International auxiliary language

631:, a large number of words and affixes that are present in a wide range of languages. This already existing international vocabulary was shaped by social forces, science and technology, to "all corners of the world". The goal of the International Auxiliary Language Association was to accept into Interlingua every widely international word in whatever languages it occurred. They conducted studies to identify "the most generally international vocabulary possible", while still maintaining the unity of the language. This scientific approach of generating a language from selected source languages (called 624:, and relied on elements from previous naturalistic auxlang projects, like Peano's Interlingua (Latino sine flexione), Jespersen's Novial, de Wahl's Interlingue, and the Academy's Idiom Neutral. Like Interlingue, Interlingua was designed to have words recognizable at sight by those who already know a Romance language or a language like English with much vocabulary borrowed from Romance languages; to attain this end the IALA accepted a degree of grammatical and orthographic complexity considerably greater than in Esperanto or Interlingue, though still less than in any natural language. 564:, de Wahl created a language whose words, including compound words, would have a high degree of recognizability for those who already know a Romance language. However, this design criterion was in conflict with the ease of coining new compound or derived words on the fly while speaking. Occidental was most active from the 1920s to the 1950s, and supported some 80 publications by the 1930s, but had almost entirely died out by the 1980s. Its name was officially changed to Interlingue in 1949. More recently Interlingue has been revived on the Internet. 2329:, to be used in addition to local languages. This approach could either give more credibility to a natural language already serving this purpose to a certain degree (e.g. if English were chosen) or to give a greatly enhanced chance for a constructed language to take root. For constructed languages particularly, this approach has been seen by various individuals in the IAL movement as holding the most promise of ensuring that promotion of studies in the language would not be met with skepticism at its practicality by its would-be learners. 500:

Salazar, in Romania under Ceaușescu, and in half a dozen Eastern European countries during the late forties and part of the fifties, Esperanto activities and the formation of Esperanto associations were forbidden. In spite of these factors more people continued to learn Esperanto, and significant literary work (both poetry and novels) appeared in Esperanto in the period between the World Wars and after them. Esperanto is spoken today in a growing number of countries and it has multiple generations of

807: 586:. It was mostly inspired by Idiom Neutral and Occidental, yet it attempted a derivational formalism and schematism sought by Esperanto and Ido. The notability of its creator helped the growth of this auxiliary language, but a reform of the language was proposed by Jespersen in 1934 and not long after this Europe entered World War II, and its creator died in 1943 before Europe was at peace again. 1438: 389:, who became the director in 1892, the original Academy began to make considerable changes in the grammar and vocabulary of Volapük. The vocabulary and the grammatical forms unfamiliar to Western Europeans were completely discarded, so that the changes effectively resulted in the creation of a new language, which was named " 877:

saw the challenge of an auxiliary language not as much as that of identifying a descriptive linguistic answer (of grammar and vocabulary) to global communicative concerns, but rather as one of promoting the notion of a linguistic platform for lasting international understanding. Though interest among

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to take up the question of an international auxiliary language, study the existing ones and pick one or design a new one. However, when the meta-academy declined to do so, the Delegation decided to do the job itself. Among Esperanto speakers there was a general impression that the Delegation would of

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See an edited compilation of excerpts from the Baháʼí writings regarding the principle of International or Universal Auxiliary Language: The Greatest Instrument for Promoting Harmony and Civilization: Excerpts from the Baháʼí Writings and Related Sources on the Question of an International Auxiliary

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Since all natural languages display a number of irregularities in grammar that make them more difficult to learn, and they are also associated with the national and cultural dominance of the nation that speaks it as its mother tongue, attention began to focus on the idea of creating an artificial or

230:

have arisen around the globe throughout human history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade languages") but also for diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities. The term originates

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have been used as such in many parts of the world. However, as lingua francas are traditionally associated with the very dominance—cultural, political, and economic—that made them popular, they are often also met with resistance. For this and other reasons, some have turned to the idea of promoting

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are purely written languages without a spoken form, or with a spoken form left at the discretion of the reader; many of the 17th–18th century philosophical languages and auxlangs were pasigraphies. This set historically tends to overlap with taxonomic languages, though there is no inherent reason a

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Within a few years this language had thousands of fluent speakers, primarily in eastern Europe. In 1905 its first world convention was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer. Since then world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars. Esperanto has become "the

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The use of an intermediary auxiliary language (also called a "working language", "bridge language", "vehicular language" or "unifying language") to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues,

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Institutional sponsorship and grass-roots promotion of language programs. This approach has taken various forms, depending on the language and language type, ranging from government promotion of a particular language to one-on-one encouragement to learn the language to instructional or marketing

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auxiliary languages borrow their vocabulary primarily or solely from European languages, and base their grammar more or less on European models. (Sometimes these European-based languages are referred to as "euroclones", although this term has negative connotations and is not used in the academic

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international auxiliary language by virtue of its naturalistic (as opposed to schematic) grammar and vocabulary, allowing those familiar with a Romance language, and educated speakers of English, to read and understand it without prior study. Interlingua has some active speakers currently on all

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was created in 1997, which has been the primary venue for discussion of auxlangs since then. Besides giving the existing auxlangs with speaker communities a chance to interact rapidly online as well as slowly through postal mail or more rarely in personal meetings, the Internet has also made it

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In 1922 a proposal by Iran and several other countries in the League of Nations to have Esperanto taught in member nations' schools failed. Esperanto speakers were subject to persecution under Stalin's regime. In Germany under Hitler, in Spain under Franco for about a decade, in Portugal under

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of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as proto-auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. However, most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving

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Much criticism has been focused either on the artificiality of international auxiliary languages, or on the argumentativeness of proponents and their failure to agree on one language, or even on objective criteria by which to judge them. However, probably the most common criticism is that a

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publications about them, too incomplete and unfinished to serve as auxlangs (or for any other practical purpose). The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century;

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and in book form the following year, was the first to garner a widespread international speaker community. Three major Volapük conventions were held, in 1884, 1887, and 1889; the last of them used Volapük as its working language. André Cherpillod writes of the third Volapük

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The term "auxiliary" implies that it is intended to be an additional language for communication between the people of the world, rather than to replace their native languages. Often, the term is used specifically to refer to planned or constructed languages proposed to ease

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were developed so that not only the root words but their compounds and derivations will often be immediately recognized by large numbers of people. Some naturalistic languages do have a limited number of artificial morphemes or invented grammatical devices (e.g.

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All who are occupied with the reading or writing of scientific literature have assuredly very often felt the want of a common scientific language, and regretted the great loss of time and trouble caused by the multiplicity of languages employed in scientific

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But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika

504:, although it is primarily used as a second language. Of the various constructed language projects, it is Esperanto that has so far come closest to becoming an officially recognized international auxiliary language; China publishes daily news in Esperanto. 869:

For Couturat et al., Volapükists and Esperantists confounded the linguistic aspect of the question with many side issues, and they considered this a main reason why discussion about the idea of an international auxiliary language has appeared unpractical.

612:, its mission was to study language problems and the existing auxlangs and proposals for auxlangs, and to negotiate some consensus between the supporters of various auxlangs. However, like the Delegation, it finally decided to create its own auxlang. 248:, a simplified version of English which shares the same grammar (though simplified) and a reduced vocabulary of only 1,000 words, with the intention that anyone with a basic knowledge of English should be able to understand even quite complex texts. 334:

In August 1889 the third convention was held in Paris. About two hundred people from many countries attended. And, unlike in the first two conventions, people spoke only Volapük. For the first time in the history of mankind, sixteen years before

535:. Ido drew a significant number of speakers away from Esperanto in the short term, but in the longer term most of these either returned to Esperanto or moved on to other new auxlangs. Besides Ido, a great number of simplified Esperantos, called 714:

Not every international auxiliary language is necessarily intended to be used on a global scale. A special subgroup are languages created to facilitate communication between speakers of related languages. The oldest known example is a

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which allowed speakers to derive hundreds of other words by learning one word root. Moreover, Esperanto is quicker to learn than other languages, usually in a third up to a fifth of the time. From early on, Esperantists created their

531:

course choose Esperanto, as it was the only auxlang with a sizable speaker community at the time; it was felt as a betrayal by many Esperanto speakers when in 1907 the Delegation came up with its own reformed version of Esperanto,

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language used as a trade language in the Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 19th century. Examples of lingua francas remain numerous, and exist on every continent. The most obvious example as of the early 21st century is

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at the end of the 19th century; some were created later. Particularly numerous are the Pan-Slavic language projects. However, similar efforts at creating umbrella languages have been made for other language families as well:

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Interlingua gained a significant speaker community, perhaps roughly the same size as that of Ido (considerably less than the size of Esperanto). Interlingua's success can be explained by the fact that it is the most widely

479:, as a primarily schematic language; the word-stems are borrowed from Romance, West Germanic and Slavic languages. The key to the relative success of Esperanto was probably the highly productive and elastic system of 95:. It usually takes words from widely spoken languages. However, it can also refer to the concept of such a language being determined by international consensus, including even a standardized natural language (e.g., 2298:

As has been pointed out, the issue of an international language is not so much which, but how. Several approaches exist toward the eventual full expansion and consolidation of an international auxiliary language.

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National legislation. This approach seeks to have individual countries (or even localities) progressively endorse a given language as an official language (or to promote the concept of international legislation).

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most outlandishly successful invented language ever" and the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Esperanto is probably among the fifty languages which are most used internationally.

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languages. Esperanto and other languages such as Interlingua and Ido have been criticized for being too European and not global enough. The term "Euroclone" was coined to refer to such languages in contrast to

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scholars, and linguists in particular, waned greatly throughout the 20th century, such differences of approach persist today. Some scholars and interested laymen make concrete language proposals. By contrast,

519: 2303:

Laissez-faire. This approach is taken in the belief that one language will eventually and inevitably "win out" as a world auxiliary language (e.g. International English) without any need for specific action.

2321:) to formally agree upon an official international auxiliary language which would then be taught in all schools around the world, beginning at the primary level. This approach, an official principle of the 1625:

of languages in this group are rarely altered greatly from their source-language form, but compound and derived words are generally not recognizable at sight by people familiar with the source languages.

4156: 2413:', the language has continued to develop since the first signs were standardised in 1973, and it is now in widespread use. International sign is distinct in many ways from spoken IALs; many signs are 1531:, referring to their basis in philosophical ideas about thought and language. These include some of the earliest efforts at auxiliary language in the 17th century. Some more specific subcategories: 794:, a project first published in 2006 as Slovianski and then established in its current form in 2011 after the merger of several other projects. In 2012 it was reported to have several hundred users. 2313:

International legislation. This approach involves promotion of the future holding of a binding international convention (perhaps to be under the auspices of such international organizations as the

343:

However, not long after, the Volapük speaker community broke up due to various factors including controversies between Schleyer and other prominent Volapük speakers, and the appearance of newer,

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movement, so much in the hands of Utopians, fanatics and enthusiasts, that it is difficult to form an unbiased opinion concerning it, although a good idea lies at its basis. (1910, p. v).

378:, but soon conflicts arose between conservative Volapükists and those who wanted to reform Volapük to make it a more naturalistic language based on the grammar and vocabulary of major 2432:, which is essentially a Signed Exact Esperanto. Signuno is not in any significant use, and is based on the Esperanto community rather than based on the international Deaf community. 4523: 2417:, and signers tend to insert these signs into the grammar of their own sign language, with an emphasis on visually intuitive gestures and mime. A simple sign language called 1534:

Taxonomic languages form their words using a taxonomic hierarchy, with each phoneme of a word helping specify its position in a semantic hierarchy of some kind; for example,

382:. In 1890 Schleyer himself left the original Academy and created a new Volapük Academy with the same name, from people completely loyal to him, which continues to this day. 3538:

The Greatest Instrument for Promoting Harmony and Civilization: Excerpts from the Baháʼí Writings and Related Sources on the Question of an International Auxiliary Language

431:

effectively chose to abandon Idiom Neutral in favor of Peano's Interlingua in 1908, and it elected Peano as its director. The name of the group was subsequently changed to

2325:, seeks to put a combination of international opinion, linguistic expertise, and law behind a to-be-selected language and thus expand or consolidate it as a full official 1462: 3692: 4565: 2440:

There has been considerable criticism of international auxiliary languages, both in terms of individual proposals, types of proposals, and in more general terms.

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Answering the needs of the first successful artificial language community, the Volapükists established the regulatory body of their language, under the name

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In the early 1900s auxlangs were already becoming a subject of academic study. Louis Couturat et al. described the controversy in the preface to their book

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and others place the broader societal issue first. Yet others argue in favor of a particular language while seeking to establish its social integration.

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constructed language as a possible solution. The concept of simplifying an existing language to make it an auxiliary language was already in the

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e.g. Meyjes, Gregory Paul P. (2006). "Language and World Order in Bahá'í Perspective: a New Paradigm Revealed". In Omoniyi, T.; Fishman, J. A.

527: 2447:

One criticism already prevalent in the late 19th century, and still sometimes heard today, is that an international language might hasten the

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languages are based on existing natural languages. Nearly all the auxiliary languages with fluent speakers are in this category. Most of the

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All of the auxlangs with a surviving speaker community seem to have benefited from the advent of the Internet, Esperanto more than most. The

212:

through several earlier empires. Such natural languages used for communication between people not sharing the same mother tongue are called

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grew to be the majority of the list members, and flame-wars between proponents of particular auxlangs irritated these members, a separate

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After the emergence of Volapük, a wide variety of other auxiliary languages were devised and proposed in the 1880s–1900s, but none except

2903: 3685: 1652:

versions of natural languages reduce the full extent of the vocabulary and partially regularize the grammar of a natural language (e.g.

1563: 556:'s Occidental of 1922 was in reaction against the perceived artificiality of some earlier auxlangs, particularly Esperanto. Inspired by 3151: 2422: 4560: 4516: 3571: 3249: 3201: 3143: 3010: 2685: 2630: 1480: 651:

After the creation of Interlingua, the enthusiasm for constructed languages gradually decreased in the years between 1960 and 1990.

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people who meet regularly at international forums such as sporting events or in political organisations. Previously referred to as

2854: 2796: 2764: 363: 3652: 3379: 2831: 2729:. 2000 (Esperanto ranks #27 among languages using the Latin alphabet). The Esperanto Knowledge (XXG) is #32 among the language 2573:

The term "naturalistic" as used in auxiliary languages does not mean the same thing as the homophonous term used for describing

954:

That means that two sounds that are one character in IPA and are not ISO 646, also have no common alternative in ISO 646: ʃ, ʒ.

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The question of a so-called world-language, or better expressed, an international auxiliary language, was during the now past

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During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such constructed international auxiliary languages (IALs) were proposed, so

4614: 3678: 3519: 2946: 2933: 2885: 2871: 3529:

Linguo international di la Delegitaro (Sistemo Ido), Vollständiges Lehrbuch der Internationalen Sprache (Reform-Esperanto).

3072: 293:, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers. 4588: 2495: 2481: 645: 270: 663:

was founded in 1991; in its early years discussion focused on international auxiliary languages. As people interested in

4624: 4583: 2385:. We can also see the international efforts at regularizing symbols used to regulate traffic, to indicate resources for 3227: 1453: 937:

Four are affricates, each represented in IPA by two letters and a combining marker. They are often written decomposed:

3962: 3271: 2531: 2418: 2343: 1671:

Some examples of the best known international auxiliary languages are shown below for comparative purposes, using the

1649: 344: 336: 232: 131: 80: 3566:. Vol. 20 of Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society, and Culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 26–41. 635:) resulted in a vocabulary and grammar that can be called the highest common factor of each major European language. 4639: 4099: 2342:, diagrams, and other pictorial representations for international communications. Examples range from the original 2444:

constructed auxlang is unnecessary because natural languages such as English are already in wide use as auxlangs.

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easier to publicize new auxlang projects, and a handful of these have gained a small speaker community, including

4619: 4593: 3097:

International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science.

2347: 2318: 501: 405: 4634: 3992: 3737: 3460: 1574:

languages have been based on most of the families of European languages, the most successful of these (notably

1520: 1508: 728: 709: 433: 31: 3136:

The choice of an auxiliary language for the world. Perspectives within the context of contemporary linguistics

71:(or dominant language) that people must use to communicate. The study of international auxiliary languages is 171:

a constructed language as a possible solution, by way of an "auxiliary" language, one example of which being

3852: 2973: 2378: 605: 539:, emerged as concurrent language projects; still, Ido remains today one of the more widely spoken auxlangs. 3506:

Deutsch-Occidental Wörterbuch nach dem Kürschners "Sechs-Sprachen-Lexicon", mit kurzer Occidental-Grammatik

2393:. Some symbols have become nearly universal through their consistent use in computers and on the Internet. 4322: 3759: 2536: 1528: 613: 595: 326: 281: 3603:

Occidental, Die Weltsprache, Einführung samt Lehrkursus, Lesestücken, Häufigkeitswörterverzeichnis u. a.,

4446: 4025: 3807: 3749: 3164:

Lango, a fully democratic approach towards an international auxiliary language based on reformed English

760: 96: 2322: 923:

letter in IPA. Three have a single letter in IPA, one has a widespread alternative taken from ISO 646:

2708: 1675:(a core Christian prayer, the translated text of which is regularly used for linguistic comparisons). 4629: 4456: 4340: 4071: 4037: 3912: 3701: 3049: 2374: 1996: 1497: 1356: 1134: 1059: 772: 747: 720: 561: 480: 462: 421: 386: 351: 347: 257: 62: 1678:

As a reference for comparison, one can find the Latin, English, French, and Spanish versions here:

1448: 404:

published his completely new approach to language construction. Inspired by the idea of philosopher

4091: 4054: 3822: 3744: 3476: 724: 716: 668: 159: 4441: 4360: 4350: 4190: 4176: 3917: 3897: 3842: 3720: 2541: 2516: 2501: 2410: 2020: 1705: 1637: 1184: 1011: 764: 732: 681: 100: 978:

Sound, which in IPA is described by non-ISO 646 letter(s), is described by different letter(s)

4297: 4210: 4182: 4146: 4109: 4042: 3922: 3715: 3567: 3542: 3468: 3337: 3245: 3197: 3147: 3139: 3006: 2911: 2681: 2626: 2574: 2506: 2452: 1309: 857: 776: 697: 664: 621: 485: 290: 201: 3624:

Langue musicale universelle inventée par François Sudre également inventeur de la téléphonie.

3557: 3026: 2429: 1613:). Partly schematic languages have partly schematic and partly naturalistic derivation (e.g. 53:

meant for communication between people from all different nations, who do not share a common

4396: 4355: 4345: 4235: 4215: 4136: 4124: 4010: 3927: 3754: 3395:"Esenco kaj Estonteco de la Ideo de Lingvo Internacia", L. L. Zamenhof, 1900. Reprinted in 3309: 3001: 2996: 2932:

Words appearing in only a few, closely related languages were ignored. See Gode, Alexander,

2703: 2489: 2463: 2370: 2361:

Within the scientific community, there is already considerable agreement in the form of the

1720: 1699: 1672: 1493:

The following classification of auxiliary languages was developed by Pierre Janton in 1993:

919:

Some consonant sounds found in several Latin-script IAL alphabets are not represented by an

445:

survived until about 1939. It was Peano's Interlingua that partly inspired the better-known

241: 205: 167: 163: 155: 143: 139: 123: 72: 58: 2962:, Rome, Italy: Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis, Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, 1989. 2455:. One response has been that, even if this happens, the benefits would outweigh the costs. 1610: 975:

Sound, which in IPA is described by ISO 646 letter(s), is described by different letter(s)

4502: 4250: 4230: 4129: 3907: 3464: 3383: 3121:

Sapir, Edward (1925). "Memorandum on the problem of an international auxiliary language".

2858: 2800: 2768: 2621:

Viacheslav A. Chirikba, "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Pieter Muysken, ed.,

2382: 2366: 2351: 1712: 1657: 1109: 901: 740: 472: 471:

gathered a significant speaker community. Esperanto was developed from about 1873–1887 (a

397:

in 1898 and the circulars of the Academy were written in the new language from that year.

151: 147: 135: 3077: 312: 265: 412:

language, he chose to simplify an existing and once widely used international language,

4365: 3882: 3847: 3802: 3456: 3452: 3092: 3088: 2851: 2793: 2761: 2561: 2448: 2326: 2314: 1691: 736: 617: 579: 523: 476: 401: 379: 308: 127: 115: 54: 2462:

languages, most of these languages have historically been constructed on the basis of

916:. Several sounds, e.g. /n/, /m/, /t/, /f/ are written with the same letter as in IPA. 806: 374:

in August 1887. The Academy was set up to conserve and perfect the auxiliary language

184:

may be almost as old as language itself. Certainly they have existed since antiquity.

4608: 4495: 4489: 4401: 4195: 4104: 3972: 3877: 3725: 3376: 2730: 2511: 1865: 1653: 1284: 727:("Russian language"), although in reality it was a mixture of the Russian edition of 557: 553: 390: 245: 227: 197: 189: 107: 67: 4451: 3932: 3827: 3646: 3596:

Frater (Lingua sistemfrater). The simplest International Language Ever Constructed.

1598: 1084: 913: 897: 874: 209: 17: 672: 660: 3637:

Proposed Guidelines for the Design of an Optimal International Auxiliary Language

3561: 3213:

e.g. Fettes, Mark (1997). "Esperanto and language policy: Exploring the issues".

4411: 4406: 4161: 4081: 4059: 3892: 3887: 3870: 3858: 3797: 3244:

Translated by Humphrey Tonkin et al. State University of New York Press, 1993.

2012: 2004: 1633: 1629: 1583: 1559: 1379: 1334: 860:

wrote that an IAL was needed for more effective communication among scientists:

791: 689: 548: 536: 489: 446: 193: 92: 3658: 3285: 4381: 4275: 4240: 3982: 3947: 3837: 2899: 2390: 2362: 2355: 2149: 1602: 1541: 1209: 986: 846: 756: 375: 322: 302: 3108:

Sapir, Edward (1931). "The function of an international auxiliary language".

2780:

Lins, Ulrich. La Danĝera Lingvo. Gerlingen, Germany: Bleicher Eldonejo, 1988.

277:, wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of French. 4330: 4317: 4200: 4166: 4015: 3812: 2468: 2428:

Gestuno is not to be confused with the separate and unrelated sign language

2414: 2339: 2173: 1849: 1614: 1575: 1512: 879: 850: 468: 172: 84: 4245: 3310:"Discouraging Words – Invented languages and their long history of failure" 620:, though he built on preliminary work by earlier IALA linguists including 416:. This simplified Latin, devoid of inflections and declensions, was named 4391: 4307: 4285: 4265: 4225: 4220: 4119: 4064: 4030: 4000: 3957: 3952: 3937: 3817: 3558:"Language and World Order in Baháʼí Perspective: a New Paradigm Revealed" 1628:

Naturalistic languages resemble existing natural languages. For example,

1622: 1606: 1594: 1535: 1504: 1259: 780: 752: 693: 286: 119: 50: 3670: 3655:, a criticism of the auxiliary language movement by Richard K. Harrison. 4471: 4416: 4335: 4312: 4260: 4114: 4047: 4005: 3642: 3601:

Pigal, E. and the Hauptstelle der Occidental-Union in Mauern bei Wien.

3485:

Radicarium directiv del lingue international (Occidental) in 8 lingues.

2958:

Blandino, Giovanni, "Le problema del linguas international auxiliari",

2949:, 1971 edition. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company (p. xxii). 2406: 2386: 1516: 920: 768: 4466: 4302: 4280: 4255: 4205: 4151: 4141: 3942: 3902: 3626:

G. Flaxland, Editeur, 4, place de la Madeleine, Paris (France), 1866.

2521: 2165: 1873: 1642: 1159: 784: 685: 677: 583: 573: 371: 236: 933:/ɡ/ (U+0261, IPA 110, single storey g) = g (U+0067, double storey g) 2726: 1458:

This includes the languages that are not designed to be an auxlang.

648:(UMI), and Interlingua is presented on CDs, radio, and television. 4461: 4386: 4020: 3977: 3967: 3865: 2157: 1570:

did likewise, with a stronger dependence of Greek roots. Although

1567: 1404: 1234: 610:

Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language

520:

Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language

413: 185: 111: 106:

Languages of dominant societies over the centuries have served as

3494:("History of the World Language"). Oosaka: Pirato, 1969 (3d ed.). 2813: 746:

Most zonal auxiliary languages were created during the period of

4421: 4076: 3792: 3513:

Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language.

3336:

Language. Gregory Paul Meyjes, ed. Oxford: George Ronald. 2015.

2402: 578:

In 1928 Ido's major intellectual supporter, the Danish linguist

99:), and has also been connected to the project of constructing a 3674: 3649:

discussing the need for prospects of an international language.

3424:. AUXLANG mailing list post by Risto Kupsala, 2 December 2005. 2401:

An international auxiliary sign language has been developed by

3832: 1857: 1618: 1579: 1431: 801: 532: 513: 339:, an international convention spoke an international language. 88: 2936:, 1971 edition. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company. 2727:

Estimation of English and non-English Language Use on the WWW

3598:

TU-HAI Publishing-House, Saigon (Republic of Vietnam), 1957.

2680:. Translator: Philippe Combot. Courgenard: La Blanchetière. 65:. The concept is related to but separate from the idea of a 3535:

Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes), Gregory Paul, ed. (2015).

2485:

for a list of designed international auxiliary languages.

2338:

There have been a number of proposals for using pictures,

582:, abandoned Ido, and published his own planned language, 2987:

Libert, Alan Reed (2018-06-25). "Artificial Languages".

2482:

List of constructed languages § Auxiliary languages

2350:

in the 17th century, to suggestions for the adoption of

110:

that have sometimes approached the international level.

3664: 2947:

Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language

2934:

Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language

818: 4524:

La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea

3563:

Explorations in the Sociology of Language And Religion

3556:

Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes), Gregory Paul (2006).

3536: 3422:"Types of neutrality, and central concerns for an IAL" 3194:

Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society, and Culture

3190:

Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion

475:

was ready in 1878), and finally published in 1887, by

27:

Constructed language meant to facilitate communication

3667:, a project for promoting a world auxiliary language. 3286:"Interlingua | International, Auxiliary, Constructed" 3134:

Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes), Gregory Paul. 2015.

944:/t͡ʃ/ = /tʃ/; Note: Polish distinguishes between them 196:) were the intermediary language of all areas of the 1566:, in turn based primarily on Greek and Latin roots. 4533: 4482: 4434: 4374: 4175: 4090: 3991: 3781: 3770: 3708: 3643:

The Function of an International Auxiliary Language

3487:

A.-S. "Ühisell" Trükk. Pikk Uul. 42, Tallinn, 1925.

408:, instead of inventing schematic structures and an 208:, remained the common languages of a large part of 3215:Journal of Language Problems and Language Planning 1273:Yes (y, as a semi-vowel /j/, x /ks, gz/ and more) 644:continents, and the language is propagated by the 3617:Gestuno: International sign language of the deaf. 3366:Gestuno: International sign language of the deaf. 1597:but alter them significantly to fit a simplified 1507:(not borrowed from natural languages), schematic 900:, some of them, also offer an alternative in the 244:. Moreover, a special case of English is that of 3027:"ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ИНТЕРЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ В РОССИИ" 2560:The term was used at least as early as 1908, by 3242:Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community. 2725:See e. g. Gregory Grefenstette, Julien Nioche. 1586:) have been based largely on Romance elements. 616:, published in 1951, was primarily the work of 332: 1276:Yes (j /ʒ/, ch /tʃ/, sh /ʃ/, sh /ç/ and more) 3686: 3531:Otto Nemmich Verlag, Leipzig (Germany), 1909. 2842: 2840: 2065:qualmen in li cieles talmen anc sur li terre. 1794:Donne-nous aujourd’hui notre pain de ce jour. 8: 3639:, an article written by Richard K. Harrison. 3364:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J., 2741: 2739: 2601: 2599: 1070:Yes (ch /ʃ/ or /k/ or /tʃ/, qu /kw/ or /k/) 892:International auxiliary language orthography 627:The theory underlying Interlingua posits an 602:International Auxiliary Language Association 451:International Auxiliary Language Association 3615:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. 3612:Guerin und Cie., Bar-Le-Duc (France), 1868. 2993:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2960:Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia 1589:Schematic (or "mixed") languages have some 325:, first described in an article in 1879 by 3778: 3693: 3679: 3671: 3605:Franckh. Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1930. 2623:From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics 1945:Dona sidiurne a noi nostr pan omnidiurnik; 1897:kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj. 1891:kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero. 956: 393:". The name of the Academy was changed to 3619:Carlisle: British Deaf Association, 1975. 3560:. In Omoniyi, T.; Fishman, J. A. (eds.). 3095:, R. Lorenz, W.Ostwalkd and L.Pfaundler. 3000: 2678:Historio de la universala lingvo Volapuko 1917:quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero. 1802:Et ne nous laisse pas entrer en tentation 1740:Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, 1481:Learn how and when to remove this message 873:Some contemporaries of Couturat, notably 3508:. Kosmoglott, Reval, Estland, 1925/1928. 3444:Bodmer, Frederick, and Lancelot Hogben. 3196:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 26–41. 2144: 1991: 1974:kom anke nus pardona a nusen ofensantes, 1844: 1686: 1503:are characterized by largely artificial 429:Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal 420:by Peano but is usually referred to as " 395:Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal 134:were used in the past. In recent times, 4510:Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues 2971:"Radioemissiones in e re Interlingua," 2595: 2553: 2409:but now more commonly known simply as ' 2278:sama la mi weka e pali ike pi jan ante. 2193:Bodi obsik vädeliki givolös obes adelo! 2040:Da hodie ad nos nostro pane quotidiano, 1923:quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti, 1893:Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ. 1821:El pan nuestro de cada día dánosle hoy; 1811:Padre nuestro, que estás en los cielos, 719:written in 1665 by the Croatian priest 549:Interlingue § History and activity 57:. An auxiliary language is primarily a 3610:Versuch einer Universalischen Sprache. 3073:Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet 2092:como in le celo, etiam super le terra. 1949:kuale et noi pardon a nostr debtatori; 528:International Association of Academies 427:Impressed by Peano's Interlingua, the 358:Idiom Neutral and Latino sine flexione 3228:""Sambahsa pronunciation in English"" 3002:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.11 2654:, André Cherpillod. Courgenard, 1995. 2245:Va vielaf beg pu min batvielon zilil! 1970:Dona a nus dissidi li omnidiali pane, 1145:Yes (ph /f/, th /t/, ch /k/, rh /r/) 7: 3580:Nerrière, Jean-Paul, and Hon, David 3499:The Search for the Perfect Language. 3408:"Ĉu Zamenhof Pravis?", Vinko Ošlak, 3162:Craig, Robert and Antony Alexander. 2251:Ise van zoenilu va min me levplekul, 2249:dum pu tel va min al ixes dere ixet! 1098:Yes (c /ts/, q /k/, x /ks/ or /ɡz/) 849:period, and is still in the present 370:) at the second Volapük congress in 2527:Baháʼí Faith and auxiliary language 1564:international scientific vocabulary 1148:Yes (c /k/, q /k/, x /ks/, z /ts/) 3473:International Language and Science 3441:Semantography Press: Sydney, 1965. 2748:by Claude Piron, L'Harmattan 1994. 2423:indigenous peoples of the Americas 2094:Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian, 1919:Donez a ni cadie l'omnadiala pano, 1883:Patro Nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo, 1829:no nos dejes caer en la tentación, 1819:así en la Tierra como en el cielo. 1390:dž, but similar to or same as d+ž 912:The vast majority of IALs use the 839:International Language and Science 441:stands for Peano's language). The 25: 4645:International auxiliary languages 4517:In the Land of Invented Languages 3645:, an article written by linguist 3515:Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. 3377:"Farewell to auxiliary languages" 2197:äs id obs aipardobs debeles obas. 2084:Patre nostre, qui es in le celos, 2059:mey tui nómine esser sanctificat, 2042:et remitte ad nos nostro debitos, 1895:Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn, 1767:Give us this day our daily bread; 1748:Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, 1605:) or both artificial and natural 1545:pasigraphy needs to be taxonomic. 1270:Yes (ch /tʃ/, sch /ʃ/, and more) 790:Notable among modern examples is 317:Histoire de la langue universelle 223:(natural international languages) 3479:London: Constable & Company. 2471:with global vocabulary sources. 2199:E no obis nindukolös in tentadi; 2048:Et non induce nos in tentatione, 1909:Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo, 1775:And lead us not into temptation, 1436: 805: 526:and others; it tried to get the 39:international auxiliary language 3653:Farewell to auxiliary languages 3386:, by Richard K. Harrison. 1997. 2794:Chapter 9: "The Literary Scene" 2354:, to recent inventions such as 2218:Place don a na nu-di na di-pani 2210:na volu; tu nomina gene honora, 2086:que tu nomine sia sanctificate; 2057:Patre nor, qui es in li cieles, 2032:que tuo nomine fi sanctificato; 2030:Patre nostro, qui es in caelos, 1901:sed liberigu nin de la malbono. 1742:et dimitte nobis debita nostra, 1095:Yes (ch /tʃ/, qu /kw/, sh /ʃ/) 3661:, an essay by Paul O. Bartlett 3439:Semantography (Blissymbolics). 3262:Harlow, Don (7 January 2006). 3050:"Constructed Slavic Languages" 2253:Volse sol rote va min tunuyal! 2183:O Fat obas, kel binol in süls, 2111:Nosa Padre, ci es en la sielo, 2102:E non induce nos in tentation, 2096:e pardona a nos nostre debitas 2075:E ne inducte nos in tentation, 2067:Da nos hodie nor pan omnidial, 1976:e non dukte nus en tentatione, 1972:e pardona a nus nusen ofensos, 1943:kuale in siel, tale et su ter. 1899:Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton, 1757:Our Father, who art in heaven, 1730:Pater noster, qui es in cælis, 604:(IALA) was founded in 1924 by 1: 4589:List of constructed languages 3354:Semantography (Blissymbolics) 2652:Konciza Gramatiko de Volapuko 2496:International Language Review 2235:Minaf Gadik dan koe kelt til, 1960:Nusen Patre, kel es in siele, 1951:e no induka noi in tentasion, 1925:e ne duktez ni aden la tento, 1800:à ceux qui nous ont offensés. 1784:Notre Père, qui es aux cieux, 1765:on earth, as it is in heaven. 1120:Yes (ch /tʃ/, sh /ʃ/, y /j/) 646:Union Mundial pro Interlingua 364:International Volapük Academy 319:(1903) reviewed 38 projects. 271:Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve 3527:Mainzer, Ludwig, Karlsruhe. 2886:"Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 38" 2872:"Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 17" 2346:proposed by the philosopher 2270:sina lon sewi kon en lon ma. 2220:e tu pardo na plu Mali akti; 2201:sod aidalivolös obis de bad. 2195:E pardolös obes debis obsik, 1962:mey vun nome bli sanktifika, 1947:e pardona a noi nostr debti, 1825:así como nosotros perdonamos 1823:y perdónanos nuestras deudas 1593:qualities. Some have ethnic 1301:Yes (c /tʃ/, j /ʒ/, sh /ʃ/) 700:(2010), and Globasa (2019). 490:Esperanto language community 3589:One Language for the World. 2697:Zasky, Jason (2009-07-20), 2667:. Amsterdam: Volapükagased. 2611:One language for the world. 2532:Zonal constructed languages 2419:Plains Indian Sign Language 2358:, first published in 1949. 2344:Characteristica Universalis 2098:como etiam nos los pardona 2090:que tu voluntate sia facite 1968:kom in siele anke sur tere. 1953:ma librifika noi da it mal. 1937:Ke votr nom es sanktifiked; 1935:Nostr patr kel es in sieli! 1927:ma liberigez ni del malajo. 1921:e pardonez a ni nia ofensi, 1798:comme nous pardonnons aussi 1796:Pardonne-nous nos offenses, 1792:sur la terre comme au ciel. 1786:que ton nom soit sanctifié, 1738:sicut in cælo, et in terra. 1456:. The specific problem is: 1396:Yes (č /tʃ/, š /ʃ/, ž /ʒ/) 1326:Yes (c in ch /tʃ/, j /dʒ/) 739:, and, to a lesser degree, 481:derivational word formation 400:In 1903, the mathematician 269:of the 18th century, where 233:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 132:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 81:international communication 4661: 3324:One language for the world 3177:One Language for the World 2762:Chapter 7: History in Fine 2665:Jenotem valemapüka Volapük 2247:Va minafa kantara se ixel 2241:Rinafa baltanira zo askir 2226:E ne direkti na a u proba; 2038:sicut in celo et in terra. 2036:que tuo voluntate es facto 1885:via nomo estu sanktigita. 1815:venga a nosotros tu reino; 1813:santificado sea tu nombre; 1790:que ta volonté soit faite 1667:Comparison of sample texts 1562:was drawn originally from 1452:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 889: 707: 593: 571: 546: 511: 460: 300: 255: 41:(sometimes acronymized as 29: 4594:List of language creators 4579: 3541:. Oxford: George Ronald. 3521:An International Language 3492:Historio de la Mondlingvo 2852:"How to Build a Language" 2828:An International Language 2319:Inter-Parliamentary Union 2280:o lawa ala e mi tawa ike. 2121:Dona nosa pan dial a nos, 2113:ta ce tua nom es santida; 1978:ma liberisa nus fro malu. 1804:mais délivre-nous du Mal. 1777:but deliver us from evil. 1732:sanctificetur nomen tuum. 1003:Yes (c /tʃ~dʒ/, j /ʃ~ʒ/) 896:Whilst most IALs use the 771:(1956) and several other 723:. He named this language 704:Zonal auxiliary languages 692:(2006), Pandunia (2007), 488:which helped to form the 449:presented in 1951 by the 406:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3591:N.Y.: Devin-Adair, 1958. 3511:Gode, Alexander, et al. 3501:Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. 3264:"Essay (hopefully long)" 3179:. New York: Devin-Adair. 3166:. Isle of Man: n.p. 1996 3138:. Germany, GRIN Verlag. 3076:(Plovdiv, 2012), p. 67. 2458:Although referred to as 2243:moe tawava dum koe kelt. 2129:E no indui nos en tenta, 2077:ma libera nos de lu mal. 2071:qualmen anc noi pardona 1769:and forgive us our debts 1393:Yes (c /ts/, y /i ~ ɪ/) 1000:Yes (x /ks/, z /ts~dz/) 710:Zonal auxiliary language 629:international vocabulary 543:Interlingue (Occidental) 508:Ido and the Esperantidos 443:Academia pro Interlingua 434:Academia pro Interlingua 368:Kadem bevünetik volapüka 231:with one such language, 32:Zonal auxiliary language 30:Not to be confused with 4566:Interlingue/Interlingua 3733:International auxiliary 3659:Thoughts on IAL Success 3437:Bliss, Charles Keisel. 3175:e.g. Pei, Mario. 1961. 2974:Panorama in Interlingua 2908:How to Build a Language 2676:Schmidt, Johann. 1996. 2663:Schmidt, Johann. 1964. 2379:Energy Systems Language 2272:o pana e moku pi tenpo 2237:Rinaf yolt zo tutumtar, 2119:sur tera como en sielo. 2117:ta ce tua vole es fada, 2104:sed libera nos del mal. 2063:mey tui vole esser fat, 2050:sed libera nos ab malo. 1941:ke votr volu es fasied, 1744:sicut et nos dimittimus 1529:philosophical languages 1192:Yes (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) 606:Alice Vanderbilt Morris 522:was founded in 1900 by 337:the Boulogne convention 282:philosophical languages 4271:Middle-earth languages 3582:Globish The World Over 3397:Fundamenta Krestomatio 3352:Charles Keisel Bliss, 2832:"The Delegation. Ido." 2641:Ostler, 2005 pp. 38–40 2537:Global language system 2294:Methods of propagation 2216:epi geo homo in urani. 2069:e pardona nor débites, 1988:Naturalistic languages 1750:sed libera nos a malo. 1320:Yes (ch /tʃ/, sh /ʃ/) 761:pan-Germanic languages 596:History of Interlingua 341: 327:Johann Martin Schleyer 303:Volapük § History 4615:Constructed languages 4546:Esperanto/Interlingua 4447:Esperanto orthography 4026:Pan-Germanic language 3808:Communicationssprache 3702:Constructed languages 3446:The Loom of Language. 3048:Jan van Steenbergen. 2276:o weka e pali ike mi. 2274:suno ni tawa mi mute. 2187:Kömomöd monargän ola! 2185:paisaludomöz nem ola! 2061:mey tui regnia venir, 2044:sicut et nos remitte 2034:que tuo regno adveni; 1831:mas líbranos del mal. 1788:que ton règne vienne, 1759:hallowed be thy name; 1734:Adveniat regnum tuum. 1527:languages are called 1323:Yes (x /gz/, z /dz/) 1251:Yes (c /tʃ/, sc /ʃ/) 1248:Yes (q /kw/, x /ks/) 930:/ʒ/ (U+0292, IPA 135) 927:/ʃ/ (U+0283, IPA 134) 773:pan-Romance languages 680:(published in 1978), 348:constructed languages 252:Constructed languages 97:International English 4038:Pan-Romance language 3913:Latino sine flexione 3268:AUXLANG mailing list 2989:Artificial Languages 2803:by Don Harlow. 1995. 2771:by Don Harlow. 1995. 2699:"Discouraging Words" 2607:The loom of language 2375:mathematical symbols 2282:o lawa e mi tan ike. 2228:sed libe na ab Mali. 2191:äs in sül, i su tal! 2131:ma libri nos de mal. 2123:e pardona nosa detas 2115:ta ce tua rena veni; 2046:ad nostro debitores. 1997:Latino sine flexione 1939:ke votr regnia veni; 1911:tua nomo santigesez; 1889:plenumiĝu via volo, 1827:a nuestros deudores; 1746:debitoribus nostris. 1463:improve this section 1357:Latino sine flexione 1126:Yes (j /ʒ/, sh /ʃ/) 1123:Yes (q /k/, x /ks/) 1101:Yes (j /ʒ/, sh /ʃ/) 966:Non ISO 646 letters 748:romantic nationalism 673:AUXLANG mailing list 669:engineered languages 661:CONLANG mailing list 562:Latino sine flexione 463:History of Esperanto 422:Latino sine flexione 387:Waldemar Rosenberger 273:, in the article on 258:Constructed language 63:constructed language 4625:Human communication 4055:Pan-Slavic language 3448:N.Y.: Norton, 1944. 2746:Le Défi des Langues 2605:Bodmer, Frederick. 2367:electronic circuits 2334:Pictorial languages 2222:metri na pardo mu; 2214:tu tende gene akti 2100:a nostre debitores. 1966:mey on fa vun volio 1964:mey vun regno veni; 1841:Schematic languages 1771:as we have forgiven 1176:Yes (c /ʃ/, j /ʒ/) 1076:Yes (g /ʒ/, j /ʒ/) 1028:Yes (j /ʒ/, x /ʃ/) 717:Pan-Slavic language 608:; like the earlier 18:Auxiliary languages 4442:Constructed script 3918:Lingua Franca Nova 3898:International Sign 3584:. Paris, IGI, 2009 3518:Jesperson, Otto. 3382:2012-07-16 at the 3029:. Miresperanto.com 2914:on 4 February 2012 2857:2012-02-04 at the 2848:The Esperanto Book 2799:2008-09-16 at the 2790:The Esperanto Book 2767:2010-12-01 at the 2758:The Esperanto Book 2575:artistic languages 2542:Universal language 2502:Language education 2453:minority languages 2411:international sign 2365:used to represent 2268:jan o pali e wile 2264:nimi sina li sewi. 2262:sina lon sewi kon. 2260:mama pi mi mute o, 2239:Rinafa gazara pir, 2224:qi akti Mali a na. 2208:Na patri in urani: 2088:que tu regno veni; 2021:Lingua Franca Nova 1913:tua regno advenez; 1817:hágase tu voluntad 1736:Fiat voluntas tua, 1638:Lingua Franca Nova 1036:Romanova alphabet 1012:Lingua Franca Nova 817:. You can help by 765:Germanic languages 733:Southern Chakavian 682:Lingua Franca Nova 665:artistic languages 514:Ido § History 101:universal language 4640:Utopian movements 4602: 4601: 4457:Tolkien's scripts 4430: 4429: 4147:Logopandecteision 4110:Dutton Speedwords 4043:Neolatino Romance 3923:Lingwa de planeta 3622:Sudre, François. 2945:Gode, Alexander, 2507:Language planning 2290: 2289: 2189:Jenomöz vil olik, 2138: 2137: 2125:como nos pardona 1985: 1984: 1838: 1837: 1763:thy will be done. 1761:thy kingdom come, 1683:Natural languages 1491: 1490: 1483: 1454:quality standards 1445:This section may 1425: 1424: 1387:Yes (č, ě, š, ž) 1310:Lingwa de planeta 858:Leopold Pfaundler 835: 834: 777:Romance languages 759:(1995) and other 698:Lingwa de Planeta 633:control languages 45:or contracted as 16:(Redirected from 4652: 4620:Interlinguistics 4551:Esperanto/Novial 4375:Ritual and other 4216:Elvish languages 4137:Lingua generalis 4125:Astrolinguistics 3779: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3672: 3594:Pham Xuan Thai. 3577: 3552: 3548:978-085398-591-4 3497:Eco, Umberto, , 3483:De Wahl, Edgar. 3480: 3475:. Translated by 3425: 3419: 3413: 3412:, February 2005. 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3342:978-085398-591-4 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3270:. Archived from 3259: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3086: 3080: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3004: 2984: 2978: 2977:, Issue 3, 2006. 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2910:. Archived from 2900:Harlow, Donald J 2896: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2844: 2835: 2826:Otto Jesperson, 2824: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2707:, archived from 2704:Failure Magazine 2694: 2688: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2619: 2613: 2609:and Pei, Mario. 2603: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2490:Interlinguistics 2464:Western European 2371:chemical symbols 2212:tu krati veni e 2145: 1992: 1915:tua volo facesez 1887:Venu via regno, 1845: 1687: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1440: 1439: 1432: 957: 830: 827: 809: 802: 140:Standard Chinese 73:interlinguistics 59:foreign language 21: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4635:Multilingualism 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4575: 4556:Ido/Interlingua 4529: 4503:Bridge of Words 4478: 4426: 4370: 4180: 4171: 4086: 3987: 3908:Langue nouvelle 3784: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3704: 3699: 3633: 3574: 3555: 3549: 3534: 3490:Drezen, Ernst: 3451: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3384:Wayback Machine 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3274:on 23 May 2013. 3261: 3260: 3256: 3240:Pierre Janton, 3239: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3192:. 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Steen.free.fr 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3013: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2902:(4 July 2006). 2898: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2859:Wayback Machine 2845: 2838: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2801:Wayback Machine 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2769:Wayback Machine 2756: 2752: 2744: 2737: 2731:Knowledge (XXG) 2724: 2720: 2711:on 2011-11-19, 2696: 2695: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2625:, 2008, p. 31. 2620: 2616: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2477: 2438: 2399: 2383:systems ecology 2352:Chinese writing 2336: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2266:ma sina o kama. 2265: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2143: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 1990: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1843: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1685: 1669: 1658:Special English 1648:Simplified, or 1601:pattern (e.g., 1487: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1460: 1441: 1437: 1430: 960:ISO 639-3 code 910: 902:Cyrillic script 894: 888: 886:Writing systems 831: 825: 822: 815:needs expansion 800: 798:Scholarly study 783:(1973) for the 729:Church Slavonic 712: 706: 657: 598: 592: 576: 570: 551: 545: 516: 510: 502:native speakers 465: 459: 380:world languages 360: 345:easier-to-learn 305: 299: 260: 254: 225: 181: 136:Standard Arabic 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4157:Real Character 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3712: 3710: 3709:Classification 3706: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3632: 3631:External links 3629: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3553: 3547: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3449: 3442: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3414: 3401: 3388: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3328: 3315: 3301: 3277: 3254: 3233: 3219: 3206: 3181: 3168: 3155: 3152:978-3668013483 3127: 3123:Romanic Review 3114: 3110:Romanic Review 3101: 3081: 3063: 3040: 3018: 3011: 2979: 2964: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2891: 2877: 2863: 2836: 2819: 2814:"china.org.cn" 2805: 2782: 2773: 2750: 2735: 2718: 2689: 2669: 2656: 2643: 2634: 2614: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2566: 2562:Otto Jespersen 2552: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2476: 2473: 2437: 2434: 2398: 2397:Sign languages 2395: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2327:world language 2315:United Nations 2311: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2257: 2232: 2205: 2179: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2154: 2142: 2141:Other examples 2139: 2136: 2135: 2108: 2081: 2073:nor debitores. 2054: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2009: 2001: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1957: 1932: 1906: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1854: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1808: 1781: 1754: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1696: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1646: 1626: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1489: 1488: 1444: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1428:Classification 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 994:Yes (ä, ö, ü) 992: 991:Yes (ꞛ, ꞝ, ꞟ) 989: 984: 980: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 963:Alphabet name 961: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 935: 934: 931: 928: 909: 906: 887: 884: 867: 866: 855: 854: 833: 832: 812: 810: 799: 796: 737:Serbo-Croatian 721:Juraj Križanić 708:Main article: 705: 702: 656: 653: 622:André Martinet 618:Alexander Gode 594:Main article: 591: 588: 580:Otto Jespersen 572:Main article: 569: 566: 547:Main article: 544: 541: 524:Louis Couturat 512:Main article: 509: 506: 477:L. L. Zamenhof 461:Main article: 458: 455: 402:Giuseppe Peano 359: 356: 309:Louis Couturat 301:Main article: 298: 295: 291:François Sudre 256:Main article: 253: 250: 228:Lingua francas 224: 221:Lingua francas 218: 214:lingua francas 180: 177: 108:lingua francas 55:first language 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4657: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4571:Lojban/Loglan 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4541:Esperanto/Ido 4539: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4496:A Secret Vice 4493: 4491: 4490:Esperantology 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Lingua ignota 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Belter Creole 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Basic English 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973:Universalglot 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3878:Idiom Neutral 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3783:International 3780: 3777: 3769: 3761: 3760:Philosophical 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3726:Language game 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3666: 3665:OneTongue.com 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3608:Pirro, Jean. 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3573:9789027227102 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504:Gär, Joseph. 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3477:Donnan, F. G. 3474: 3470: 3469:Pfaundler, L. 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457:Jespersen, O. 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3250:0-7914-1254-7 3247: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3202:9789027227102 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:9783668013483 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3125:(16): 244–256 3124: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3012:9780199384655 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2850:, chapter 3: 2849: 2846:Harlow, Don. 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686:2-906134-30-9 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631:90-272-3100-1 2628: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2512:Lingua franca 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2460:international 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2258: 2256: 2233: 2231: 2206: 2204: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2127:nosa detores. 2109: 2107: 2082: 2080: 2055: 2053: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1958: 1956: 1933: 1931: 1907: 1905: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1866:Idiom Neutral 1863: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1809: 1807: 1782: 1780: 1755: 1753: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1673:Lord's Prayer 1666: 1659: 1655: 1654:Basic English 1651: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558:literature.) 1556: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1474: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1295:Yes (sh /ʃ/) 1294: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285:Idiom Neutral 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1245:Yes (sc /ʃ/) 1244: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1198:Yes (c /ts/) 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 988: 985: 982: 981: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958: 955: 949: 946: 943: 940: 939: 938: 932: 929: 926: 925: 924: 922: 917: 915: 907: 905: 903: 899: 893: 885: 883: 881: 876: 871: 863: 862: 861: 859: 852: 848: 844: 843: 842: 840: 829: 820: 816: 813:This section 811: 808: 804: 803: 797: 795: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 711: 703: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 654: 652: 649: 647: 642: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 597: 589: 587: 585: 581: 575: 567: 565: 563: 559: 558:Idiom Neutral 555: 554:Edgar de Wahl 550: 542: 540: 538: 534: 529: 525: 521: 515: 507: 505: 503: 497: 493: 491: 487: 482: 478: 474: 473:first version 470: 464: 456: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 391:Idiom Neutral 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 357: 355: 353: 349: 346: 340: 338: 331: 328: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 304: 296: 294: 292: 288: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 267: 259: 251: 249: 247: 246:Basic English 243: 238: 234: 229: 222: 219: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:Mediterranean 195: 191: 187: 178: 176: 174: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 76: 74: 70: 69: 68:lingua franca 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4452:Sitelen Pona 4323: 3859:esperantidos 3828:Esperanto II 3782: 3750:Experimental 3732: 3647:Edward Sapir 3623: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3587:Pei, Mario. 3581: 3562: 3537: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3472: 3453:Couturat, L. 3445: 3438: 3432:Bibliography 3417: 3409: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3304: 3293:. Retrieved 3289: 3280: 3272:the original 3267: 3257: 3241: 3236: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3109: 3104: 3096: 3093:O. Jespersen 3084: 3078:HTML version 3071: 3066: 3054:. Retrieved 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3021: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2916:. 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Couturat 2918:12 February 2013:Interlingua 2005:Interlingue 1634:Interlingua 1630:Interlingue 1621:). Natural 1599:phonotactic 1584:Interlingua 1560:Interlingua 1465:if you can. 1380:Interslavic 1335:Interlingue 1135:Interglossa 1060:Interlingua 969:Diacritics 865:literature. 792:Interslavic 787:continent. 735:dialect of 725:Ruski jezik 690:Interslavic 614:Interlingua 590:Interlingua 486:own culture 447:Interlingua 439:Interlingua 418:Interlingua 330:convention, 204:, and then 194:Koine Greek 93:Interlingua 4609:Categories 4561:Ido/Novial 4382:Balaibalan 4092:Engineered 3948:Pasilingua 3838:Mundolinco 3745:Engineered 3461:Lorenz, R. 3295:2023-07-15 3290:Britannica 3070:G. Iliev, 3056:11 January 3033:11 January 2585:References 2449:extinction 2377:, and the 2363:schematics 2356:Blissymbol 1650:controlled 1521:morphology 1509:derivation 1471:April 2020 1210:Mundolinco 890:See also: 757:Folkspraak 731:, his own 641:understood 160:Portuguese 83:, such as 4435:Neography 4361:Verdurian 4331:Syldavian 4326:languages 4324:Star Wars 4318:Spocanian 4201:Brithenig 4191:Atlantean 4177:Fictional 4167:Toki Pona 4016:Eurolengo 3853:Universal 3813:Esperanto 3785:auxiliary 3773:languages 3771:Specific 3721:Fictional 3471:(1910) . 2590:Footnotes 2436:Criticism 2389:, and in 2340:ideograms 2307:programs. 2203:Jenosöd! 2174:Toki Pona 1850:Esperanto 1623:morphemes 1615:Esperanto 1607:morphemes 1595:morphemes 1576:Esperanto 1513:phonology 1511:, simple 1505:morphemes 1501:languages 1185:Esperanto 880:Mario Pei 851:Esperanto 469:Esperanto 457:Esperanto 352:Esperanto 173:Esperanto 85:Esperanto 4392:Enochian 4351:Valyrian 4341:Tsolyáni 4308:Newspeak 4286:Sindarin 4221:Enchanta 4211:Dothraki 4183:artistic 4120:Kalaba-X 4065:Iazychie 4031:Tutonish 4001:Afrihili 3958:Solresol 3953:Sambahsa 3938:Nal Bino 3848:Romániço 3843:Reformed 3823:Arcaicam 3818:Adjuvilo 3775:by group 3716:Artistic 3524:. 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