kotsu Shimbunsha. 1993-11-09. p. 1.
1546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1240:. Trains on the central London section of
1150:Development of AI-Enabled Automated Trains
701:
175:
161:
36:
3166:Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System
2734:
2732:
2248:
2246:
2190:[Trains crash ate Metro Line 5].
2055:
2045:
1726:
1524:Unmanned driving systems for smart trains
1294:Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility
1049:Driverless operation on mainline railways
3070:Tests of train obstacle detection system
955:
891:intended to replace the line's existing
872:in Hong Kong on 18 March 2019, when two
821:train rear-ended another C151A train at
500:
299:
264:
27:Method of operating trains automatically
1498:"Europe's ERTMS dream enters a new era"
1397:
133:
105:
53:
39:
1539:
677:Increasing overall service reliability
289:(UITP) and the international standard
2917:"Thameslink first with ATO over ETCS"
2586:Trummer, Georg; Rappe, Jutta (2008).
2380:from the original on 17 November 2017
2217:Shoichet, Catherine E. (4 May 2015).
2167:from the original on 27 December 2019
1757:"X2Railâ1 ATO over ETCS (up to GoA4)"
691:Accidents and incidents involving ATO
7:
3258:List of airport people mover systems
2489:from the original on 30 January 2021
2453:from the original on 30 January 2021
2188:"Chocan trenes en LĂnea 5 del Metro"
1593:Elisabeth Fischer (23 August 2011).
1348:Automation of the London Underground
926:, in which 213 people were injured.
646:Florida Department of Transportation
603:Many modern systems are linked with
257:List of semi-automatic train systems
97:Automated transit networks suppliers
3683:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
1370:Train automatic stopping controller
664:Eliminating human sources of errors
648:funded a review by scientists from
3556:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
3356:Computer-controlled Vehicle System
3134:Hamersley & Robe River railway
2314:Ferrer, Angélica (11 March 2020).
1789:"Anticiperen op waardevol vervoer"
1753:European Union Agency for Railways
1353:Communications-based train control
1321:equipped with sensors and software
1273:All lines being built for the new
25:
3678:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
3371:Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit
2919:. Railway Gazette. 20 March 2018.
2349:from the original on 4 April 2020
2326:from the original on 30 May 2021.
2268:from the original on 30 May 2021.
1288:line. The underground portion of
1244:were the first to use ATO on the
1236:by 2022. ATO is used on parts of
2764:May, Tiana (29 September 2022).
2567:. pp. 129â130, 132, 134â137
2535:"äžæ”·ć°éäžć„łäčćźąèą«ć±èœéšć€čäœïŒéć»æąæćèș«äșĄïŒæć
łéšéšć·Čä»ć
„"
2368:Lim, Adrian (16 November 2017).
2295:from the original on 15 May 2015
2198:from the original on 30 May 2021
722:On 5 October 1993, an automated
670:Reduction of operational costs.
658:Hong Kong Polytechnic University
261:List of driverless train systems
106:Lists of automated train systems
45:
3651:Automatic train operation (ATO)
3346:Aramis (personal rapid transit)
3129:List of automated train systems
2956:Wheeler, Charles (2008-12-17).
2231:from the original on 3 May 2021
788:while both were heading toward
3714:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
3641:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
3211:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
2821:verkehrslage.vkw.tu-dresden.de
1216:ATO will be introduced on the
920:2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision
281:Level 3 as an example for GoA2
1:
3904:Automated track-bound traffic
3636:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
3551:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
2935:International Railway Journal
2337:Valdez, Ilich (12 May 2015).
1877:(in Japanese). 4 January 2021
1502:International Railway Journal
1386:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
457:Paris metro lines 1, 4 and 14
212:Pictured is a train cab of a
40:Automated track-bound traffic
30:For other uses of "ATO", see
3443:High Speed Surface Transport
3336:Advanced Transit Association
2093:National Academy of Sciences
1850:"ééïŒééă«ăăăèȘćéè»ąæèĄæ€èšäŒ - ćœćäș€éç"
1728:10.1007/978-3-031-19762-8_22
3300:PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom)
3201:Harbour Island People Mover
2896:Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)
2291:(in Spanish). 12 May 2015.
2047:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3091550
904:in 2017. In July 2019, the
485:Suzhou Rail Transit line 11
243:history of train automation
194:) is a method of operating
92:History of train automation
3920:
3310:VĂ©hicule Automatique LĂ©ger
3139:Iron Ore Company of Canada
2690:MĂŒller, Christoph (2010).
2163:(in Spanish). 5 May 2015.
2003:Railway Technical Web Page
1696:. Southampton: WIT Press.
1441:10.1109/IEEESTD.2004.95746
607:(ATP) and, in many cases,
605:automatic train protection
254:
235:automated guideway transit
65:Automated guideway transit
29:
3870:
1962:10.1109/ITST.2018.8566728
1568:. Belgium. Archived from
507:Description and examples
309:Description and examples
214:KawasakiâCRRC Sifang T251
188:Automatic train operation
55:Automatic train operation
18:Automatic Train Operation
3688:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
3295:PeopleMover (Disneyland)
3273:Metro-Airport Connection
3206:Krauss-Maffei Transurban
3171:Bombardier Innovia Metro
2559:Ritter, Norbert (2001).
2121:"性éȘćžäș€ăăă„ăŒăă©ă ă ăăăéèĄćé".
943:Line 15 (Shanghai Metro)
900:, which resulted in the
786:Mexico City Metro Line 5
650:Florida State University
365:train protection systems
343:train protection systems
148:Unmanned surface vehicle
3757:spaceflights to the ISS
3473:Skyrail Midorizaka Line
3468:SĂŁo Paulo Metro Line 17
3463:SĂŁo Paulo Metro Line 15
3186:Docklands Light Railway
2979:Progressive Railroading
1910:10.1145/3497737.3497742
1595:"Justifying automation"
609:automatic train control
576:are used synonymously.
406:Docklands Light Railway
222:ThomsonâEast Coast Line
203:automatic train control
3857:Remote control vehicle
3852:Radio-controlled model
3458:Palm Jumeirah Monorail
3448:Incheon Airport Maglev
3280:Barcelona Metro line 9
3113:fixed-guideway transit
1690:Passerini, G. (2020).
1599:Railway-Technology.com
1230:Hammersmith & City
1028:Automatization of the
998:Automatization of the
902:Joo Koon rail accident
831:fixed block signalling
809:Joo Koon rail accident
759:Shanghai Metro Line 10
600:
553:Kyushu Railway Company
461:Barcelona Metro line 9
282:
270:
225:
75:Personal rapid transit
70:Automated people mover
3862:Remote control animal
3483:Transport System Bögl
3401:Ultra (rapid transit)
3285:Cabletren Bolivariano
3072:, project Robotrain,
2723:eurailpress-archiv.de
2264:. Rieles Multimedio.
1672:Verkehr & Betrieb
1311:region have begun an
952:ATO research projects
763:Yuyuan Garden station
591:Early ATO trial on a
590:
424:platform screen doors
360:Semi-automatic (STO)
276:
268:
211:
3847:Autonomous logistics
3231:SkyTrain (Vancouver)
2541:(in Chinese (China))
1410:www.electropedia.org
1376:Vehicular automation
1359:One-person operation
1107:Safe AI for the rail
889:train control system
823:Joo Koon MRT station
730:and collided with a
724:NankĆ Port Town Line
504:Grade of automation
384:New York City Subway
303:Grade of automation
277:Operation scheme of
249:Grades of automation
245:date back to 1920s.
32:ATO (disambiguation)
3730:Uncrewed spacecraft
3268:Birmingham Air-Rail
3023:. 10 September 2019
2254:Noticieros Televisa
2038:2021IEEEA...991427S
1819:Napoli, S. (2018).
1642:ercim-news.ercim.eu
1334:will be resumed by
1261:Hokuriku Shinkansen
1246:UK mainline railway
957:
790:Politécnico station
728:SuminoekĆen Station
654:University of Talca
640:Advantages of GoA3+
616:moving and station
611:(ATC) where normal
597:42nd Street Shuttle
541:metre-gauge railway
445:Line C (Rome Metro)
3381:Schmid Peoplemover
2725:. Ausgabe 10/2021.
2594:. pp. 347â352
2533:èŁæĄèč (2022-01-24).
2288:Aristegui Noticias
1303:Since March 2021,
1234:Metropolitan lines
1218:London Underground
956:
939:Qi'an Road station
601:
595:at track 4 of the
441:Milan Metro line 4
437:Milan Metro line 5
377:London Underground
283:
271:
226:
218:Mass Rapid Transit
216:train serving the
3891:
3890:
3883:Unmanned vehicles
3698:Underwater glider
3666:
3665:
3537:uncrewed vehicles
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3414:
3413:
3391:SK (people mover)
3318:
3317:
3047:www.lok-report.de
3001:. 9 December 2019
2795:www.lok-report.de
2449:. 19 March 2019.
2009:on 12 April 2012.
1971:978-1-5386-5544-3
1919:978-1-4503-9013-2
1738:978-3-031-19761-1
1703:978-1-78466-403-9
1617:www.vde-verlag.de
1522:Liu, Hui (2021).
1478:. 4 November 2022
1198:
1197:
949:
948:
865:China (Hong Kong)
761:collided between
757:), two trains on
685:energy efficiency
580:
579:
574:autonomous trains
494:
493:
419:Unattended (UTO)
400:Driverless (DTO)
285:According to the
239:mainline railways
185:
184:
16:(Redirected from
3911:
3842:Autonomous robot
3837:Robot locomotion
3752:Cargo spacecraft
3745:list of orbiters
3646:Self-driving car
3591:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3416:
3320:
3242:
3221:Nuremberg U-Bahn
3145:
3109:Automated trains
3102:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:. pp. 20â22
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2669:Energieforschung
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2431:. 18 March 2019.
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1984:
1983:
1956:. pp. 1â5.
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1762:. Archived from
1761:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1402:
1286:YongeâUniversity
1280:Since 2012, the
1211:energy efficient
1194:160.8 million âŹ
1030:Nuremberg U-Bahn
1020:
1000:Nuremberg U-Bahn
990:
958:
874:MTR M-Train EMUs
767:Laoximen station
702:
599:(right) in 1962.
583:Operation of ATO
501:
497:Additional types
481:Copenhagen Metro
306:Train operation
300:
297:classification:
177:
170:
163:
143:Self-driving car
49:
37:
21:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3866:
3775:
3764:Space telescope
3740:list by program
3718:
3702:
3662:
3624:
3582:
3539:
3530:
3500:
3487:
3420:
3410:
3327:
3325:
3314:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3121:
3115:
3106:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2937:. 25 April 2022
2929:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2640:"Förderkatalog"
2637:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2508:Azman, Fareez.
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:. 5 July 2019.
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2256:(13 May 2015).
2252:
2251:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2032:: 91427â91461.
2019:
2018:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1972:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1344:
1313:experimentation
1309:Hauts-de-France
1290:Line 5 Eglinton
1255:In April 2022,
1203:
1175:42.6 million âŹ
1114:2.47 million âŹ
1055:4.85 million âŹ
1014:
984:
954:
782:OceanĂa station
693:
642:
624:line is clear.
585:
529:Amsterdam Metro
499:
469:Nuremberg Metro
263:
251:
181:
152:
129:
115:Defunct systems
101:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:list of probes
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Cairo Monorail
3424:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Alden staRRcar
3338:
3332:
3330:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3305:U-Bahn Serfaus
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3254:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Shanghai Metro
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3066:
3065:External links
3063:
3061:
3060:
3034:
3012:
2990:
2966:
2948:
2922:
2908:
2883:
2871:techxplore.com
2858:
2833:
2808:
2782:
2756:
2728:
2709:
2682:
2653:
2627:
2605:
2578:
2551:
2525:
2500:
2464:
2434:
2416:
2391:
2360:
2345:(in Spanish).
2329:
2322:(in Spanish).
2306:
2271:
2262:Revista Rieles
2242:
2209:
2194:(in Spanish).
2178:
2146:
2128:
2113:
2098:
2079:
2012:
1985:
1970:
1940:
1918:
1888:
1866:
1854:www.mlit.go.jp
1838:
1811:
1779:
1744:
1737:
1709:
1702:
1677:
1655:
1629:
1604:
1585:
1553:
1532:
1514:
1489:
1463:
1449:
1422:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1315:with a French
1282:Toronto subway
1266:The U-Bahn in
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:AutomatedTrain
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1136:1.7 million âŹ
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:2.5 million âŹ
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
953:
950:
947:
946:
935:
932:
928:
927:
917:
914:
910:
909:
870:Tsuen Wan Line
866:
863:
859:
858:
854:
851:
847:
846:
816:East-West Line
806:
803:
799:
798:
778:
775:
771:
770:
751:
748:
744:
743:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
692:
689:
688:
687:
681:
678:
675:
668:
665:
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638:
584:
581:
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562:
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525:
521:
520:
513:
509:
508:
505:
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398:
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390:
361:
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353:
350:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
323:No automation
321:
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310:
307:
304:
250:
247:
183:
182:
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165:
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139:
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135:
134:Related topics
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51:
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42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Radio control
3876:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
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3835:
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3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:BEAM robotics
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
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3534:
3533:Mobile robots
3527:
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3110:
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2529:
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2515:
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2501:
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2405:
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2392:
2379:
2375:
2374:Straits Times
2371:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2344:
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2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:El Financiero
2317:
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2197:
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2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2123:Kotsu Shimbun
2117:
2114:
2109:
2108:Kotsu Shimbun
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1801:on 2022-07-18
1797:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1769:on 2022-07-18
1765:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
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1684:
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1678:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1575:on 2016-05-01
1571:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1533:9780128228302
1529:
1526:. Amsterdam.
1525:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1450:0-7381-4487-8
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1411:
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1398:
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1368:
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1341:
1339:
1337:
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1324:
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1314:
1310:
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1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:network with
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:24 million âŹ
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1009:
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1003:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
988:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
951:
944:
940:
936:
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930:
929:
925:
921:
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912:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:
860:
855:
852:
849:
848:
843:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
703:
700:
698:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:In 2021, the
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
619:
614:
610:
606:
598:
594:
589:
582:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:
554:
550:
547:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
530:
526:
523:
522:
518:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
502:
496:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Brescia Metro
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Singapore MRT
430:
425:
421:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
402:
399:
396:
395:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:Victoria line
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
330:
329:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
296:
292:
288:
280:
275:
267:
262:
258:
253:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
204:
200:
199:automatically
197:
193:
189:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
158:
156:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
138:
137:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
60:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3827:Nanorobotics
3812:Agricultural
3650:
3108:
3068:
3051:. Retrieved
3046:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2993:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2870:
2861:
2851:19 September
2849:. Retrieved
2845:
2842:"eurail-fp2"
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2794:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2770:Railway-News
2769:
2759:
2749:19 September
2747:. Retrieved
2743:
2722:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2695:
2685:
2675:19 September
2673:. Retrieved
2668:
2644:. Retrieved
2618:. Retrieved
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2591:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2564:
2554:
2543:. Retrieved
2538:
2528:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2479:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2409:19 September
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2342:
2332:
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2286:
2261:
2233:. Retrieved
2222:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2192:El Universal
2191:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2082:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2007:the original
2002:
1953:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1901:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1747:
1718:
1712:
1692:
1671:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1644:. ERCIM News
1641:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1598:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1556:
1523:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:RailTech.com
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1431:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1332:DolnĂ Bousov
1325:
1302:
1298:Ontario Line
1279:
1275:Sydney Metro
1272:
1265:
1254:
1215:
1204:
1135:
1113:
924:Kuala Lumpur
842:moving block
827:Westinghouse
697:human errors
694:
643:
634:
630:
626:
622:
602:
573:
569:
565:
465:Sydney Metro
339:train driver
284:
252:
227:
191:
187:
186:
54:
3822:Microbotics
3578:Ornithopter
3361:HUD reports
3351:Cabinentaxi
3191:Dubai Metro
3181:Delhi Metro
3049:(in German)
2901:15 November
2876:15 November
2826:21 February
2801:21 February
2797:(in German)
2671:(in German)
2642:(in German)
2514:Astro Awani
2384:17 November
2057:10397/92123
2026:IEEE Access
1831:25 December
1827:(in German)
1015: [
985: [
970:Description
732:buffer stop
683:Increasing
672:Paris MĂ©tro
527:In case of
449:Turin Metro
312:SAE levels
291:IEC 62290-1
3874:Categories
3807:Disability
3671:Underwater
3419:Driverless
3176:Dashaveyor
2984:2020-12-12
2775:23 January
2702:16 October
2620:16 October
2571:16 October
2545:2022-01-25
2519:2021-05-24
2493:30 January
2457:30 January
1805:2022-05-02
1773:2022-05-02
1579:2014-06-08
1456:28 January
1415:23 January
1393:References
1381:Guided bus
1242:Thameslink
1142:safe.trAIn
964:Start year
740:redundancy
618:dwell time
255:See also:
3478:Slope car
3421:monorails
3290:MiniMetro
3246:Automated
3149:Automated
3120:Automated
3074:AZD Praha
2074:235749326
2066:2169-3536
1928:245426687
1542:cite book
1336:AĆœD Praha
1252:Level 2.
1238:Crossrail
898:Singapore
878:Admiralty
805:Singapore
711:Incident
613:signaling
593:R22 train
320:On-sight
295:SAE J3016
3898:Category
3832:Robotics
3792:Military
3787:Domestic
3603:Humanoid
3324:Personal
3263:Aerotrén
3216:Minitram
3196:Ford ACT
3151:guideway
3053:23 March
2941:28 April
2484:Archived
2451:Archived
2404:NDTV.com
2378:Archived
2353:15 March
2347:Archived
2324:Archived
2293:Archived
2266:Archived
2229:Archived
2196:Archived
2165:Archived
1980:54463761
1755:(2017).
1342:See also
1328:Kopidlno
1317:Regio 2N
1226:District
1060:AutoBAHN
1041:KOMPAS I
967:End year
916:Malaysia
536:GoA2(+)
411:3 and 4
3802:Medical
3707:Surface
3613:Hexapod
3608:Android
3595:Walking
3568:Helicam
3563:Aerobot
3433:Jetrail
3396:SkyTran
3328:transit
3153:transit
2592:ZEVrail
2429:Reuters
2343:Milenio
2160:El PaĂs
2034:Bibcode
1881:23 June
1825:VĂV UTP
1507:5 March
1482:5 March
1319:Class,
1257:JR West
1207:Hamburg
1153:Germany
1120:SMART 2
1110:Germany
1091:Germany
1072:Austria
1052:Germany
1034:Germany
1004:Germany
982:SMARAGT
976:Volume
973:Country
886:SelTrac
882:Central
838:SelTrac
794:plywood
708:Country
548:GoA2.5
369:ETCS L2
347:ETCS L1
334:Manual
3797:Rescue
3587:Ground
3544:Aerial
3453:Linimo
3438:H-Bahn
3386:Shweeb
3366:M-Bahn
3250:movers
3248:people
3122:trains
3027:4 June
3005:4 June
2963:. TTC.
2744:CORDIS
2598:9 June
2299:30 May
2235:30 May
2202:30 May
2171:30 May
2072:
2064:
1978:
1968:
1926:
1916:
1859:29 May
1735:
1700:
1530:
1447:
1323:(fr).
1268:Vienna
1232:, and
1222:Circle
1201:Future
1180:R2DATO
1098:KI-Lok
853:India
835:Thales
777:Mexico
736:relays
570:GoA3,4
566:GoA3/4
561:GoA3+
524:GoA2+
512:GoA1+
479:, the
471:lines
387:7 line
231:driver
196:trains
3780:Other
3723:Space
3629:Other
3376:ROMAG
3326:rapid
2961:(PDF)
2646:4 May
2487:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2070:S2CID
1999:"ATO"
1976:S2CID
1933:2 May
1924:S2CID
1799:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1648:8 May
1622:2 May
1573:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1388:(ART)
1019:]
1012:RUBIN
989:]
934:China
893:SACEM
850:2017
840:CBTC
819:C151A
750:China
719:Japan
416:GoA4
397:GoA3
367:like
357:GoA2
345:like
331:GoA1
317:GoA0
125:GoA3+
3769:list
3656:list
3618:list
3535:and
3111:and
3055:2024
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