834:
318:
792:
drugs in the mother during pregnancy. Autism was found to be indirectly linked to prepregnancy obesity and low weight mothers. It is not known whether mutations that arise spontaneously in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders come mainly from the mother or the father, or whether the mutations are associated with parental age. However, recent studies have identified advancing paternal age as a significant indicator for ASD. Increased chance of autism has also been linked to rapid "catch-up" growth for children born to mothers who had unhealthy weight at conception.
59:'s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States (1 in 34 boys, and 1 in 144 girls) are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), based on data collected in 2016. This estimate is a 10% increase from the 1 in 59 rate in 2014, 105% increase from the 1 in 110 rate in 2006 and 176% increase from the 1 in 150 rate in 2000. Diagnostic criteria of ASD has changed significantly since the 1980s; for example,
918:
determined multiple brain structures that appear to play a role in language related symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. For example, having a larger sized right inferior frontal gyrus is correlated with those diagnosed with autism, specifically categorized in the language impairment subgroup (but not in those without). Some research yields conflicting results however related to different structures and total language scores, in which a possible factor for this could be age.
236:
than incidence, as the condition starts long before it is diagnosed, bearing in mind genetic elements it is inherent from conception, and the gap between initiation and diagnosis is influenced by many factors unrelated to chance. Research focuses mostly on whether point or period prevalence is increasing with time; cumulative incidence is sometimes used in studies of birth
896:
751:
990:, are not commonly diagnosed in people with ASD because such symptoms are better explained by ASD itself, and it is often difficult to tell whether symptoms such as compulsive checking are part of ASD or a co-occurring anxiety problem. The prevalence of anxiety disorders in children with ASD has been reported to be anywhere between 11% and 84%.
375:
effects of wider awareness of autism, increased funding, and expanding support options resulting in parents' greater motivation to seek services. Another 2009 California study found that the reported increases are unlikely to be explained by changes in how qualifying condition codes for autism were recorded.
167:) only has one diagnosis, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which encompasses each of the previous four disorders. According to the new diagnostic criteria for ASD, one must have both struggles in social communication and interaction and restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities (RRBs).
917:
Key symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are impaired social and communication abilities and having a narrow scope of interest and repeated behaviors. An impairment of language used to be a key diagnostic factor, but research has led to categorizing this symptom as a specifier. One scoping review has
646:
found that inpatient admission rates for children with ASD increased 30% from 2000 to 2005, with the largest rise between 2000 and 2001 and a decline between 2001 and 2003. Inpatient rates for all mental disorders also rose for ages up to 15 years, so that the ratio of ASD to all admissions rose from
463:
A further study in 2006 concluded that the apparent rise in administrative prevalence was the result of diagnostic substitution, mostly for findings of intellectual disability and learning disabilities. "Many of the children now being counted in the autism category would probably have been counted in
455:
The
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 2014–2016 studied 30,502 US children and adolescents and found the weighted prevalence of ASD was 2.47% (24.7 per 1,000); 3.63% in boys and 1.25% in girls. Across the 3-year reporting period, the prevalence was 2.24% in 2014, 2.41% in 2015, and 2.76% in
930:
Much research centered around those with ASD that have impaired communication and seeking improvement in social interaction often investigate the use of psychosocial interventions. However, other research looks to pharmacology for treatment. Behavioral management therapy is another potential option.
719:
Since heritability is less than 100% and symptoms vary markedly among identical twins with autism, environmental factors are most likely a significant cause as well. If some of the risk is due to gene-environment interaction the 90% heritability may be too high; However, in 2017, the largest study,
483:
county found that the cumulative incidence of autism grew eightfold from the 1980–83 period to the 1995–97 period. The increase occurred after the introduction of broader, more-precise diagnostic criteria, increased service availability, and increased awareness of autism. During the same period, the
398:
may have impacted the current number of diagnoses. More assessments for ASD occurred among 4-year-olds than the current 8-year-olds when they were 4 years of age prior to the pandemic. After the pandemic, the rate of current assessments has dropped, leading to possible delayed identification of ASD.
252:
The second method improves on the first by having investigators examine student or patient records looking for probable cases, to catch cases that have not been identified yet. The third method, which is arguably the best, screens a large sample of an entire community to identify possible cases, and
248:
The three basic approaches used to estimate prevalence differ in cost and in quality of results. The simplest and cheapest method is to count known autism cases from sources such as schools and clinics, and divide by the population. This approach is likely to underestimate prevalence because it does
235:
When studying how conditions are caused, incidence rates are the most appropriate measure of condition frequency as they assess probability directly. However, incidence can be difficult to measure with rarer conditions such as autism. In autism epidemiology, point or period prevalence is more useful
529:
dropped to near zero and was replaced with MR and M vaccine, the incidence rate grew to 97 and 161 cases per 10,000 children born in 1993 and 1994, respectively, indicating that the combined MMR vaccine did not cause autism. A 2004 Japanese autism association reported that about 360.000 people have
386:(or Thimerosal) hypothesis, so these types of risk factors have to be ruled out. Although it is unknown whether autism's frequency has increased, any such increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward addressing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics.
370:
as children in previous decades would now be given a diagnosis as autism. A study of all Danish children born in 1994–99 found that children born later were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age, supporting the argument that apparent increases in autism prevalence were at least partly due to
365:
A 2007 study that modeled autism incidence found that broadened diagnostic criteria, diagnosis at a younger age, and improved efficiency of case ascertainment, can produce an increase in the frequency of autism ranging up to 29-fold depending on the frequency measure, suggesting that methodological
304:
determined that the prevalence of ASD in adults was approximately 1% of the population, with a higher prevalence in males and no significant variation between age groups; these results suggest that prevalence of ASD among adults is similar to that in children and rates of autism are not increasing.
921:
As for temporal regions, increased rightward radial diffusivity might have an association with receptive language scores. Research concerning the planum temporale and its role in language has been inconclusive. The cerebellum may also be a factor in whether a person has language impairment or not.
791:
A few studies have found an association between autism and frequent use of acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol, Paracetamol) by the mother during pregnancy. Autism is also associated with several other prenatal factors, including advanced age in either parent, and diabetes, bleeding, or use of psychiatric
879:
There exists behavioral differences and differences in brain structures between males and females with autism. Females often either mask their symptoms more (called camouflaging) or need to display more prominent symptoms to receive a diagnosis. Males tend to demonstrate common symptoms of autism
703:
to be more than 90%; in other words, that genetics explains more than 90% of autism cases. When only one identical twin is autistic, the other often has learning or social disabilities. For adult siblings, the risk of having one or more features of the broader autism phenotype might be as high as
680:
has caused considerable controversy, despite being subsequently disproved. A 2004 study found that the reported incidence of pervasive developmental disorders in a general practice research database in
England and Wales grew steadily during 1988–2001 from 0.11 to 2.98 per 10,000 person-years, and
291:
A 2006 study of nearly 57,000 British nine- and ten-year-olds reported a prevalence of 3.89 per 1,000 for autism and 11.61 per 1,000 for ASD; these higher figures could be associated with broadening diagnostic criteria. Studies based on more detailed information, such as direct observation rather
54:
ASD averages a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio in diagnosis, not accounting for ASD in gender diverse populations, which overlap disproportionately with ASD populations. The number of children known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic
434:
A 2001 review of the medical research conducted by the Public Health Agency of Canada concluded that there was no link between MMR vaccine and either inflammatory bowel disease or autism. The review noted, "An increase in cases of autism was noted by year of birth from 1979 to 1992; however, no
374:
A 2009 study of
California data found that the reported incidence of autism rose 7- to 8-fold from the early 1990s to 2007, and that changes in diagnostic criteria, inclusion of milder cases, and earlier age of diagnosis probably explain only a 4.25-fold increase; the study did not quantify the
346:
An editorial error in the description of the PDD-NOS category of Autism
Spectrum Disorders in the DSM-IV, in 1994, inappropriately broadened the PDD-NOS construct. The error was corrected in the DSM-IV-TR, in 2000, reversing the PDD-NOS construct back to the more restrictive diagnostic criteria
555:
A 2009 study reported that the annual incidence rate of
Israeli children with a diagnosis of ASD receiving disability benefits rose from zero in 1982–1984 to 190 per million in 2004. It was not known whether these figures reflected true increases or other factors such as changes in diagnostic
357:
The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness. A widely cited 2002 pilot study concluded that the observed increase in autism in
California cannot be explained by changes in
908:
One theory behind autism is exposure to environmental chemicals before the age of two months. Human studies have mainly focused on particulate matter or mercury. Other studies investigated the effects of pollutants in the air or lead. Additionally, studies involving rodent animal models also
43:(ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However, the study's 1% figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in
447:
in 2020, 1 in 36 children have ASD (27.6 in every 1,000). The number of diagnosed cases of autism grew dramatically in the U.S. in the 1990s and have continued in the 2000s. For the 2006 surveillance year, identified ASD cases were an estimated 9.0 per 1000 children aged 8 years (95%
909:
investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos. Research suggests that environmental chemicals can be targeted and impacted by pollutants. Some systemic reviews have indicated that while significant correlations between mercury exposure and autism have been found, more research is needed.
863:
deficiency may explain some of the difference in frequency between males and females. RORA protein levels are higher in the brains of typically developing females compared to typically developing males, providing females with a buffer against RORA deficiency. This is known as the
892:. Scientific literature demonstrates that there is no causal link between thimerosal and ASD. Though the ingredient is not as prevalent in vaccines anymore, there is still concern about the link between autism and vaccinations, but there is no evidence to support this notion.
313:
Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. Earlier prevalence estimates were lower, centering at about 0.5 per 1,000 for autism during the 1960s and 1970s and about 1 per 1,000 in the 1980s, as opposed to today's 23 per 1000.
190:
Although incidence rates measure autism prevalence directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence. Attention is focused mostly on whether prevalence is increasing with time.
435:
incremental increase in cases was observed after the introduction of MMR vaccination." After the introduction of MMR, "A time trend analysis found no correlation between prevalence of MMR vaccination and the incidence of autism in each birth cohort from 1988 to 1993."
803:
It is not known how many siblings of autistic individuals are themselves autistic. Several studies based on clinical samples have given quite different estimates, and these clinical samples differ in important ways from samples taken from the general community.
7338:
452:= 8.6–9.3). These numbers measure what is sometimes called "administrative prevalence", that is, the number of known cases per unit of population, as opposed to the true number of cases. This prevalence estimate rose 57% (95% CI 27%–95%) from 2002 to 2006.
358:
diagnostic criteria, but a 2006 analysis found that special education data poorly measured prevalence because so many cases were undiagnosed, and that the 1994–2003 U.S. increase was associated with declines in other diagnostic categories, indicating that
593:
indicated that during the chemical's usage period (up through 1990), there was no trend toward an increase in the incidence of autism. Between 1991 and 2000 the incidence increased, including among children born after the discontinuation of thimerosal.
795:
A large 2008 population study of
Swedish parents of children with autism found that the parents were more likely to have been hospitalized for a mental disorder, that schizophrenia was more common among the mothers and fathers, and that depression and
6618:
6049:
5057:
Lange, Nicholas; DuBray, Molly B.; Lee, Jee Eun; Froimowitz, Michael P.; Froehlich, Alyson; Adluru, Nagesh; Wright, Brad; Ravichandran, Caitlin; Fletcher, P. Thomas; Bigler, Erin D.; Alexander, Andrew L.; Lainhart, Janet E. (December 2010).
5009:
De Fossé, Lies; Hodge, Steven M.; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; McGrath, Lauren; Steele, Shelley; Ziegler, David A.; Herbert, Martha R.; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J. (December 2004).
659:
reported prevalence rates for ASD ranging from 0.21% to 0.87%, depending on assessment method and assumptions about non-response, suggesting that methodological factors explain large variances in prevalence rates in different studies.
2210:
Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T (July 2006). "Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the
Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)".
459:
The number of new cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in
Caucasian boys is roughly 50% higher than found in Hispanic children, and approximately 30% more likely to occur than in Non-Hispanic white children in the United States.
5500:
Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G (August 2008). "Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample".
1033:, and other of these conditions are often present and these comorbid diagnoses are increasingly accepted. A 2008 study found that nearly 70% of children with ASD had at least one psychiatric disorder, including nearly 30% with
730:
have had inadequate power. Studies have examined more than 100 candidate genes; many genes must be examined because more than a third of genes are expressed in the brain and there are few clues on which are relevant to autism.
299:
A 2009 U.S. study based on 2006 data estimated the prevalence of ASD in eight-year-old children to be 9.0 per 1,000 (approximate range 8.6–9.3). A 2009 report based on the 2007 Adult
Psychiatric Morbidity Survey by the
970:. The fraction of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70%, a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing autistic intelligence.
512:
A 2008 Hong Kong study reported an ASD incidence rate similar to those reported in Australia and North America, and lower than Europeans. It also reported a prevalence of 1.68 per 1,000 for children under 15 years.
3610:
Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Thorsen P, Plesner AM, Andersen PH, Mortensen PB (September 2003). "Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data".
7201:
1914:
Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, et al. (February 1998). "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children".
2382:
998:, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder; 5–38% of children with autism have comorbid epilepsy, and only 16% of these have remission in adulthood.
888:
A common misconception is that vaccinations are the cause of children developing ASD. This is partly due to the concern of a former ingredient called thimerosal, which is a substance that contains
77:
it is still not entirely known, efforts have been made to outline causative mechanisms and how they give rise to the disorder. The risk of developing autism is increased in the presence of various
525:
with a stable population of about 300,000 reported a cumulative incidence to age 7 years of 48 cases of ASD per 10,000 children in 1989, and 86 in 1990. After the vaccination rate of the triple
296:, England used different methods to measure prevalence, and estimated that 40% of ASD cases go undiagnosed, with the two least-biased estimates of true prevalence being 11.3 and 15.7 per 1,000.
5115:
Hodge, Steven M.; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; Howard, James; McGrath, Lauren; Steele, Shelly; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J. (March 2010).
7444:
7186:
174:
groups. Studies have been conducted in several continents (Asia, Europe and North America) that report a prevalence rate of approximately 1 to 2 percent. A 2011 study reported a 2.6 percent
336:
There may be more complete pickup of autism (case finding), as a result of increased awareness and funding. For example, attempts to sue vaccine companies may have increased case-reporting.
4451:
Daniels JL, Forssen U, Hultman CM, Cnattingius S, Savitz DA, Feychting M, Sparen P (May 2008). "Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring".
3045:
4489:
5715:
4907:"Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products"
7176:
484:
reported number of autism cases grew 22-fold in the same location, suggesting that counts reported by clinics or schools provide misleading estimates of the true incidence of autism.
7474:
113:
are complex and it is unclear which genes are responsible. ASD is also associated with several intellectual or emotional gifts, which has led to a variety of hypotheses from within
253:
then evaluates each possible case in more detail with standard diagnostic procedures. This last method typically produces the most reliable, and the highest, prevalence estimates.
841:
Boys have a higher chance of being diagnosed with autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with
3497:
431:
However, preliminary results of an epidemiological study conducted at Montreal Children's Hospital in the 200–2004 school year found a prevalence rate of 0.68% (or 1 per 147).
378:
Several environmental factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased. These include certain foods, infectious disease,
292:
than examination of medical records, identify higher prevalence; this suggests that published figures may underestimate ASD's true prevalence. A 2009 study of the children in
144:. After data included in the report was shown to be deliberately falsified, the paper was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom.
4959:
Cermak, Carly A.; Arshinoff, Spencer; Ribeiro de Oliveira, Leticia; Tendera, Anna; Beal, Deryk S.; Brian, Jessica; Anagnostou, Evdokia; Sanjeevan, Teenu (1 February 2022).
350:
Successively earlier diagnosis in each succeeding cohort of children, including recognition in nursery (preschool), may have affected apparent prevalence but not incidence.
7287:
6776:
6182:
5840:
4711:
3277:"The incidence of clinically diagnosed versus research-identified autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a retrospective, population-based study"
940:
542:
Across all ages, 1 in 70 Australians identify as being autistic (or a person with autism). 1 in 23 children (or 4.36%) aged 7 to 14 years have an autism diagnosis.
7437:
3853:
Posserud M, Lundervold AJ, Lie SA, Gillberg C (March 2010). "The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: impact of diagnostic instrument and non-response bias".
880:
such as repetitive and restricted behaviors more so than females. This difference is hypothesized to be part of why females are more likely to be underdiagnosed.
2389:
1977:
Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Fombonne E, Laska E, Lim EC, et al. (September 2011). "Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample".
321:
Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children grew dramatically in the U.S. from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much, if any, growth came from changes in autism's
224:
of a condition is the proportion of a population that had the condition at a single point in time, for example, "10 cases per 1,000 people at the start of 2006".
7389:
1836:
Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD (June 2014). "Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies".
2879:
Grether JK, Rosen NJ, Smith KS, Croen LA (October 2009). "Investigation of shifts in autism reporting in the California Department of Developmental Services".
2565:
4613:"Investigation of sex differences in the expression of RORA and its transcriptional targets in the brain as a potential contributor to the sex bias in autism"
986:, and are likely affected by age, level of cognitive functioning, degree of social impairment, and ASD-specific difficulties. Many anxiety disorders, such as
6689:
7638:
6664:
1078:
Zeidan, Jinan; Fombonne, Eric; Scorah, Julie; Ibrahim, Alaa; Durkin, Maureen S.; Saxena, Shekhar; Yusuf, Afiqah; Shih, Andy; Elsabbagh, Mayada (May 2022).
170:
ASD diagnoses continue to be over four times more common among boys (1 in 34) than among girls (1 in 154), and they are reported in all racial, ethnic and
811:
of high socioeconomic status. One study from California found a three to fourfold increased risk of autism in a small 30 by 40 km region centered on
249:
not count children who have not been diagnosed yet, and it is likely to generate skewed statistics because some children have better access to treatment.
6236:
6156:
1331:
444:
217:
is the proportion of a population that became new cases within a specified time period, for example, "1.5 per 1,000 people became new cases during 2006".
2093:
1959:
608:
France made autism the national focus for the year 2012 and the Health Ministry estimated the rate of autism in 2012 to have been 0.67%, i.e. 1 in 150.
55:
practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased; and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. In 2020, the
3752:"Plan autisme 2008–2010: Construire une nouvelle étape de la politique des troubles envahissants du développement (TED) et en particulier de l'autisme"
329:
The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and 2000s, prompting ongoing investigations into several potential reasons:
7430:
6947:
5848:
7645:
6588:
5853:
2598:
Shattuck PT (April 2006). "The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education".
353:
A review of the "rising autism" figures compared to other disabilities in schools shows a corresponding drop in findings of intellectual disability.
147:
It is problematic to compare autism rates over the last three decades, as the diagnostic criteria for autism have changed with each revision of the
3776:
7738:
7032:
6756:
6310:
6039:
5679:
366:
factors may explain the observed increases in autism over time. A small 2008 study found that a significant number (40%) of people diagnosed with
2666:
630:
gives figures between 30 and 60 per 10,000. The French Minister of Health gives a prevalence of 4.9 per 10,000 on its website but it counts only
4497:
3751:
2780:
Parner ET, Schendel DE, Thorsen P (December 2008). "Autism prevalence trends over time in Denmark: changes in prevalence and age at diagnosis".
1179:
7571:
7494:
6613:
6120:
6024:
3972:
3707:
Fombonne E, Du Mazaubrun C, Cans C, Grandjean H (November 1997). "Autism and associated medical disorders in a French epidemiological survey".
833:
60:
3473:
163:, PDD-NOS, and Asperger's syndrome. Due to inconsistencies in diagnosis and how much is still being learnt about autism, the most recent DSM (
7399:
6965:
6957:
6684:
6442:
6328:
6177:
5269:
4065:
3001:
Mankoski RE, Collins M, Ndosi NK, Mgalla EH, Sarwatt VV, Folstein SE (November 2006). "Etiologies of autism in a case-series from Tanzania".
1761:
504:
A journal reports that the median prevalence of ASD among 2–6-year-old children who are reported in China from 2000 upwards was 10.3/10,000.
4310:
Moss BG, Chugani DC (2014). "Increased risk of very low birth weight, rapid postnatal growth, and autism in underweight and obese mothers".
7662:
6789:
5674:
828:
6130:
469:
159:, and the criteria for autistic disorder (AD) were more restrictive. The previous edition of the DSM, DSM-IV, included autistic disorder,
5983:
5172:
Ameis, S. H.; Kassee, C.; Corbett-Dick, P.; Cole, L.; Dadhwal, S.; Lai, M.-C.; Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.; Correll, C. U. (November 2018).
4004:"Rate of first recorded diagnosis of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in United Kingdom general practice, 1988 to 2001"
2539:
7343:
5870:
5246:
4129:
Bolton P, Macdonald H, Pickles A, Rios P, Goode S, Crowson M, et al. (July 1994). "A case-control family history study of autism".
3754:[Autism Plan 2008-2010: Building a new stage in the policy of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and in particular autism]
339:
The diagnosis may be applied more broadly than before, as a result of the changing definition of the disorder, particularly changes in
7628:
7016:
464:
the mental retardation or learning disabilities categories if they were being labeled 10 years ago instead of today," said researcher
231:
is the proportion that had the condition at any time within a stated period, for example, "15 per 1,000 people had cases during 2006".
5863:
7655:
7588:
7583:
7524:
7519:
6338:
5948:
5720:
5220:"Behavioral Management Therapy for Autism | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"
2923:
2383:
Autism Spectrum Disorders in adults living in households throughout England: Report from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007
2032:
301:
281:
160:
148:
7038:
3567:
Al-Salehi SM, Al-Hifthy EH, Ghaziuddin M (June 2009). "Autism in Saudi Arabia: presentation, clinical correlates and comorbidity".
5700:
5611:
615:
572:
is 18 per 10,000, slightly higher than the 13 per 10,000 reported in developed countries.(compared to 168 per 10,000 in the USA)
5219:
4209:"The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism"
7702:
7539:
7514:
7256:
6983:
6932:
6806:
2667:"Report to the legislature on the principal findings of the epidemiology of autism in California: a comprehensive pilot study"
699:
studies now suggests that it is one of the most heritable of all psychiatric conditions. The first studies of twins estimated
7633:
7603:
7554:
7549:
7504:
7489:
6970:
6912:
6229:
6151:
3324:
Montiel-Nava C, Peña JA (March 2008). "Epidemiological findings of pervasive developmental disorders in a Venezuelan study".
5546:"Autism spectrum disorders and childhood-onset schizophrenia: clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited"
1048:, a rare and severe form, is another preempted diagnosis whose symptoms are often present along with the symptoms of autism.
6552:
3093:
Strauss, B; Bigham, M (2001). "Does measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination cause inflammatory bowel disease and autism?".
7677:
7509:
7231:
6532:
6507:
6125:
6034:
5973:
5795:
3924:"Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis"
1038:
367:
210:
of a condition is the rate at which new cases occurred per person-year, for example, "2 new cases per 1,000 person-years".
5414:
Ozgen HM, Hop JW, Hox JJ, Beemer FA, van Engeland H (March 2010). "Minor physical anomalies in autism: a meta-analysis".
2433:
2352:"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006"
265:
of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. Most recent
7707:
7618:
7529:
7072:
6927:
6902:
6466:
3177:
1274:
3527:
2733:"Autism and diagnostic substitution: evidence from a study of adults with a history of developmental language disorder"
1025:. Although the DSM-IV rules out concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism, the full criteria for
7598:
7561:
7544:
7302:
6562:
6115:
5885:
5750:
850:
70:
56:
6822:
4086:
Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B (December 2001). "Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder".
2254:
Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H (June 2008). "Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers".
1871:
Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (January 2011). "Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent".
2569:
7682:
7578:
7317:
7191:
6989:
6942:
6448:
6333:
6300:
5993:
5958:
5938:
5890:
3741:
Expertise collective. Troubles mentaux. Dépistage et prévention chez l'enfant et chez l'adolescent. Inserm, 2003, 8
3646:
7667:
7348:
7251:
7092:
6917:
6907:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6542:
6527:
6453:
6426:
6323:
6222:
6072:
5913:
5805:
5669:
3900:
151:(DSM), which outlines which symptoms meet the criteria for an ASD diagnosis. In 1983, the DSM did not recognize
140:
published a small study in 1998 in the United Kingdom suggesting a causal link between autism and the trivalent
7697:
7608:
7566:
7534:
7484:
7216:
6460:
6146:
5963:
4664:"Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Symptomology and Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder"
1610:
Sandin, S.; Lichtenstein, P.; Kuja-Halkola, R.; Hultman, C.; Larsson, H.; Reichenberg, A. (26 September 2017).
1015:
207:
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MacNeil BM, Lopes VA, Minnes PM (2009). "Anxiety in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders".
865:
7687:
7650:
7623:
7613:
7136:
6834:
6694:
6432:
6092:
6077:
6064:
6019:
5918:
5880:
5830:
5727:
2976:
1042:
1034:
987:
966:
868:. RORA deficiency has previously been proposed as one factor that may make males more vulnerable to autism.
842:
771:
677:
428:
The Canadian government reported in 2019 that 1 in 50 children were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
359:
133:
125:
114:
7692:
7499:
7469:
7181:
6874:
6710:
6516:
6295:
6087:
6082:
6029:
6014:
5654:
2415:
959:
709:
690:
623:
382:. There is overwhelming scientific evidence against the MMR hypothesis and no convincing evidence for the
156:
110:
2134:
7733:
7672:
6784:
5649:
4705:
3787:
3236:"The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study"
48:
2498:
Wing L, Potter D (2002). "The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?".
2679:
7196:
7067:
6598:
5604:
4269:
3759:
846:
797:
696:
531:
214:
3980:
3208:
2859:
2637:
614:
made some studies in the years 1992 and 1997. He found a prevalence of 16 per 10,000 for the global
7379:
7297:
6054:
5639:
3664:
Fombonne E, du Mazaubrun C (August 1992). "Prevalence of infantile autism in four French regions".
3481:
1713:"Etiology of infantile autism: a review of recent advances in genetic and neurobiological research"
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82:
3071:
1512:
Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E (June 2007). "Childhood autism and associated comorbidities".
7353:
7266:
7221:
7206:
7116:
5953:
5760:
5526:
5482:
5439:
5396:
5174:"Systematic review and guide to management of core and psychiatric symptoms in youth with autism"
4476:
4384:
4335:
4189:
4111:
3878:
3689:
3592:
3419:
3367:
Sun X, Allison C (April 2010). "A review of the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Asia".
3349:
3046:"Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth"
3026:
2904:
2762:
2674:
2623:
2328:
2279:
2236:
2002:
1940:
1896:
1693:
1589:
1537:
1489:
1394:
1302:
983:
871:
There is a statistically notable overlap between ASD populations and gender diverse populations.
44:
1244:
1227:
1277:(January 2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning".
7292:
7246:
7010:
6937:
6800:
6729:
6724:
6522:
6267:
6262:
6172:
6097:
5998:
5923:
5770:
5710:
5664:
5659:
5575:
5518:
5474:
5431:
5388:
5326:
5265:
5201:
5193:
5154:
5136:
5097:
5079:
5039:
5031:
4988:
4980:
4934:
4926:
4887:
4869:
4801:
4793:
4754:
4746:
4693:
4644:
4593:
4544:
4468:
4433:
4376:
4327:
4238:
4181:
4146:
4103:
4061:
4035:
3953:
3870:
3835:
3724:
3681:
3628:
3584:
3542:
3460:
3411:
3394:
Wong VC, Hui SL (January 2008). "Epidemiological study of autism spectrum disorder in China".
3341:
3306:
3257:
3159:
3110:
3102:
3018:
2953:
2896:
2846:
2797:
2754:
2713:
2615:
2543:
2515:
2486:
2363:
2320:
2271:
2228:
2192:
2126:
2074:
2028:
1994:
1932:
1888:
1853:
1818:
1767:
1757:
1734:
1685:
1641:
1581:
1529:
1481:
1446:
1386:
1294:
1249:
1158:
1109:
1030:
889:
704:
30%, much higher than the risk in controls. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable
695:
As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism; evidence from
590:
395:
277:
228:
5275:
4056:, Jones MB (2007). "Genetic epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". In Volkmar FR (ed.).
3781:, rapport remis au Premier ministre, La Documentation française : Paris, Septembre 2003"
2566:"Clarification of the definition of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified"
2297:
Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allison C, Williams J, Bolton P, Matthews FE, Brayne C (June 2009).
672:. The reported autism incidence in the UK rose starting before the first introduction of the
269:
tend to estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 27.6 per 1,000 for ASD
7422:
7394:
7374:
6828:
6811:
6512:
6383:
6359:
6203:
5988:
5905:
5895:
5858:
5790:
5765:
5755:
5684:
5634:
5565:
5557:
5510:
5466:
5423:
5380:
5353:
5316:
5308:
5257:
5185:
5144:
5128:
5087:
5071:
5023:
4972:
4918:
4877:
4861:
4785:
4738:
4683:
4675:
4634:
4624:
4583:
4575:
4534:
4526:
4460:
4423:
4415:
4366:
4319:
4287:
4277:
4228:
4220:
4173:
4138:
4095:
4025:
4015:
3943:
3935:
3862:
3825:
3716:
3673:
3620:
3576:
3450:
3403:
3376:
3333:
3296:
3288:
3247:
3149:
3141:
3010:
2943:
2935:
2888:
2836:
2828:
2789:
2744:
2705:
2607:
2507:
2478:
2310:
2263:
2220:
2116:
2108:
2064:
1986:
1924:
1880:
1845:
1808:
1798:
1724:
1675:
1631:
1623:
1571:
1521:
1473:
1436:
1428:
1376:
1366:
1286:
1239:
1148:
1140:
1099:
1091:
1058:
1003:
974:
950:
764:
740:
713:
603:
221:
137:
121:
98:
30:
1664:"The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature"
7728:
7384:
7271:
7226:
7097:
6952:
6547:
6436:
6285:
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5968:
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5597:
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40:
5173:
4819:
4419:
2961:
2351:
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622:
found a prevalence of 27 per 10,000 for the ASD and a prevalence of 9 per 10,000 for the
7339:
Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism
4273:
4207:
Parker W, Hornik CD, Bilbo S, Holzknecht ZE, Gentry L, Rao R, et al. (April 2017).
333:
More children may have autism; that is, the true frequency of autism may have increased.
7322:
7241:
7211:
7110:
6817:
6762:
6608:
6603:
6343:
6044:
5933:
5705:
5570:
5545:
5371:
Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P (March 2008). "Autism and metabolic diseases".
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5116:
5092:
5059:
4882:
4850:"Environmental Chemicals and Autism: A Scoping Review of the Human and Animal Research"
4849:
4688:
4663:
4639:
4612:
4588:
4563:
4539:
4514:
4428:
4403:
4258:"Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure"
4233:
4208:
4142:
4053:
3896:
3301:
3276:
3154:
3129:
2948:
2841:
2816:
2121:
1813:
1786:
1729:
1712:
1636:
1611:
1441:
1416:
1381:
1354:
1290:
1153:
1128:
1104:
1079:
812:
669:
476:
293:
4579:
4030:
4003:
3720:
2696:
Wazana A, Bresnahan M, Kline J (June 2007). "The autism epidemic: fact or artifact?".
2224:
1928:
978:
are common among children with ASD, although there are no firm data. Symptoms include
7722:
7358:
7312:
7062:
6922:
6396:
6290:
5978:
5943:
5530:
5261:
3948:
3923:
3455:
3438:
3130:"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among US Children and Adolescents, 2014-2016"
2749:
2732:
2180:
2069:
2052:
1697:
1576:
1559:
1398:
1127:
Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh YJ, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marcín C, et al. (June 2012).
1045:
611:
465:
285:
171:
5486:
5443:
5400:
4339:
4193:
3882:
3693:
3596:
3423:
3353:
3072:"Childhood autism in Canada : some issues relating to behavioural intervention"
3030:
2766:
2627:
2283:
2240:
2006:
1900:
1593:
1541:
1493:
1306:
117:
that autistic traits have played a beneficial role over human evolutionary history.
7454:
7077:
6879:
6794:
6490:
6405:
6318:
4480:
4388:
4115:
2908:
2332:
1990:
1525:
1477:
700:
681:
concluded that much of this increase may be due to changes in diagnostic practice.
569:
202:
defines several measures of the frequency of occurrence of a disease or condition:
199:
106:
5012:"Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment"
3439:"No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study"
1944:
1849:
962:, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders.
17:
5561:
5514:
4922:
4323:
3830:
3813:
2832:
2793:
2709:
1355:"A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework"
7593:
7261:
7236:
7082:
6572:
6537:
6410:
6364:
5810:
5785:
5780:
5745:
5117:"Cerebellum, language, and cognition in autism and specific language impairment"
816:
774:
for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.
673:
565:
526:
179:
141:
5357:
4976:
4961:"Brain and Language Associations in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review"
4679:
3380:
7307:
5825:
5775:
5470:
5312:
5132:
4789:
4742:
4177:
3866:
3526:
Senecky Y, Chodick G, Diamond G, Lobel D, Drachman R, Inbar D (January 2009).
3292:
3252:
3235:
3234:
Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ (January 2005).
3185:
3014:
2892:
2535:
2441:
2315:
2298:
2155:
1771:
1432:
1371:
1326:
837:
The share of males vs. females diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder, 2017
808:
720:
including over three million participants, estimated the heritability at 83%.
586:
383:
379:
322:
262:
175:
5384:
5197:
5140:
5083:
5035:
4984:
4960:
4930:
4873:
4797:
4750:
4725:
Kirkovski, Melissa; Enticott, Peter G.; Fitzgerald, Paul B. (November 2013).
4224:
3939:
3580:
3407:
3337:
3106:
3077:. . Ottawa: Library of Parliament; Parliamentary Research Branch. PRB 05-93E.
2346:
2344:
2342:
1803:
496:
reported a prevalence of 1.1 per 1,000 for autism and 1.7 per 1,000 for ASD.
7087:
6593:
6486:
5820:
5011:
4906:
4848:
Pelch, Katherine E.; Bolden, Ashley L.; Kwiatkowski, Carol F. (April 2019).
4773:
4726:
3550:
3145:
2299:"Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study"
2267:
2112:
1960:"How disgraced anti-vaxxer Andrew Wakefield was embraced by Trump's America"
1627:
1180:"Largest study to date confirms overlap between autism and gender diversity"
955:
854:
705:
493:
480:
340:
94:
90:
5579:
5522:
5478:
5435:
5392:
5330:
5205:
5158:
5101:
5043:
4992:
4938:
4891:
4805:
4758:
4697:
4648:
4597:
4548:
4472:
4464:
4437:
4380:
4331:
4242:
4185:
4107:
4039:
4020:
3957:
3874:
3839:
3632:
3624:
3588:
3546:
3464:
3415:
3345:
3310:
3261:
3163:
3114:
3022:
2957:
2900:
2850:
2801:
2758:
2717:
2619:
2611:
2519:
2490:
2388:(Report). NHS Information Centre for health and social care. Archived from
2367:
2324:
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2023:
Coggon D, Rose G, Barker DJ (1997). "Quantifying diseases in populations".
1998:
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1645:
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1485:
1450:
1390:
1298:
1253:
1162:
1113:
845:
and more than 5.5:1 without. Recent studies have found no association with
5544:
Rapoport J, Chavez A, Greenstein D, Addington A, Gogtay N (January 2009).
4629:
4150:
3728:
3685:
3528:"Time trends in reported autistic spectrum disorders in Israel, 1972-2004"
2482:
1936:
1680:
1663:
6567:
6557:
5875:
5815:
4371:
4354:
2939:
1129:"Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders"
994:
522:
102:
86:
78:
74:
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5427:
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Sykes NH, Lamb JA (September 2007). "Autism: the quest for the genes".
3677:
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Norris, Sonya; Paré, Jean-Rodrigue; Starky, Sheena (26 January 2006).
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Steyaert JG, De la Marche W (October 2008). "What's new in autism?".
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1464:
Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM (2005). "The teratology of autism".
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656:
631:
619:
266:
132:
has been extensively investigated and shown to be false, lacking any
5297:"Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders"
5075:
4865:
4727:"A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders"
1144:
668:
The incidence and changes in incidence with time are unclear in the
6214:
4530:
5550:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
5503:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
4355:"Male biological clock possibly linked to autism, other disorders"
4131:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
3709:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
3443:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
2698:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2500:
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
894:
832:
164:
7202:
Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence
849:, and have reported inconsistent results about associations with
1026:
899:
Molecular structure of thiomersal, a mercury containing compound
860:
712:, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several
7426:
7158:
6856:
6639:
6381:
6218:
5593:
4562:
Mazumdar S, King M, Liu KY, Zerubavel N, Bearman P (May 2010).
4515:"What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy?"
3275:
Barbaresi WJ, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Katusic SK (March 2009).
1417:"Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis"
564:
Studies of autism frequency have been particularly rare in the
4060:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–178.
744:
627:
2416:"Autism just as common in adults, so MMR jab is off the hook"
2356:
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries
931:
Overall however, treatment options are still in development.
420:
The prevalence of autism in the Americas overall is unknown.
3779:
La situation des autistes en France, besoins et perspectives
5060:"Atypical diffusion tensor hemispheric asymmetry in autism"
4662:
Shuck R. K., Flores, R. E., & Fung, L. K. (June 2019).
626:
in 2003. Those figures are considered as underrated as the
4564:"The spatial structure of autism in California, 1993-2001"
4490:"Mental disorders in parents linked to autism in children"
3922:
Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H (February 2001).
2924:"Tracing the origins of autism: a spectrum of new studies"
5589:
5295:
White SW, Oswald D, Ollendick T, Scahill L (April 2009).
1080:"Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update"
678:
arising from the results of a fraudulent scientific study
589:-containing vaccines were removed in Denmark. A study at
568:. One rough estimate is that the prevalence of autism in
5716:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
7187:
Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome
7177:
The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son
2731:
Bishop DV, Whitehouse AJ, Watt HJ, Line EA (May 2008).
2469:
Fombonne E (January 2003). "The prevalence of autism".
2156:"Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC"
1327:"Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC"
1019:
are significantly increased in the autistic population.
2540:"Notes on the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders"
1754:
The pattern seekers: how autism drives human invention
2817:"The rise in autism and the role of age at diagnosis"
2381:
Brugha T, McManus S, Meltzer H, et al. (2009).
954:. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable
945:
Autism is associated with several other conditions:
93:. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with
7462:
7367:
7331:
7280:
7169:
7129:
7055:
7048:
7025:
7003:
6895:
6888:
6867:
6775:
6749:
6742:
6703:
6657:
6650:
6581:
6500:
6479:
6419:
6394:
6352:
6309:
6278:
6191:
6165:
6139:
6108:
6063:
6007:
5904:
5839:
5736:
5693:
5627:
4611:Hu VW, Sarachana T, Sherrard RM, Kocher KM (2015).
3044:Canada, Public Health Agency of (3 February 2022).
2092:Williams JG, Higgins JP, Brayne CE (January 2006).
2057:
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
1466:
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
1221:
676:in 1989. However, a perceived link between the two
4772:Kreiser, Nicole L.; White, Susan W. (March 2014).
3973:"MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism"
1711:Trottier G, Srivastava L, Walker CD (March 1999).
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
39:is the study of the incidence and distribution of
7288:The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
4905:Carter, C. J.; Blizard, R. A. (27 October 2016).
3128:Xu G, Strathearn L, Liu B, Bao W (January 2018).
1507:
1505:
1503:
5256:. Vol. 2. Academic Press. pp. 759–72.
5004:
5002:
4256:Seneff S, Davidson RM, Liu J (7 November 2012).
4081:
4079:
4077:
3240:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2782:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2665:Byrd RS, Sage AC, Keyzer J, et al. (2002).
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
1553:
1551:
941:Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders
3758:(in French). Republic of France. Archived from
3088:
3086:
3084:
2465:Prevalence and changes in diagnostic practice:
2046:
2044:
1657:
1655:
1415:Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL (July 2009).
1410:
1408:
1228:"The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders"
1174:
1172:
412:The prevalence of autism in Africa is unknown.
5290:
5288:
5254:Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
3855:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
3814:"Trends in autism spectrum disorder referrals"
3666:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
2815:Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L (January 2009).
2018:
2016:
1612:"The Heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorder"
1605:
1603:
280:is about 0.3 per 1,000 and the atypical forms
63:autism classification was introduced in 1994.
7438:
7390:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
7039:Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation
6230:
5605:
5121:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
4965:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
4843:
4841:
4731:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
4213:The Journal of International Medical Research
3281:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
3003:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2881:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2461:
2459:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
8:
6690:Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
5245:Dawson M, Mottron L, Gernsbacher MA (2008).
4820:"Autism and Vaccines | Vaccine Safety | CDC"
4710:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4305:
4303:
4058:Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
3209:"Data provides misleading picture of autism"
2638:"Data provides misleading picture of autism"
6665:Association for Science in Autism Treatment
4778:Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
4496:(Press release). 5 May 2008. Archived from
3812:Bölte S, Poustka F, Holtmann M (May 2008).
2542:. National Autistic Society. Archived from
2149:
2147:
1787:"Autism As a Disorder of High Intelligence"
1245:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007
7445:
7431:
7423:
7166:
7155:
7052:
6892:
6864:
6853:
6746:
6654:
6647:
6636:
6391:
6378:
6374:
6237:
6223:
6215:
6157:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
5612:
5598:
5590:
3437:Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M (June 2005).
2981:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2737:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
2160:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1332:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1320:
1318:
1316:
445:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6948:Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee
5849:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
5569:
5320:
5148:
5091:
4881:
4687:
4638:
4628:
4587:
4538:
4427:
4370:
4291:
4281:
4232:
4029:
4019:
3947:
3829:
3454:
3300:
3251:
3153:
2947:
2840:
2748:
2314:
2120:
2068:
2053:"The rise in autism and the mercury myth"
1812:
1802:
1728:
1679:
1635:
1575:
1440:
1380:
1370:
1243:
1152:
1103:
807:Autism has also been shown to cluster in
7475:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
5854:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1717:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
1011:, are associated with autistic symptoms.
316:
7033:Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago
6757:Center for Autism and Related Disorders
6614:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
6040:Multiple complex developmental disorder
5252:. In Byrne JH, Roediger III HL (eds.).
1070:
6121:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
4703:
3535:The Israel Medical Association Journal
3474:"Autism in the absence of MMR vaccine"
1037:and similar proportions with ADHD and
7400:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
6966:National Database for Autism Research
6958:National Alliance for Autism Research
6685:National Alliance for Autism Research
6553:Relationship development intervention
6443:Picture exchange communication system
3369:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
2051:Scahill L, Bearss K (February 2009).
726:analysis has been inconclusive; many
97:. It has been shown to be related to
7:
6790:Eden II School for Autistic Children
4420:10.1146/annurev.med.60.053107.121225
4312:American Journal of Health Promotion
4166:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine
2977:"Key Findings from the ADDM Network"
829:Sex and gender differences in autism
800:were more common among the mothers.
759:This section should include only a
7572:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease
5871:Developmental coordination disorder
371:decreases in the age of diagnosis.
7017:Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)
4143:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x
3505:The Australian National University
3095:Canada Communicable Disease Report
2185:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1979:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1752:Baron-Cohen S (10 November 2020).
1291:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x
25:
6962:National Council on Severe Autism
6131:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
5949:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
5721:Childhood disintegrative disorder
4854:Environmental Health Perspectives
4580:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.12.014
3498:"Understanding autism prevalence"
3215:. University of Wisconsin–Madison
2928:Environmental Health Perspectives
2644:. University of Wisconsin–Madison
2303:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1421:The British Journal of Psychiatry
282:childhood disintegrative disorder
161:childhood disintegrative disorder
149:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
7344:Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism
5701:Pervasive developmental disorder
5262:10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00152-2
3456:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x
2750:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02057.x
2256:Archives of Disease in Childhood
2101:Archives of Disease in Childhood
2070:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00152.x
2025:Epidemiology for the Uninitiated
1577:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01399.x
1560:"The autism-epilepsy connection"
749:
616:pervasive developmental disorder
347:requirements from the DSM-III-R.
105:. ASD is believed to be largely
7257:Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues
6933:Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation
6807:New England Center for Children
2414:Boseley S (22 September 2009).
1184:Spectrum | Autism Research News
904:Environmental Chemical Exposure
470:University of Wisconsin–Madison
95:agents that cause birth defects
7739:Prevalence of mental disorders
6971:The Autism Community in Action
6913:Autistic Self Advocacy Network
6152:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
5459:European Journal of Pediatrics
5178:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
4402:Geschwind DH (February 2009).
1991:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10101532
1526:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003
1478:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001
1232:Annual Review of Public Health
1:
6725:Conditions and research areas
6533:Gluten-free, casein-free diet
6508:Auditory integration training
6126:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
5974:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
5864:obsessive–compulsive disorder
5796:Pathological demand avoidance
5680:Societal and cultural aspects
3721:10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66566-7
2225:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7
1929:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0
1850:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
1039:oppositional defiant disorder
468:of the Waisman Center at the
443:According to a report by the
368:pragmatic language impairment
276:is the vast majority of ASD,
7073:Autism Awareness Campaign UK
6903:Autism Network International
6619:Structured teaching (TEACCH)
6467:Cognitive behavioral therapy
5562:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818b1c63
5515:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f
4923:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011
4911:Neurochemistry International
4353:Schubert C (November 2008).
4324:10.4278/ajhp.120705-QUAN-325
3831:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31816a9e13
2833:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181902d15
2794:10.1001/archpedi.162.12.1150
2710:10.1097/chi.0b013e31804a7f3b
475:A population-based study in
81:factors, including advanced
6563:Sensory integration therapy
6116:Autism Diagnostic Interview
5886:Sensory processing disorder
5751:Autism and LGBTQ identities
2362:(10): 1–20. December 2009.
1662:Freitag CM (January 2007).
1353:Sarovic D (November 2021).
71:neurodevelopmental disorder
57:Centers for Disease Control
7755:
6990:Domus Instituto de Autismo
6943:Interactive Autism Network
6449:Pivotal response treatment
6301:World Autism Awareness Day
5994:Tuberous sclerosis complex
5984:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
5959:MECP2 duplication syndrome
5939:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
5891:Global developmental delay
5373:Journal of Child Neurology
5358:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.06.001
5301:Clinical Psychology Review
4977:10.1007/s10803-021-04975-0
4680:10.1007/s10803-019-03998-y
3971:Deer B (8 February 2009).
3396:Journal of Child Neurology
3381:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.003
1958:Boseley S (18 July 2018).
1785:Crespi BJ (30 June 2016).
938:
826:
823:Sex and Gender Differences
738:
688:
601:
521:A 2005 study of a part of
28:
7349:Marcelo in the Real World
7165:
7154:
7106:
7093:National Autistic Society
6979:
6928:Centro Ponceño de Autismo
6918:Autism Society of America
6908:Autism Science Foundation
6863:
6852:
6720:
6680:Kennedy Krieger Institute
6675:Autism Science Foundation
6670:Autism Research Institute
6646:
6635:
6543:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
6528:Facilitated communication
6454:Positive behavior support
6427:Applied behavior analysis
6395:Psychotropic medication (
6390:
6377:
6373:
6324:Autism in popular culture
6253:
6073:Facilitated communication
5914:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
5471:10.1007/s00431-008-0764-4
5313:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.003
5133:10.1007/s10803-009-0872-7
4917:: S0197–0186(16)30197–8.
4790:10.1007/s10567-013-0148-9
4743:10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1
4408:Annual Review of Medicine
4178:10.1017/S1462399407000452
3901:National Autistic Society
3867:10.1007/s00127-009-0087-4
3293:10.1007/s10803-008-0645-8
3253:10.1001/archpedi.159.1.37
3178:"ASD Data and Statistics"
3015:10.1007/s10803-006-0143-9
2893:10.1007/s10803-009-0754-z
2434:"ASD Data and Statistics"
2316:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059345
1791:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1433:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672
1372:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767075
958:(single-gene) condition,
708:(single-gene) condition,
41:autism spectrum disorders
7646:Motor vehicle collisions
7217:Like Colour to the Blind
6823:Sunfield Children's Home
6461:Early Start Denver Model
6147:Autism-spectrum quotient
5964:Neurofibromatosis type I
5385:10.1177/0883073807308698
5346:Res Autism Spectr Disord
4225:10.1177/0300060517693423
4088:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3979:. London. Archived from
3940:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.460
3581:10.1177/1363461509105823
3569:Transcultural Psychiatry
3408:10.1177/0883073807308702
3338:10.1177/1362361307086663
1804:10.3389/fnins.2016.00300
1016:Minor physical anomalies
913:Related Brain Structures
866:Female protective effect
195:Incidence and prevalence
7192:Autism's False Prophets
7137:Luke Priddis Foundation
6835:Western Autistic School
6695:Yale Child Study Center
6433:Discrete trial training
6078:Lancet MMR autism fraud
6020:Critical autism studies
5919:22q13 deletion syndrome
5881:Intellectual disability
5831:Emotional dysregulation
5728:High-functioning autism
4513:Rogers SJ (June 2009).
3777:"Jean-François Chossy,
3146:10.1001/jama.2017.17812
2268:10.1136/adc.2006.115337
2154:CDC (10 January 2024).
2113:10.1136/adc.2004.062083
1628:10.1001/jama.2017.12141
1514:Brain & Development
1359:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1035:social anxiety disorder
967:Intellectual disability
843:intellectual disability
772:Knowledge:Summary style
360:diagnostic substitution
302:National Health Service
115:evolutionary psychiatry
49:middle-income countries
7495:Cardiovascular disease
7182:Animals in Translation
6875:Autism rights movement
6711:Autism Research Centre
6517:Judge Rotenberg Center
6472:Social skills training
6296:Communication Shutdown
6088:Rapid prompting method
6030:Double empathy problem
6015:Autism rights movement
4465:10.1542/peds.2007-2296
4021:10.1186/1741-7015-2-39
3647:"Autisme Grande Cause"
3625:10.1542/peds.112.3.604
3480:. 2005. Archived from
2612:10.1542/peds.2005-1516
960:chromosome abnormality
900:
838:
710:chromosome abnormality
691:Heritability of autism
632:early infantile autism
624:early infantile autism
403:Geographical frequency
326:
61:U.S. special-education
37:epidemiology of autism
7673:Risky sexual behavior
7457:of medical conditions
7035:(Trinidad and Tobago)
6785:Alpine Learning Group
6173:Autism-related topics
5737:Associated conditions
4630:10.1186/2040-2392-6-7
3897:"Incidence of autism"
2975:CDC (23 March 2023).
2922:Szpir M (July 2006).
2483:10.1001/jama.289.1.87
2027:(4th ed.). BMJ.
1681:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896
1325:CDC (27 March 2020).
939:Further information:
898:
836:
798:personality disorders
689:Further information:
320:
89:in the mother during
29:Further information:
7663:Periodontal diseases
7197:Extreme Love: Autism
7068:The Autism Directory
6599:Occupational therapy
6523:Chelation of mercury
6329:Fictional characters
6178:Fictional characters
5906:Associated syndromes
5416:Molecular Psychiatry
5247:"Learning in autism"
4404:"Advances in autism"
4372:10.1038/nm1108-1170a
2940:10.1289/ehp.114-a412
2572:on 30 September 2013
1668:Molecular Psychiatry
1558:Levisohn PM (2007).
847:socioeconomic status
728:association analyses
697:genetic epidemiology
215:cumulative incidence
73:, and although what
7380:Autism in Adulthood
6984:Centro Ann Sullivan
6055:Violence and autism
5841:Comorbid conditions
5016:Annals of Neurology
4668:J Autism Dev Disord
4274:2012Entrp..14.2227S
3983:on 27 February 2014
2538:, Potter D (1999).
1186:. 14 September 2020
1023:Preempted diagnoses
980:generalized anxiety
935:Comorbid conditions
884:Vaccines and Autism
809:urban neighborhoods
450:confidence interval
257:Frequency estimates
157:Asperger's syndrome
134:scientific evidence
7629:Metabolic syndrome
7354:Rage: A Love Story
7332:For younger people
7318:The Winter Journey
7252:Somebody Somewhere
7222:Look Me in the Eye
7207:In a Different Key
7117:Aspies For Freedom
6334:Films about autism
5954:Fragile X syndrome
5761:Autistic catatonia
5428:10.1038/mp.2008.75
5190:10.1111/acps.12918
4568:Health & Place
3678:10.1007/bf00789007
2675:M.I.N.D. Institute
2512:10.1002/mrdd.10029
984:separation anxiety
926:Symptom Management
901:
839:
762:
532:Kanner-type autism
472:, in a statement.
327:
244:Estimation methods
130:vaccine hypothesis
18:Autism (Incidence)
7716:
7715:
7703:Teenage pregnancy
7589:Domestic violence
7584:Diabetes mellitus
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7247:The Reason I Jump
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7125:
7124:
7011:Action for Autism
6999:
6998:
6938:Generation Rescue
6848:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6801:Exceptional Minds
6771:
6770:
6738:
6737:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6339:Circle of Friends
6212:
6211:
6109:Diagnostic scales
5999:Williams syndrome
5924:Angelman syndrome
5806:Special interests
5771:Autistic meltdown
5711:Asperger syndrome
5271:978-0-12-370504-4
5224:www.nichd.nih.gov
5028:10.1002/ana.20275
4826:. 25 January 2022
4737:(11): 2584–2603.
4283:10.3390/e14112227
4268:(11): 2227–2253.
4067:978-0-521-54957-8
3765:on 27 March 2010.
3619:(3 Pt 1): 604–6.
3484:on 4 August 2008.
2866:. 8 January 2009.
2860:"What Is Autism?"
2685:on 14 April 2008.
2395:on 3 January 2011
2191:(Suppl 10): 3–8.
2140:on 18 April 2009.
1885:10.1136/bmj.c7452
1763:978-1-5416-4713-8
1622:(12): 1182–1184.
1570:(Suppl 9): 33–5.
1031:Tourette syndrome
1004:metabolic defects
975:Anxiety disorders
951:Genetic disorders
890:Mercury (element)
789:
788:
760:
735:Causative factors
714:genetic disorders
591:Aarhus University
396:COVID-19 pandemic
309:Changes with time
278:Asperger syndrome
261:Estimates of the
229:period prevalence
99:genetic disorders
16:(Redirected from
7746:
7634:Mental disorders
7447:
7440:
7433:
7424:
7395:Molecular Autism
7232:My Autobiography
7167:
7156:
7053:
6893:
6865:
6854:
6829:TreeHouse School
6812:Pathlight School
6747:
6655:
6648:
6637:
6513:Aversion therapy
6392:
6379:
6375:
6360:Sensory friendly
6239:
6232:
6225:
6216:
6204:Sensory friendly
6140:Screening scales
5989:Timothy syndrome
5896:Verbal Dyspraxia
5859:Anxiety disorder
5791:Nonverbal autism
5766:Autistic masking
5756:Autistic burnout
5614:
5607:
5600:
5591:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5465:(10): 1091–101.
5454:
5448:
5447:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5281:on 3 March 2012.
5280:
5274:. Archived from
5251:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5095:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4956:
4943:
4942:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4701:
4691:
4674:(6): 2597–2604.
4659:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4632:
4617:Molecular Autism
4608:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4500:on 12 June 2008.
4487:Lay summary in:
4484:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4374:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4285:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4100:10.1038/35103559
4083:
4072:
4071:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4023:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3977:The Sunday Times
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3793:on 19 April 2023
3792:
3786:. Archived from
3785:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3653:on 4 April 2012.
3649:. Archived from
3643:
3637:
3636:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3556:on 16 July 2011.
3555:
3549:. Archived from
3532:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3471:Lay summary in:
3468:
3458:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3188:on 18 April 2014
3184:. Archived from
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3034:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2960:. Archived from
2951:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2857:Lay summary in:
2854:
2844:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2752:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2678:. Archived from
2671:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:Lay summary in:
2631:
2595:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2568:. Archived from
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2494:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:on 9 August 2022
2440:. Archived from
2430:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2133:. Archived from
2124:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1923:(9103): 637–41.
1911:
1905:
1904:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1279:Acta Paediatrica
1271:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1223:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1096:10.1002/aur.2696
1075:
1059:Autism in France
784:
781:
775:
765:causes of autism
753:
752:
745:
741:Causes of autism
655:A 2009 study in
642:A 2008 study in
604:Autism in France
492:A 2008 study in
288:are much rarer.
222:point prevalence
138:Andrew Wakefield
122:causes of autism
31:Causes of autism
21:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7458:
7451:
7421:
7404:
7385:Autism Research
7363:
7327:
7276:
7272:Unstrange Minds
7227:Mother Warriors
7161:
7142:
7121:
7102:
7044:
7021:
6995:
6975:
6953:LENA Foundation
6884:
6859:
6840:
6767:
6734:
6716:
6699:
6642:
6623:
6589:ADHD medication
6577:
6548:Holding therapy
6496:
6475:
6415:
6386:
6369:
6348:
6305:
6286:Autism-friendly
6274:
6249:
6243:
6213:
6208:
6199:Autism-friendly
6187:
6161:
6135:
6104:
6059:
6003:
5969:Noonan syndrome
5929:CHARGE syndrome
5900:
5835:
5801:Savant syndrome
5738:
5732:
5689:
5670:Pathophysiology
5623:
5618:
5588:
5587:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5278:
5272:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5226:. 19 April 2021
5218:
5217:
5213:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5076:10.1002/aur.162
5064:Autism Research
5056:
5055:
5051:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4958:
4957:
4946:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4866:10.1289/EHP4386
4847:
4846:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4702:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4519:Autism Research
4512:
4511:
4507:
4488:
4459:(5): e1357-62.
4450:
4449:
4445:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4359:Nature Medicine
4352:
4351:
4347:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4085:
4084:
4075:
4068:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3934:(7284): 460–3.
3921:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3472:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3207:Devitt, Terry.
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2964:on 8 July 2008.
2921:
2920:
2916:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2858:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2647:
2645:
2636:Devitt, Terry.
2635:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2497:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2219:(9531): 210–5.
2209:
2208:
2204:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2014:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1764:
1756:. Basic Books.
1751:
1750:
1746:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1472:(2–3): 189–99.
1463:
1462:
1458:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1225:
1224:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1145:10.1002/aur.239
1133:Autism Research
1126:
1125:
1121:
1084:Autism Research
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1055:
1043:Childhood-onset
1009:phenylketonuria
943:
937:
928:
915:
906:
886:
877:
831:
825:
785:
779:
776:
769:
754:
750:
743:
737:
724:Genetic linkage
693:
687:
666:
653:
640:
606:
600:
583:
578:
562:
553:
548:
540:
519:
510:
502:
490:
441:
426:
418:
410:
405:
392:
311:
259:
246:
197:
188:
120:Other proposed
111:genetics of ASD
109:, although the
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7752:
7750:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7721:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7497:
7492:
7490:Binge drinking
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7323:With the Light
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7242:Nobody Nowhere
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7212:Life, Animated
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7111:Specialisterne
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7036:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7007:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6818:Rebecca School
6815:
6809:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6763:MIND Institute
6760:
6753:
6751:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6707:
6705:
6704:United Kingdom
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6609:Speech therapy
6606:
6604:Social Stories
6601:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6397:antipsychotics
6388:
6387:
6382:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6353:Accommodations
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6344:Neurodiversity
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6192:Accommodations
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6050:TEACCH program
6047:
6045:Neurodiversity
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:Discrimination
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6008:Related issues
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5934:Cohen syndrome
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5706:Classic autism
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Sex and gender
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5585:
5536:
5492:
5449:
5406:
5363:
5336:
5284:
5270:
5237:
5211:
5184:(5): 379–400.
5164:
5127:(3): 300–316.
5107:
5070:(6): 350–358.
5049:
5022:(6): 757–766.
4998:
4971:(2): 725–737.
4944:
4897:
4837:
4811:
4764:
4717:
4654:
4603:
4554:
4531:10.1002/aur.81
4505:
4503:
4502:
4443:
4394:
4345:
4299:
4248:
4219:(2): 407–438.
4199:
4156:
4137:(5): 877–900.
4121:
4094:(12): 943–55.
4073:
4066:
4045:
3994:
3963:
3914:
3888:
3845:
3804:
3768:
3743:
3734:
3715:(11): 1561–9.
3699:
3656:
3638:
3602:
3559:
3518:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3429:
3386:
3375:(2): 156–167.
3359:
3332:(2): 191–202.
3316:
3267:
3226:
3199:
3169:
3120:
3080:
3062:
3036:
3009:(8): 1039–51.
2993:
2967:
2914:
2887:(10): 1412–9.
2871:
2869:
2868:
2807:
2788:(12): 1150–6.
2772:
2723:
2704:(6): 721–730.
2688:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2606:(4): 1028–37.
2583:
2557:
2546:on 10 May 2008
2527:
2525:
2524:
2495:
2455:
2425:
2406:
2373:
2338:
2289:
2246:
2202:
2172:
2143:
2084:
2040:
2033:
2012:
1969:
1950:
1906:
1863:
1844:(29): 3623–9.
1828:
1777:
1762:
1744:
1703:
1651:
1599:
1547:
1499:
1456:
1404:
1345:
1312:
1259:
1197:
1168:
1119:
1090:(5): 778–790.
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1020:
1012:
999:
991:
971:
963:
936:
933:
927:
924:
914:
911:
905:
902:
885:
882:
876:
875:Other Findings
873:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
813:West Hollywood
787:
786:
757:
755:
748:
739:Main article:
736:
733:
686:
683:
670:United Kingdom
665:
664:United Kingdom
662:
652:
649:
647:1.3% to 1.4%.
639:
636:
602:Main article:
599:
596:
582:
579:
577:
574:
561:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
539:
536:
518:
515:
509:
506:
501:
498:
489:
486:
477:Olmsted County
440:
437:
425:
422:
417:
414:
409:
406:
404:
401:
391:
388:
362:had occurred.
355:
354:
351:
348:
344:
337:
334:
310:
307:
294:Cambridgeshire
258:
255:
245:
242:
233:
232:
225:
218:
211:
208:incidence rate
196:
193:
187:
184:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7751:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7678:Schizophrenia
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7448:
7443:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7313:Speed of Dark
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7153:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7063:Autism Anglia
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:Autism Speaks
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:United States
6894:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:International
6866:
6862:
6858:Organizations
6855:
6851:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:United States
6748:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:United States
6656:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6634:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:Controversial
6499:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:Developmental
6478:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Autism Sunday
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6247:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6228:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6065:Controversies
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5979:Rett syndrome
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Down syndrome
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:and phenomena
5735:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:(3): 307–14.
5378:
5374:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5307:(3): 216–29.
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5238:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4574:(3): 539–46.
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:(3): 125–37.
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4414:(1): 367–80.
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3861:(3): 319–27.
3860:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3824:(3): 519–20.
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3672:(4): 203–10.
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:(3): 464–70.
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3214:
3213:News.wisc.edu
3210:
3203:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3051:
3050:www.canada.ca
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:(7): A412-8.
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2643:
2642:News.wisc.edu
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:(3): 151–61.
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:(6): 518–23.
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:0-7279-1102-3
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(9): 904–12.
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1723:(2): 103–15.
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:(5): 257–72.
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:(3): 160–79.
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1046:schizophrenia
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
988:social phobia
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:
968:
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7078:Autism Cymru
6880:Wrong Planet
6795:ESPA College
6491:PLAY Project
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6319:Autistic art
5655:Heritability
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3402:(1): 67–72.
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198:
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7599:Hepatitis D
7594:Hepatitis C
7562:Chikungunya
7303:Mockingbird
7298:House Rules
7267:Switched On
7262:Strange Son
7237:NeuroTribes
7170:Non-fiction
7139:(Australia)
7083:Autism Plus
6837:(Australia)
6814:(Singapore)
6730:Researchers
6573:Vitamin B12
6538:Hug machine
6411:Risperidone
6365:KultureCity
6083:MMR vaccine
5811:Infodumping
5786:Monotropism
5781:Late talker
5746:Alexithymia
5650:Epigenetics
5556:(1): 10–8.
5352:(1): 1–21.
4830:18 February
4824:www.cdc.gov
3907:10 December
3541:(1): 30–3.
2986:18 February
2550:10 December
2477:(1): 87–9.
2399:16 February
2165:18 February
2107:(1): 8–15.
2063:(1): 51–3.
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1427:(1): 7–14.
1285:(1): 2–15.
817:Los Angeles
763:summary of
674:MMR vaccine
618:(PDD). The
566:Middle East
546:Middle East
527:MMR vaccine
343:and DSM-IV.
180:South Korea
142:MMR vaccine
7723:Categories
7683:Snakebites
7579:Depression
7525:esophageal
7520:colorectal
7308:Saving Max
7160:Literature
6420:Behavioral
6093:Thiomersal
6035:Employment
5826:Echopraxia
5776:Hyperlexia
4453:Pediatrics
4054:Szatmari P
3987:9 February
3613:Pediatrics
3219:9 February
2648:9 February
2600:Pediatrics
2576:5 November
2181:Fombonne E
1772:1204602315
1365:: 767075.
1361:(Review).
1238:: 235–58.
1065:References
1007:, such as
587:thiomersal
556:measures.
384:thiomersal
380:pesticides
323:prevalence
263:prevalence
176:prevalence
124:have been
7668:Pneumonia
7656:childhood
7293:Dear John
7113:(Denmark)
7088:Autistica
7041:(Jamaica)
7026:Caribbean
6594:Melatonin
6487:Floortime
6384:Therapies
6279:Awareness
6248:resources
6098:Chelation
5821:Echolalia
5694:Diagnoses
5685:Therapies
5640:Diagnosis
5531:205551553
5198:0001-690X
5141:1573-3432
5084:1939-3792
5036:0364-5134
4985:1573-3432
4931:1872-9754
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4751:1573-3432
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3107:1481-8531
2448:23 August
1879:: c7452.
1698:205678822
1564:Epilepsia
1399:244119594
956:Mendelian
855:ethnicity
706:Mendelian
585:In 1992,
538:Australia
508:Hong Kong
494:Venezuela
488:Venezuela
481:Minnesota
341:DSM-III-R
186:Frequency
107:inherited
101:and with
91:pregnancy
7698:Syphilis
7609:HIV/AIDS
7567:Dementia
7540:prostate
7535:lymphoma
7515:cervical
7485:Bed bugs
7368:Journals
6992:(Mexico)
6889:Americas
6651:Research
6568:Son-Rise
6558:Secretin
5876:Epilepsy
5816:Stimming
5580:19218893
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1307:79259285
1299:15858952
1275:Rutter M
1254:17367287
1190:2 August
1163:22495912
1114:35238171
1053:See also
1001:Several
995:Epilepsy
685:Genetics
530:typical
523:Yokohama
390:COVID-19
103:epilepsy
87:diabetes
79:prenatal
7688:Suicide
7651:Obesity
7624:Measles
7614:Leprosy
7555:ovarian
7550:stomach
7505:bladder
7453:Global
7281:Fiction
7130:Oceania
7013:(India)
6777:Schools
6743:Therapy
6641:Centers
6582:Related
6311:Culture
6268:history
6263:outline
6183:Schools
5660:History
5571:2664646
5322:2692135
5150:3771698
5093:3215255
4883:6785231
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4270:Bibcode
4262:Entropy
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3302:2859841
3192:5 April
3182:CDC.gov
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2438:CDC.gov
2333:6928284
2122:2083083
1937:9500320
1838:Vaccine
1814:4927579
1797:: 300.
1730:1188990
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1338:19 June
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1105:9310578
644:Germany
638:Germany
581:Denmark
274:PDD-NOS
267:reviews
238:cohorts
153:PDD-NOS
7729:Autism
7693:Stroke
7604:Herpes
7510:breast
7500:Cancer
7480:Autism
7470:Asthma
7375:Autism
7049:Europe
6986:(Peru)
6759:(CARD)
6463:(ESDM)
6445:(PECS)
6437:Lovaas
6429:(ABA)
6258:Autism
6246:Autism
5665:Memory
5635:Causes
5621:Autism
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651:Norway
620:INSERM
598:France
576:Europe
551:Israel
456:2016.
424:Canada
408:Africa
128:. The
75:causes
7639:child
7530:liver
7359:Rules
7098:Sacar
6803:(USA)
6469:(CBT)
6166:Lists
5527:S2CID
5483:S2CID
5440:S2CID
5397:S2CID
5279:(PDF)
5250:(PDF)
4623:: 7.
4477:S2CID
4385:S2CID
4336:S2CID
4190:S2CID
4112:S2CID
3949:26561
3879:S2CID
3791:(PDF)
3784:(PDF)
3763:(PDF)
3756:(PDF)
3690:S2CID
3593:S2CID
3554:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
3501:(PDF)
3420:S2CID
3350:S2CID
3075:(PDF)
3027:S2CID
2905:S2CID
2864:WebMD
2763:S2CID
2683:(PDF)
2670:(PDF)
2624:S2CID
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2329:S2CID
2280:S2CID
2237:S2CID
2138:(PDF)
2097:(PDF)
2003:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1897:S2CID
1694:S2CID
1590:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1395:S2CID
1303:S2CID
761:brief
517:Japan
165:DSM-5
7545:skin
7004:Asia
6831:(UK)
6825:(UK)
6797:(UK)
6713:(UK)
5628:Main
5576:PMID
5519:PMID
5475:PMID
5432:PMID
5389:PMID
5327:PMID
5266:ISBN
5232:2024
5202:PMID
5194:ISSN
5155:PMID
5137:ISSN
5098:PMID
5080:ISSN
5040:PMID
5032:ISSN
4989:PMID
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4935:PMID
4927:ISSN
4888:PMID
4870:ISSN
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4802:PMID
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4469:PMID
4434:PMID
4377:PMID
4328:PMID
4239:PMID
4182:PMID
4147:PMID
4104:PMID
4062:ISBN
4036:PMID
3989:2009
3954:PMID
3909:2007
3871:PMID
3836:PMID
3799:2010
3725:PMID
3682:PMID
3629:PMID
3585:PMID
3543:PMID
3513:2024
3461:PMID
3412:PMID
3342:PMID
3307:PMID
3258:PMID
3221:2024
3194:2014
3160:PMID
3134:JAMA
3111:PMID
3103:ISSN
3057:2024
3019:PMID
2988:2024
2954:PMID
2897:PMID
2847:PMID
2798:PMID
2755:PMID
2714:PMID
2650:2024
2616:PMID
2578:2012
2552:2007
2516:PMID
2487:PMID
2471:JAMA
2450:2022
2401:2010
2364:PMID
2321:PMID
2272:PMID
2229:PMID
2193:PMID
2167:2024
2127:PMID
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2029:ISBN
1995:PMID
1933:PMID
1889:PMID
1854:PMID
1819:PMID
1768:OCLC
1758:ISBN
1735:PMID
1686:PMID
1642:PMID
1616:JAMA
1582:PMID
1530:PMID
1482:PMID
1447:PMID
1387:PMID
1340:2021
1295:PMID
1250:PMID
1192:2021
1159:PMID
1110:PMID
1027:ADHD
982:and
861:RORA
851:race
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