31:
133:
42:
663:
could provide power to the electronics and air conditioning of a
Peterbilt Model 386 under simulated "idling" conditions for ten hours. Delphi has said the 5 kW system for Class 8 trucks will be released in 2012, at an $ 8000–9000 price tag that would be competitive with other "midrange" two-cylinder diesel APUs, should they be able to meet those deadlines and cost estimates.
113:
585:
105:
332:
transfers power from the main shaft of the engine to an oil-cooled generator for electrical power. Within the gearbox, power is also transferred to engine accessories such as the fuel control unit, the lubrication module, and cooling fan. There is also a starter motor connected through the gear train
1365:
Still one great plus of the
Sherman was in the charging of its batteries. On our T-34 it was necessary to run the engine, all 500 horsepower of it, in order to charge batteries. In the crew compartment of the Sherman was an auxiliary gasoline engine, small like a motorcycle's one. Start it up and it
913:
are turned on (this engine can also be started manually by pulling a cable). After the Riedel unit has reached a speed of about 300 rpm, it automatically engages the compressor shaft of the turbojet. At about 800 rpm of the starting engine, starting fuel pump is turned on, and at 1,200 rpm the main
249:
design was hidden in the intake diverter, essentially functioning as a pioneering example of an auxiliary power unit for starting a jet engine. A hole in the extreme nose of the diverter contained a manual pull-handle which started the piston engine, which in turn rotated the compressor. Two spark
662:
In recent years, truck and fuel cell manufacturers have teamed up to create, test and demonstrate a fuel cell APU that eliminates nearly all emissions and uses diesel fuel more efficiently. In 2008, a DOE sponsored partnership between Delphi
Electronics and Peterbilt demonstrated that a fuel cell
306:
The power section is the gas-generator portion of the engine and produces all the shaft power for the APU. In this section of the engine, air and fuel are mixed, compressed and ignited to create hot and expanding gases. This gas is highly energetic and is used to spin the turbine, which in turn
647:
On some older diesel engined-equipment, a small gasoline engine (often called a "pony engine") was used instead of an electric motor to start the main engine. The exhaust path of the pony engine was typically arranged so as to warm the intake manifold of the diesel, to ease starting in colder
319:
from the power section compressor. There are two actuated devices to help control the flow of air: the inlet guide vanes that regulate airflow to the load compressor and the surge control valve that maintains stable or surge-free operation of the turbo machine.
254:
fuel were fitted in the annular intake. The engine was considered an extreme short stroke (bore / stroke: 70 mm / 35 mm = 2:1) design so it could fit within the intake diverter of jet engines like the Jumo 004. For reduction it had an integrated
914:(J-2) fuel is turned on. The starter engine is kept engaged until the turbojet attains 2,000 rpm, at which the starter engine and starting fuel are turned off, the turbojet rapidly accelerating to rated speed of 9,500 rpm on the J-2 fuel
340:, an aircraft which has greater reliance on its electrical systems, the APU delivers only electricity to the aircraft. The absence of a pneumatic system simplifies the design, but high demand for electricity requires heavier generators.
643:
A refrigerated or frozen food semi trailer or train car may be equipped with an independent APU and fuel tank to maintain low temperatures while in transit, without the need for an external transport-supplied power source.
570:
and nose-wheel steering. Landing could be accomplished with only one APU working. In the early years of the
Shuttle there were problems with APU reliability, with malfunctions on three of the first nine Shuttle missions.
203:, were the B-29's DC power source in flight). The putt-putt provided power for starting the main engines and was used after take-off to a height of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The putt-putt was restarted when the
3146:
727:
STS-2 (November 1981): During a launchpad hold, high oil pressures were discovered in two of the three APUs. The gear boxes needed to be flushed and filters replaced, forcing the launch to be rescheduled.
1100:"Case M.8858 – Boeing/Safran/JV (Auxiliary power units), Commission decision pursuant to Article 6(1)(b) of Council, Regulation No 139/2004 and Article 57 of the Agreement on the European Economic Area"
522:
It should take at least a decade for the Boeing/Safran JV to reach $ 100 million in service revenue. The 2017 market for production was worth $ 800 million (88% civil and 12% military), while the
2546:
1127:
250:
plug access ports existed in the Jumo 004's intake diverter to service the Riedel unit's cylinders in situ, for maintenance purposes. Two small "premix" tanks for the Riedel's petrol/
290:
APU, allowing it to operate at smaller airports, independent from ground facilities. The APU can be identified on many modern airliners by an exhaust pipe at the aircraft's tail.
3139:
333:
to perform the starting function of the APU. Some APU designs use a combination starter/generator for APU starting and electrical power generation to reduce complexity.
3132:
2539:
936:
1583:
267:
and served as a mechanical APU-style starter for all three German jet engine designs to have made it to at least the prototype stage before May 1945 – the
1047:"Boeing's 'More Electric' 787 Dreamliner Spurs Engine Evolution: On the 787, Boeing eliminated bleed air and relied heavily on electric starter generators"
3525:
2968:
2532:
2160:
1442:
Broderick, Christie-Joy; Timothy Lipman; Mohammad
Farshchi; Nicholas Lutsey; Harry Dwyer; Daniel Sperling; William Gouse; Bruce Harris; Foy King (2002).
966:
884:
307:
powers other sections of the engine, such as auxiliary gearboxes, pumps, electrical generators, and in the case of a turbo fan engine, the main fan.
160:
and, in an emergency, could power an auxiliary air blower. One of the first military fixed-wing aircraft to use an APU was the
British, World War 1,
3666:
3515:
1135:
1538:
1209:
730:
STS-3 (March 1982): One APU overheated during ascent and had to be shut down, although it later functioned properly during re-entry and landing.
3488:
2938:
2634:
1099:
2200:
715:
inflated, and so maintain the structure of the gasbag. In normal flight, this was collected from the propeller slipstream by an air scoop.
1153:
3520:
2963:
2155:
2100:
1965:
2220:
905:
Starting procedure is as follows: Starting engine is primed by closing electric primer switch, then ignition of turbojet and ignition
1172:
315:
The load compressor is generally a shaft-mounted compressor that provides pneumatic power for the aircraft, though some APUs extract
1576:
1401:
1046:
3388:
523:
1510:
445:
3656:
3437:
2882:
2190:
1806:
1788:
867:
842:
817:
783:
657:
275:(which uniquely appears to use an electric starter for the Riedel APU), and the prototypes (19 built) of the more advanced
1020:
120:
2-stroke engine used as the pioneering example of an APU, to turn over the central shaft of both World War II-era German
83:(rather than 50/60 Hz in mains supply), to run the electrical systems of the aircraft; others can produce 28 V
3661:
2692:
2473:
2314:
1569:
692:
1191:
3473:
2923:
279:
engine, which mounted it just above the intake passage in the
Heinkel-crafted sheetmetal of the engine nacelle nose.
1557:
YouTube video of restored
Junkers Jumo 004 jet engine, being started with "integral" Riedel APU, from September 2019
3468:
3244:
2918:
2798:
2195:
2150:
1841:
677:
3651:
3267:
2763:
2381:
2225:
2175:
599:
504:
404:
Helicopters: Pratt & Whitney 40–50%, Motorsich 40–50%, Honeywell 5–10%, Safran Power Units 5–10%, others 0–5%
384:
204:
1443:
1321:
1265:
1239:
3545:
3463:
3323:
2998:
2913:
2748:
2165:
1718:
1648:
1548:
1295:
543:
108:
The intake diverter of the Jumo 004, with pullcord starter handle for Riedel APU and its sparkplug access ports
30:
2210:
974:
368:
2524:
892:
3417:
3204:
2862:
2793:
2687:
2493:
2468:
2230:
2135:
2025:
1995:
1970:
1836:
1801:
596:
about modern MBTs, especially on the M1 Abrams which additionally needs help with fuel consumption on idle.
214:
had a putt–putt fitted at the front of the aircraft, inside the nose-wheel compartment. Some models of the
183:
bomber was fitted in the unpressurised section at the rear of the aircraft. Various models of four-stroke,
3393:
3363:
3358:
3282:
3199:
3098:
2933:
2833:
2508:
2309:
2205:
2030:
1990:
1846:
682:
563:
464:
449:
1417:
3630:
3398:
3368:
3348:
3108:
2887:
2848:
2813:
2654:
2488:
2406:
2396:
1901:
1613:
631:
had a small, piston-engine powered APU for charging the tank's batteries, a feature the Soviet-produced
260:
215:
161:
1077:
3578:
3530:
3292:
3021:
2973:
2567:
2558:
2256:
2050:
1861:
1816:
1217:
175:, a number of large American military aircraft were fitted with APUs. These were typically known as
3062:
2768:
2432:
2339:
2055:
1763:
1592:
539:
500:
460:
145:
3483:
3432:
3077:
2928:
2877:
2773:
2707:
2140:
2120:
2115:
2089:
2000:
1941:
1713:
1378:
624:
180:
360:
891:. United States Army Air Force - Turbojet and Gus Turbine Developments, HQ, AAF. Archived from
756:
3510:
3302:
2958:
2838:
2808:
2803:
2758:
2743:
2604:
2448:
2185:
2130:
2110:
2040:
2035:
2020:
1708:
1397:
863:
838:
813:
779:
239:
72:
and naval ships as well as some large land vehicles. Aircraft APUs generally produce 115
3610:
3403:
3373:
3343:
3277:
2727:
2717:
2619:
2503:
2386:
2060:
1955:
1678:
1653:
1596:
941:
672:
388:
268:
246:
231:
184:
136:
The Riedel APU installed on a preserved BMW 003 jet engine (electric starter variant shown).
125:
298:
A typical gas-turbine APU for commercial transport aircraft comprises three main sections:
3625:
3568:
3262:
3190:
3159:
3103:
3006:
2828:
2788:
2783:
2712:
2555:
2513:
2483:
2478:
2329:
2250:
2215:
2180:
1975:
1623:
1543:
687:
276:
995:
416:
announced their 50–50 partnership to design, build and service APUs after regulatory and
3124:
1556:
1348:
598:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3175:
3052:
3042:
2702:
2629:
2589:
2498:
2358:
2075:
1633:
1628:
1511:"Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Successfully Powers Truck Cab and Sleeper in DOE-Sponsored Test"
1291:
1054:
910:
566:. During landing, they moved the control surfaces, lowered the wheels, and powered the
496:
480:
256:
251:
235:
211:
132:
117:
3645:
3535:
3333:
3307:
3239:
2978:
2823:
2818:
2753:
2697:
2609:
2427:
2366:
2170:
2105:
1743:
1723:
1638:
559:
535:
200:
188:
165:
395:
Large commercial aircraft: Honeywell 70–80%, Pratt & Whitney 20–30%, others 0–5%
17:
3589:
3563:
3553:
3383:
3338:
3113:
3072:
3067:
2843:
2664:
2649:
2624:
2463:
2391:
2354:
2334:
2324:
2299:
2264:
2045:
2015:
1985:
1951:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1886:
1821:
1688:
1658:
1618:
516:
476:
437:
172:
35:
1561:
733:
STS-9 (November–December 1983): During landing, two of the three APUs caught fire.
3458:
3453:
3272:
3170:
3162:
3057:
2983:
2908:
2903:
2644:
2614:
2411:
2294:
2010:
1866:
1050:
508:
492:
484:
468:
287:
242:
157:
141:
88:
46:
41:
3229:
3155:
3047:
3037:
2988:
2778:
2722:
2659:
2599:
2401:
2289:
2284:
2240:
2235:
2070:
2005:
1980:
1936:
1911:
1896:
1831:
1693:
1683:
648:
weather. These were primarily used on large pieces of construction equipment.
628:
512:
488:
472:
433:
429:
425:
421:
364:
337:
283:
227:
153:
149:
84:
76:
65:
3620:
3478:
3328:
3287:
3224:
2458:
2376:
2304:
2279:
2269:
2125:
1906:
1891:
1871:
1826:
1811:
1768:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1673:
1643:
1444:"Evaluation of Fuel Cell auxiliary Power Units for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks"
632:
547:
456:
417:
398:
Regional aircraft: Pratt & Whitney 50–60%, Honeywell 40–50%, others 0–5%
356:
316:
264:
112:
584:
526:
market was worth $ 2.4 billion, spread equally between civil and military.
810:
Boeing B-29 Superfortress: the ultimate look: from drawing board to VJ-Day
3594:
3353:
3297:
3219:
3214:
3195:
3011:
2594:
2584:
2371:
2344:
2319:
2085:
2065:
1926:
1856:
1773:
1698:
1668:
1604:
1128:"Boeing, Safran Agree to Design, Build and Service Auxiliary Power Units"
712:
551:
376:
69:
711:
A continuous supply of pressurized air was needed to keep the airship's
623:
to provide electrical power without the high fuel consumption and large
3209:
2145:
1796:
1778:
1703:
1104:
441:
391:. The 2018 market share varied according to the application platforms:
329:
272:
121:
61:
420:
clearance in the second half of 2018. Boeing produced several hundred
234:
used a mechanical APU starting system designed by the German engineer
3378:
3234:
2669:
2639:
1881:
1851:
1758:
1733:
1663:
1552:
In: Messerschmitt Me 262B in Detail; The airframe, engines and canopy
1454:
555:
413:
409:
380:
372:
554:, and landing. During ascent, the APUs provided hydraulic power for
104:
195:, DC generator, rated 28.5 Volts and 200 Amps (several of the same
3558:
3032:
2274:
1876:
1728:
567:
131:
111:
80:
1482:
835:
Under the
Southern Cross: The B-24 Liberator in the South Pacific
191:
engines were used. The 7 horsepower (5.2 kW) engine drove a
620:
344:
218:
transport aircraft carried a putt-putt under the cockpit floor.
73:
3128:
2528:
1565:
1497:
and Delphi says it will have a 5-kW APU on the market in 2012.
578:
885:"Design Analysis of BMW 003 Turbojet - "Starting the Engine""
179:, even in official training documents. The putt-putt on the
156:
auxiliary engine. These powered a generator for the craft's
627:
of the main engine. As early as World War II, the
American
562:
and control of their large valves, and for movement of the
1394:
Caterpillar Chronicle: History of the Greatest Earthmovers
432:
and their derivatives in the early 1960s. Safran produces
1453:. Elsevier Sciences Ltd. pp. 303–315. Archived from
961:
959:
1108:. European Commission. September 27, 2018. p. 14
1192:"Opinion: Why Is Boeing Diving Into APU Production?"
1021:"Saving Fuel and enhancing operational efficiencies"
355:
The market of Auxiliary power units is dominated by
3603:
3577:
3544:
3501:
3446:
3425:
3416:
3316:
3253:
3183:
3169:
3086:
3020:
2997:
2951:
2896:
2870:
2861:
2736:
2678:
2575:
2566:
2441:
2420:
2353:
2249:
2084:
1950:
1787:
1603:
3526:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
148:, one of several types of airship operated by the
3559:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
1366:charged the batteries. This was a big deal to us!
1302:(Interview). Interviewed by Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer
1173:"Boeing and Safran partner to disrupt APU market"
1147:
1145:
1544:"Sound of an APU from inside a Boeing 737 cabin"
1483:"Delphi truck fuel-cell APU to hit road in 2012"
238:. It consisted of a 10 horsepower (7.5 kW)
34:A Honeywell GTCP36 APU mounted in the tail of a
1296:"Jack R. Lousma Edited Oral History Transcript"
1154:"How will Boeing-Safran venture shake up APUs?"
937:"What Is That Hole in the Tail of an Airplane?"
860:Flying the Hump: In Original World War II Color
3516:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
1300:NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project
64:that provides energy for functions other than
3140:
2540:
1577:
1134:(Press release). June 4, 2018. Archived from
967:"The APU and its benefits | AERTEC Solutions"
401:Business jets: Honeywell 90–100%, others 0–5%
128:jet engines (pullcord starter variant shown).
8:
550:fuel. They were only powered up for ascent,
467:APU market and is the sole supplier for the
286:in 1963 was the first jetliner to feature a
222:As mechanical "startup" APUs for jet engines
1476:
1474:
152:, carried a 1.75 horsepower (1.30 kW)
87:. APUs can provide power through single or
3521:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
3422:
3180:
3147:
3133:
3125:
2867:
2572:
2547:
2533:
2525:
1584:
1570:
1562:
837:. Turner Publishing Company. p. 162.
103:
40:
29:
1517:. National Energy Technology Laboratory
748:
704:
1322:"Space Shuttle Mission Archives STS-9"
1266:"Space Shuttle Mission Archives STS-3"
1240:"Space Shuttle Mission Archives STS-2"
935:Vanhoenacker, Mark (5 February 2015).
542:pressure. The Space Shuttle had three
440:APUs but stopped the large APUs since
45:The APU exhaust in the tailcone of an
1418:"Willard v. Caterpillar, Inc. (1995)"
858:Ethell, Jeffrey; Downie, Don (2004).
776:The British Airship at War, 1914–1918
499:since Airbus eliminated the P&WC
455:This could threaten the dominance of
7:
1379:"Vehicle weight exemptions for APUs"
1347:Loza, Dimitri (September 21, 2010).
1196:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1045:Ogando, Joseph, ed. (June 4, 2007).
2561:components, systems and terminology
463:. Honeywell has a 65% share of the
68:. They are commonly found on large
507:claims the remaining 35% with the
25:
3389:Thrust specific fuel consumption
1190:Kevin Michaels (June 27, 2018).
1171:Stephen Trimble (June 4, 2018).
1152:Stephen Trimble (June 5, 2018).
724:Early Shuttle APU malfunctions:
583:
367:and other manufacturers such as
27:Alternative vehicle power source
798:Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 21.
487:(formerly Bombardier CSeries),
343:Onboard solid oxide fuel cell (
3667:Aircraft auxiliary power units
3438:Propeller speed reduction unit
2883:Propeller speed reduction unit
2494:In-flight entertainment system
2191:Horizontal situation indicator
1451:Transportation Research Part D
862:. Zenith Imprint. p. 84.
778:. Terence Dalton. p. 57.
658:Fuel cell auxiliary power unit
383:. Local manufacturers include
1:
1481:Weissler, Paul (2010-05-12).
347:) APUs are being researched.
2693:Capacitor discharge ignition
2474:Environmental control system
1349:"IRemember.ru WW II Memoirs"
883:Schulte, Rudolph C. (1946).
693:Uninterruptible power supply
3349:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
1539:"Space Shuttle Orbiter APU"
1509:Jacobs, Mike (2009-03-19).
907:and electric starting motor
757:"400 Hz Electrical Systems"
3683:
3616:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
3245:Rotating detonation engine
2151:Course deviation indicator
1842:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1076:Spenser, Jay (July 2004).
678:Auxiliary hydraulic system
655:
2703:Electronic fuel injection
2382:Conventional landing gear
889:legendsintheirowntime.com
833:Livingstone, Bob (1998).
812:. Schiffer. p. 205.
3324:Aircraft engine starting
2749:Aircraft engine starting
2166:Flight management system
1550:The Riedel Starter Motor
774:Abbott, Patrick (1989).
619:APUs are fitted to some
207:was descending to land.
3205:Pulse detonation engine
2794:Mean effective pressure
2469:Emergency oxygen system
2231:Turn and slip indicator
2026:Leading-edge droop flap
1996:Drag-reducing aerospike
1971:Adaptive compliant wing
1966:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1487:Vehicle Electrification
1078:"Fuel cells in the air"
971:www.aertecsolutions.com
558:of the Shuttle's three
311:Load compressor section
3394:Thrust to weight ratio
3364:Overall pressure ratio
3359:Jet engine performance
3283:Centrifugal compressor
3200:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
2834:Time between overhauls
2509:Passenger service unit
2310:Self-sealing fuel tank
2206:Multi-function display
1216:. NASA. Archived from
808:Wolf, William (2005).
761:Ask a Rocket Scientist
683:Coffman engine starter
594:is missing information
199:generators, driven by
137:
129:
109:
49:
38:
3657:Electrical generators
3631:Ice protection system
3399:Variable cycle engine
3369:Propulsive efficiency
3109:Ice protection system
2849:Volumetric efficiency
2814:Overhead valve engine
2489:Ice protection system
2407:Tricycle landing gear
2397:Landing gear extender
1614:Aft pressure bulkhead
1019:Sinnet, Mike (2007).
925:Gunston 1997, p. 141.
895:on September 29, 2018
259:. It was produced by
216:Douglas C-47 Skytrain
162:Supermarine Nighthawk
135:
115:
107:
44:
33:
3531:Flight data recorder
3293:Constant speed drive
3273:Afterburner (reheat)
3094:Auxiliary power unit
2974:Flight data recorder
2454:Auxiliary power unit
1862:Flight control modes
1214:spaceflight.nasa.gov
146:Coastal class blimps
54:auxiliary power unit
18:Auxiliary Power Unit
3662:Aircraft components
3063:Pressure carburetor
2799:Naturally aspirated
2769:Engine displacement
2433:Escape crew capsule
2340:War emergency power
2211:Pitot–static system
2056:Variable-sweep wing
1764:Vertical stabilizer
763:. Aerospaceweb.org.
639:Commercial vehicles
461:United Technologies
448:joint venture with
385:Bet Shemesh Engines
361:Pratt & Whitney
210:Some models of the
164:, an anti-Zeppelin
60:) is a device on a
3433:Propeller governor
3078:Updraft carburetor
2952:Engine instruments
2878:Propeller governor
2774:Four-stroke engine
2141:Attitude indicator
2121:Airspeed indicator
2116:Aircraft periscope
1515:NETL: News Release
1210:"Hydraulic System"
996:"Turbojet Engines"
625:infrared signature
373:Safran Power Units
181:B-29 Superfortress
138:
130:
110:
95:Transport aircraft
50:
39:
3639:
3638:
3511:Annunciator panel
3497:
3496:
3412:
3411:
3303:Propelling nozzle
3122:
3121:
2959:Annunciator panel
2947:
2946:
2857:
2856:
2839:Two-stroke engine
2809:Overhead camshaft
2789:Manifold pressure
2759:Compression ratio
2522:
2521:
2449:Aircraft lavatory
2186:Heading indicator
2131:Annunciator panel
2111:Air data computer
2021:Leading-edge cuff
1294:(15 March 2010).
617:
616:
546:APUs, powered by
408:On June 4, 2018,
230:built during the
226:The first German
158:radio transmitter
16:(Redirected from
3674:
3652:Starting systems
3626:Hydraulic system
3621:Bleed air system
3611:Air-start system
3474:Counter-rotating
3423:
3404:Windmill restart
3374:Specific impulse
3344:Compressor stall
3278:Axial compressor
3181:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3104:Hydraulic system
2924:Counter-rotating
2868:
2620:Hydraulic tappet
2573:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2504:Navigation light
2484:Hydraulic system
2459:Bleed air system
2387:Drogue parachute
2061:Vortex generator
1679:Interplane strut
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1392:Orlemann, Eric.
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1082:Boeing Frontiers
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1057:on April 6, 2012
1053:. Archived from
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1000:www.grc.nasa.gov
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
973:. Archived from
963:
954:
953:
951:
949:
932:
926:
923:
917:
916:
902:
900:
880:
874:
873:
855:
849:
848:
830:
824:
823:
805:
799:
796:
790:
789:
771:
765:
764:
753:
736:
722:
716:
709:
673:Air-start system
612:
609:
603:
587:
579:
575:Armored vehicles
564:control surfaces
389:Hanwha Aerospace
269:Junkers Jumo 004
247:Junkers Jumo 004
245:, which for the
232:Second World War
201:the main engines
126:Junkers Jumo 004
21:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3599:
3582:
3573:
3569:Thrust reversal
3546:Engine controls
3540:
3503:
3493:
3469:Contra-rotating
3442:
3408:
3312:
3263:Accessory drive
3255:
3249:
3191:Air turborocket
3173:
3165:
3153:
3123:
3118:
3099:Coffman starter
3082:
3025:
3016:
3007:Carburetor heat
2999:Engine controls
2993:
2943:
2919:Contra-rotating
2892:
2853:
2784:Ignition timing
2732:
2713:Ignition system
2680:
2674:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2523:
2518:
2514:Ram air turbine
2479:Flight recorder
2437:
2416:
2349:
2330:Thrust reversal
2254:
2245:
2216:Radar altimeter
2181:Head-up display
2091:
2080:
1976:Anti-shock body
1958:
1946:
1807:Artificial feel
1789:Flight controls
1783:
1649:Fabric covering
1599:
1595:components and
1590:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1358:
1356:
1353:iremember.ru/en
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1292:Lousma, Jack R.
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
980:
978:
965:
964:
957:
947:
945:
934:
933:
929:
924:
920:
898:
896:
882:
881:
877:
870:
857:
856:
852:
845:
832:
831:
827:
820:
807:
806:
802:
797:
793:
786:
773:
772:
768:
755:
754:
750:
745:
740:
739:
723:
719:
710:
706:
701:
688:Ram air turbine
669:
660:
654:
641:
613:
607:
604:
597:
588:
577:
532:
369:PBS Velká BĂteš
353:
326:
324:Gearbox section
313:
304:
296:
277:Heinkel HeS 011
224:
102:
97:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3489:Variable-pitch
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Constant-speed
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3176:jet propulsion
3167:
3166:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Inlet manifold
3050:
3045:
3043:Fuel injection
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2939:Variable-pitch
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Constant-speed
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Obturator ring
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Connecting rod
2587:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2568:Piston engines
2564:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Landing lights
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2421:Escape systems
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2359:arresting gear
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Splitter plate
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:Cruciform tail
1631:
1629:Crack arrestor
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1533:External links
1531:
1528:
1527:
1501:
1470:
1434:
1409:
1402:
1396:. p. 35.
1384:
1370:
1339:
1313:
1283:
1257:
1231:
1220:on 2 June 2001
1201:
1182:
1163:
1141:
1138:on 2018-06-17.
1119:
1091:
1068:
1037:
1011:
987:
955:
927:
918:
875:
868:
850:
843:
825:
818:
800:
791:
784:
766:
747:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
735:
734:
731:
728:
717:
703:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
668:
665:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
640:
637:
635:did not have.
615:
614:
591:
589:
582:
576:
573:
538:APUs provided
531:
528:
497:Airbus A320neo
481:Boeing 737 MAX
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
359:, followed by
352:
349:
325:
322:
312:
309:
303:
300:
295:
292:
257:planetary gear
236:Norbert Riedel
223:
220:
212:B-24 Liberator
144:, the British
101:
98:
96:
93:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:Other systems
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:and induction
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3536:Glass cockpit
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Brayton cycle
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3308:Turbine blade
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:Other systems
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:and induction
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Glass cockpit
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Shock cooling
2822:
2820:
2819:Rotary engine
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Dual ignition
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Cylinder head
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2559:piston engine
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:Other systems
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Ejection seat
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Arrestor hook
2370:
2368:
2367:Aircraft tire
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Glass cockpit
2169:
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1744:Trailing edge
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1724:Stressed skin
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1460:on 2012-04-03
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1403:9781610605779
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977:on 2018-06-20
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911:Riedel engine
908:
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592:This section
590:
586:
581:
580:
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572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Space Shuttle
529:
527:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:single-aisles
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:business jets
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:Manufacturers
350:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
331:
323:
321:
318:
310:
308:
302:Power section
301:
299:
293:
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186:
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178:
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169:
167:
166:night fighter
163:
159:
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147:
143:
134:
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119:
114:
106:
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94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
32:
19:
3615:
3590:Flame holder
3564:Thrust lever
3554:Autothrottle
3384:Thrust lapse
3339:Bypass ratio
3171:Gas turbines
3163:gas turbines
3114:Recoil start
3093:
3073:Turbocharger
3068:Supercharger
2934:Single-blade
2844:Valve timing
2665:Sleeve valve
2650:Poppet valve
2625:Main bearing
2464:Deicing boot
2453:
2392:Landing gear
2335:Townend ring
2325:Thrust lever
2300:NACA cowling
2265:Autothrottle
2257:fuel systems
2255:devices and
2046:Stall strips
2016:Krueger flap
1986:Channel wing
1932:Wing warping
1922:Stick shaker
1917:Stick pusher
1837:Dual control
1822:Centre stick
1689:Leading edge
1659:Flying wires
1619:Cabane strut
1549:
1519:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1496:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1462:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1450:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1364:
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:www.nasa.gov
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1299:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:www.nasa.gov
1269:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:www.nasa.gov
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1204:
1195:
1185:
1177:Flightglobal
1176:
1166:
1158:Flightglobal
1157:
1136:the original
1131:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1061:September 9,
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
990:
979:. Retrieved
975:the original
970:
946:. Retrieved
940:
930:
921:
906:
904:
899:September 3,
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
888:
878:
859:
853:
834:
828:
809:
803:
794:
775:
769:
760:
751:
720:
707:
661:
646:
642:
618:
608:October 2021
605:
593:
533:
521:
517:Boeing 747-8
454:
407:
354:
342:
335:
327:
314:
305:
297:
281:
225:
209:
196:
192:
176:
173:World War II
170:
139:
79:at 400
57:
53:
51:
36:business jet
3504:instruments
3459:Blade pitch
3454:Autofeather
3156:Jet engines
3058:Intercooler
2984:Hobbs meter
2909:Blade pitch
2904:Autofeather
2897:Terminology
2804:Monosoupape
2764:Dead centre
2737:Terminology
2645:Piston ring
2615:Gudgeon pin
2412:Tundra tire
2295:Intake ramp
2226:Transponder
2011:Gurney flap
1952:Aerodynamic
1867:Fly-by-wire
1749:Triple tail
1427:13 December
1355:. IRemember
1332:18 February
1306:18 February
1276:18 February
1250:18 February
1051:Design News
1030:January 17,
509:Airbus A380
493:Irkut MC-21
485:Airbus A220
469:Airbus A350
444:exited the
434:helicopters
430:turboshafts
288:gas turbine
243:flat engine
228:jet engines
142:World War I
89:three-phase
47:Airbus A380
3646:Categories
3447:Principles
3426:Components
3418:Propellers
3317:Principles
3268:Air intake
3256:components
3254:Mechanical
3230:Turboshaft
3048:Gascolator
3038:Carburetor
2989:Tachometer
2871:Components
2863:Propellers
2779:Horsepower
2744:Air-cooled
2723:Spark plug
2688:Alternator
2681:components
2679:Electrical
2660:Rocker arm
2600:Crankshaft
2578:components
2576:Mechanical
2402:Oleo strut
2290:Inlet cone
2285:Gascolator
2251:Propulsion
2241:Yaw string
2236:Variometer
2092:instrument
2071:Wing fence
2006:Gouge flap
1981:Blown flap
1937:Yaw damper
1912:Stabilator
1897:Side-stick
1832:Dive brake
1719:Stabilizer
1694:Lift strut
1684:Jury strut
1521:2011-09-27
1492:2011-09-27
1464:2011-09-27
1422:Justia Law
1224:8 February
1112:August 11,
1005:2022-03-20
981:2018-06-20
948:20 October
869:0760319154
844:1563114321
819:0764322575
785:0861380738
743:References
652:Fuel cells
629:M4 Sherman
556:gimballing
530:Spacecraft
513:Boeing 787
489:Comac C919
473:Boeing 777
450:Sundstrand
338:Boeing 787
284:Boeing 727
240:two-stroke
177:putt–putts
150:Royal Navy
85:DC voltage
77:AC voltage
66:propulsion
3479:Proprotor
3329:Bleed air
3288:Combustor
3225:Turboprop
2708:Generator
2377:Autobrake
2305:NACA duct
2280:Fuel tank
2270:Drop tank
2253:controls,
2136:Astrodome
2126:Altimeter
1991:Dog-tooth
1956:high-lift
1907:Spoileron
1892:Servo tab
1872:Gust lock
1827:Deceleron
1812:Autopilot
1769:Wing root
1754:Twin tail
1739:Tailplane
1674:Hardpoint
1644:Empennage
1607:structure
713:Ballonets
633:T-34 tank
600:talk page
548:hydrazine
544:redundant
540:hydraulic
465:mainliner
457:Honeywell
452:in 1996.
418:antitrust
365:Motorsich
357:Honeywell
317:bleed air
265:Nuremberg
185:Flat-twin
91:systems.
3595:Jet fuel
3484:Scimitar
3354:Flameout
3298:Impeller
3220:Turbojet
3215:Turbofan
3196:Pulsejet
3160:aircraft
3012:Throttle
2929:Scimitar
2635:Oil pump
2605:Cylinder
2595:Crankpin
2585:Camshaft
2556:Aircraft
2345:Wet wing
2320:Throttle
2066:Vortilon
1927:Trim tab
1857:Flaperon
1847:Elevator
1802:Airbrake
1774:Wing tip
1699:Longeron
1669:Fuselage
1605:Airframe
1593:Aircraft
1359:June 13,
1026:. Boeing
667:See also
552:re-entry
505:P&WC
503:option.
475:and all
377:Aerosila
294:Sections
261:Victoria
70:aircraft
3583:systems
3210:Propfan
2888:Spinner
2728:Starter
2718:Magneto
2655:Pushrod
2355:Landing
2146:Compass
2094:systems
2086:Avionic
2076:Winglet
1959:devices
1902:Spoiler
1797:Aileron
1779:Wingbox
1704:Nacelle
1654:Fairing
1597:systems
1105:EUR-Lex
560:engines
501:APS3200
442:Labinal
336:On the
330:gearbox
273:BMW 003
171:During
140:During
122:BMW 003
100:History
62:vehicle
3502:Engine
3379:Thrust
3240:Rocket
3235:Ramjet
3026:system
2829:Stroke
2670:Tappet
2640:Piston
2090:flight
2051:Strake
1882:Rudder
1852:Elevon
1817:Canard
1759:V-tail
1734:T-tail
1664:Former
1624:Canopy
1400:
1328:. NASA
1272:. NASA
1246:. NASA
1132:Safran
866:
841:
816:
782:
568:brakes
479:: the
471:, the
428:small
414:Safran
410:Boeing
381:Klimov
271:, the
189:V-twin
118:Riedel
3184:Types
3033:Avgas
2969:EICAS
2275:FADEC
2161:EICAS
2036:Slats
1877:HOTAS
1729:Strut
1458:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
942:Slate
699:Notes
621:tanks
3579:Fuel
3174:and
3158:and
3022:Fuel
2964:EFIS
2754:Bore
2357:and
2221:TCAS
2201:ISIS
2156:EFIS
2101:ACAS
2088:and
2041:Slot
2001:Flap
1954:and
1942:Yoke
1714:Spar
1639:Dope
1429:2016
1398:ISBN
1361:2017
1334:2016
1308:2016
1278:2016
1252:2016
1226:2016
1114:2022
1088:(3).
1063:2011
1032:2013
950:2016
901:2016
864:ISBN
839:ISBN
814:ISBN
780:ISBN
534:The
515:and
495:and
459:and
446:APIC
436:and
412:and
387:and
379:and
345:SOFC
328:The
282:The
205:B-29
124:and
116:The
2196:INS
2176:GPS
2031:LEX
1709:Rib
909:of
524:MRO
426:T60
422:T50
263:in
252:oil
187:or
154:ABC
58:APU
52:An
3648::
1513:.
1495:.
1485:.
1473:^
1449:.
1420:.
1363:.
1351:.
1324:.
1298:.
1268:.
1242:.
1212:.
1194:.
1175:.
1156:.
1144:^
1130:.
1102:.
1084:.
1080:.
1049:.
998:.
969:.
958:^
939:.
903:.
887:.
759:.
519:.
511:,
491:,
483:,
375:,
371:,
363:,
197:P2
193:P2
168:.
81:Hz
3198:/
3148:e
3141:t
3134:v
2548:e
2541:t
2534:v
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1524:.
1467:.
1431:.
1406:.
1381:.
1336:.
1310:.
1280:.
1254:.
1228:.
1198:.
1179:.
1160:.
1116:.
1086:3
1065:.
1034:.
1008:.
984:.
952:.
872:.
847:.
822:.
788:.
610:)
606:(
602:.
424:/
74:V
56:(
20:)
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