Automotive safety - Knowledge (XXG)

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lower rate of serious injury in silver cars, with higher rates in brown, black, and green cars. The Vehicle Colour Study, conducted by Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) and published in 2007, analysed 855,258 crashes that occurring between 1987 and 2004 in the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia that resulted in injury or in a vehicle being towed away. The study analysed risk by light condition. It found that in daylight, black cars were 12% more likely than white to be involved in a collision, followed by grey cars at 11%, silver cars at 10%, and red and blue cars at 7%, with no other colours found to be significantly more or less risky than white. At dawn or dusk, the risk ratio for black cars jumped to 47% more likely than white, and that for silver cars to 15%. In the hours of darkness, only red and silver cars were found to be significantly more risky than white, by 10% and 8% respectively.

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toll in human suffering. Truck drivers tend to endure higher fatality rates than workers in other occupations, but concerns about motor vehicle safety in the workplace are not limited to those surrounding the operation of large trucks. Workers outside the motor carrier industry routinely operate company-owned vehicles for deliveries, sales and repair calls, client visits, etc. In these instances, the employer providing the vehicle generally plays a major role in setting safety, maintenance, and training policy. As in non-occupational driving, young drivers are especially at risk. In the workplace, 45% of all fatal injuries to workers under age 18 between 1992 and 2000 in the United States resulted from transportation incidents.

1429: 1564:, with special rules. By 2010, all US states required a graduated driver's licence for drivers under age 18. In Italy, the maximum speed and power of vehicles driven by new drivers is restricted. In Romania, the maximum speed of vehicles driven by new drivers (less than one year in experience) is 20 km/h lower than the national standard (except villages, towns and cities). Many U.S. states allow 18-year-olds to skip some requirements that younger drivers would face, which statistics show may be causing higher crash rates among new drivers. New Jersey has the same requirements for new drivers up to the age of 21, which may obviate this problem. 453: 1449:

the level of large commercial truck traffic has substantially increased since the 1960s, while highway capacity has not kept pace with the increase in large commercial truck traffic on US highways. However, other factors exert significant influence; Canada has lower roadway death and injury rates despite a vehicle mix comparable to that of the US. Nevertheless, the widespread use of truck-based vehicles as passenger carriers is correlated with roadway deaths and injuries not only directly by dint of vehicular safety performance

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135 cm tall or reach 12 years of age, which ever comes soonest. As another example, in Austria, the driver of passenger vehicles is responsible for people shorter than 150 cm and below 14 years to be seated in an adequate child safety seat. Moreover, it is not allowed for children below the age of 3 to ride in a passenger vehicle without "security system" (which in practice means the vehicle is not equipped with any seat belts or technical systems like

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the EU average road death rate was 49 people per million inhabitants. Also in 2018, Romania had the worst figures in this regard with 96 people out of a million inhabitants dying on the roads, Belgium had the median score standing at 52 deaths per million, and the UK scored the best with 28 people out of every million dying on its roads.

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over 75. The overall trend may be due to greater experience and avoiding driving in adverse conditions. However, on a per-miles-travelled basis, drivers younger than 25-30 and older than 65-70 have significantly higher crash rates. Survivability of crashes decreases monotonically with the age of the victim.

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Insurance statistics in the United States indicate a 30% increase in the number of elderly killed, comparing 1975 to 2000. Several states require additional testing for elderly drivers. On a per-driver basis, the number of fatal and overall crashes decreases with age, with some exceptions for drivers

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Children present significant challenges in engineering and producing safe vehicles, because most children are significantly smaller and lighter than most adults. Additionally, children far from being just scaled down adults, still have an undeveloped skeletal system. This means that vehicle restraint

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Safety is a significant concern in the European Union (EU 28) with 25,249 fatalities and around 130,000 serious injuries in 2018 and 2017 respectively. Overall, between 2001 and 2018, there was an almost 50% reduction in road deaths in the EU from 55,092 in 2001 to the 2018 figure of 25,249. In 2018,

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In some areas, new drivers' vehicles must bear a warning sign to alert other drivers that the vehicle is being driven by an inexperienced and learning driver, giving them opportunity to be more cautious and to encourage other drivers to give novices more leeway. In the U.S. New Jersey has Kyleigh's

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When pregnant, women should continue to use seatbelts and airbags properly. A University of Michigan study found that "unrestrained or improperly restrained pregnant women are 5.7 times more likely to have an adverse fetal outcome than properly restrained pregnant women". If seatbelts are not long

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found that SUVs and pickup trucks are significantly less safe than passenger cars, that non-US branded vehicles tend to be safer than US branded vehicles, and that the size and weight of a vehicle has a significantly smaller effect on safety than the quality of the vehicle's engineering. In the US,

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has been traditionally characterized as male-dominated. As a result there has been a lack of female automotive designers in the area of automotive safety compared to male automotive designers. This leads to oversights in automotive safety and ergonomics for female consumers, who make up 62% of all

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and safety stated that no previous studies had been scientifically conclusive. Since then, a Swedish study found that pink cars are involved in the fewest and black cars are involved in the most crashes (Land transport NZ 2005). In Auckland New Zealand, a study found that there was a significantly

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Vehicles are equipped with a variety of lights and reflectors to mark their presence, position, width, length, and direction of travel as well as to convey the driver's intent and actions to other drivers. These include the vehicle's headlamps, front and rear position lamps, side marker lights and

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Work-related roadway crashes are the leading cause of death from traumatic injuries in the U.S. workplace. They accounted for nearly 12,000 deaths between 1992 and 2000. Deaths and injuries from these roadway crashes result in increased costs to employers and lost productivity in addition to their

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Coalitions to promote road and automotive safety, such as Together for Safer Roads (TSR), brings together global private sector companies, across industries, to collaborate on improving road safety. TSR brings together members' knowledge, data, technology, and global networks to focus on five road

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In the US, about 34,000 people were killed by traffic crashes every year from 2015 to 2020. Sharp rises in the price of fuel and related driver behavioural changes reduced 2007-8 highway fatalities in the US to below the 1961 fatality count. Litigation played a large part in mandating safer cars.

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In the UK, a full driving licence can be had at age 17, and most areas in the United States will issue a full driver's license at the age of 16, and all within a range between 14 and 18. In addition to being relatively inexperienced, teen drivers are also cognitively immature, compared to adult

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Within Europe ECE Regulation R44 dictates that children below 150 cm must travel in a child restraint that is appropriate for their weight. Each country have their own adaptions of this Regulation. For instance, in the United Kingdom, children must travel in a child restraint until they are

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The US NHTSA has issued relatively few regulations since the mid-1980s; most of the vehicle-based reduction in vehicle fatality rates in the US during the last third of the 20th Century were gained by the initial NHTSA safety standards issued from 1968 to 1984 and subsequent voluntary changes in

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limit the forward motion of an occupant, stretch to absorb energy, to lengthen the time of the occupant's negative acceleration in a crash, reducing the loading on the occupants' body. They prevent occupants being ejected from the vehicle and ensure that they are in the correct position for the

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In 1979, NHTSA began crash-testing popular cars and publishing the results, to inform consumers and encourage manufacturers to improve the safety of their vehicles. Initially, the US NCAP (New Car Assessment Program) crash tests examined compliance with the occupant-protection provisions of

1576:, although most drivers with medical conditions were safe drivers, drivers with psychiatric conditions or substance abuse were particularly at higher risks of unsafe driving. The study also reported that drivers with neurological conditions were the majority of the entire study population ( 756:

in 1771, is reported by some to have crashed into a wall during its demonstration run. However, according to Georges Ageon, the earliest mention of this occurrence dates from 1801 and it does not feature in contemporary accounts. One of the earliest recorded car-related fatalities was

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Collapsible universally jointed steering columns, along with steering wheel airbag. The steering system is mounted behind the front axle - behind and protected by, the front crumple zone. This reduces the risk and severity of driver impact or even impalement on the column in a frontal

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In 1996, the US had about 2 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles, compared to 1.9 in Germany, 2.6 in France, and 1.5 in the UK. In 1998, there were 3,421 fatal crashes in the UK, the fewest since 1926; in 2010, this number was further reduced to 1,857 and was attributed to the 2009–2010

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systems such as airbags and seat belts, far from being effective, are hazardous if used to restrain young children. In recognition of this, many medical professionals and jurisdictions recommend or require that children under a particular age, height, and/or weight ride in a

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A common problem for the elderly is the question of when a medical condition or biological aging presents a serious enough problem that one should stop driving. In some cases, this means giving up some personal independence, but in urban areas often means relying more on

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absorb and dissipate the force of a collision, displacing and diverting it away from the passenger compartment and reducing the negative acceleration impact force on the vehicle occupants. Vehicles will include a front, rear and maybe side crumple zones (like Volvo SIPS)

1113:, in 1987. In 1988, Chrysler was the first United States company to install standard driver's side air bags, in six of its passenger models. In 1989, Chrysler became the first U.S. auto manufacturer to install driver-side air bags in all its domestic-built automobiles. 734:

Many different inventions and ideas which may or may not have been practical about auto safety have been put forward but never made it to a production car. Such items include the driver seat in the middle (to give the person a better view) (the exception being the

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in rear-end collisions. These safety requirements did not apply to vehicles classified as "commercial," such as light-duty pickup trucks. Thus, manufacturers did not always include such hardware in these vehicles, even though many did passenger-car duty.

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Cars are much more dangerous to pedestrians than they are to drivers and passengers. Two-thirds of 1.3 million yearly auto related deaths are pedestrians. Since at least the early 1970s, attention has also been given to vehicle design regarding the

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remain in one piece when impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted occupants' heads and maintaining a minimal but adequate transparency for control of the car immediately following a collision. It is also a bonded structural part of the safety cell.

135:, that both addresses the main existing safety issues and creates new issues. The autonomous car is expected to be safer than existing vehicles, by eliminating the single most dangerous element - the driver. The Center for Internet and Society at 3305: 986:

In 1967, equipment specifications by such major fleet purchasers as the City and County of Los Angeles, California, encouraged the voluntary installation in most new cars sold in the US of safety devices, systems, and design features including:

1132:(Euro NCAP) was established to test new vehicles' safety performance and publish the results for vehicle shoppers' information. The NHTSA crash tests are presently operated and published as the U.S. branch of the international NCAP programme. 174:" is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive safety" to components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash. 115:

countries. Nevertheless, auto collisions are the leading cause of injury-related deaths, an estimated total of 1.2 million in 2004, or 25% of the total from all causes. Of those killed by autos, nearly two-thirds are pedestrians.

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Airbags were first installed in production vehicles in the 1980s as standard equipment instead of an option as was done in the mid-1970s (such as the Oldsmobile Toronado in 1974). In 1981, airbags were an available option on the

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In 2015, recognizing that safer roads are a shared responsibility, Together for Safer Roads (TSR) was formally launched to align the private sector's road safety efforts with the United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety.

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Very young children can perish from heat or cold if left unattended in a parked car, whether deliberately or through absent-mindedness. In 2004, the U.S. NHTSA estimated 25 fatalities per year among children left in hot cars.

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added such items as a flat, smooth dash with recessed controls, rounded door handles, a windshield wiper control made of rubber, and the back of the front seat heavily padded to provide protection for rear passengers.

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became the first manufacturer to feature "Snowmotion", an Intelligent Anti Skid system developed in conjunction with Bosch, which gives drivers a level of control in extreme ice or snow conditions similar to a 4x4.

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Turbo became the first car to have driver and passenger airbags as standard equipment, and airbags were offered as an available option on the 944 and 944S. The first airbag was also installed in a Japanese car, the

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inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle occupant with various parts of the vehicle's interior. The most important being the prevention of direct impact of the driver's head with the steering wheel and door

927:, which became standard equipment on all Volvo cars in 1959. Over the next several decades, three-point safety belts were gradually mandated in all vehicles by regulators throughout the industrialised world. 1479:(IIHS), women are less likely to get into a crash than men are. However, women are 17% more likely to die in a car crash and 73% more likely to sustain serious injuries from a crash when compared to men. In 1195:

In 2014, ESP (Electronic Stability Program) and TPMS became mandatory in the European Union, with also the driver seat belt reminder and the ISOFIX system, under General Safety Regulation (EC) No 661/2009.

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Padding of the instrument panel and other interior parts, on the vehicle in areas likely to be struck by the occupants during a crash, and the careful placement of mounting brackets away from those areas.

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In Victoria, Australia, safety features checked include the structure of the vehicle, the tires (depth of tread), the wheels, the engine, steering, suspension, brakes, and lights and seatbelts.

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In 2009, NHTSA upgraded its roof-crush standard for vehicles weighing 6000 pounds or less. The new standard increased the crush load requirement from 1.5 to 3 times the vehicle's curb weight.

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Safety Cell—the passenger compartment is reinforced with high strength materials, at places subject to high loads in a crash, in order to maintain a survival space for the vehicle occupants.

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In the United States, a pedestrian is injured by a motor vehicle every 8 minutes, and are 1.5 times more likely than a vehicle's occupants to be killed in a motor vehicle crash per outing.

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In 1936, the Hudson Terraplane came with the first back-up brake system. Should the hydraulic brakes fail, the brake pedal would activate a set of mechanical brakes for the back wheels.

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The majority of medical professionals and biomechanical engineers agree that children below the age of two years old are much safer if they travel in a rearward facing child restraint.

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in EU directives. Typical intervals are every two years (in EU) and every year (in UK). When a vehicle passes inspection, often a sticker is placed on the vehicle's windshield or

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wrote an article on how to make cars safer for those riding in it. Aside from the usual safety features, such as seat belts and padded dashboards, bumper shocks were introduced.

3396: 2789: 1453:, but also indirectly through the relatively low fuel costs that facilitate the use of such vehicles in North America; motor vehicle fatalities decline as fuel prices increase. 4611: 1354:

The sizable traffic safety lead enjoyed by the US since the 1960s had narrowed significantly by 2002, with the US improvement percentages lagging in 16th place behind those of

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Automotive safety may have become an issue almost from the beginning of mechanised road vehicle development. The second steam-powered "Fardier" (artillery tractor), created by

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was built with the world's first padded dashboard. It also came with middle headlight that turned with the steering wheel, a front steel bulkhead, and a front safety chamber.

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and vans. These help prevent injuries caused by occupants being struck by unsecured cargo. They can also help prevent collapse of the roof in the event of a vehicle rollover.

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Effective in 1966, US-market passenger cars were required to be equipped with padded instrument panels, front and rear outboard lap belts, and white reverse (backup) lamps.

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in terms of deaths per thousand vehicles, while in terms of deaths per 100 million vehicle miles travelled, the US had dropped from first place to tenth place.

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control the direction and range of the headlight beams to light the driver's way through curves and maximize seeing distance without partially blinding other drivers

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While it is usually considered that the driver has the responsibility when collisions occur, vehicle can also contribute to collisions, up to 3% to 5% of crashes.

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was introduced to assess the impacts of car collisions. It represented the 50th percentile male standing at approximately 5' 9" tall and weighing 78 kg (171 lbs).

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In 2000, the NHTSA released a regulation making trunk releases mandatory for new cars by September of the following year due, in part, to the lobbying efforts of

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systems and devices prevent or reduce the severity of injuries when a crash is imminent or actually happening. Much research is carried out using anthropomorphic

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Vehicles are tested at inspection stations when due for inspection. Most US inspection decals/stickers display the month's number and the year. They are called

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Research on the trends in use of heavy vehicles indicate that a significant difference between the US and other countries is the relatively high prevalence of

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In addition, a number of regulatory changes have been made in the update to the GSR in relation to vehicle design, in which the following have been mandated:

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mandated by national or subnational governments in many countries, in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it conforms to regulations governing

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Tires should be checked regularly. Tire checking is important, because proper contact between tire and road is required for adequate vehicle control.

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Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.

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In 2003, the IIHS began conducting side impact crash tests. In 2004, NHTSA released new tests designed to test the rollover risk of new cars and

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Crash avoidance systems and devices help the driver — and, increasingly, help the vehicle itself — to avoid a collision. This category includes:

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is a government or institutional car safety program tasked with evaluating new car designs for performance against various safety threats.

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side and rear windows break into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass does.

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notify a driver how close their vehicle is to an object - usually providing a distance measurement, to the inch, as to how close they are.

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theory has been used in arguments against safety devices, regulations and modifications of vehicles despite the efficacy of saving lives.

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specify that a child or an adult shorter than 140 cm is legally forbidden to ride in a place with an active airbag in front of it.

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Reumerman, H.-J; Roggero, M; Ruffini, M (2005). "The application-based clustering concept and requirements for intervehicle networks".

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injuries when compared to their male counterparts due to their lighter weight which causes them to be propelled forward more rapidly.

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Improved easy access, for people with low levels of mobility, on buses which have a capacity over 22 persons, and which allow standing.

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Forman, Jason; Poplin, Gerald S.; Shaw, C. Greg; McMurry, Timothy L.; Schmidt, Kristin; Ash, Joseph; Sunnevang, Cecilia (2019-08-18).

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is the study and practice of automotive design, construction, equipment and regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of

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From 2011, new cars should have brake assist system in the EU, according to The Pedestrian Protection Regulation (EC) 78/2009.

79: 4822: 915:, an international standards body advancing auto safety. Many of the most life saving safety innovations, like seat belts and 6046: 4352: 3369: 2141: 588: 401: 6124: 6041: 5958: 5180: 4376: 4030: 1868: 1648: 1445: 1266: 1089: 892: 291: 4437: 1432:

Unlike most other developed nations, per capita road accident deaths in the US reversed their decline in the early 2010s.

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Effective on new passenger cars sold in the United States after January 1, 1964. front outboard lap belts were required.

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and injuries is the disproportionate mass and velocity of an automobile compared to that of the predominant victim, the

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Post-crash survivability is the chance that drivers and passengers survive a crash after it occurs. Technology such as

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Driver Alertness Detection System (DADS) to help prevent crashes caused by fatigue, lack of alertness, or distractions

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were exempted from regulations pertaining to height and vehicle characteristics, these exemptions have been revised.

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In 1974, GM offered driver and passenger airbags as optional equipment on large Cadillacs, Buicks, and Oldsmobiles.

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systems, which help the driver to detect obstacles and to control the vehicle. Driver assistance systems include:

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In 1959, American Motors Corporation offered the first optional head rests for the front seat. Also in 1959, the

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to simplify later controls, but in some countries (such as Netherlands since 1994) this is no longer necessary.

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are sometimes fitted to provide a physical barrier between passenger and cargo compartments in vehicles such as

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Two kinds of programs exist: new car assessment program for new cars, and vehicle inspections for other ones.

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Wai Chen; Shengwei Cai (2005). "Ad hoc peer-to-peer network architecture for vehicle safety communications".

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has not). NHTSA estimates the resulting increased seat belt use saves 10,000 per year in the United States.

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Sivak, Michael (July 2008). "Is the U.S. on the Path to the Lowest Motor Vehicle Fatalities in Decades?".

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Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann (2004). ""Dangerous Instrumentality": The Bystander as Subject in Automobility".

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have been required in the Nordic countries since the mid-1970s, in Canada since 1990, and throughout the

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Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964 and introduced its own booster seat in 1978.

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Improvements in roadway and motor vehicle designs have steadily reduced injury and death rates in all

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Devos, Hannes; Akinwuntan, Abiodun E.; Tant, Mark; Ranchet, Maud; Moon, Sanghee (September 1, 2017).

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would require cars sold there to have a minimum/maximum hood (bonnet) height. From 2006, the use of "

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can automatically place calls to emergency services and send information about a vehicle collision.

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The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but important terms in the world of automotive safety. "

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specify the required safety, it is still a burden on the industry to demonstrate acceptable safety.

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Grabowski, David C; Morrisey, Michael A (2004). "Gasoline prices and motor vehicle fatalities".

4001:"The Rise in U.S. Traffic Deaths / What's behind America's unique problem with vehicle crashes?" 2973: 4840: 4801:"Research in developed countries suggests that vehicle defects cause about 3% to 5% of crashes" 4058:

Robertson, Leon S (2006). "Motor Vehicle Deaths: Failed Policy Analysis and Neglected Policy".

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In 1984, New York State passed the first U.S. law requiring seat belt use in passenger cars.

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In 1956, Ford tried unsuccessfully to interest Americans in purchasing safer cars with their

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took effect. These required shoulder belts for left and right front-seat vehicle occupants,

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Mechanical analysis of survival in falls from heights of fifty to one hundred and fifty feet

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lockout controls prevent children from opening doors and windows from inside the vehicle.

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was mandated in North America with most of the world following with similar standards in

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became law in the U.S., the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.

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claims that "Some ninety percent of motor vehicle crashes are caused at least in part by

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Study and practice to minimize the occurrence and consequences of motor vehicle accidents

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drivers. This combination leads to a relatively high crash rate among this demographic.

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enough, extensions are available from the car manufacturer or an aftermarket supplier.

1379: 1271: 1211: 1078: 1027: 908: 805: 710: 545: 537: 205: 132: 4887: 4862: 3020:"Directory Index: Chrysler and Imperial/1951 Chrysler/1951 Chrysler Imperial_Brochure" 2519: 6181: 6146: 5935: 5900: 5895: 5847: 5819: 5794: 5720: 5703: 5652: 5615: 5605: 5587: 5496: 5463: 5437: 5281: 5230: 5150: 3977: 1853: 1082: 280: 183: 171: 75: 64: 35: 4954: 4925: 4087: 3881:"Estimating global road fatalities - Regional Analyses - Highly Motorised Countries" 3811: 2702: 1026:, collapsible steering columns, and other safety features. 1969 saw the addition of 6112: 6069: 6051: 5842: 5837: 5804: 5698: 5693: 5674: 5659: 5647: 5637: 5622: 5610: 5578: 5246: 3984:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 15 December 2023. 1802: 1528: 1437: 1110: 844: 502: 456: 4262: 4071: 3373: 2543: 2069:"World Health Organization: World report on road traffic injury prevention (2004)" 703:

strips outlining their side and rear perimeters for greater conspicuity at night.

4861:

Furness, S; Connor, J; Robinson, E; Norton, R; Ameratunga, S; Jackson, R (2003).

4642: 3493: 1188:

Starting in 2012, all cars under 10,000 lbs. sold in the US are required to have

1069:. Over the subsequent years, this NHTSA program was gradually expanded in scope. 6166: 5978: 5973: 5910: 5890: 5761: 5516: 5447: 5396: 5381: 5337: 5317: 5210: 5160: 3743: 3223:"Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1974 Oldsmobile/1974 Oldsmobile Air Cushion Folder" 2389: 2149: 1719: 1557: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1105: 935: 897: 861:

In 1949, SAAB incorporated aircraft safety thinking into automobiles making the

562: 518: 375: 297: 140: 112: 4772: 3370:"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Subaru Legend airbag system" 3171: 294:

to alert the driver of an unintended departure from the intended lane of travel

5940: 5857: 5809: 5756: 5669: 5664: 5473: 5376: 5271: 5220: 5215: 5185: 4983:"The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries" 4946: 4917: 4878: 4863:"Car colour and risk of car crash injury: Population based case control study" 4324:"Wearing a seat belt during pregnancy - Minnesota Department of Public Safety" 3683: 3177:. 2017 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, Volume 5, Issue 1. 2790:"Directory Index: Plymouth/1937 Plymouth/1937_Plymouth Biggest Value Brochure" 2513:"An Investigation into the Relationship between Vehicle Colour and Crash Risk" 1923: 1709: 1652: 1501: 1391: 1170: 1163: 1152: 1058: 1045:

Consumer information label for a vehicle with at least one US NCAP star rating

809: 774: 736: 722: 692: 445: 441: 277:, which alert drivers to difficult-to-see objects in their path when reversing 95: 49: 4309: 4270: 4182: 3803: 2769:"Directory Index: Chrysler and Imperial/1937 Chrysler/1937 Chrysler Brochure" 2559: 2212: 2106: 124:

safety areas that will make an impact globally and within local communities.

86:. The main conclusion of their extensive report is the crucial importance of 6086: 5740: 5713: 5683: 5478: 5442: 5427: 5401: 5332: 5307: 4174: 2675:

The Seat Belt, Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety

2200:"Work-Related Roadway Crashes - Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention" 1832: 1636: 1355: 924: 923:

engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the three-point lap and shoulder

916: 798: 794: 144: 87: 4896: 4650: 4301: 4079: 3904: 3531:"The Crash Test Bias: How Male-Focused Testing Puts Female Drivers at Risk" 2930: 2658:"History of Straith Clinic in Birmingham, Dearborn, and West Bloomfield MI" 2440:"Press Release "New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today"" 2246:. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from 2199: 1620:

Consumer information label for a vehicle with at least one NCAP star rating

2124: 1512:), whereas children between 3 and 14 years have to ride in the back seat. 6031: 5915: 5771: 5730: 5355: 5195: 5170: 5061: 4024:"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model" 3776: 1667: 1129: 819: 660: 477: 225: 201: 2912: 919:

construction were brought to market under its auspices. That same year,

5852: 5735: 5627: 5371: 4693:"Age of Driver and Number in Accidents statistics - USA Census numbers" 4136:(book) (Third edition, pp. 186-194 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1817: 1632: 1577: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1321: 862: 436: 27:. For the European Train Control System (not to be confused with), see 4198:"7 Reasons There Are Few Women In Automotive Leadership: New Research" 4114: 2302: 1616: 1041: 994:

Additional padding on the instrument panel and other interior surfaces

90:

and padded dashboards. However, the primary vector of traffic-related

5366: 5256: 5165: 3401:. Vol. 32. Automobile Heritage Publishing & Co. p. 71. 2269: 1953: 1515: 1509: 1407: 1403: 1363: 991:

Elimination of protruding knobs and controls in passenger compartment

656: 484: 460: 242: 215: 5527: 4823:"How to Check if Your Tires Are Safe for Driving this Winter Season" 4466: 976: 3661:

Adminaite, Dovile; Jost, Graziella; Stipdonk, Henk; Ward, Heather.

3189:"A Case Study of the Acquisition of Swedish Volvo by Chinese Geely" 691:

reflectors, turn signals, stop (brake) lamps, and reversing lamps.

19:"Passive safety" and "ETSC" redirect here. For nuclear safety, see 5251: 5016:, January 2006, "Vehicle Design and the Physics of Traffic Safety" 4517: 2136: 2134: 1615: 1427: 1387: 1221:, the revision includes the following automotive safety features: 1207: 1040: 939: 920: 831: 777:

Model A became the first car to have four-wheel hydraulic brakes.

634: 451: 435: 221: 91: 44: 1556:

Some countries, such as Australia, the United States, Canada and

1553:

Law citing that teen drivers must have a decal on their vehicle.

1203:

In 2016 and 2017, ABS became mandatory on motorcycles in the EU.

5930: 5062:

National agency for Automotive Safety & Victim's Aid (NASVA)

4531: 2748:"Directory Index: Hudson/1936 Hudson/1936 Hudson - How What Why" 2727:"Directory Index: Hudson/1936 Hudson/1936 Hudson - How What Why" 881: 640: 28: 5531: 5089: 5085: 5082:

monthly, February 1919, bottom page 27, Scanned by Google Books

4583:"Fatal Car Crashes Drop For 16-Year-Olds, Rise For Older Teens" 3833:"13th Annual Road Safety Performance Index (PIN) Report | ETSC" 2616:"Directory Index: Duesenberg/1922 Duesenberg Model A Catalogue" 5569: 5125: 4590: 4349:"Austrian "Kraftfahrgesetz" § 106 Abs. 5 (Motor Vehicles Act)" 3398:

Form, Function, and Fantasy - seventy years of Chrysler design

801:. Strickland founded the Automobile Safety League of America. 668: 556: 541: 369: 4717:"Elderly Driving Statistics and Motor Vehicle Operation Laws" 3514:

O'Donnell, Jane (2003). "Driven to make cars safe for kids".

2415:"The Effectiveness of Retroreflective Tape on Heavy Trailers" 2206:. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 3746:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2016-01-29 2240:"Preventing Deaths, Injuries and Illnesses of Young Workers" 2026:"OMS | 10 faits sur la sécurité routière dans le monde" 1162:(NHTSA) introduced a female counterpart crash test dummy of 5045: 4841:"Tyre tread depth and tyre safety checks | RAC Drive" 3555:"Citroen C5 with Snow Motion Intelligent Anti-Skid System" 3372:. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan. Archived from 1457:

vehicle design and construction by vehicle manufacturers.

4373:"Why going forward facing too soon could kill your child" 3714: 3712: 3699:"Backup camera in every new car puts safety at forefront" 3120:"This Cadillac Concept Had Radar Crash-Avoidance in 1959" 1030:

for front outboard passengers, addressing the problem of

967:(DOT) with automobile safety as one of its purposes. The 288:

which maintains a safe distance from the vehicle in front

265:

systems to increase seeing distance beyond headlamp range

5055: 4627:"Comparison of Unsafe Driving Across Medical Conditions" 3744:"FATALITY ANALYSIS REPORTING SYSTEM (FARS) ENCYCLOPEDIA" 3194:. Blekinge Tekniska Högskola. 2011-02-01. Archived from 2292:"BIG AND BAD: How the S.U.V. ran over automotive safety" 315:, which intervenes to avert an impending loss of control 74:

One of the first formal academic studies into improving

3684:"Traffic Technology News | Tolling | Mapping" 3307:

Americans Held Hostage by the Environmentalist Movement

2811:"Directory Index: Dodge/1940 Dodge/1940 Dodge Brochure" 2637:"Directory Index: Ford/1930 Ford/1930 Ford Brochure 02" 513:

is one recognized failure mode of the safety cell, and

259:

systems to prevent or reduce the severity of collision.

4399:"The perfect storm: Family tragedy plays out in court" 2328:"InterCore's Driver Alertness Detection System (DADS)" 3275:. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. March 2018. 2048:"Injury Prevention and Control: Motor Vehicle Safety" 895:

safety package. (Its attempt nevertheless earns Ford

872:

was the first car to come with standard disc brakes.

309:

which restore traction if driven wheels begin to spin

4795: 4793: 4668:"Online NewsHour: Elderly Drivers - August 14, 2001" 913:

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

793:

and physician C. J. Strickland advocated the use of

6100: 6062: 6012: 6001: 5951: 5878: 5818: 5770: 5749: 5586: 5577: 5456: 5410: 5346: 5300: 5239: 5133: 3217: 3215: 3172:"Safety and Security in Automobile and Its History" 3098:"Directory Index: AMC/1959 AMC/1959 Rambler Wagons" 3058:(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.701. 2857:"America on the Move; Publicizing Interior Hazards" 2461:"DRL Mandate Takes Effect in Europe, R48 Countries" 2198:Pratt, Stephanie G.; et al. (September 2003). 4129: 865:the first production SAAB car with a safety cage. 653:safety of pedestrians in car-pedestrian collisions 3287:"Trends in Occupant Restraint Use and Fatalities" 2238:Mardis, Anne L.; Stephanie G. Pratt (July 2003). 997:Mounting points for front outboard shoulder belts 4610:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4492:"Brain Immaturity Could Explain Teen Crash Rate" 3146:"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act" 2996:American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year 2390:"EUROPE | Bull bars banned from next year" 23:. For the former East Texas State College, see 1894:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1689:Vehicle inspection exists in the United States 1572:According to a study published in 2017 in the 1160:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1016:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 52:is one of the components of automotive safety. 5543: 5101: 4485: 4483: 3594:NHTSA declines to revisit roof-crush standard 2998:. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 1986:Work-related road safety in the United States 1662:If required periodically, it might be termed 955:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 785:In 1930, safety glass became standard on all 157:Work-related road safety in the United States 8: 3918:"Scrappage cuts road death rate | News" 34:"Passive restraint" redirects here. For the 2833:standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 2171:"Human error as a cause of vehicle crashes" 2050:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1843:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 1475:new cars sold in the USA. According to the 646:featuring a "pedestrian-friendly" front end 591:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 517:are one component addressing protection in 404:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6009: 5583: 5550: 5536: 5528: 5108: 5094: 5086: 5076:No More Flying Glass When Vehicles Collide 4593:. Archived from the original on 2011-11-07 4226:IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety 3944: 3942: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3762: 3760: 3614:"BELGIUM: EU makes brake assist mandatory" 3577:"Government Improves Roof-Crush Standards" 1423:Transportation safety in the United States 1219:revise the General Safety Regulation (GSR) 965:United States Department of Transportation 131:is largely driven by the move towards the 4886: 4711: 4709: 4490:Williamson, Elizabeth (1 February 2005). 4157:Barthel-Bouchier, Diane (February 2006). 4103:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3350:Lisa Wade McCormick (25 September 2006). 2920: 2696:"VEHICLE SAFETY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE" 2211: 2114: 625:Advanced Automatic Collision Notification 611:Learn how and when to remove this message 424:Learn how and when to remove this message 4222:"Fatality Facts 2021: Males and females" 1909:Pedestrian safety through vehicle design 1633:United States New Car Assessment Program 1504:and/or in the back seat, as applicable. 1461:Issues for particular demographic groups 1014:In 1968, the precursor agency to the US 440:Passive safety devices being put to the 344:measurement and speed governance systems 4662: 4660: 2193: 2191: 2002: 1971:Vehicle inspection in the United States 1483:, female drivers face a higher risk of 739:super car) and control stick steering. 143:". But while safety standards like the 4653:– via mayoclinicproceedings.org. 4603: 4581:Aubrey, Allison (September 14, 2011). 4011:from the original on 14 December 2023. 3273:"Safety belt and child restraint laws" 2701:. aesvn.org. p. 3. Archived from 1859:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1477:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1287:Driver Availability Monitoring Systems 1123:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1081:have since been adopted by 49 states ( 1020:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 1003:A uniform P-R-N-D-L gear sequence for 699:in North America are required to bear 71:more broadly includes roadway design. 4995:from the original on 24 November 2005 4988:. Geneva, World Health Organization. 4670:. Pbs.org. 2001-08-14. Archived from 3999:Leonhardt, David (11 December 2023). 3225:. oldcarbrochures.com. Archived from 3118:Del-Colle, Andrew (23 October 2015). 2945:"Directory Index: Tucker/album/album" 2220:from the original on 23 December 2008 1637:European New Car Assessment Programme 1130:European New Car Assessment Programme 904:s "Car of the Year" award for 1956.) 721:A 2004 essay on the relation between 7: 6152: 5502: 5056:National Transportation Safety Board 4969:from the original on 2 February 2006 4411:from the original on 2 February 2008 1899:National Transportation Safety Board 1010:Dual-circuit brake hydraulic systems 969:National Transportation Safety Board 789:cars. In the 1930s, plastic surgeon 589:adding citations to reliable sources 402:adding citations to reliable sources 6125:Vehicle identification number (VIN) 4981:Peden M, McGee K, Sharma G (2002). 3905:"UK Road deaths fall to record low" 3620:. December 10, 2009. Archived from 2367:. Car Design Online. Archived from 1280:covering all the seats in a vehicle 4284:Viano, David C. (September 2003). 3575:Jensen, Christopher (5 May 2009). 3492:. Safecarguide.com. Archived from 3435:. Wadsworth/Cengage. p. 220. 3293:. US Department of Transportation. 2970:"Saab shows its first concept car" 2142:"About Us – TogetherForSaferRoads" 2091:"Seat belts and risk compensation" 1879:Management systems for road safety 1444:in the US. A 2003 study by the US 1425:is monitored by various agencies. 963:In 1966, the U.S. established the 324:Electronic brakeforce distribution 14: 5469:Automobile auxiliary power outlet 3988:from the original on 6 July 2023. 3144:Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). 2859:. amhistory.si.edu. 16 March 2012 2750:. oldcarbrochures.com. p. 89 2729:. oldcarbrochures.com. p. 87 2272:. Corporate.honda.com. 2006-03-02 1664:periodic motor vehicle inspection 1296:Enlargement of Head Impact Zones. 359:Obstacle detection sensor systems 257:Advanced emergency braking system 25:Texas A&M University–Commerce 6161: 6151: 6142: 6141: 5568:Part of a series of articles on 5511: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5124:Part of a series of articles on 4722:. 19 August 2009. Archived from 3697:Cosgrove, Jaclyn (14 May 2018). 3331:Bellis, Mary (22 January 2018). 2487:. AAA Foundation. Archived from 2290:Gladwell, Malcolm (2004-01-12). 1884:Mobile phones and driving safety 1726: 1712: 1210:became mandatory in the EU, and 561: 374: 4397:Courteney Stuart (2008-01-31). 4060:Journal of Public Health Policy 3557:. Autoevolution.com. 2010-12-18 3352:"A Short History of the Airbag" 3148:. In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.). 2994:Flory, Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). 2884:. Hearst Magazines. April 1937. 1283:Vehicle Master Control Switches 1258:Tire-pressure monitoring system 1254:Installation Facilitation (ALC) 80:Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory 4353:Federal Chancellery of Austria 3907:, BBC News, September 9, 1999. 3466:. Euroncap.com. Archived from 3152:. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). 3150:Dictionary of American History 2326:Roy, Sree (17 December 2014). 1267:Lane Departure Warning Systems 1217:In 2019, the EU legislated to 1057:In 1976, the crash test dummy 292:Lane departure warning systems 1: 5959:Approach and departure angles 5181:Electronic instrument cluster 4263:10.1080/15389588.2019.1630825 4072:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074 4031:Transportation Research Board 4022:Wenzel, T.; Ross, M. (2003). 3529:Bergmann, Andy (2019-10-23). 1446:Transportation Research Board 529:Pedestrian protection systems 5141:Automotive navigation system 4935:IEEE Communications Magazine 4906:IEEE Communications Magazine 4643:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.003 4432:Unattended Children and Cars 3978:"OECD Data / Road Accidents" 2972:. 2008-05-19. Archived from 2270:"American Honda safety page" 1748:Assured clear distance ahead 1263:Emergency Stop Signals (ESS) 1226:Intelligent Speed Assistance 1190:Electronic Stability Control 1102:Mercedes-Benz W126 (S-Class) 973:Independent Safety Board Act 808:performed the first barrier 342:Assured Clear Distance Ahead 313:Electronic Stability Control 6022:Automotive light bulb types 5267:Electronic throttle control 5024:. Science Serving Society. 4965:. Land transport NZ. 2005. 4557:Roads and Maritime Services 4436:. Nhtsa.gov. Archived from 3956:. Science Serving Society. 3069:"Safety Innovation in Cars" 2548:The Popular Science Monthly 2417:. Nhtsa.gov. Archived from 2010:Making the Death Seat Safer 1838:Experimental safety vehicle 1560:, have graduated levels of 1278:Safety-belt Warning Systems 644:Experimental Safety Vehicle 302:Deflation Detection Systems 6209: 5313:Automatic vehicle location 3045:, June 1955, pp. 27-30/252 1626:New Car Assessment Program 1311:frontal protection systems 1309:Regulation in relation to 1247:Advanced Emergency Braking 953:On September 9, 1966, the 683: 192:Collision avoidance system 181: 154: 33: 18: 6137: 5565: 5487: 5121: 4947:10.1109/MCOM.2005.1421913 4918:10.1109/MCOM.2005.1421912 4879:10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1455 4587:Shots - NPR's Health Blog 4459:"Driving in other states" 4290:Traffic Injury Prevention 4251:Traffic Injury Prevention 3429:Shaw, William H. (2011). 2146:togetherforsaferroads.org 1981:Vehicle safety technology 1808:Frontal protection system 1643:Legal vehicle inspections 1303:for buses, vans and HGVs. 761:, on August 31, 1869, in 748:18th century–19th century 481:operation of the airbags. 319:Anti-lock braking systems 166:Active and passive safety 103:World Health Organization 6042:high-intensity discharge 4805:IRAP Road Safety Toolkit 3804:10.1525/can.2004.19.1.61 3720:"Search in the register" 3333:"The History of Airbags" 2213:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003119 2107:10.1136/bmj.291.6498.757 1773:Automobile safety rating 1763:Automated highway system 1758:Aurora safety car (1957) 1647:Vehicle inspection is a 1631:Two well known NCAP are 1342:International comparison 1000:Four-way hazard flashers 884:surgeon who advised the 553:Post-crash survivability 307:Traction control systems 298:Tire pressure monitoring 5146:Automotive night vision 5046:European safety ratings 5020:Evans, Leonard (2004). 4631:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 4434:, retrieved 2011-08-15" 4175:10.1525/ctx.2006.5.1.34 4128:L.S. Robertson (2007). 3310:. Dorrance Publishing. 3304:Bruce, Schlink (2012). 3154:Charles Scribner's Sons 3056:American Cars 1946–1959 3054:Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. 2835:. Krause publications. 2831:Kimes, Beverly (1996). 2550:. Bonnier Corporation: 2463:. Drivingvisionnews.com 2442:. Europa.eu. 2011-02-07 1574:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1090:central 3rd brake light 870:Chrysler Imperial Crown 713:since 7 February 2011. 336:Cornering Brake Control 286:Adaptive cruise control 5726:Stressed member engine 4963:"Safe vehicle colours" 4748:"Reduced Fare Program" 4302:10.1080/15389580309880 2580:"Le fardier de Cugnot" 2482:"Car Color and Safety" 1828:Emergency road service 1621: 1527:and driver-controlled 1433: 1046: 1005:automatic transmission 854:In 1947, the American 847:published the classic 730:Unused safety features 647: 463: 449: 330:Emergency brake assist 275:Reverse backup sensors 245:of crash avoidance is 53: 21:Passive nuclear safety 5858:Windshield/windscreen 5328:Remote keyless system 3792:Cultural Anthropology 3170:Dharam Pal, Kashyap. 3100:. oldcarbrochures.com 3022:. oldcarbrochures.com 2813:. oldcarbrochures.com 2792:. Oldcarbrochures.com 2771:. oldcarbrochures.com 2639:. oldcarbrochures.com 2618:. oldcarbrochures.com 2598:"Mary Ward 1827–1869" 2175:cyberlaw.stanford.edu 2071:. Who.int. 2010-12-12 1991:Road safety in Europe 1698:Other safety measures 1619: 1595:public transportation 1431: 1155:got a 5-star rating. 1044: 754:Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 707:Daytime running lamps 680:Lights and reflectors 638: 492:Laminated windshields 455: 439: 263:Infrared night vision 48: 6027:Daytime running lamp 3464:"Euro NCAP Timeline" 3156:. pp. 561–562. 2895:De Haven, H (2000). 1874:Life Critical System 1753:Artificial Passenger 1535:Infants left in cars 1495:Infants and children 1241:Event Data Recorders 763:Parsonstown, Ireland 585:improve this section 459:steering wheel with 398:improve this section 151:Occupational driving 127:The rising trend of 5989:Weight distribution 5921:Omniview technology 4873:(7429): 1455–1456. 4827:preferredmutual.com 4777:Senior Shuttle Plus 4729:on 29 December 2009 4534:. Njteendriving.com 4514:servicenl.gov.nl.ca 4407:. Charlottesville. 4132:Injury Epidemiology 3724:consilium.europa.eu 3644:"Vehicles with ESC" 3596:- Consumer Reports 3395:Godshall, Jeffery. 2913:10.1136/ip.6.1.62-b 2878:"Popular Mechanics" 2365:"Pedestrian Safety" 2204:NIOSH Hazard Review 2036:on August 10, 2009. 1960:Unsafe at Any Speed 1949:Road traffic safety 1904:Omniview technology 1783:Automobile handling 1743:Automotive industry 1672:roadworthiness test 1481:rear-end collisions 1272:Reversing Detection 1094:automotive lighting 697:semi-trailer trucks 686:Automotive lighting 515:anti-intrusion bars 137:Stanford Law School 69:Road traffic safety 6108:Registration plate 5176:Check engine light 5156:Blind spot monitor 5067:2007-03-22 at the 4695:. Allcountries.org 4589:. Washington, DC: 4520:on April 17, 2007. 4159:"Fashioning Steel" 4005:The New York Times 3703:chicagotribune.com 3600:2018-09-18 at the 3490:"US NCAP overview" 2708:on October 8, 2007 2250:on 2 December 2008 2089:MacKay, M (1985). 1966:Vehicle inspection 1944:Traffic psychology 1934:Safety engineering 1849:Worker road safety 1778:Vehicle blind spot 1734:Formula One portal 1685:in EU directives. 1676:registration plate 1622: 1568:Medical conditions 1525:Child safety locks 1434: 1237:Distraction Alerts 1158:Also in 2003, the 1047: 1024:side marker lights 886:US Surgeon General 868:Also in 1949, the 648: 511:Footwell intrusion 471:crash test dummies 464: 450: 269:Adaptive headlamps 210:lights and signals 61:traffic collisions 54: 40:Passive Restraints 6188:Automotive safety 6175: 6174: 6133: 6132: 5997: 5996: 5828:Glass run channel 5762:Trunk/boot/dickie 5559:Automotive design 5525: 5524: 5433:Glove compartment 5387:Child safety lock 5051:Automotive Safety 5031:978-0-9754871-0-5 5009:978-92-4-156220-1 4196:Michelson, Joan. 4143:978-0-19-506956-3 4115:10.1002/pam.20028 3963:978-0-9754871-0-5 3005:978-0-7864-3229-5 2901:Injury Prevention 2842:978-0-87341-428-9 2683:978-91-630-9389-0 2662:straithclinic.com 2554:. December 1956. 2544:"Popular Science" 2101:(6498): 757–758. 1914:Risk compensation 1889:Motorcycle safety 1813:Defensive driving 1798:Criticism of SUVs 1768:Automotive design 1472:automotive design 1316:Previously vans, 1252:Alcohol Interlock 1232:Drowsiness Alerts 791:Claire L. Straith 631:Pedestrian safety 621: 620: 613: 434: 433: 426: 353:Automated parking 247:driver assistance 237:Driver assistance 129:autonomous things 118:Risk compensation 101:According to the 84:Buffalo, New York 57:Automotive safety 6200: 6165: 6155: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6092:Window deflector 6075:Side-view mirror 6010: 5633:Continental tire 5596:Backbone chassis 5584: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5515: 5505: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5392:Rear-view mirror 5323:Power door locks 5110: 5103: 5096: 5087: 5035: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4958: 4929: 4900: 4890: 4849: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4807:. Archived from 4797: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4637:(9): 1341–1350. 4622: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4559:. Archived from 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4516:. Archived from 4506: 4500: 4499: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4465:. Archived from 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4375:. Archived from 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330:on June 23, 2004 4326:. Archived from 4320: 4314: 4313: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4135: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4033:. Archived from 4028: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3924:. Archived from 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3883:. Archived from 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3535:Consumer Reports 3526: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3356:Consumer Affairs 3347: 3341: 3340: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3124:Road & Track 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3075:. Archived from 3065: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2947:. Archived from 2941: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2600:. Archived from 2594: 2588: 2587: 2582:. Archived from 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2518:. Archived from 2517: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2301:. Archived from 2296: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2215: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2148:. Archived from 2138: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2032:. Archived from 2022: 2016: 2007: 1976:Vehicle recovery 1919:Safe Driving Day 1823:Self-driving car 1788:Crash test dummy 1736: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1601:Vehicle programs 1562:driver's licence 1418:US specificities 1349:scrappage scheme 932:Cadillac Cyclone 911:established the 903: 663:", a fashion on 616: 609: 605: 602: 596: 565: 557: 429: 422: 418: 415: 409: 378: 370: 188:Pre-crash system 6208: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6129: 6096: 6058: 6006: 6004: 5993: 5964:Breakover angle 5947: 5874: 5814: 5766: 5745: 5573: 5561: 5556: 5526: 5521: 5483: 5452: 5406: 5360: 5342: 5296: 5235: 5191:Head-up display 5129: 5117: 5114: 5080:Popular Science 5069:Wayback Machine 5042: 5032: 5019: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4932: 4903: 4860: 4857: 4855:Further reading 4852: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4811:on May 7, 2010. 4799: 4798: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4496:Washington Post 4489: 4488: 4481: 4472: 4470: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4041: 4040:on 9 March 2008 4037: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4016: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3887:on July 4, 2010 3879: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3624:on May 16, 2018 3612: 3611: 3607: 3602:Wayback Machine 3592: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3432:Business ethics 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3043:Popular Science 3038: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2013:Popular Science 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1929:Safety engineer 1869:Lateral Support 1864:Intelligent car 1793:Crashworthiness 1732: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1700: 1645: 1635:since 1978 and 1614: 1603: 1586: 1570: 1546: 1544:Teenage drivers 1497: 1468: 1463: 1420: 1344: 1331: 1183: 1142:Janette Fennell 1138: 1119: 1104:. In 1987, the 1075: 1052: 1028:head restraints 948: 901: 878: 841: 783: 771: 750: 745: 732: 719: 701:retroreflective 688: 682: 677: 655:. Proposals in 633: 617: 606: 600: 597: 582: 566: 555: 430: 419: 413: 410: 395: 379: 368: 366:Crashworthiness 348:Precrash system 239: 194: 180: 178:Crash avoidance 168: 159: 153: 43: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6206: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6149: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6063:Other elements 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5984:Turning radius 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5886:Bumper sticker 5882: 5880: 5879:Other elements 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5499: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5423:Center console 5420: 5414: 5412: 5411:Other elements 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5292:Steering wheel 5289: 5287:Power steering 5284: 5279: 5277:Manettino dial 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Cruise control 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5206:Radar detector 5203: 5201:Parking sensor 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5072: 5059: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5040:External links 5038: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5022:Traffic Safety 5017: 5011: 4978: 4959: 4941:(4): 108–113. 4930: 4912:(4): 100–107. 4901: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4832: 4814: 4789: 4764: 4739: 4705: 4684: 4656: 4617: 4573: 4544: 4523: 4501: 4479: 4463:golocalnet.com 4450: 4421: 4389: 4364: 4340: 4315: 4296:(3): 228–239. 4276: 4257:(6): 607–612. 4237: 4213: 4188: 4149: 4142: 4120: 4109:(3): 575–593. 4093: 4066:(2): 182–189. 4050: 4014: 3991: 3969: 3962: 3954:Traffic Safety 3950:Evans, Leonard 3938: 3909: 3897: 3872: 3848: 3817: 3782: 3756: 3735: 3708: 3689: 3675: 3653: 3635: 3605: 3586: 3581:New York Times 3567: 3546: 3521: 3506: 3481: 3470:on 1 June 2020 3455: 3441: 3421: 3407: 3387: 3361: 3342: 3323: 3316: 3296: 3278: 3264: 3239: 3211: 3180: 3162: 3136: 3110: 3089: 3060: 3047: 3032: 3011: 3004: 2986: 2961: 2936: 2907:(1): 62–b–68. 2887: 2869: 2848: 2841: 2823: 2802: 2781: 2760: 2739: 2718: 2687: 2667: 2649: 2628: 2607: 2604:on 2008-03-11. 2589: 2586:on 2008-04-16. 2571: 2535: 2504: 2473: 2452: 2431: 2406: 2381: 2356: 2344: 2318: 2299:The New Yorker 2282: 2261: 2230: 2187: 2162: 2130: 2081: 2060: 2039: 2017: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1723: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1683:testing centre 1670:in the UK, or 1644: 1641: 1613: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1585: 1582: 1569: 1566: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1496: 1493: 1470:The domain of 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1419: 1416: 1380:United Kingdom 1343: 1340: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1314: 1307: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1212:reverse camera 1182: 1179: 1137: 1134: 1118: 1115: 1079:Seat belt laws 1074: 1071: 1051: 1048: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007:gear selectors 1001: 998: 995: 992: 947: 944: 909:United Nations 877: 874: 840: 837: 782: 779: 770: 767: 749: 746: 744: 741: 731: 728: 718: 717:Vehicle colour 715: 711:European Union 684:Main article: 681: 678: 676: 673: 632: 629: 619: 618: 569: 567: 560: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546:station wagons 538:Cargo barriers 535: 532: 526: 522: 507: 500: 497:Tempered glass 489: 482: 432: 431: 382: 380: 373: 367: 364: 363: 362: 356: 350: 345: 339: 333: 327: 321: 316: 310: 304: 295: 289: 283: 278: 272: 266: 260: 254: 238: 235: 234: 233: 220:The vehicle's 218: 214:The vehicle's 212: 200:The vehicle's 179: 176: 167: 164: 155:Main article: 152: 149: 133:autonomous car 78:safety was by 65:motor vehicles 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6205: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6148: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6000: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5901:Hood ornament 5899: 5897: 5896:Front-end bra 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:Quarter glass 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5704:Quarter panel 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Body-on-frame 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Molded carpet 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Parking brake 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5231:Trip computer 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Backup camera 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5014:Physics Today 5012: 5010: 5006: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4674:on 2013-04-02 4673: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4574: 4563:on 2008-03-02 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4469:on 2021-11-04 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4440:on 2011-10-24 4439: 4435: 4433: 4425: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4379:on 2016-08-28 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3982:data.OECD.org 3979: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3928:on 2011-07-18 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3777:2027.42/60424 3774: 3770: 3769:Umtri-2008-39 3763: 3761: 3757: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3686:. 4 May 2023. 3685: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3623: 3619: 3618:just-auto.com 3615: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3496:on 2012-09-12 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3442:9780495808763 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3422: 3410: 3408:9781596139275 3404: 3400: 3399: 3391: 3388: 3376:on 2014-11-23 3375: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3317:9781434975362 3313: 3309: 3308: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3229:on 2014-12-13 3228: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3201:on 2011-08-12 3197: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3079:on 2016-11-13 3078: 3074: 3073:volvocars.com 3070: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040:"Safer Cars." 3036: 3033: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2976:on 2008-05-19 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2951:on 2010-12-04 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2525:on 2011-06-07 2521: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2494:on 2012-05-04 2490: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2421:on 2016-11-24 2420: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2371:on 2012-03-08 2370: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2308:on 2009-07-06 2304: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2283: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2152:on 2019-11-05 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1954:Travel safety 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1854:Hazard symbol 1852: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:pickup trucks 1430: 1426: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1329:Safety trends 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299:Reduction of 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1128:In 1996, the 1126: 1124: 1121:In 1995, the 1116: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088:In 1986, the 1086: 1084: 1083:New Hampshire 1080: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 988: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 958: 956: 951: 945: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 907:In 1958, the 905: 900: 899: 894: 889: 887: 883: 875: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 852: 850: 846: 838: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 813: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 778: 776: 773:In 1922, the 768: 766: 764: 760: 755: 747: 742: 740: 738: 729: 727: 724: 716: 714: 712: 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 687: 679: 674: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 645: 642: 637: 630: 628: 626: 615: 612: 604: 594: 590: 586: 580: 579: 575: 570:This section 568: 564: 559: 558: 552: 547: 543: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:Crumple zones 501: 498: 493: 490: 486: 483: 479: 476: 475: 474: 472: 468: 462: 458: 454: 447: 443: 438: 428: 425: 417: 407: 403: 399: 393: 392: 388: 383:This section 381: 377: 372: 371: 365: 360: 357: 354: 351: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 303: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 282: 281:Backup camera 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 251: 250: 248: 244: 236: 231: 227: 223: 219: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184:Active safety 177: 175: 173: 172:Active safety 165: 163: 158: 150: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 119: 114: 109: 106: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 76:motor vehicle 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 50:Crash testing 47: 41: 37: 30: 26: 22: 6113:vanity plate 6052:trafficators 5863:washer fluid 5843:Power window 5838:Opera window 5750:Compartments 5638:Crumple zone 5623:Cabrio coach 5567: 5350: 5247:Bowden cable 5123: 5116:Car interior 5075: 5021: 5013: 4997:. Retrieved 4971:. Retrieved 4938: 4934: 4909: 4905: 4870: 4866: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4809:the original 4804: 4780:. Retrieved 4776: 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4752:My Way There 4751: 4742: 4731:. Retrieved 4724:the original 4697:. Retrieved 4687: 4676:. Retrieved 4672:the original 4634: 4630: 4620: 4595:. Retrieved 4586: 4576: 4565:. Retrieved 4561:the original 4556: 4547: 4536:. Retrieved 4526: 4518:the original 4513: 4510:"Service NL" 4504: 4495: 4471:. Retrieved 4467:the original 4462: 4453: 4442:. Retrieved 4438:the original 4431: 4424: 4413:. Retrieved 4402: 4392: 4381:. Retrieved 4377:the original 4367: 4356:. Retrieved 4343: 4332:. Retrieved 4328:the original 4318: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4229:. Retrieved 4225: 4216: 4205:. Retrieved 4201: 4191: 4169:(1): 34–38. 4166: 4162: 4152: 4131: 4123: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4042:. Retrieved 4035:the original 4017: 4004: 3994: 3981: 3972: 3953: 3930:. Retrieved 3926:the original 3922:Auto Express 3921: 3912: 3900: 3889:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3875: 3864:. Retrieved 3860: 3851: 3840:. Retrieved 3836: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3768: 3748:. Retrieved 3738: 3727:. Retrieved 3723: 3702: 3692: 3678: 3669: 3656: 3648:SaferCar.gov 3647: 3638: 3626:. Retrieved 3622:the original 3617: 3608: 3589: 3580: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3549: 3538:. Retrieved 3534: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3498:. Retrieved 3494:the original 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3468:the original 3458: 3446:. Retrieved 3431: 3424: 3412:. Retrieved 3397: 3390: 3378:. Retrieved 3374:the original 3364: 3355: 3345: 3336: 3326: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3267: 3256:. Retrieved 3252: 3247:Epker, Eva. 3242: 3231:. Retrieved 3227:the original 3203:. Retrieved 3196:the original 3183: 3165: 3157: 3149: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3113: 3102:. Retrieved 3092: 3081:. Retrieved 3077:the original 3072: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3024:. Retrieved 3014: 2995: 2989: 2978:. Retrieved 2974:the original 2964: 2953:. Retrieved 2949:the original 2939: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2861:. Retrieved 2851: 2832: 2826: 2815:. Retrieved 2805: 2794:. Retrieved 2784: 2773:. Retrieved 2763: 2752:. Retrieved 2742: 2731:. Retrieved 2721: 2710:. Retrieved 2703:the original 2690: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2641:. Retrieved 2631: 2620:. Retrieved 2610: 2602:the original 2592: 2584:the original 2574: 2563:. Retrieved 2547: 2538: 2527:. Retrieved 2520:the original 2507: 2496:. Retrieved 2489:the original 2476: 2465:. Retrieved 2455: 2444:. Retrieved 2434: 2423:. Retrieved 2419:the original 2409: 2398:. Retrieved 2396:. 2001-11-27 2393: 2384: 2373:. Retrieved 2369:the original 2359: 2354:, World Bank 2347: 2335:. Retrieved 2332:Sleep Review 2331: 2321: 2310:. Retrieved 2303:the original 2298: 2285: 2274:. Retrieved 2264: 2252:. Retrieved 2248:the original 2243: 2233: 2222:. Retrieved 2203: 2178:. Retrieved 2174: 2165: 2154:. Retrieved 2150:the original 2145: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2073:. Retrieved 2063: 2052:. Retrieved 2042: 2034:the original 2029: 2020: 2012: 2005: 1958: 1803:Crumple zone 1701: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1646: 1639:since 1997. 1630: 1623: 1607: 1604: 1591: 1587: 1571: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1529:power window 1523: 1520: 1514: 1506: 1498: 1489: 1469: 1455: 1450: 1435: 1421: 1353: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1291: 1216: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1184: 1176: 1168: 1157: 1146: 1139: 1127: 1120: 1111:Honda Legend 1098: 1087: 1076: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1037: 1013: 985: 962: 959: 952: 949: 929: 906: 896: 890: 879: 867: 860: 853: 848: 845:Hugh DeHaven 842: 817: 814: 803: 784: 772: 751: 733: 720: 705: 693:School buses 689: 649: 641:Mini Clubman 622: 607: 598: 583:Please help 571: 519:side impacts 465: 457:Ferrari F430 420: 411: 396:Please help 384: 246: 240: 208:, and other 195: 169: 160: 126: 122: 110: 107: 100: 73: 56: 55: 6193:Road safety 6047:sealed beam 5979:Roll center 5974:Ride height 5911:Japan black 5906:Instruments 5891:Curb feeler 5757:Hood/bonnet 5457:Convenience 5448:Vehicle mat 5397:Rumble seat 5382:Bucket seat 5338:VIN etching 5318:Immobiliser 5211:Speedometer 5161:Boost gauge 5134:Instruments 2352:Road Safety 2254:10 November 2244:NIOSH Alert 1720:Cars portal 1558:New Zealand 1412:Switzerland 1400:New Zealand 1396:Netherlands 1301:blind spots 1214:in the US. 1151:. 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