Epidemiology of autism

834: 318: 792:

drugs in the mother during pregnancy. Autism was found to be indirectly linked to prepregnancy obesity and low weight mothers. It is not known whether mutations that arise spontaneously in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders come mainly from the mother or the father, or whether the mutations are associated with parental age. However, recent studies have identified advancing paternal age as a significant indicator for ASD. Increased chance of autism has also been linked to rapid "catch-up" growth for children born to mothers who had unhealthy weight at conception.

59:'s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States (1 in 34 boys, and 1 in 144 girls) are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), based on data collected in 2016. This estimate is a 10% increase from the 1 in 59 rate in 2014, 105% increase from the 1 in 110 rate in 2006 and 176% increase from the 1 in 150 rate in 2000. Diagnostic criteria of ASD has changed significantly since the 1980s; for example, 918:

determined multiple brain structures that appear to play a role in language related symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. For example, having a larger sized right inferior frontal gyrus is correlated with those diagnosed with autism, specifically categorized in the language impairment subgroup (but not in those without). Some research yields conflicting results however related to different structures and total language scores, in which a possible factor for this could be age.

236:

than incidence, as the condition starts long before it is diagnosed, bearing in mind genetic elements it is inherent from conception, and the gap between initiation and diagnosis is influenced by many factors unrelated to chance. Research focuses mostly on whether point or period prevalence is increasing with time; cumulative incidence is sometimes used in studies of birth

896: 751: 990:, are not commonly diagnosed in people with ASD because such symptoms are better explained by ASD itself, and it is often difficult to tell whether symptoms such as compulsive checking are part of ASD or a co-occurring anxiety problem. The prevalence of anxiety disorders in children with ASD has been reported to be anywhere between 11% and 84%. 375:

effects of wider awareness of autism, increased funding, and expanding support options resulting in parents' greater motivation to seek services. Another 2009 California study found that the reported increases are unlikely to be explained by changes in how qualifying condition codes for autism were recorded.

167:) only has one diagnosis, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which encompasses each of the previous four disorders. According to the new diagnostic criteria for ASD, one must have both struggles in social communication and interaction and restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities (RRBs). 917:

Key symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are impaired social and communication abilities and having a narrow scope of interest and repeated behaviors. An impairment of language used to be a key diagnostic factor, but research has led to categorizing this symptom as a specifier. One scoping review has

646:

found that inpatient admission rates for children with ASD increased 30% from 2000 to 2005, with the largest rise between 2000 and 2001 and a decline between 2001 and 2003. Inpatient rates for all mental disorders also rose for ages up to 15 years, so that the ratio of ASD to all admissions rose from

463:

A further study in 2006 concluded that the apparent rise in administrative prevalence was the result of diagnostic substitution, mostly for findings of intellectual disability and learning disabilities. "Many of the children now being counted in the autism category would probably have been counted in

455:

The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 2014–2016 studied 30,502 US children and adolescents and found the weighted prevalence of ASD was 2.47% (24.7 per 1,000); 3.63% in boys and 1.25% in girls. Across the 3-year reporting period, the prevalence was 2.24% in 2014, 2.41% in 2015, and 2.76% in

930:

Much research centered around those with ASD that have impaired communication and seeking improvement in social interaction often investigate the use of psychosocial interventions. However, other research looks to pharmacology for treatment. Behavioral management therapy is another potential option.

719:

Since heritability is less than 100% and symptoms vary markedly among identical twins with autism, environmental factors are most likely a significant cause as well. If some of the risk is due to gene-environment interaction the 90% heritability may be too high; However, in 2017, the largest study,

483:

county found that the cumulative incidence of autism grew eightfold from the 1980–83 period to the 1995–97 period. The increase occurred after the introduction of broader, more-precise diagnostic criteria, increased service availability, and increased awareness of autism. During the same period, the

398:

may have impacted the current number of diagnoses. More assessments for ASD occurred among 4-year-olds than the current 8-year-olds when they were 4 years of age prior to the pandemic. After the pandemic, the rate of current assessments has dropped, leading to possible delayed identification of ASD.

252:

The second method improves on the first by having investigators examine student or patient records looking for probable cases, to catch cases that have not been identified yet. The third method, which is arguably the best, screens a large sample of an entire community to identify possible cases, and

248:

The three basic approaches used to estimate prevalence differ in cost and in quality of results. The simplest and cheapest method is to count known autism cases from sources such as schools and clinics, and divide by the population. This approach is likely to underestimate prevalence because it does

235:

When studying how conditions are caused, incidence rates are the most appropriate measure of condition frequency as they assess probability directly. However, incidence can be difficult to measure with rarer conditions such as autism. In autism epidemiology, point or period prevalence is more useful

529:

dropped to near zero and was replaced with MR and M vaccine, the incidence rate grew to 97 and 161 cases per 10,000 children born in 1993 and 1994, respectively, indicating that the combined MMR vaccine did not cause autism. A 2004 Japanese autism association reported that about 360.000 people have

386:(or Thimerosal) hypothesis, so these types of risk factors have to be ruled out. Although it is unknown whether autism's frequency has increased, any such increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward addressing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics. 370:

as children in previous decades would now be given a diagnosis as autism. A study of all Danish children born in 1994–99 found that children born later were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age, supporting the argument that apparent increases in autism prevalence were at least partly due to

365:

A 2007 study that modeled autism incidence found that broadened diagnostic criteria, diagnosis at a younger age, and improved efficiency of case ascertainment, can produce an increase in the frequency of autism ranging up to 29-fold depending on the frequency measure, suggesting that methodological

304:

determined that the prevalence of ASD in adults was approximately 1% of the population, with a higher prevalence in males and no significant variation between age groups; these results suggest that prevalence of ASD among adults is similar to that in children and rates of autism are not increasing.

921:

As for temporal regions, increased rightward radial diffusivity might have an association with receptive language scores. Research concerning the planum temporale and its role in language has been inconclusive. The cerebellum may also be a factor in whether a person has language impairment or not.

791:

A few studies have found an association between autism and frequent use of acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol, Paracetamol) by the mother during pregnancy. Autism is also associated with several other prenatal factors, including advanced age in either parent, and diabetes, bleeding, or use of psychiatric

879:

There exists behavioral differences and differences in brain structures between males and females with autism. Females often either mask their symptoms more (called camouflaging) or need to display more prominent symptoms to receive a diagnosis. Males tend to demonstrate common symptoms of autism

703:

to be more than 90%; in other words, that genetics explains more than 90% of autism cases. When only one identical twin is autistic, the other often has learning or social disabilities. For adult siblings, the risk of having one or more features of the broader autism phenotype might be as high as

680:

has caused considerable controversy, despite being subsequently disproved. A 2004 study found that the reported incidence of pervasive developmental disorders in a general practice research database in England and Wales grew steadily during 1988–2001 from 0.11 to 2.98 per 10,000 person-years, and

291:

A 2006 study of nearly 57,000 British nine- and ten-year-olds reported a prevalence of 3.89 per 1,000 for autism and 11.61 per 1,000 for ASD; these higher figures could be associated with broadening diagnostic criteria. Studies based on more detailed information, such as direct observation rather

54:

ASD averages a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio in diagnosis, not accounting for ASD in gender diverse populations, which overlap disproportionately with ASD populations. The number of children known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic

434:

A 2001 review of the medical research conducted by the Public Health Agency of Canada concluded that there was no link between MMR vaccine and either inflammatory bowel disease or autism. The review noted, "An increase in cases of autism was noted by year of birth from 1979 to 1992; however, no

374:

A 2009 study of California data found that the reported incidence of autism rose 7- to 8-fold from the early 1990s to 2007, and that changes in diagnostic criteria, inclusion of milder cases, and earlier age of diagnosis probably explain only a 4.25-fold increase; the study did not quantify the

346:

An editorial error in the description of the PDD-NOS category of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the DSM-IV, in 1994, inappropriately broadened the PDD-NOS construct. The error was corrected in the DSM-IV-TR, in 2000, reversing the PDD-NOS construct back to the more restrictive diagnostic criteria

555:

A 2009 study reported that the annual incidence rate of Israeli children with a diagnosis of ASD receiving disability benefits rose from zero in 1982–1984 to 190 per million in 2004. It was not known whether these figures reflected true increases or other factors such as changes in diagnostic

357:

The reported increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness. A widely cited 2002 pilot study concluded that the observed increase in autism in California cannot be explained by changes in

908:

One theory behind autism is exposure to environmental chemicals before the age of two months. Human studies have mainly focused on particulate matter or mercury. Other studies investigated the effects of pollutants in the air or lead. Additionally, studies involving rodent animal models also

43:(ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However, the study's 1% figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in 447:

in 2020, 1 in 36 children have ASD (27.6 in every 1,000). The number of diagnosed cases of autism grew dramatically in the U.S. in the 1990s and have continued in the 2000s. For the 2006 surveillance year, identified ASD cases were an estimated 9.0 per 1000 children aged 8 years (95%

909:

investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos. Research suggests that environmental chemicals can be targeted and impacted by pollutants. Some systemic reviews have indicated that while significant correlations between mercury exposure and autism have been found, more research is needed.

863:

deficiency may explain some of the difference in frequency between males and females. RORA protein levels are higher in the brains of typically developing females compared to typically developing males, providing females with a buffer against RORA deficiency. This is known as the

892:. Scientific literature demonstrates that there is no causal link between thimerosal and ASD. Though the ingredient is not as prevalent in vaccines anymore, there is still concern about the link between autism and vaccinations, but there is no evidence to support this notion. 313:

Attention has been focused on whether the prevalence of autism is increasing with time. Earlier prevalence estimates were lower, centering at about 0.5 per 1,000 for autism during the 1960s and 1970s and about 1 per 1,000 in the 1980s, as opposed to today's 23 per 1000.

190:

Although incidence rates measure autism prevalence directly, most epidemiological studies report other frequency measures, typically point or period prevalence, or sometimes cumulative incidence. Attention is focused mostly on whether prevalence is increasing with time.

435:

incremental increase in cases was observed after the introduction of MMR vaccination." After the introduction of MMR, "A time trend analysis found no correlation between prevalence of MMR vaccination and the incidence of autism in each birth cohort from 1988 to 1993."

803:

It is not known how many siblings of autistic individuals are themselves autistic. Several studies based on clinical samples have given quite different estimates, and these clinical samples differ in important ways from samples taken from the general community.

7338: 452:= 8.6–9.3). These numbers measure what is sometimes called "administrative prevalence", that is, the number of known cases per unit of population, as opposed to the true number of cases. This prevalence estimate rose 57% (95% CI 27%–95%) from 2002 to 2006. 358:

diagnostic criteria, but a 2006 analysis found that special education data poorly measured prevalence because so many cases were undiagnosed, and that the 1994–2003 U.S. increase was associated with declines in other diagnostic categories, indicating that

593:

indicated that during the chemical's usage period (up through 1990), there was no trend toward an increase in the incidence of autism. Between 1991 and 2000 the incidence increased, including among children born after the discontinuation of thimerosal.

795:

A large 2008 population study of Swedish parents of children with autism found that the parents were more likely to have been hospitalized for a mental disorder, that schizophrenia was more common among the mothers and fathers, and that depression and

6618: 6049: 5057:

Lange, Nicholas; DuBray, Molly B.; Lee, Jee Eun; Froimowitz, Michael P.; Froehlich, Alyson; Adluru, Nagesh; Wright, Brad; Ravichandran, Caitlin; Fletcher, P. Thomas; Bigler, Erin D.; Alexander, Andrew L.; Lainhart, Janet E. (December 2010).

5009:

De Fossé, Lies; Hodge, Steven M.; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; McGrath, Lauren; Steele, Shelley; Ziegler, David A.; Herbert, Martha R.; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J. (December 2004).

659:

reported prevalence rates for ASD ranging from 0.21% to 0.87%, depending on assessment method and assumptions about non-response, suggesting that methodological factors explain large variances in prevalence rates in different studies.

2210:

Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T (July 2006). "Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)".

459:

The number of new cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Caucasian boys is roughly 50% higher than found in Hispanic children, and approximately 30% more likely to occur than in Non-Hispanic white children in the United States.

5500:

Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G (August 2008). "Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample".

1033:, and other of these conditions are often present and these comorbid diagnoses are increasingly accepted. A 2008 study found that nearly 70% of children with ASD had at least one psychiatric disorder, including nearly 30% with 730:

have had inadequate power. Studies have examined more than 100 candidate genes; many genes must be examined because more than a third of genes are expressed in the brain and there are few clues on which are relevant to autism.

299:

A 2009 U.S. study based on 2006 data estimated the prevalence of ASD in eight-year-old children to be 9.0 per 1,000 (approximate range 8.6–9.3). A 2009 report based on the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey by the

970:. The fraction of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70%, a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing autistic intelligence. 512:

A 2008 Hong Kong study reported an ASD incidence rate similar to those reported in Australia and North America, and lower than Europeans. It also reported a prevalence of 1.68 per 1,000 for children under 15 years.

3610:

Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Thorsen P, Plesner AM, Andersen PH, Mortensen PB (September 2003). "Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data".

7201: 1914:

Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, et al. (February 1998). "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children".

2382: 998:, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder; 5–38% of children with autism have comorbid epilepsy, and only 16% of these have remission in adulthood. 888:

A common misconception is that vaccinations are the cause of children developing ASD. This is partly due to the concern of a former ingredient called thimerosal, which is a substance that contains

77:

it is still not entirely known, efforts have been made to outline causative mechanisms and how they give rise to the disorder. The risk of developing autism is increased in the presence of various

525:

with a stable population of about 300,000 reported a cumulative incidence to age 7 years of 48 cases of ASD per 10,000 children in 1989, and 86 in 1990. After the vaccination rate of the triple

296:, England used different methods to measure prevalence, and estimated that 40% of ASD cases go undiagnosed, with the two least-biased estimates of true prevalence being 11.3 and 15.7 per 1,000. 5115:

Hodge, Steven M.; Makris, Nikos; Kennedy, David N.; Caviness, Verne S.; Howard, James; McGrath, Lauren; Steele, Shelly; Frazier, Jean A.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen; Harris, Gordon J. (March 2010).

7444: 7186: 174:

groups. Studies have been conducted in several continents (Asia, Europe and North America) that report a prevalence rate of approximately 1 to 2 percent. A 2011 study reported a 2.6 percent

336:

There may be more complete pickup of autism (case finding), as a result of increased awareness and funding. For example, attempts to sue vaccine companies may have increased case-reporting.

4451:

Daniels JL, Forssen U, Hultman CM, Cnattingius S, Savitz DA, Feychting M, Sparen P (May 2008). "Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring".

3045: 4489: 5715: 4907:"Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products" 7176: 484:

reported number of autism cases grew 22-fold in the same location, suggesting that counts reported by clinics or schools provide misleading estimates of the true incidence of autism.

7474: 113:

are complex and it is unclear which genes are responsible. ASD is also associated with several intellectual or emotional gifts, which has led to a variety of hypotheses from within

253:

then evaluates each possible case in more detail with standard diagnostic procedures. This last method typically produces the most reliable, and the highest, prevalence estimates.

841:

Boys have a higher chance of being diagnosed with autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with

3497: 431:

However, preliminary results of an epidemiological study conducted at Montreal Children's Hospital in the 200–2004 school year found a prevalence rate of 0.68% (or 1 per 147).

378:

Several environmental factors have been proposed to support the hypothesis that the actual frequency of autism has increased. These include certain foods, infectious disease,

292:

than examination of medical records, identify higher prevalence; this suggests that published figures may underestimate ASD's true prevalence. A 2009 study of the children in

144:. After data included in the report was shown to be deliberately falsified, the paper was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom. 4959:

Cermak, Carly A.; Arshinoff, Spencer; Ribeiro de Oliveira, Leticia; Tendera, Anna; Beal, Deryk S.; Brian, Jessica; Anagnostou, Evdokia; Sanjeevan, Teenu (1 February 2022).

350:

Successively earlier diagnosis in each succeeding cohort of children, including recognition in nursery (preschool), may have affected apparent prevalence but not incidence.

7287: 6776: 6182: 5840: 4711: 3277:"The incidence of clinically diagnosed versus research-identified autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a retrospective, population-based study" 940: 542:

Across all ages, 1 in 70 Australians identify as being autistic (or a person with autism). 1 in 23 children (or 4.36%) aged 7 to 14 years have an autism diagnosis.

7437: 3853:

Posserud M, Lundervold AJ, Lie SA, Gillberg C (March 2010). "The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: impact of diagnostic instrument and non-response bias".

880:

such as repetitive and restricted behaviors more so than females. This difference is hypothesized to be part of why females are more likely to be underdiagnosed.

2389: 1977:

Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Fombonne E, Laska E, Lim EC, et al. (September 2011). "Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample".

321:

Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children grew dramatically in the U.S. from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much, if any, growth came from changes in autism's

224:

of a condition is the proportion of a population that had the condition at a single point in time, for example, "10 cases per 1,000 people at the start of 2006".

7389: 1836:

Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD (June 2014). "Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies".

2879:

Grether JK, Rosen NJ, Smith KS, Croen LA (October 2009). "Investigation of shifts in autism reporting in the California Department of Developmental Services".

2565: 4613:"Investigation of sex differences in the expression of RORA and its transcriptional targets in the brain as a potential contributor to the sex bias in autism" 986:, and are likely affected by age, level of cognitive functioning, degree of social impairment, and ASD-specific difficulties. Many anxiety disorders, such as 6689: 7638: 6664: 1078:

Zeidan, Jinan; Fombonne, Eric; Scorah, Julie; Ibrahim, Alaa; Durkin, Maureen S.; Saxena, Shekhar; Yusuf, Afiqah; Shih, Andy; Elsabbagh, Mayada (May 2022).

170:

ASD diagnoses continue to be over four times more common among boys (1 in 34) than among girls (1 in 154), and they are reported in all racial, ethnic and

811:

of high socioeconomic status. One study from California found a three to fourfold increased risk of autism in a small 30 by 40 km region centered on

249:

not count children who have not been diagnosed yet, and it is likely to generate skewed statistics because some children have better access to treatment.

6236: 6156: 1331: 444: 217:

is the proportion of a population that became new cases within a specified time period, for example, "1.5 per 1,000 people became new cases during 2006".

2093: 1959: 608:

France made autism the national focus for the year 2012 and the Health Ministry estimated the rate of autism in 2012 to have been 0.67%, i.e. 1 in 150.

55:

practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased; and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. In 2020, the

3752:"Plan autisme 2008–2010: Construire une nouvelle étape de la politique des troubles envahissants du développement (TED) et en particulier de l'autisme" 329:

The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and 2000s, prompting ongoing investigations into several potential reasons:

7430: 6947: 5848: 7645: 6588: 5853: 2598:

Shattuck PT (April 2006). "The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education".

353:

A review of the "rising autism" figures compared to other disabilities in schools shows a corresponding drop in findings of intellectual disability.

147:

It is problematic to compare autism rates over the last three decades, as the diagnostic criteria for autism have changed with each revision of the

3776: 7738: 7032: 6756: 6310: 6039: 5679: 366:

factors may explain the observed increases in autism over time. A small 2008 study found that a significant number (40%) of people diagnosed with

2666: 630:

gives figures between 30 and 60 per 10,000. The French Minister of Health gives a prevalence of 4.9 per 10,000 on its website but it counts only

4497: 3751: 2780:

Parner ET, Schendel DE, Thorsen P (December 2008). "Autism prevalence trends over time in Denmark: changes in prevalence and age at diagnosis".

1179: 7571: 7494: 6613: 6120: 6024: 3972: 3707:

Fombonne E, Du Mazaubrun C, Cans C, Grandjean H (November 1997). "Autism and associated medical disorders in a French epidemiological survey".

833: 60: 3473: 163:, PDD-NOS, and Asperger's syndrome. Due to inconsistencies in diagnosis and how much is still being learnt about autism, the most recent DSM ( 7399: 6965: 6957: 6684: 6442: 6328: 6177: 5269: 4065: 3001:

Mankoski RE, Collins M, Ndosi NK, Mgalla EH, Sarwatt VV, Folstein SE (November 2006). "Etiologies of autism in a case-series from Tanzania".

1761: 504:

A journal reports that the median prevalence of ASD among 2–6-year-old children who are reported in China from 2000 upwards was 10.3/10,000.

4310:

Moss BG, Chugani DC (2014). "Increased risk of very low birth weight, rapid postnatal growth, and autism in underweight and obese mothers".

7662: 6789: 5674: 828: 6130: 469: 159:, and the criteria for autistic disorder (AD) were more restrictive. The previous edition of the DSM, DSM-IV, included autistic disorder, 5983: 5172:

Ameis, S. H.; Kassee, C.; Corbett-Dick, P.; Cole, L.; Dadhwal, S.; Lai, M.-C.; Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.; Correll, C. U. (November 2018).

4004:"Rate of first recorded diagnosis of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in United Kingdom general practice, 1988 to 2001" 2539: 7343: 5870: 5246: 4129:

Bolton P, Macdonald H, Pickles A, Rios P, Goode S, Crowson M, et al. (July 1994). "A case-control family history study of autism".

3754:[Autism Plan 2008-2010: Building a new stage in the policy of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and in particular autism] 339:

The diagnosis may be applied more broadly than before, as a result of the changing definition of the disorder, particularly changes in

7628: 7016: 464:

the mental retardation or learning disabilities categories if they were being labeled 10 years ago instead of today," said researcher

231:

is the proportion that had the condition at any time within a stated period, for example, "15 per 1,000 people had cases during 2006".

5863: 7655: 7588: 7583: 7524: 7519: 6338: 5948: 5720: 5220:"Behavioral Management Therapy for Autism | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development" 2923: 2383:

Autism Spectrum Disorders in adults living in households throughout England: Report from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007

2032: 301: 281: 160: 148: 7038: 3567:

Al-Salehi SM, Al-Hifthy EH, Ghaziuddin M (June 2009). "Autism in Saudi Arabia: presentation, clinical correlates and comorbidity".

5700: 5611: 615: 572:

is 18 per 10,000, slightly higher than the 13 per 10,000 reported in developed countries.(compared to 168 per 10,000 in the USA)

5219: 4209:"The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism" 7702: 7539: 7514: 7256: 6983: 6932: 6806: 2667:"Report to the legislature on the principal findings of the epidemiology of autism in California: a comprehensive pilot study" 699:

studies now suggests that it is one of the most heritable of all psychiatric conditions. The first studies of twins estimated

7633: 7603: 7554: 7549: 7504: 7489: 6970: 6912: 6229: 6151: 3324:

Montiel-Nava C, Peña JA (March 2008). "Epidemiological findings of pervasive developmental disorders in a Venezuelan study".

5546:"Autism spectrum disorders and childhood-onset schizophrenia: clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited" 1048:, a rare and severe form, is another preempted diagnosis whose symptoms are often present along with the symptoms of autism. 6552: 3093:

Strauss, B; Bigham, M (2001). "Does measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination cause inflammatory bowel disease and autism?".

7677: 7509: 7231: 6532: 6507: 6125: 6034: 5973: 5795: 3924:"Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis" 1038: 367: 210:

of a condition is the rate at which new cases occurred per person-year, for example, "2 new cases per 1,000 person-years".

5414:

Ozgen HM, Hop JW, Hox JJ, Beemer FA, van Engeland H (March 2010). "Minor physical anomalies in autism: a meta-analysis".

2433: 2352:"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006" 265:

of autism vary widely depending on diagnostic criteria, age of children screened, and geographical location. Most recent

7707: 7618: 7529: 7072: 6927: 6902: 6466: 3177: 1274: 3527: 2733:"Autism and diagnostic substitution: evidence from a study of adults with a history of developmental language disorder" 1025:. Although the DSM-IV rules out concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism, the full criteria for 7598: 7561: 7544: 7302: 6562: 6115: 5885: 5750: 850: 70: 56: 6822: 4086:

Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B (December 2001). "Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder".

2254:

Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H (June 2008). "Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers".

1871:

Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (January 2011). "Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent".

2569: 7682: 7578: 7317: 7191: 6989: 6942: 6448: 6333: 6300: 5993: 5958: 5938: 5890: 3741:

Expertise collective. Troubles mentaux. Dépistage et prévention chez l'enfant et chez l'adolescent. Inserm, 2003, 8

3646: 7667: 7348: 7251: 7092: 6917: 6907: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6542: 6527: 6453: 6426: 6323: 6222: 6072: 5913: 5805: 5669: 3900: 151:(DSM), which outlines which symptoms meet the criteria for an ASD diagnosis. In 1983, the DSM did not recognize 140:

published a small study in 1998 in the United Kingdom suggesting a causal link between autism and the trivalent

7697: 7608: 7566: 7534: 7484: 7216: 6460: 6146: 5963: 4664:"Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Symptomology and Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder" 1610:

Sandin, S.; Lichtenstein, P.; Kuja-Halkola, R.; Hultman, C.; Larsson, H.; Reichenberg, A. (26 September 2017).

1015: 207: 5344:

MacNeil BM, Lopes VA, Minnes PM (2009). "Anxiety in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders".

865: 7687: 7650: 7623: 7613: 7136: 6834: 6694: 6432: 6092: 6077: 6064: 6019: 5918: 5880: 5830: 5727: 2976: 1042: 1034: 987: 966: 868:. RORA deficiency has previously been proposed as one factor that may make males more vulnerable to autism. 842: 771: 677: 428:

The Canadian government reported in 2019 that 1 in 50 children were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.

359: 133: 125: 114: 7692: 7499: 7469: 7181: 6874: 6710: 6516: 6295: 6087: 6082: 6029: 6014: 5654: 2415: 959: 709: 690: 623: 382:. There is overwhelming scientific evidence against the MMR hypothesis and no convincing evidence for the 156: 110: 2134: 7733: 7672: 6784: 5649: 4705: 3787: 3236:"The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study" 48: 2498:

Wing L, Potter D (2002). "The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?".

2679: 7196: 7067: 6598: 5604: 4269: 3759: 846: 797: 696: 531: 214: 3980: 3208: 2859: 2637: 614:

made some studies in the years 1992 and 1997. He found a prevalence of 16 per 10,000 for the global

7379: 7297: 6054: 5639: 3664:

Fombonne E, du Mazaubrun C (August 1992). "Prevalence of infantile autism in four French regions".

3481: 1713:"Etiology of infantile autism: a review of recent advances in genetic and neurobiological research" 979: 727: 449: 237: 129: 82: 3071: 1512:

Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E (June 2007). "Childhood autism and associated comorbidities".

7353: 7266: 7221: 7206: 7116: 5953: 5760: 5526: 5482: 5439: 5396: 5174:"Systematic review and guide to management of core and psychiatric symptoms in youth with autism" 4476: 4384: 4335: 4189: 4111: 3878: 3689: 3592: 3419: 3367:

Sun X, Allison C (April 2010). "A review of the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Asia".

3349: 3046:"Autism spectrum disorder: Highlights from the 2019 Canadian health survey on children and youth" 3026: 2904: 2762: 2674: 2623: 2328: 2279: 2236: 2002: 1940: 1896: 1693: 1589: 1537: 1489: 1394: 1302: 983: 871:

There is a statistically notable overlap between ASD populations and gender diverse populations.

44: 1244: 1227: 1277:(January 2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". 7292: 7246: 7010: 6937: 6800: 6729: 6724: 6522: 6267: 6262: 6172: 6097: 5998: 5923: 5770: 5710: 5664: 5659: 5575: 5518: 5474: 5431: 5388: 5326: 5265: 5201: 5193: 5154: 5136: 5097: 5079: 5039: 5031: 4988: 4980: 4934: 4926: 4887: 4869: 4801: 4793: 4754: 4746: 4693: 4644: 4593: 4544: 4468: 4433: 4376: 4327: 4238: 4181: 4146: 4103: 4061: 4035: 3953: 3870: 3835: 3724: 3681: 3628: 3584: 3542: 3460: 3411: 3394:

Wong VC, Hui SL (January 2008). "Epidemiological study of autism spectrum disorder in China".

3341: 3306: 3257: 3159: 3110: 3102: 3018: 2953: 2896: 2846: 2797: 2754: 2713: 2615: 2543: 2515: 2486: 2363: 2320: 2271: 2228: 2192: 2126: 2074: 2028: 1994: 1932: 1888: 1853: 1818: 1767: 1757: 1734: 1685: 1641: 1581: 1529: 1481: 1446: 1386: 1294: 1249: 1158: 1109: 1030: 889: 704:

30%, much higher than the risk in controls. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable

695:

As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism; evidence from

590: 395: 277: 228: 5275: 4056:, Jones MB (2007). "Genetic epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". In Volkmar FR (ed.). 3781:, rapport remis au Premier ministre, La Documentation française : Paris, Septembre 2003" 2566:"Clarification of the definition of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified" 2297:

Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allison C, Williams J, Bolton P, Matthews FE, Brayne C (June 2009).

672:. The reported autism incidence in the UK rose starting before the first introduction of the 269:

tend to estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 27.6 per 1,000 for ASD

7422: 7394: 7374: 6828: 6811: 6512: 6383: 6359: 6203: 5988: 5905: 5895: 5858: 5790: 5765: 5755: 5684: 5634: 5565: 5557: 5510: 5466: 5423: 5380: 5353: 5316: 5308: 5257: 5185: 5144: 5128: 5087: 5071: 5023: 4972: 4918: 4877: 4861: 4785: 4738: 4683: 4675: 4634: 4624: 4583: 4575: 4534: 4526: 4460: 4423: 4415: 4366: 4319: 4287: 4277: 4228: 4220: 4173: 4138: 4095: 4025: 4015: 3943: 3935: 3862: 3825: 3716: 3673: 3620: 3576: 3450: 3403: 3376: 3333: 3296: 3288: 3247: 3149: 3141: 3010: 2943: 2935: 2888: 2836: 2828: 2789: 2744: 2705: 2607: 2507: 2478: 2310: 2263: 2220: 2116: 2108: 2064: 1986: 1924: 1880: 1845: 1808: 1798: 1724: 1675: 1631: 1623: 1571: 1521: 1473: 1436: 1428: 1376: 1366: 1286: 1239: 1148: 1140: 1099: 1091: 1058: 1003: 974: 950: 764: 740: 713: 603: 221: 137: 121: 98: 30: 1664:"The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature" 7728: 7384: 7271: 7226: 7097: 6952: 6547: 6436: 6285: 6198: 5968: 5928: 5800: 5597: 4002:

Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne PE, Heavey L, Rodrigues LC, Smith PG, Hall AJ (November 2004).

1226:

Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, et al. (2007).

1008: 723: 317: 66: 40: 5173: 4819: 4419: 2961: 2351: 2183:(2005). "Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders". 622:

found a prevalence of 27 per 10,000 for the ASD and a prevalence of 9 per 10,000 for the

7339:

Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism

4273: 4207:

Parker W, Hornik CD, Bilbo S, Holzknecht ZE, Gentry L, Rao R, et al. (April 2017).

333:

More children may have autism; that is, the true frequency of autism may have increased.

7322: 7241: 7211: 7110: 6817: 6762: 6608: 6603: 6343: 6044: 5933: 5705: 5570: 5545: 5371:

Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P (March 2008). "Autism and metabolic diseases".

5321: 5296: 5149: 5116: 5092: 5059: 4882: 4850:"Environmental Chemicals and Autism: A Scoping Review of the Human and Animal Research" 4849: 4688: 4663: 4639: 4612: 4588: 4563: 4539: 4514: 4428: 4403: 4258:"Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure" 4233: 4208: 4142: 4053: 3896: 3301: 3276: 3154: 3129: 2948: 2841: 2816: 2121: 1813: 1786: 1729: 1712: 1636: 1611: 1441: 1416: 1381: 1354: 1290: 1153: 1128: 1104: 1079: 812: 669: 476: 293: 4579: 4030: 4003: 3720: 2696:

Wazana A, Bresnahan M, Kline J (June 2007). "The autism epidemic: fact or artifact?".

2224: 1928: 978:

are common among children with ASD, although there are no firm data. Symptoms include

7722: 7358: 7312: 7062: 6922: 6396: 6290: 5978: 5943: 5530: 5261: 3948: 3923: 3455: 3438: 3130:"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among US Children and Adolescents, 2014-2016" 2749: 2732: 2180: 2069: 2052: 1697: 1576: 1559: 1398: 1127:

Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh YJ, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marcín C, et al. (June 2012).

1045: 611: 465: 285: 171: 5486: 5443: 5400: 4339: 4193: 3882: 3693: 3596: 3423: 3353: 3072:"Childhood autism in Canada : some issues relating to behavioural intervention" 3030: 2766: 2627: 2283: 2240: 2006: 1900: 1593: 1541: 1493: 1306: 117:

that autistic traits have played a beneficial role over human evolutionary history.

7454: 7077: 6879: 6794: 6490: 6405: 6318: 4480: 4388: 4115: 2908: 2332: 1990: 1525: 1477: 700: 681:

concluded that much of this increase may be due to changes in diagnostic practice.

569: 202:

defines several measures of the frequency of occurrence of a disease or condition:

199: 106: 5012:"Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment" 3439:"No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study" 1944: 1849: 962:, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders. 17: 5561: 5514: 4922: 4323: 3830: 3813: 2832: 2793: 2709: 1355:"A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework" 7593: 7261: 7236: 7082: 6572: 6537: 6410: 6364: 5810: 5785: 5780: 5745: 5117:"Cerebellum, language, and cognition in autism and specific language impairment" 816: 774:

for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.

673: 565: 526: 179: 141: 5357: 4976: 4961:"Brain and Language Associations in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review" 4679: 3380: 7307: 5825: 5775: 5470: 5312: 5132: 4789: 4742: 4177: 3866: 3526:

Senecky Y, Chodick G, Diamond G, Lobel D, Drachman R, Inbar D (January 2009).

3292: 3252: 3235: 3234:

Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ (January 2005).

3185: 3014: 2892: 2535: 2441: 2315: 2298: 2155: 1771: 1432: 1371: 1326: 837:

The share of males vs. females diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder, 2017

808: 720:

including over three million participants, estimated the heritability at 83%.

586: 383: 379: 322: 262: 175: 5384: 5197: 5140: 5083: 5035: 4984: 4960: 4930: 4873: 4797: 4750: 4725:

Kirkovski, Melissa; Enticott, Peter G.; Fitzgerald, Paul B. (November 2013).

4224: 3939: 3580: 3407: 3337: 3106: 3077:. . Ottawa: Library of Parliament; Parliamentary Research Branch. PRB 05-93E. 2346: 2344: 2342: 1803: 496:

reported a prevalence of 1.1 per 1,000 for autism and 1.7 per 1,000 for ASD.

7087: 6593: 6486: 5820: 5011: 4906: 4848:

Pelch, Katherine E.; Bolden, Ashley L.; Kwiatkowski, Carol F. (April 2019).

4773: 4726: 3550: 3145: 2299:"Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study" 2267: 2112: 1960:"How disgraced anti-vaxxer Andrew Wakefield was embraced by Trump's America" 1627: 1180:"Largest study to date confirms overlap between autism and gender diversity" 955: 854: 705: 493: 480: 340: 94: 90: 5579: 5522: 5478: 5435: 5392: 5330: 5205: 5158: 5101: 5043: 4992: 4938: 4891: 4805: 4758: 4697: 4648: 4597: 4548: 4472: 4464: 4437: 4380: 4331: 4242: 4185: 4107: 4039: 4020: 3957: 3874: 3839: 3632: 3624: 3588: 3546: 3464: 3415: 3345: 3310: 3261: 3163: 3114: 3022: 2957: 2900: 2850: 2801: 2758: 2717: 2619: 2611: 2519: 2490: 2388:(Report). NHS Information Centre for health and social care. Archived from 2367: 2324: 2275: 2232: 2196: 2130: 2078: 2023:

Coggon D, Rose G, Barker DJ (1997). "Quantifying diseases in populations".

1998: 1892: 1857: 1822: 1738: 1689: 1645: 1585: 1533: 1485: 1450: 1390: 1298: 1253: 1162: 1113: 845:

and more than 5.5:1 without. Recent studies have found no association with

5544:

Rapoport J, Chavez A, Greenstein D, Addington A, Gogtay N (January 2009).

4629: 4150: 3728: 3685: 3528:"Time trends in reported autistic spectrum disorders in Israel, 1972-2004" 2482: 1936: 1680: 1663: 6567: 6557: 5875: 5815: 4371: 4354: 2939: 1129:"Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders" 994: 522: 102: 86: 78: 74: 4774:"ASD in females: are we overstating the gender difference in diagnosis?" 4292: 3650: 5427: 5189: 4164:

Sykes NH, Lamb JA (September 2007). "Autism: the quest for the genes".

3677: 2511: 895: 643: 273: 152: 5027: 4282: 4257: 3070:

Norris, Sonya; Paré, Jean-Rodrigue; Starky, Sheena (26 January 2006).

2094:"Systematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders" 1884: 6257: 6245: 5620: 5457:

Steyaert JG, De la Marche W (October 2008). "What's new in autism?".

4099: 1464:

Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM (2005). "The teratology of autism".

1095: 656: 631: 619: 266: 132:

has been extensively investigated and shown to be false, lacking any

5297:"Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders" 5075: 4865: 4727:"A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders" 1144: 668:

The incidence and changes in incidence with time are unclear in the

6214: 4530: 5550:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

5503:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

4355:"Male biological clock possibly linked to autism, other disorders" 4131:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

3709:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

3443:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

2698:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

2500:

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

894: 832: 164: 7202:

Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence

849:, and have reported inconsistent results about associations with 1026: 899:

Molecular structure of thiomersal, a mercury containing compound

860: 712:, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several 7426: 7158: 6856: 6639: 6381: 6218: 5593: 4562:

Mazumdar S, King M, Liu KY, Zerubavel N, Bearman P (May 2010).

4515:"What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy?" 3275:

Barbaresi WJ, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Katusic SK (March 2009).

1417:"Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis" 564:

Studies of autism frequency have been particularly rare in the

4060:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–178. 744: 627: 2416:"Autism just as common in adults, so MMR jab is off the hook" 2356:

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries

931:

Overall however, treatment options are still in development.

420:

The prevalence of autism in the Americas overall is unknown.

3779:

La situation des autistes en France, besoins et perspectives

5060:"Atypical diffusion tensor hemispheric asymmetry in autism" 4662:

Shuck R. K., Flores, R. E., & Fung, L. K. (June 2019).

626:

in 2003. Those figures are considered as underrated as the

4564:"The spatial structure of autism in California, 1993-2001" 4490:"Mental disorders in parents linked to autism in children" 3922:

Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H (February 2001).

2924:"Tracing the origins of autism: a spectrum of new studies" 5589: 5295:

White SW, Oswald D, Ollendick T, Scahill L (April 2009).

1080:"Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update" 678:

arising from the results of a fraudulent scientific study

589:-containing vaccines were removed in Denmark. A study at 568:. One rough estimate is that the prevalence of autism in 5716:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

7187:

Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome

7177:

The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son

2731:

Bishop DV, Whitehouse AJ, Watt HJ, Line EA (May 2008).

2469:

Fombonne E (January 2003). "The prevalence of autism".

2156:"Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC" 1327:"Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC" 1019:

are significantly increased in the autistic population.

2540:"Notes on the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders" 1754:

The pattern seekers: how autism drives human invention

2817:"The rise in autism and the role of age at diagnosis" 2381:

Brugha T, McManus S, Meltzer H, et al. (2009).

954:. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable 945:

Autism is associated with several other conditions:

93:. In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with 7462: 7367: 7331: 7280: 7169: 7129: 7055: 7048: 7025: 7003: 6895: 6888: 6867: 6775: 6749: 6742: 6703: 6657: 6650: 6581: 6500: 6479: 6419: 6394: 6352: 6309: 6278: 6191: 6165: 6139: 6108: 6063: 6007: 5904: 5839: 5736: 5693: 5627: 4611:Hu VW, Sarachana T, Sherrard RM, Kocher KM (2015). 3044:Canada, Public Health Agency of (3 February 2022). 2092:Williams JG, Higgins JP, Brayne CE (January 2006). 2057:

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing

1466:

International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience

1221: 676:in 1989. However, a perceived link between the two 4772:Kreiser, Nicole L.; White, Susan W. (March 2014). 3973:"MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism" 1711:Trottier G, Srivastava L, Walker CD (March 1999). 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 39:is the study of the incidence and distribution of 7288:The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time 4905:Carter, C. J.; Blizard, R. A. (27 October 2016). 3128:Xu G, Strathearn L, Liu B, Bao W (January 2018). 1507: 1505: 1503: 5256:. Vol. 2. Academic Press. pp. 759–72. 5004: 5002: 4256:Seneff S, Davidson RM, Liu J (7 November 2012). 4081: 4079: 4077: 3240:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2782:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2665:Byrd RS, Sage AC, Keyzer J, et al. (2002). 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 1553: 1551: 941:Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders 3758:(in French). Republic of France. Archived from 3088: 3086: 3084: 2465:Prevalence and changes in diagnostic practice: 2046: 2044: 1657: 1655: 1415:Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL (July 2009). 1410: 1408: 1228:"The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders" 1174: 1172: 412:The prevalence of autism in Africa is unknown. 5290: 5288: 5254:Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 3855:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 3814:"Trends in autism spectrum disorder referrals" 3666:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2815:Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L (January 2009). 2018: 2016: 1612:"The Heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorder" 1605: 1603: 280:is about 0.3 per 1,000 and the atypical forms 63:autism classification was introduced in 1994. 7438: 7390:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7039:Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation 6230: 5605: 5121:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 4965:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 4843: 4841: 4731:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 4213:The Journal of International Medical Research 3281:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3003:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2881:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2461: 2459: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 8: 6690:Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative 5245:Dawson M, Mottron L, Gernsbacher MA (2008). 4820:"Autism and Vaccines | Vaccine Safety | CDC" 4710:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4305: 4303: 4058:Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders 3209:"Data provides misleading picture of autism" 2638:"Data provides misleading picture of autism" 6665:Association for Science in Autism Treatment 4778:Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 4496:(Press release). 5 May 2008. Archived from 3812:Bölte S, Poustka F, Holtmann M (May 2008). 2542:. National Autistic Society. Archived from 2149: 2147: 1787:"Autism As a Disorder of High Intelligence" 1245:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 7445: 7431: 7423: 7166: 7155: 7052: 6892: 6864: 6853: 6746: 6654: 6647: 6636: 6391: 6378: 6374: 6237: 6223: 6215: 6157:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale 5612: 5598: 5590: 3437:Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M (June 2005). 2981:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2737:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2160:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1332:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1320: 1318: 1316: 445:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6948:Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee 5849:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder 5569: 5320: 5148: 5091: 4881: 4687: 4638: 4628: 4587: 4538: 4427: 4370: 4291: 4281: 4232: 4029: 4019: 3947: 3829: 3454: 3300: 3251: 3153: 2947: 2840: 2748: 2314: 2120: 2068: 2053:"The rise in autism and the mercury myth" 1812: 1802: 1728: 1679: 1635: 1575: 1440: 1380: 1370: 1243: 1152: 1103: 807:Autism has also been shown to cluster in 7475:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 5854:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 1717:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 1011:, are associated with autistic symptoms. 316: 7033:Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago 6757:Center for Autism and Related Disorders 6614:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 6040:Multiple complex developmental disorder 5252:. In Byrne JH, Roediger III HL (eds.). 1070: 6121:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 4703: 3535:The Israel Medical Association Journal 3474:"Autism in the absence of MMR vaccine" 1037:and similar proportions with ADHD and 7400:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 6966:National Database for Autism Research 6958:National Alliance for Autism Research 6685:National Alliance for Autism Research 6553:Relationship development intervention 6443:Picture exchange communication system 3369:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2051:Scahill L, Bearss K (February 2009). 726:analysis has been inconclusive; many 97:. It has been shown to be related to 7: 6790:Eden II School for Autistic Children 4420:10.1146/annurev.med.60.053107.121225 4312:American Journal of Health Promotion 4166:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 2977:"Key Findings from the ADDM Network" 829:Sex and gender differences in autism 800:were more common among the mothers. 759:This section should include only a 7572:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease 5871:Developmental coordination disorder 371:decreases in the age of diagnosis. 7017:Autism Resource Centre (Singapore) 4143:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x 3505:The Australian National University 3095:Canada Communicable Disease Report 2185:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1979:The American Journal of Psychiatry 1752:Baron-Cohen S (10 November 2020). 1291:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x 25: 6962:National Council on Severe Autism 6131:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale 5949:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder 5721:Childhood disintegrative disorder 4854:Environmental Health Perspectives 4580:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.12.014 3498:"Understanding autism prevalence" 3215:. University of Wisconsin–Madison 2928:Environmental Health Perspectives 2644:. University of Wisconsin–Madison 2303:The British Journal of Psychiatry 1421:The British Journal of Psychiatry 282:childhood disintegrative disorder 161:childhood disintegrative disorder 149:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 7344:Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism 5701:Pervasive developmental disorder 5262:10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00152-2 3456:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x 2750:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02057.x 2256:Archives of Disease in Childhood 2101:Archives of Disease in Childhood 2070:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00152.x 2025:Epidemiology for the Uninitiated 1577:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01399.x 1560:"The autism-epilepsy connection" 749: 616:pervasive developmental disorder 347:requirements from the DSM-III-R. 105:. ASD is believed to be largely 7257:Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues 6933:Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation 6807:New England Center for Children 2414:Boseley S (22 September 2009). 1184:Spectrum | Autism Research News 904:Environmental Chemical Exposure 470:University of Wisconsin–Madison 95:agents that cause birth defects 7739:Prevalence of mental disorders 6971:The Autism Community in Action 6913:Autistic Self Advocacy Network 6152:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test 5459:European Journal of Pediatrics 5178:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 4402:Geschwind DH (February 2009). 1991:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10101532 1526:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003 1478:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001 1232:Annual Review of Public Health 1: 6725:Conditions and research areas 6533:Gluten-free, casein-free diet 6508:Auditory integration training 6126:Childhood Autism Rating Scale 5974:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome 5864:obsessive–compulsive disorder 5796:Pathological demand avoidance 5680:Societal and cultural aspects 3721:10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66566-7 2225:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7 1929:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0 1850:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 1039:oppositional defiant disorder 468:of the Waisman Center at the 443:According to a report by the 368:pragmatic language impairment 276:is the vast majority of ASD, 7073:Autism Awareness Campaign UK 6903:Autism Network International 6619:Structured teaching (TEACCH) 6467:Cognitive behavioral therapy 5562:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818b1c63 5515:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f 4923:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011 4911:Neurochemistry International 4353:Schubert C (November 2008). 4324:10.4278/ajhp.120705-QUAN-325 3831:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31816a9e13 2833:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181902d15 2794:10.1001/archpedi.162.12.1150 2710:10.1097/chi.0b013e31804a7f3b 475:A population-based study in 81:factors, including advanced 6563:Sensory integration therapy 6116:Autism Diagnostic Interview 5886:Sensory processing disorder 5751:Autism and LGBTQ identities 2362:(10): 1–20. December 2009. 1662:Freitag CM (January 2007). 1353:Sarovic D (November 2021). 71:neurodevelopmental disorder 57:Centers for Disease Control 7755: 6990:Domus Instituto de Autismo 6943:Interactive Autism Network 6449:Pivotal response treatment 6301:World Autism Awareness Day 5994:Tuberous sclerosis complex 5984:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 5959:MECP2 duplication syndrome 5939:Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5891:Global developmental delay 5373:Journal of Child Neurology 5358:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.06.001 5301:Clinical Psychology Review 4977:10.1007/s10803-021-04975-0 4680:10.1007/s10803-019-03998-y 3971:Deer B (8 February 2009). 3396:Journal of Child Neurology 3381:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.003 1958:Boseley S (18 July 2018). 1785:Crespi BJ (30 June 2016). 938: 826: 823:Sex and Gender Differences 738: 688: 601: 521:A 2005 study of a part of 28: 7349:Marcelo in the Real World 7165: 7154: 7106: 7093:National Autistic Society 6979: 6928:Centro Ponceño de Autismo 6918:Autism Society of America 6908:Autism Science Foundation 6863: 6852: 6720: 6680:Kennedy Krieger Institute 6675:Autism Science Foundation 6670:Autism Research Institute 6646: 6635: 6543:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 6528:Facilitated communication 6454:Positive behavior support 6427:Applied behavior analysis 6395:Psychotropic medication ( 6390: 6377: 6373: 6324:Autism in popular culture 6253: 6073:Facilitated communication 5914:22q11.2 deletion syndrome 5471:10.1007/s00431-008-0764-4 5313:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.003 5133:10.1007/s10803-009-0872-7 4917:: S0197–0186(16)30197–8. 4790:10.1007/s10567-013-0148-9 4743:10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1 4408:Annual Review of Medicine 4178:10.1017/S1462399407000452 3901:National Autistic Society 3867:10.1007/s00127-009-0087-4 3293:10.1007/s10803-008-0645-8 3253:10.1001/archpedi.159.1.37 3178:"ASD Data and Statistics" 3015:10.1007/s10803-006-0143-9 2893:10.1007/s10803-009-0754-z 2434:"ASD Data and Statistics" 2316:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059345 1791:Frontiers in Neuroscience 1433:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672 1372:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767075 958:(single-gene) condition, 708:(single-gene) condition, 41:autism spectrum disorders 7646:Motor vehicle collisions 7217:Like Colour to the Blind 6823:Sunfield Children's Home 6461:Early Start Denver Model 6147:Autism-spectrum quotient 5964:Neurofibromatosis type I 5385:10.1177/0883073807308698 5346:Res Autism Spectr Disord 4225:10.1177/0300060517693423 4088:Nature Reviews. Genetics 3979:. London. Archived from 3940:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.460 3581:10.1177/1363461509105823 3569:Transcultural Psychiatry 3408:10.1177/0883073807308702 3338:10.1177/1362361307086663 1804:10.3389/fnins.2016.00300 1016:Minor physical anomalies 913:Related Brain Structures 866:Female protective effect 195:Incidence and prevalence 7192:Autism's False Prophets 7137:Luke Priddis Foundation 6835:Western Autistic School 6695:Yale Child Study Center 6433:Discrete trial training 6078:Lancet MMR autism fraud 6020:Critical autism studies 5919:22q13 deletion syndrome 5881:Intellectual disability 5831:Emotional dysregulation 5728:High-functioning autism 4513:Rogers SJ (June 2009). 3777:"Jean-François Chossy, 3146:10.1001/jama.2017.17812 2268:10.1136/adc.2006.115337 2154:CDC (10 January 2024). 2113:10.1136/adc.2004.062083 1628:10.1001/jama.2017.12141 1514:Brain & Development 1359:Frontiers in Psychiatry 1035:social anxiety disorder 967:Intellectual disability 843:intellectual disability 772:Knowledge:Summary style 360:diagnostic substitution 302:National Health Service 115:evolutionary psychiatry 49:middle-income countries 7495:Cardiovascular disease 7182:Animals in Translation 6875:Autism rights movement 6711:Autism Research Centre 6517:Judge Rotenberg Center 6472:Social skills training 6296:Communication Shutdown 6088:Rapid prompting method 6030:Double empathy problem 6015:Autism rights movement 4465:10.1542/peds.2007-2296 4021:10.1186/1741-7015-2-39 3647:"Autisme Grande Cause" 3625:10.1542/peds.112.3.604 3480:. 2005. Archived from 2612:10.1542/peds.2005-1516 960:chromosome abnormality 900: 838: 710:chromosome abnormality 691:Heritability of autism 632:early infantile autism 624:early infantile autism 403:Geographical frequency 326: 61:U.S. special-education 37:epidemiology of autism 7673:Risky sexual behavior 7457:of medical conditions 7035:(Trinidad and Tobago) 6785:Alpine Learning Group 6173:Autism-related topics 5737:Associated conditions 4630:10.1186/2040-2392-6-7 3897:"Incidence of autism" 2975:CDC (23 March 2023). 2922:Szpir M (July 2006). 2483:10.1001/jama.289.1.87 2027:(4th ed.). BMJ. 1681:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 1325:CDC (27 March 2020). 939:Further information: 898: 836: 798:personality disorders 689:Further information: 320: 89:in the mother during 29:Further information: 7663:Periodontal diseases 7197:Extreme Love: Autism 7068:The Autism Directory 6599:Occupational therapy 6523:Chelation of mercury 6329:Fictional characters 6178:Fictional characters 5906:Associated syndromes 5416:Molecular Psychiatry 5247:"Learning in autism" 4404:"Advances in autism" 4372:10.1038/nm1108-1170a 2940:10.1289/ehp.114-a412 2572:on 30 September 2013 1668:Molecular Psychiatry 1558:Levisohn PM (2007). 847:socioeconomic status 728:association analyses 697:genetic epidemiology 215:cumulative incidence 73:, and although what 7380:Autism in Adulthood 6984:Centro Ann Sullivan 6055:Violence and autism 5841:Comorbid conditions 5016:Annals of Neurology 4668:J Autism Dev Disord 4274:2012Entrp..14.2227S 3983:on 27 February 2014 2538:, Potter D (1999). 1186:. 14 September 2020 1023:Preempted diagnoses 980:generalized anxiety 935:Comorbid conditions 884:Vaccines and Autism 809:urban neighborhoods 450:confidence interval 257:Frequency estimates 157:Asperger's syndrome 134:scientific evidence 7629:Metabolic syndrome 7354:Rage: A Love Story 7332:For younger people 7318:The Winter Journey 7252:Somebody Somewhere 7222:Look Me in the Eye 7207:In a Different Key 7117:Aspies For Freedom 6334:Films about autism 5954:Fragile X syndrome 5761:Autistic catatonia 5428:10.1038/mp.2008.75 5190:10.1111/acps.12918 4568:Health & Place 3678:10.1007/bf00789007 2675:M.I.N.D. Institute 2512:10.1002/mrdd.10029 984:separation anxiety 926:Symptom Management 901: 839: 762: 532:Kanner-type autism 472:, in a statement. 327: 244:Estimation methods 130:vaccine hypothesis 18:Autism (incidence) 7716: 7715: 7703:Teenage pregnancy 7589:Domestic violence 7584:Diabetes mellitus 7420: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7247:The Reason I Jump 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7125: 7124: 7011:Action for Autism 6999: 6998: 6938:Generation Rescue 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6801:Exceptional Minds 6771: 6770: 6738: 6737: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6339:Circle of Friends 6212: 6211: 6109:Diagnostic scales 5999:Williams syndrome 5924:Angelman syndrome 5806:Special interests 5771:Autistic meltdown 5711:Asperger syndrome 5271:978-0-12-370504-4 5224:www.nichd.nih.gov 5028:10.1002/ana.20275 4826:. 25 January 2022 4737:(11): 2584–2603. 4283:10.3390/e14112227 4268:(11): 2227–2253. 4067:978-0-521-54957-8 3765:on 27 March 2010. 3619:(3 Pt 1): 604–6. 3484:on 4 August 2008. 2866:. 8 January 2009. 2860:"What Is Autism?" 2685:on 14 April 2008. 2395:on 3 January 2011 2191:(Suppl 10): 3–8. 2140:on 18 April 2009. 1885:10.1136/bmj.c7452 1763:978-1-5416-4713-8 1622:(12): 1182–1184. 1570:(Suppl 9): 33–5. 1031:Tourette syndrome 1004:metabolic defects 975:Anxiety disorders 951:Genetic disorders 890:Mercury (element) 789: 788: 760: 735:Causative factors 714:genetic disorders 591:Aarhus University 396:COVID-19 pandemic 309:Changes with time 278:Asperger syndrome 261:Estimates of the 229:period prevalence 99:genetic disorders 16:(Redirected from 7746: 7634:Mental disorders 7447: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7395:Molecular Autism 7232:My Autobiography 7167: 7156: 7053: 6893: 6865: 6854: 6829:TreeHouse School 6812:Pathlight School 6747: 6655: 6648: 6637: 6513:Aversion therapy 6392: 6379: 6375: 6360:Sensory friendly 6239: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6204:Sensory friendly 6140:Screening scales 5989:Timothy syndrome 5896:Verbal Dyspraxia 5859:Anxiety disorder 5791:Nonverbal autism 5766:Autistic masking 5756:Autistic burnout 5614: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5465:(10): 1091–101. 5454: 5448: 5447: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5281:on 3 March 2012. 5280: 5274:. Archived from 5251: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4956: 4943: 4942: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4691: 4674:(6): 2597–2604. 4659: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4632: 4617:Molecular Autism 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4500:on 12 June 2008. 4487:Lay summary in: 4484: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4374: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4236: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4100:10.1038/35103559 4083: 4072: 4071: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4023: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3977:The Sunday Times 3968: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3793:on 19 April 2023 3792: 3786:. Archived from 3785: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3653:on 4 April 2012. 3649:. Archived from 3643: 3637: 3636: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3556:on 16 July 2011. 3555: 3549:. Archived from 3532: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3471:Lay summary in: 3468: 3458: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3255: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3188:on 18 April 2014 3184:. Archived from 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3034: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2960:. Archived from 2951: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2857:Lay summary in: 2854: 2844: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2752: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2678:. Archived from 2671: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2634:Lay summary in: 2631: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2568:. Archived from 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2494: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2444:on 9 August 2022 2440:. Archived from 2430: 2424: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2348: 2337: 2336: 2318: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2133:. Archived from 2124: 2098: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2020: 2011: 2010: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1923:(9103): 637–41. 1911: 1905: 1904: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1816: 1806: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1683: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1639: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1579: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1509: 1498: 1497: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1384: 1374: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1322: 1311: 1310: 1279:Acta Paediatrica 1271: 1258: 1257: 1247: 1223: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1176: 1167: 1166: 1156: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1107: 1096:10.1002/aur.2696 1075: 1059:Autism in France 784: 781: 775: 765:causes of autism 753: 752: 745: 741:Causes of autism 655:A 2009 study in 642:A 2008 study in 604:Autism in France 492:A 2008 study in 288:are much rarer. 222:point prevalence 138:Andrew Wakefield 122:causes of autism 31:Causes of autism 21: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7458: 7451: 7421: 7404: 7385:Autism Research 7363: 7327: 7276: 7272:Unstrange Minds 7227:Mother Warriors 7161: 7142: 7121: 7102: 7044: 7021: 6995: 6975: 6953:LENA Foundation 6884: 6859: 6840: 6767: 6734: 6716: 6699: 6642: 6623: 6589:ADHD medication 6577: 6548:Holding therapy 6496: 6475: 6415: 6386: 6369: 6348: 6305: 6286:Autism-friendly 6274: 6249: 6243: 6213: 6208: 6199:Autism-friendly 6187: 6161: 6135: 6104: 6059: 6003: 5969:Noonan syndrome 5929:CHARGE syndrome 5900: 5835: 5801:Savant syndrome 5738: 5732: 5689: 5670:Pathophysiology 5623: 5618: 5588: 5587: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5226:. 19 April 2021 5218: 5217: 5213: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5076:10.1002/aur.162 5064:Autism Research 5056: 5055: 5051: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4958: 4957: 4946: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4866:10.1289/EHP4386 4847: 4846: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4702: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4519:Autism Research 4512: 4511: 4507: 4488: 4459:(5): e1357-62. 4450: 4449: 4445: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4359:Nature Medicine 4352: 4351: 4347: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4085: 4084: 4075: 4068: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3934:(7284): 460–3. 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3472: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3207:Devitt, Terry. 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3092: 3091: 3082: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2964:on 8 July 2008. 2921: 2920: 2916: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2858: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2647: 2645: 2636:Devitt, Terry. 2635: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2497: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2350: 2349: 2340: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2219:(9531): 210–5. 2209: 2208: 2204: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2022: 2021: 2014: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1764: 1756:. Basic Books. 1751: 1750: 1746: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1511: 1510: 1501: 1472:(2–3): 189–99. 1463: 1462: 1458: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1314: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1225: 1224: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1145:10.1002/aur.239 1133:Autism Research 1126: 1125: 1121: 1084:Autism Research 1077: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1055: 1043:Childhood-onset 1009:phenylketonuria 943: 937: 928: 915: 906: 886: 877: 831: 825: 785: 779: 776: 769: 754: 750: 743: 737: 724:Genetic linkage 693: 687: 666: 653: 640: 606: 600: 583: 578: 562: 553: 548: 540: 519: 510: 502: 490: 441: 426: 418: 410: 405: 392: 311: 259: 246: 197: 188: 120:Other proposed 111:genetics of ASD 109:, although the 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7752: 7750: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7564: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7490:Binge drinking 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7323:With the Light 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7242:Nobody Nowhere 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7212:Life, Animated 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7111:Specialisterne 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6818:Rebecca School 6815: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6763:MIND Institute 6760: 6753: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6705: 6704:United Kingdom 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Speech therapy 6606: 6604:Social Stories 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6397:antipsychotics 6388: 6387: 6382: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6353:Accommodations 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6344:Neurodiversity 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6192:Accommodations 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6050:TEACCH program 6047: 6045:Neurodiversity 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6025:Discrimination 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6008:Related issues 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5934:Cohen syndrome 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5706:Classic autism 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5675:Sex and gender 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5536: 5492: 5449: 5406: 5363: 5336: 5284: 5270: 5237: 5211: 5184:(5): 379–400. 5164: 5127:(3): 300–316. 5107: 5070:(6): 350–358. 5049: 5022:(6): 757–766. 4998: 4971:(2): 725–737. 4944: 4897: 4837: 4811: 4764: 4717: 4654: 4603: 4554: 4531:10.1002/aur.81 4505: 4503: 4502: 4443: 4394: 4345: 4299: 4248: 4219:(2): 407–438. 4199: 4156: 4137:(5): 877–900. 4121: 4094:(12): 943–55. 4073: 4066: 4045: 3994: 3963: 3914: 3888: 3845: 3804: 3768: 3743: 3734: 3715:(11): 1561–9. 3699: 3656: 3638: 3602: 3559: 3518: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3429: 3386: 3375:(2): 156–167. 3359: 3332:(2): 191–202. 3316: 3267: 3226: 3199: 3169: 3120: 3080: 3062: 3036: 3009:(8): 1039–51. 2993: 2967: 2914: 2887:(10): 1412–9. 2871: 2869: 2868: 2807: 2788:(12): 1150–6. 2772: 2723: 2704:(6): 721–730. 2688: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2606:(4): 1028–37. 2583: 2557: 2546:on 10 May 2008 2527: 2525: 2524: 2495: 2455: 2425: 2406: 2373: 2338: 2289: 2246: 2202: 2172: 2143: 2084: 2040: 2033: 2012: 1969: 1950: 1906: 1863: 1844:(29): 3623–9. 1828: 1777: 1762: 1744: 1703: 1651: 1599: 1547: 1499: 1456: 1404: 1345: 1312: 1259: 1197: 1168: 1119: 1090:(5): 778–790. 1069: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1020: 1012: 999: 991: 971: 963: 936: 933: 927: 924: 914: 911: 905: 902: 885: 882: 876: 875:Other Findings 873: 827:Main article: 824: 821: 813:West Hollywood 787: 786: 757: 755: 748: 739:Main article: 736: 733: 686: 683: 670:United Kingdom 665: 664:United Kingdom 662: 652: 649: 647:1.3% to 1.4%. 639: 636: 602:Main article: 599: 596: 582: 579: 577: 574: 561: 558: 552: 549: 547: 544: 539: 536: 518: 515: 509: 506: 501: 498: 489: 486: 477:Olmsted County 440: 437: 425: 422: 417: 414: 409: 406: 404: 401: 391: 388: 362:had occurred. 355: 354: 351: 348: 344: 337: 334: 310: 307: 294:Cambridgeshire 258: 255: 245: 242: 233: 232: 225: 218: 211: 208:incidence rate 196: 193: 187: 184: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7751: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678:Schizophrenia 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7436: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313:Speed of Dark 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7153: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Autism Anglia 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923:Autism Speaks 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896:United States 6894: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868:International 6866: 6862: 6858:Organizations 6855: 6851: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750:United States 6748: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658:United States 6656: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501:Controversial 6499: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480:Developmental 6478: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291:Autism Sunday 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6065:Controversies 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5979:Rett syndrome 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Down syndrome 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739:and phenomena 5735: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379:(3): 307–14. 5378: 5374: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5307:(3): 216–29. 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4574:(3): 539–46. 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525:(3): 125–37. 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414:(1): 367–80. 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861:(3): 319–27. 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3824:(3): 519–20. 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3769: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3672:(4): 203–10. 3671: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287:(3): 464–70. 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3214: 3213:News.wisc.edu 3210: 3203: 3200: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3051: 3050:www.canada.ca 3047: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2934:(7): A412-8. 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2643: 2642:News.wisc.edu 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2506:(3): 151–61. 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262:(6): 518–23. 2261: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034:0-7279-1102-3 2030: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985:(9): 904–12. 1984: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1723:(2): 103–15. 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520:(5): 257–72. 1519: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139:(3): 160–79. 1138: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1046:schizophrenia 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 988:social phobia 985: 981: 977: 976: 972: 969: 968: 964: 961: 957: 953: 952: 948: 947: 946: 942: 934: 932: 925: 923: 919: 912: 910: 903: 897: 893: 891: 883: 881: 874: 872: 869: 867: 862: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 835: 830: 822: 820: 818: 814: 810: 805: 801: 799: 793: 783: 773: 768: 766: 756: 747: 746: 742: 734: 732: 729: 725: 721: 717: 715: 711: 707: 702: 698: 692: 684: 682: 679: 675: 671: 663: 661: 658: 650: 648: 645: 637: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:Eric Fombonne 609: 605: 597: 595: 592: 588: 580: 575: 573: 571: 567: 559: 557: 550: 545: 543: 537: 535: 533: 528: 524: 516: 514: 507: 505: 499: 497: 495: 487: 485: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 466:Paul Shattuck 461: 457: 453: 451: 446: 439:United States 438: 436: 432: 430: 423: 421: 415: 413: 407: 402: 400: 397: 389: 387: 385: 381: 376: 372: 369: 363: 361: 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 335: 332: 331: 330: 324: 319: 315: 308: 306: 303: 297: 295: 289: 287: 286:Rett syndrome 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 264: 256: 254: 250: 243: 241: 239: 230: 226: 223: 219: 216: 212: 209: 205: 204: 203: 201: 194: 192: 185: 183: 181: 178:of autism in 177: 173: 172:socioeconomic 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 126:controversial 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69:is a complex 68: 64: 62: 58: 52: 50: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 19: 7734:Epidemiology 7708:Tuberculosis 7619:Malnutrition 7479: 7463:Health topic 7455:epidemiology 7078:Autism Cymru 6880:Wrong Planet 6795:ESPA College 6491:PLAY Project 6406:Aripiprazole 6319:Autistic art 5655:Heritability 5645:Epidemiology 5644: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5509:(8): 921–9. 5506: 5502: 5495: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5422:(3): 300–7. 5419: 5415: 5409: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5304: 5300: 5276:the original 5253: 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5223: 5214: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5067: 5063: 5052: 5019: 5015: 4968: 4964: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4860:(4): 46001. 4857: 4853: 4828:. Retrieved 4823: 4814: 4784:(1): 67–84. 4781: 4777: 4767: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4706:cite journal 4671: 4667: 4657: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4498:the original 4493: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4365:(11): 1170. 4362: 4358: 4348: 4318:(3): 181–8. 4315: 4311: 4293:1721.1/77575 4265: 4261: 4251: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4172:(24): 1–15. 4169: 4165: 4159: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4091: 4087: 4057: 4048: 4011: 4008:BMC Medicine 4007: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3981:the original 3976: 3966: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3905:. Retrieved 3891: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3821: 3818:Epidemiology 3817: 3807: 3795:. Retrieved 3788:the original 3778: 3771: 3760:the original 3746: 3737: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3651:the original 3641: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3575:(2): 340–7. 3572: 3568: 3562: 3551:the original 3538: 3534: 3521: 3509:. Retrieved 3504: 3492: 3482:the original 3477: 3449:(6): 572–9. 3446: 3442: 3432: 3402:(1): 67–72. 3399: 3395: 3389: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3246:(1): 37–44. 3243: 3239: 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3212: 3202: 3190:. Retrieved 3186:the original 3181: 3172: 3140:(1): 81–82. 3137: 3133: 3123: 3101:(8): 65–72. 3098: 3094: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3049: 3039: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2984:. Retrieved 2980: 2970: 2962:the original 2931: 2927: 2917: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2863: 2827:(1): 84–90. 2824: 2821:Epidemiology 2820: 2810: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2743:(5): 341–5. 2740: 2736: 2726: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2680:the original 2673: 2660: 2646:. Retrieved 2641: 2603: 2599: 2574:. Retrieved 2570:the original 2560: 2548:. Retrieved 2544:the original 2530: 2503: 2499: 2474: 2470: 2446:. Retrieved 2442:the original 2437: 2428: 2419: 2409: 2397:. Retrieved 2390:the original 2376: 2359: 2355: 2309:(6): 500–9. 2306: 2302: 2292: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2163:. Retrieved 2159: 2135:the original 2104: 2100: 2087: 2060: 2056: 2024: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1964:The Guardian 1963: 1953: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1753: 1747: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1671: 1667: 1619: 1615: 1567: 1563: 1517: 1513: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1424: 1420: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1336:. Retrieved 1330: 1282: 1278: 1235: 1231: 1188:. Retrieved 1183: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1087: 1083: 1073: 1022: 1014: 1002: 993: 973: 965: 949: 944: 929: 920: 916: 907: 887: 878: 870: 859: 840: 806: 802: 794: 790: 780:January 2022 777: 758: 722: 718: 701:heritability 694: 667: 654: 641: 610: 607: 584: 570:Saudi Arabia 563: 560:Saudi Arabia 554: 541: 520: 511: 503: 491: 474: 462: 458: 454: 442: 433: 429: 427: 419: 416:The Americas 411: 393: 377: 373: 364: 356: 328: 312: 298: 290: 270: 260: 251: 247: 234: 200:Epidemiology 198: 189: 169: 146: 119: 83:paternal age 65: 53: 36: 34: 26: 7599:Hepatitis D 7594:Hepatitis C 7562:Chikungunya 7303:Mockingbird 7298:House Rules 7267:Switched On 7262:Strange Son 7237:NeuroTribes 7170:Non-fiction 7139:(Australia) 7083:Autism Plus 6837:(Australia) 6814:(Singapore) 6730:Researchers 6573:Vitamin B12 6538:Hug machine 6411:Risperidone 6365:KultureCity 6083:MMR vaccine 5811:Infodumping 5786:Monotropism 5781:Late talker 5746:Alexithymia 5650:Epigenetics 5556:(1): 10–8. 5352:(1): 1–21. 4830:18 February 4824:www.cdc.gov 3907:10 December 3541:(1): 30–3. 2986:18 February 2550:10 December 2477:(1): 87–9. 2399:16 February 2165:18 February 2107:(1): 8–15. 2063:(1): 51–3. 1674:(1): 2–22. 1427:(1): 7–14. 1285:(1): 2–15. 817:Los Angeles 763:summary of 674:MMR vaccine 618:(PDD). The 566:Middle East 546:Middle East 527:MMR vaccine 343:and DSM-IV. 180:South Korea 142:MMR vaccine 7723:Categories 7683:Snakebites 7579:Depression 7525:esophageal 7520:colorectal 7308:Saving Max 7160:Literature 6420:Behavioral 6093:Thiomersal 6035:Employment 5826:Echopraxia 5776:Hyperlexia 4453:Pediatrics 4054:Szatmari P 3987:9 February 3613:Pediatrics 3219:9 February 2648:9 February 2600:Pediatrics 2576:5 November 2181:Fombonne E 1772:1204602315 1365:: 767075. 1361:(Review). 1238:: 235–58. 1065:References 1007:, such as 587:thiomersal 556:measures. 384:thiomersal 380:pesticides 323:prevalence 263:prevalence 176:prevalence 124:have been 7668:Pneumonia 7656:childhood 7293:Dear John 7113:(Denmark) 7088:Autistica 7041:(Jamaica) 7026:Caribbean 6594:Melatonin 6487:Floortime 6384:Therapies 6279:Awareness 6248:resources 6098:Chelation 5821:Echolalia 5694:Diagnoses 5685:Therapies 5640:Diagnosis 5531:205551553 5198:0001-690X 5141:1573-3432 5084:1939-3792 5036:0364-5134 4985:1573-3432 4931:1872-9754 4874:0091-6765 4798:1573-2827 4751:1573-3432 3478:Bandolier 3107:1481-8531 2448:23 August 1879:: c7452. 1698:205678822 1564:Epilepsia 1399:244119594 956:Mendelian 855:ethnicity 706:Mendelian 585:In 1992, 538:Australia 508:Hong Kong 494:Venezuela 488:Venezuela 481:Minnesota 341:DSM-III-R 186:Frequency 107:inherited 101:and with 91:pregnancy 7698:Syphilis 7609:HIV/AIDS 7567:Dementia 7540:prostate 7535:lymphoma 7515:cervical 7485:Bed bugs 7368:Journals 6992:(Mexico) 6889:Americas 6651:Research 6568:Son-Rise 6558:Secretin 5876:Epilepsy 5816:Stimming 5580:19218893 5523:18645422 5487:11831418 5479:18597114 5444:26087399 5436:18626481 5401:30809774 5393:18079313 5331:19223098 5230:24 April 5206:29904907 5159:19924522 5102:21182212 5044:15478219 4993:33765302 4939:27984170 4892:30942615 4806:23836119 4759:23525974 4698:30945091 4649:26056561 4598:20097113 4549:19582867 4494:UNC News 4473:18450879 4438:19630577 4381:18989289 4340:25497329 4332:23875984 4243:28415925 4194:45880191 4186:17764594 4108:11733747 4040:15535890 3958:11222420 3883:24751946 3875:19551326 3840:18414094 3797:29 April 3694:20081218 3633:12949291 3597:26992006 3589:19541755 3547:19344009 3465:15877763 3424:29590911 3416:18160559 3354:11235638 3346:18308767 3311:18791815 3262:15630056 3164:29297068 3115:11338656 3055:14 April 3031:22993074 3023:16897390 2958:16835042 2901:19479197 2851:19234401 2802:19047542 2767:22025445 2759:18384386 2718:17513984 2628:26733990 2620:16585296 2520:12216059 2491:12503982 2420:Guardian 2368:20023608 2325:19478287 2284:18761374 2276:18305076 2241:23532364 2233:16844490 2197:16401144 2131:15863467 2079:19200293 2007:10038278 1999:21558103 1901:43640126 1893:21209060 1858:24814559 1823:27445671 1739:10212552 1690:17033636 1646:28973605 1594:25651749 1586:18047599 1542:16386209 1534:17084999 1494:17797266 1486:15749245 1451:19567888 1391:34867553 1307:79259285 1299:15858952 1275:Rutter M 1254:17367287 1190:2 August 1163:22495912 1114:35238171 1053:See also 1001:Several 995:Epilepsy 685:Genetics 530:typical 523:Yokohama 390:COVID-19 103:epilepsy 87:diabetes 79:prenatal 7688:Suicide 7651:Obesity 7624:Measles 7614:Leprosy 7555:ovarian 7550:stomach 7505:bladder 7453:Global 7281:Fiction 7130:Oceania 7013:(India) 6777:Schools 6743:Therapy 6641:Centers 6582:Related 6311:Culture 6268:history 6263:outline 6183:Schools 5660:History 5571:2664646 5322:2692135 5150:3771698 5093:3215255 4883:6785231 4689:6753236 4640:4459681 4589:2835822 4540:2791538 4481:7493945 4429:3645857 4389:6695070 4270:Bibcode 4262:Entropy 4234:5536672 4151:7962246 4116:9331084 3729:9394941 3686:1411750 3302:2859841 3192:5 April 3182:CDC.gov 3155:5833544 2949:1513312 2909:7502270 2842:4113600 2438:CDC.gov 2333:6928284 2122:2083083 1937:9500320 1838:Vaccine 1814:4927579 1797:: 300. 1730:1188990 1637:5818813 1442:3712619 1382:8637925 1338:19 June 1154:3763210 1105:9310578 644:Germany 638:Germany 581:Denmark 274:PDD-NOS 267:reviews 238:cohorts 153:PDD-NOS 7729:Autism 7693:Stroke 7604:Herpes 7510:breast 7500:Cancer 7480:Autism 7470:Asthma 7375:Autism 7049:Europe 6986:(Peru) 6759:(CARD) 6463:(ESDM) 6445:(PECS) 6437:Lovaas 6429:(ABA) 6258:Autism 6246:Autism 5665:Memory 5635:Causes 5621:Autism 5578: 5568: 5529: 5521: 5485: 5477: 5442: 5434: 5399: 5391: 5329: 5319: 5268: 5204: 5196: 5157: 5147: 5139: 5100: 5090: 5082: 5042: 5034: 4991: 4983: 4937: 4929: 4890: 4880: 4872: 4804: 4796: 4757: 4749: 4696: 4686: 4647: 4637: 4596: 4586: 4547: 4537: 4479: 4471: 4436: 4426: 4387: 4379: 4338: 4330: 4241: 4231: 4192: 4184: 4149: 4114: 4106: 4064: 4038: 4031:533883 4028: 4014:: 39. 3956: 3946: 3903:. 2004 3881: 3873: 3838: 3727: 3692: 3684: 3631: 3595: 3587: 3545: 3511:4 June 3507:. 2023 3463: 3422: 3414: 3352: 3344: 3326:Autism 3309: 3299: 3260: 3162: 3152: 3113: 3105: 3029: 3021: 2956: 2946: 2907: 2899: 2849: 2839: 2800: 2765: 2757: 2716: 2626: 2618: 2536:Wing L 2518: 2489: 2366: 2331: 2323: 2282: 2274: 2239: 2231: 2213:Lancet 2195: 2129: 2119: 2077: 2031: 2005: 1997: 1945:439791 1943: 1935: 1917:Lancet 1899: 1891: 1856: 1821: 1811: 1770: 1760: 1737: 1727: 1696: 1688: 1644: 1634: 1592: 1584: 1540: 1532: 1492: 1484: 1449: 1439: 1397: 1389: 1379: 1305: 1297: 1252: 1161: 1151: 1112: 1102: 657:Norway 651:Norway 620:INSERM 598:France 576:Europe 551:Israel 456:2016. 424:Canada 408:Africa 128:. The 75:causes 7639:child 7530:liver 7359:Rules 7098:Sacar 6803:(USA) 6469:(CBT) 6166:Lists 5527:S2CID 5483:S2CID 5440:S2CID 5397:S2CID 5279:(PDF) 5250:(PDF) 4623:: 7. 4477:S2CID 4385:S2CID 4336:S2CID 4190:S2CID 4112:S2CID 3949:26561 3879:S2CID 3791:(PDF) 3784:(PDF) 3763:(PDF) 3756:(PDF) 3690:S2CID 3593:S2CID 3554:(PDF) 3531:(PDF) 3501:(PDF) 3420:S2CID 3350:S2CID 3075:(PDF) 3027:S2CID 2905:S2CID 2864:WebMD 2763:S2CID 2683:(PDF) 2670:(PDF) 2624:S2CID 2393:(PDF) 2386:(PDF) 2329:S2CID 2280:S2CID 2237:S2CID 2138:(PDF) 2097:(PDF) 2003:S2CID 1941:S2CID 1897:S2CID 1694:S2CID 1590:S2CID 1538:S2CID 1490:S2CID 1395:S2CID 1303:S2CID 761:brief 517:Japan 165:DSM-5 7545:skin 7004:Asia 6831:(UK) 6825:(UK) 6797:(UK) 6713:(UK) 5628:Main 5576:PMID 5519:PMID 5475:PMID 5432:PMID 5389:PMID 5327:PMID 5266:ISBN 5232:2024 5202:PMID 5194:ISSN 5155:PMID 5137:ISSN 5098:PMID 5080:ISSN 5040:PMID 5032:ISSN 4989:PMID 4981:ISSN 4935:PMID 4927:ISSN 4888:PMID 4870:ISSN 4832:2024 4802:PMID 4794:ISSN 4755:PMID 4747:ISSN 4712:link 4694:PMID 4645:PMID 4594:PMID 4545:PMID 4469:PMID 4434:PMID 4377:PMID 4328:PMID 4239:PMID 4182:PMID 4147:PMID 4104:PMID 4062:ISBN 4036:PMID 3989:2009 3954:PMID 3909:2007 3871:PMID 3836:PMID 3799:2010 3725:PMID 3682:PMID 3629:PMID 3585:PMID 3543:PMID 3513:2024 3461:PMID 3412:PMID 3342:PMID 3307:PMID 3258:PMID 3221:2024 3194:2014 3160:PMID 3134:JAMA 3111:PMID 3103:ISSN 3057:2024 3019:PMID 2988:2024 2954:PMID 2897:PMID 2847:PMID 2798:PMID 2755:PMID 2714:PMID 2650:2024 2616:PMID 2578:2012 2552:2007 2516:PMID 2487:PMID 2471:JAMA 2450:2022 2401:2010 2364:PMID 2321:PMID 2272:PMID 2229:PMID 2193:PMID 2167:2024 2127:PMID 2075:PMID 2029:ISBN 1995:PMID 1933:PMID 1889:PMID 1854:PMID 1819:PMID 1768:OCLC 1758:ISBN 1735:PMID 1686:PMID 1642:PMID 1616:JAMA 1582:PMID 1530:PMID 1482:PMID 1447:PMID 1387:PMID 1340:2021 1295:PMID 1250:PMID 1192:2021 1159:PMID 1110:PMID 1027:ADHD 982:and 861:RORA 851:race 770:See 500:Asia 394:The 284:and 227:The 220:The 213:The 206:The 85:and 47:and 45:low- 35:The 5566:PMC 5558:doi 5511:doi 5467:doi 5463:167 5424:doi 5381:doi 5354:doi 5317:PMC 5309:doi 5258:doi 5186:doi 5182:138 5145:PMC 5129:doi 5088:PMC 5072:doi 5024:doi 4973:doi 4919:doi 4915:101 4878:PMC 4862:doi 4858:127 4786:doi 4739:doi 4684:PMC 4676:doi 4635:PMC 4625:doi 4584:PMC 4576:doi 4535:PMC 4527:doi 4461:doi 4457:121 4424:PMC 4416:doi 4367:doi 4320:doi 4288:hdl 4278:doi 4229:PMC 4221:doi 4174:doi 4139:doi 4096:doi 4026:PMC 4016:doi 3944:PMC 3936:doi 3932:322 3928:BMJ 3863:doi 3826:doi 3717:doi 3674:doi 3621:doi 3617:112 3577:doi 3451:doi 3404:doi 3377:doi 3334:doi 3297:PMC 3289:doi 3248:doi 3244:159 3150:PMC 3142:doi 3138:319 3011:doi 2944:PMC 2936:doi 2932:114 2889:doi 2837:PMC 2829:doi 2790:doi 2786:162 2745:doi 2706:doi 2608:doi 2604:117 2508:doi 2479:doi 2475:289 2311:doi 2307:194 2264:doi 2221:doi 2217:368 2117:PMC 2109:doi 2065:doi 1987:doi 1983:168 1925:doi 1921:351 1881:doi 1877:342 1873:BMJ 1846:doi 1809:PMC 1799:doi 1725:PMC 1676:doi 1632:PMC 1624:doi 1620:318 1572:doi 1522:doi 1474:doi 1437:PMC 1429:doi 1425:195 1377:PMC 1367:doi 1287:doi 1240:doi 1149:PMC 1141:doi 1100:PMC 1092:doi 853:or 628:WHO 155:or 67:ASD 7725:: 7056:UK 5574:. 5564:. 5554:48 5552:. 5548:. 5525:. 5517:. 5507:47 5505:. 5481:. 5473:. 5461:. 5438:. 5430:. 5420:15 5418:. 5395:. 5387:. 5377:23 5375:. 5348:. 5325:. 5315:. 5305:29 5303:. 5299:. 5287:^ 5264:. 5222:. 5200:. 5192:. 5180:. 5176:. 5153:. 5143:. 5135:. 5125:40 5123:. 5119:. 5096:. 5086:. 5078:. 5066:. 5062:. 5038:. 5030:. 5020:56 5018:. 5014:. 5001:^ 4987:. 4979:. 4969:52 4967:. 4963:. 4947:^ 4933:. 4925:. 4913:. 4909:. 4886:. 4876:. 4868:. 4856:. 4852:. 4840:^ 4822:. 4800:. 4792:. 4782:17 4780:. 4776:. 4753:. 4745:. 4735:43 4733:. 4729:. 4708:}} 4704:{{ 4692:. 4682:. 4672:49 4670:. 4666:. 4643:. 4633:. 4619:. 4615:. 4592:. 4582:. 4572:16 4570:. 4566:. 4543:. 4533:. 4521:. 4517:. 4492:. 4475:. 4467:. 4455:. 4432:. 4422:. 4412:60 4410:. 4406:. 4383:. 4375:. 4363:14 4361:. 4357:. 4334:. 4326:. 4316:28 4314:. 4302:^ 4286:. 4276:. 4266:14 4264:. 4260:. 4237:. 4227:. 4217:45 4215:. 4211:. 4188:. 4180:. 4168:. 4145:. 4135:35 4133:. 4110:. 4102:. 4090:. 4076:^ 4034:. 4024:. 4010:. 4006:. 3975:. 3952:. 3942:. 3930:. 3926:. 3899:. 3877:. 3869:. 3859:45 3857:. 3834:. 3822:19 3820:. 3816:. 3723:. 3713:36 3711:. 3688:. 3680:. 3670:27 3668:. 3627:. 3615:. 3591:. 3583:. 3573:46 3571:. 3539:11 3537:. 3533:. 3503:. 3476:. 3459:. 3447:46 3445:. 3441:. 3418:. 3410:. 3400:23 3398:. 3371:. 3348:. 3340:. 3330:12 3328:. 3305:. 3295:. 3285:39 3283:. 3279:. 3256:. 3242:. 3238:. 3211:. 3180:. 3158:. 3148:. 3136:. 3132:. 3109:. 3099:27 3097:. 3083:^ 3048:. 3025:. 3017:. 3007:36 3005:. 2979:. 2952:. 2942:. 2930:. 2926:. 2903:. 2895:. 2885:39 2883:. 2862:. 2845:. 2835:. 2825:20 2823:. 2819:. 2796:. 2784:. 2761:. 2753:. 2741:50 2739:. 2735:. 2712:. 2702:46 2700:. 2672:. 2640:. 2622:. 2614:. 2602:. 2586:^ 2514:. 2502:. 2485:. 2473:. 2458:^ 2436:. 2418:. 2360:58 2358:. 2354:. 2341:^ 2327:. 2319:. 2305:. 2301:. 2278:. 2270:. 2260:93 2258:. 2235:. 2227:. 2215:. 2189:66 2187:. 2158:. 2146:^ 2125:. 2115:. 2105:91 2103:. 2099:. 2073:. 2061:22 2059:. 2055:. 2043:^ 2015:^ 2001:. 1993:. 1981:. 1962:. 1939:. 1931:. 1919:. 1895:. 1887:. 1875:. 1852:. 1842:32 1840:. 1817:. 1807:. 1795:10 1793:. 1789:. 1766:. 1733:. 1721:24 1719:. 1715:. 1692:. 1684:. 1672:12 1670:. 1666:. 1654:^ 1640:. 1630:. 1618:. 1614:. 1602:^ 1588:. 1580:. 1568:48 1566:. 1562:. 1550:^ 1536:. 1528:. 1518:29 1516:. 1502:^ 1488:. 1480:. 1470:23 1468:. 1445:. 1435:. 1423:. 1419:. 1407:^ 1393:. 1385:. 1375:. 1363:12 1357:. 1329:. 1315:^ 1301:. 1293:. 1283:94 1281:. 1262:^ 1248:. 1236:28 1234:. 1230:. 1200:^ 1182:. 1171:^ 1157:. 1147:. 1135:. 1131:. 1108:. 1098:. 1088:15 1086:. 1082:. 1041:. 1029:, 857:. 819:. 815:, 716:. 634:. 534:. 479:, 272:; 240:. 182:. 136:. 51:. 7446:e 7439:t 7432:v 6519:) 6515:( 6493:) 6489:( 6439:) 6435:( 6399:) 6238:e 6231:t 6224:v 5613:e 5606:t 5599:v 5582:. 5560:: 5533:. 5513:: 5489:. 5469:: 5446:. 5426:: 5403:. 5383:: 5360:. 5356:: 5350:3 5333:. 5311:: 5260:: 5234:. 5208:. 5188:: 5161:. 5131:: 5104:. 5074:: 5068:3 5046:. 5026:: 4995:. 4975:: 4941:. 4921:: 4894:. 4864:: 4834:. 4808:. 4788:: 4761:. 4741:: 4714:) 4700:. 4678:: 4651:. 4627:: 4621:6 4600:. 4578:: 4551:. 4529:: 4523:2 4483:. 4463:: 4440:. 4418:: 4391:. 4369:: 4342:. 4322:: 4296:. 4290:: 4280:: 4272:: 4245:. 4223:: 4196:. 4176:: 4170:9 4153:. 4141:: 4118:. 4098:: 4092:2 4070:. 4042:. 4018:: 4012:2 3991:. 3960:. 3938:: 3911:. 3885:. 3865:: 3842:. 3828:: 3801:. 3731:. 3719:: 3696:. 3676:: 3635:. 3623:: 3599:. 3579:: 3515:. 3467:. 3453:: 3426:. 3406:: 3383:. 3379:: 3373:4 3356:. 3336:: 3313:. 3291:: 3264:. 3250:: 3223:. 3196:. 3166:. 3144:: 3117:. 3059:. 3033:. 3013:: 2990:. 2938:: 2911:. 2891:: 2853:. 2831:: 2804:. 2792:: 2769:. 2747:: 2720:. 2708:: 2652:. 2630:. 2610:: 2580:. 2554:. 2522:. 2510:: 2504:8 2493:. 2481:: 2452:. 2422:. 2403:. 2370:. 2335:. 2313:: 2286:. 2266:: 2243:. 2223:: 2199:. 2169:. 2111:: 2081:. 2067:: 2037:. 2009:. 1989:: 1966:. 1947:. 1927:: 1903:. 1883:: 1860:. 1848:: 1825:. 1801:: 1774:. 1741:. 1700:. 1678:: 1648:. 1626:: 1596:. 1574:: 1544:. 1524:: 1496:. 1476:: 1453:. 1431:: 1401:. 1369:: 1342:. 1309:. 1289:: 1256:. 1242:: 1194:. 1165:. 1143:: 1137:5 1116:. 1094:: 782:) 778:( 767:. 325:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index