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visits was to the country of the
Wattatonga tribe, a group whose traditional lands included the newly established Avenue Range Station. He returned from this trip to tell Smith that eleven of the tribe had been massacred by two white men. Wergon had persuaded a witness whose parents had apparently been killed in the massacre to return with him. According to Wergon, "the white men had shown no mercy to the grey-headed old man or to the helpless infant on its mother's breast", and the apparent motive for the massacre was the killing of sheep belonging to a settler in the Guichen Bay district. Smith's account did not include how the massacre was carried out, but did include the details that it was investigated, the bodies of the victims were burnt, and the murderer was discharged for lack of evidence. Smith did not name the settlers. In their 2001 book, the historians Robert Foster, Rick Hosking and Amanda Nettelbeck considered this unsurprising, given that Brown was alive and living nearby at the time Smith's book was published. While circumspect about naming Brown, Smith essentially recounted important details of the massacre in her book published over thirty years after it occurred.
432:, and Leandermin himself, who it appears was being detained at Guichen Bay, absconded and had allegedly been "made away with". The remaining witnesses were those that knew Brown, and apparently would not give evidence against him. Despite the extremely difficult task faced by the prosecution under these circumstances, the Advocate General ordered that investigations continue and issued warrants for the arrest of those that had fled South Australia. Brown appeared at the Supreme Court yet again on 10 and 28 September, but the judge again refused to hear the case without further evidence. By the November sittings of the court, Brown's case had been removed from the listings, and this was the end of the matter as far as the formal investigation was concerned. Effectively, settler solidarity and the law of evidence ensured that Brown was never tried for the murders, despite the fact that those involved in the investigation had no doubt of his guilt. Possibly in response to Brown's case, the Aboriginal Witnesses Act of 1848 was amended in July 1849 to allow a person to be convicted on the sole testimony of an Aboriginal person.
492:. Cockburn remarked on the lack of publicity enjoyed by Brown, and explained that he had "received a severe set back" early in his career after being accused of "poisoning a blackfellow". He went on to claim that Brown was found not guilty of the murder by a jury, and defended Brown's reputation, stating that the poisoning incident was part and parcel of "the circumstances and conditions of the day". Foster et al. note that there is no evidence of Brown being involved in a poisoning, despite poisonings of Aboriginal people by white settlers having occurred in the southeast of the colony prior to Brown's arrival. They further note Brown also only ever appeared in court on one matter, that of the shooting of the Aboriginal group in 1848, which never went to trial. They surmise that the shooting may have become mixed up in some people's minds with a poisoning that occurred on the west coast of the colony in the same year which also received significant press coverage.
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even if both incidents did occur, the original story of the shooting murders has been transformed through the filter of the "pioneer legend" into one where Brown is remembered not for committing an atrocity, but for an epic horse ride. This transformation included the morphing of a cold-blooded shooting into a sly and passive "set and forget" poisoning, where the
Aboriginal victims are "complicit in their own demise" by stealing the flour. They arrive at the judgement that, by focussing on a poisoning rather than a shooting, the story plays down the seriousness of the crime. Further, they observe that the murder of Aboriginal people effectively became a plot device, while the horse ride became central to the legend. They conclude that the evolution of the story is "testament to the influence of the 'pioneer legend' in shaping White Australia's view of the past".
349:, arrived in the district to investigate. Moorhouse's role was to safeguard the rights and interests of Aboriginal people within the colony. He began his inquiries assisted by a mounted policeman, an interpreter, and an Aboriginal guide. An Aboriginal witness, Leandermin, took Moorhouse to the site of the alleged crime. He told Moorhouse that, on the day the killings occurred, he and a white man named Parker were walking along a road when they heard shots. He went to see what was happening and, from behind some trees, saw four or five Aboriginal women lying on the ground with fresh wounds. He also saw others on the ground, whom he presumed were dead because they were not moving. Two white men were present. Leandermin identified Brown as one of them, and stated that Brown had a gun in his hand. Brown's overseer, Eastwood, was suspected of being his accomplice.
515:, referred to "many natives" being slaughtered, and related that he had personally seen "large quantities of bones of those natives" when crossing the swamps where they were shot down. He then spoke of Brown making an epic pony ride from his station to Adelaide, swimming across the Murray, to report to the police to meet his bail conditions. Foster et al. note that although Smith was telling the story to illustrate violence against Aboriginal people on the frontier in the context of a parliamentary debate about giving Aboriginal people greater rights, he turned it instead into "an account of a pioneer's heroic horse ride". They also note that while Smith may well have seen bones, they could not have been those of Brown's victims, as they had been collected as evidence by Moorhouse and it is highly unlikely they were returned to the scene.
469:. It contained a fictionalisation of actual events on the frontier. One of the stories in the book is that of Roland Grantley, a pastoral property owner, and his overseer "Darkie", also a white man. In this account, Grantley and Darkie shoot a group of Aboriginal people in response to attacks on shepherds and the killing of stock. The story says that 10–12 Aboriginal people were killed in the massacre, and many more wounded. The bodies are burnt. The police investigate, and Darkie, not wanting to implicate his employer, flees the district on Grantley's prize horse, using his bush skills to elude his pursuers. He swims the horse across the mouth of the
408:, but the Act allowed unsworn testimony to be offered by Aboriginal witnesses, with two significant limitations. The court could determine the weight and credibility to be given to Aboriginal testimony, but even more telling was the restriction that when the punishment for a crime was death or transportation, the evidence of an "uncivilised person or persons" was considered insufficient unless corroborated by other evidence. A week later, the judge remained unconvinced about the strength of the prosecution, but given "great suspicion rested on the case", he gave the prosecution a further extension of time, and released Brown on bail of £500.
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530:, which proved influential in the development of the legend of James Brown. In it, Hastings elaborated on the poisoning incident in which Brown had supposedly been involved. By this account, Brown, responding to repeated attacks on his livestock, poisoned some flour and left it accessible to local Aboriginal people, who subsequently stole the flour and ate it, many dying as a result. Having set the trap, Brown then rode for Adelaide to establish an alibi, swimming across the
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towards
Aboriginal people often went unreported to the authorities, and became more secretive after a settler was hanged in March 1847 for the murder of an Aboriginal man in the colony's southeast – the only such sentence carried out in the history of South Australia's early white settlement. This undeclared and covert fighting between settlers and Aboriginal people in South Australia is considered part of the
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claimed that there was no mention of the case in police records held by archives in
Adelaide, but that instead, the incident had been related to him by residents of the district who had known Brown. He also placed it as having occurred between 1860 and 1870. Foster et al. note that this date is highly unlikely, as frontier violence in the district began when
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published in 1970. In Smith's version, the original crime was not discussed, and the focus was on the horse ride to
Adelaide, and McLaren's account split the legend into two, one about a poisoning by Brown, and another in which Brown and an accomplice cornered Aboriginal people in the Papineau caves,
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produced a summary of the investigation to date. Several difficulties were detailed, including the fact that Parker denied any knowledge of the crime, as did others who were believed to have heard the incident, discussed in Brown's presence. Brown's co-accused, Eastwood, alias "Yorkie", had fled when
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resistance to being forced off their land. Initially, settlers attempted to keep them at a distance using threats of violence, but they soon escalated to using actual violence, hoping that by terrorising them they could prevent them from interfering with stock and other property. Violence by settlers
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Although the details of the case were known for decades after the murders, distortions of the massacre eventually appeared in print and were embellished by local white and
Aboriginal historians. Two key aspects of these later accounts were that Brown poisoned rather than shot the victims, and that he
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Foster et al. argue that it is unlikely there were two incidents, a shooting that was investigated, and a poisoning that was not, because Brown's appearance before the court is common to both stories, but is known to have only occurred in the case of the shooting murders. They advance the view that
580:
man, George
Trevorrow, whose family were from the Guichen Bay area. Trevorrow described the exploitation of Aboriginal workers by white settlers, and stated that when times were lean, Aboriginal people would steal flour from landowners. He did not name Brown, but stated that a settler poisoned some
584:
As of 2022, the James Brown
Memorial Trust, which was formed from Brown's estate and incorporated by Act of Parliament in December 1894, continues to operate under the name Kalyra Communities as an aged care service provider in South Australia. Manning's Place Names of South Australia records that
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on his way. According to
Hastings, when the case was investigated by the police, Brown's ride to Adelaide "set him in good stead". Hastings wrote that at Brown's trial, it was claimed that it was impossible that Brown had poisoned the flour and appeared in Adelaide immediately thereafter. Hastings
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for several months, but were eventually abandoned. Some key witnesses, including
Eastwood, either fled the colony or refused to cooperate with the investigation. There were also significant restrictions on the use of evidence given by Aboriginal witnesses, especially where a verdict could involve
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district, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Guichen Bay. One of these was about an Aboriginal boy called Wergon, whom she had adopted in the 1840s. Wergon had converted to Christianity and went on several journeys to try to convert the local Aboriginal people. One of these evangelical
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discharged from a firearm. Eighty paces from the graves they located the remains of a fire which contained more bones. Moorhouse concluded that the bodies had first been buried, but later exhumed and burnt in an attempt to destroy the evidence. The date of the massacre is unclear. Moorhouse's
560:, published in 1978. Durman reproduced a newspaper article about the investigation into Brown's involvement in the murders, passed over the manner by which the murders were carried out and stated that the case was not proven, and then told of a "wonderful feat of horsemanship" by Brown.
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Information is scarce about the basic facts of the massacre, including the exact date and number of victims. A contemporary account of the massacre listed nine victims – three women, two teenage girls, three infants, and an "old man blind and infirm". Another account published by
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Aboriginal versions of the story also exist. In 1987, an elderly Aboriginal man from nearby Kingston related a version of the story, in which Brown shot some Aboriginal people and poisoned others because they were stealing his sheep. Brown then established his alibi by riding to
392:, in which he listed the victims as one "old man blind and infirm", three female adults, two teenage girls (aged 15 and 12 years), and three female children (aged two years, 18 months, and a baby). Butler added that there was "little question of the butchery or the butcher".
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flour and rode for Adelaide to establish an alibi. Foster et al. note that although these two accounts were similar, the difference was that Hastings portrayed Brown as a victim of Aboriginal attacks, while Trevorrow emphasised white exploitation of Aboriginal people.
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in Adelaide on 11 June 1849. The presiding judge considered that the evidence presented was insufficient, and gave the prosecution another week to investigate. The weakness of the case was directly related to the provisions of the
585:"Kalyra" is the "native name of Mr James Brown's station in the South-East better known as Avenue Range station. It is the Aboriginal name for a certain kind of wood from which the natives made spears and other weapons."
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arrived in 1843, and was tapering off by 1848 when the murders occurred. By the 1860s, Aboriginal labour was highly sought after by pastoralists in the district due to the exodus of white labourers to the
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228:. He visited the district to investigate the claims, and based on his enquiries Brown was charged with the murders in March 1849. Proceedings against Brown began in June 1849 and continued in the
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Brown became wealthy through his pastoral interests, and by the 1860s had expanded his holdings to 470 square kilometres (180 sq mi). He died in February 1890, and three years later
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smoked them out and shot them. The second of McLaren's stories ended with Brown's famous ride to Adelaide to report to the police. Another account was included in Barry Durman's
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484:, Brown was described as a great benefactor, whose deceased estate had been used by his widow to establish "two great charitable institutions", the Kalyra Consumptive Home at
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On 1 March 1849, Brown was charged with the murder of "unknown aboriginal natives". In late March or early April he appeared before a local magistrate in the district, Captain
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to establish an alibi. Historians Robert Foster, Rick Hosking and Amanda Nettelbeck contend that these "pioneer legend" alterations downplayed the seriousness of the crime.
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473:, then finds passage on a whaling ship off Kangaroo Island. This account, though using fictional names, essentially retold basic known facts of the case against Brown.
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original report in March 1849 stated that it had occurred some months before, and in his published report of October 1849, he placed it "about September" of 1848.
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From the 1950s onwards, stories about Brown were often included in local histories of the southeast of South Australia. Examples include Elma Smith's
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The Ngarrindjeri People: Aboriginal People of the River Murray, Lakes and Coorong. An Aboriginal Studies Course for Secondary Students in Years 8–10
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Reports were received by the colonial authorities in January 1849 that some Aboriginal people had been killed near Guichen Bay. On 19 February, the
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published an Aboriginal studies book for secondary students. It repeated Hastings' version, and followed it with an Aboriginal version told by a
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Moorhouse and his party then examined the scene, locating five holes containing human remains. Scattered nearby they found human bones and
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and his overseer, a man named Eastwood, were suspected of committing the murders in retaliation for attacks on Brown's sheep.
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regarding testimony given by Aboriginal witnesses. It was generally believed that Aboriginal people could not understand the
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district about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of the capital. James then branched off on his own and established
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and his brother Archibald arrived in the colony from Scotland. The following year, they took up a property in the
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237:. These legal hurdles and settler solidarity ensured the case did not go to trial, although the magistrate who
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507:, which covered much of the southeast of the now state of South Australia, mentioned Brown during a speech in
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Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
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The Booandik Tribe of South Australian Aborigines: A Sketch of Their Habits, Customs, Legends, and Language
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by white settlers in December 1836. In early 1839, settlers began spreading out from the capital,
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1234:. Kingston, South Australia: Ladies' Auxiliary of Kingston District Soldiers' Memorial Hospital.
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568:. In the same year Hastings' account was reproduced verbatim in Tom McCourt and Hans Mincham's
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in 1880 gave the number of victims as eleven, and specified that they belonged to the
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James Brown, a sheep farmer charged with murdering "unknown aboriginal natives"
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told a friend that there was "little question of the butchery or the butcher".
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1651:. Vol. XIII, no. 979. South Australia. 29 September 1849. p. 3
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1418:. Vol. XIII, no. 974. South Australia. 12 September 1849. p. 3
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Out of the Silence: The History and Memory of South Australia's Frontier Wars
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1438:. Vol. XIII, no. 996. South Australia. 28 November 1849. p. 4
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448:, which was published in Adelaide. It included memoirs from her time in the
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1631:. Kingston, South Australia: South Australian Country Women's Association.
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Fatal Collisions: The South Australian Frontier and the Violence of Memory
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1398:. Vol. XIII, no. 950. South Australia. 20 June 1849. p. 3
1278:. Vol. XIII, no. 948. South Australia. 13 June 1849. p. 3
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1537:. Adelaide, South Australia: Education Department of South Australia.
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published in 1950, and an account by local historian Verne McLaren in
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1460:. Vol. V, no. 197. South Australia. 3 April 1847. p. 5
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the investigation began and had apparently left the colony aboard a
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district, about 270 kilometres (170 mi) southeast of Adelaide.
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Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897
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Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889
1499:. Underdale, South Australia: National Trust of South Australia.
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Aboriginal resistance to being forced off their traditional lands
1295:. Naracoorte, South Australia: Lucindale Centenary Publication.
732:
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424:. An important witness named Joice had gone to the neighbouring
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1729:
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Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
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Foster, Robert; Hosking, Rick; Nettelbeck, Amanda (2001).
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In 1880, while Brown was still alive, the lay missionary
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Location of Avenue Range Station within South Australia
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Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes
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3598:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park
1374:. James Brown Memorial Trust. 2022. Archived from
446:The Booandik Tribe of South Australian Aborigines
220:In January 1849, reports of the massacre reached
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610:According to the ethnologist and anthropologist
467:Paving the Way, a Romance of the Australian Bush
1519:Paving the Way:a Romance of the Australian Bush
1335:. Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press.
1314:. Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press.
1189:
3903:List of native title claims in South Australia
2202:List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1715:The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies
1141:
313:, a 178-square-kilometre (69 sq mi)
3605:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park
2419:
1741:
1597:. South Australia. 4 November 1948. p. 3
1354:. Meningie, South Australia: J. G. Hastings.
1256:. Adelaide, South Australia: Publishers Ltd.
337:Massacre, investigation and legal proceedings
8:
1477:"Place Names of SA - Kadina - Kangaroo Flat"
48:
2346:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
1329:Foster, Robert; Nettelbeck, Amanda (2012).
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3507:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)
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572:. Three years later, the South Australian
488:, and Estcourt House Convalescent Home at
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20:
4076:Indigenous Australians in South Australia
2351:Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians
1614:. Adelaide, South Australia: E. Spiller.
1497:The Coorong and Lakes of the Lower Murray
1293:A History of the Baker's Range Settlement
570:The Coorong and Lakes of the Lower Murray
558:A History of the Baker's Range Settlement
189:. It occurred in about September 1848 at
2207:Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840
1675:. Australian National University Press.
1254:The Pastoral Pioneers of South Australia
1042:
964:
482:The Pastoral Pioneers of South Australia
3591:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
2253:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911
2243:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
1368:"History of James Brown Memorial Trust"
940:
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634:
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526:Hastings, wrote a manuscript, entitled
3885:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1117:
3335:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
2435:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
1202:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
1166:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
1130:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
1106:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
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1067:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
1055:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
1031:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
1007:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
977:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
953:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
929:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
917:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
892:
809:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
722:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
705:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
693:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
666:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
654:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
642:Foster, Hosking & Nettelbeck 2001
245:had undertaken an epic horse ride to
7:
4086:Deaths by firearm in South Australia
3563:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area
3542:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park
2386:
1495:McCourt, Tom; Mincham, Hans (1987).
390:South Australian Legislative Council
4091:Massacres of Indigenous Australians
3946:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
3528:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park
411:In July 1849, the South Australian
384:. In May, Butler wrote a letter to
3514:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park
1481:manning.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au
511:. He stated that the story was in
14:
1589:"Pastoral Pioneers – James Brown"
3925:Aborigines' Friends' Association
3816:Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
2385:
2374:
2373:
402:Aboriginal Witnesses Act of 1848
266:
259:
230:Supreme Court of South Australia
61:Avenue Range Station (Australia)
47:
40:
3859:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
1178:James Brown Memorial Trust 2022
3493:Elliot Price Conservation Park
2356:Aborigines' Protection Society
2233:Aborigines Protection Act 1909
2217:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
518:In 1944, a local historian, J.
505:electoral district of Victoria
395:Brown's trial came before the
1:
3939:Avenue Range Station massacre
3556:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park
1976:Avenue Range Station massacre
1813:Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828
185:by white settlers during the
179:Avenue Range Station massacre
24:Avenue Range Station massacre
3850:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
1903:Fighting Waterholes massacre
1214:Foster & Nettelbeck 2012
1019:Foster & Nettelbeck 2012
824:Foster & Nettelbeck 2012
752:Foster & Nettelbeck 2012
737:Foster & Nettelbeck 2012
4081:Settlers of South Australia
3584:Strzelecki Regional Reserve
3549:Mamungari Conservation Park
3535:Innamincka Regional Reserve
3521:Lake Gairdner National Park
3500:Gawler Ranges National Park
3478:Co-managed protected areas:
3453:Indigenous protected areas:
2309:Aboriginal Protection Board
1230:Banks, Jessie Mary (1970).
181:was a murder of a group of
16:Massacre in South Australia
4117:
3958:History of South Australia
3823:Nunga (Aboriginal English)
3619:Yumbarra Conservation Park
3570:Nullarbor Regional Reserve
3370:List of Aboriginal schools
2258:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
1957:War of Southern Queensland
1843:Convincing Ground massacre
1831:Port Phillip District Wars
1771:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1645:"Thursday, 11th September"
1610:Smith, Christina (1965) .
1521:. London: Gay & Bird.
1352:The History of the Coorong
1142:McCourt & Mincham 1987
528:The History of the Coorong
4101:1848 murders in Australia
3984:
3843:
3639:
3389:
3071:Poltpalingada Booboorowie
2369:
1801:Minnamurra River massacre
1649:South Australian Register
1436:South Australian Register
1416:South Australian Register
1396:South Australian Register
1275:South Australian Register
1154:Education Department 1990
867:South Australian Register
852:South Australian Register
837:South Australian Register
792:South Australian Register
765:South Australian Register
199:Colony of South Australia
36:
28:
3932:Australian frontier wars
3868:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
3577:Pureba Conservation Park
3349:Gerard Community Council
2286:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2)
2281:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1)
2212:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
2024:Koonchera Point massacre
2006:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
1885:Murdering Gully massacre
1873:Campaspe Plains massacre
1757:Australian frontier wars
1711:"James Brown case study"
1350:Hastings, J. G. (1944).
331:Australian frontier wars
197:in the southeast of the
187:Australian frontier wars
31:Australian frontier wars
3729:Western Desert language
2314:Protector of Aborigines
2030:Jandamarra Guerilla War
2000:Hospital Creek Massacre
1963:Battle of One Tree Hill
1951:Warrigal Creek massacre
1897:Fighting Hills massacre
1861:Waterloo Creek massacre
1777:Battle of Richmond Hill
1665:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1627:Smith, Elma J. (1950).
1432:"Law and Police Courts"
1412:"Law and Police Courts"
1392:"Law and Police Courts"
881:Ordinance No. 4 of 1849
779:Ordinance No. 3 of 1848
754:, pp. 70, 161–162.
382:committed him for trial
343:Protector of Aborigines
239:committed him for trial
226:Protector of Aborigines
3784:Lower Murray languages
3356:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa
3254:Eileen Yaritja Stevens
2070:Indigenous Australian
2048:Forrest River massacre
2036:Mistake Creek massacre
1855:Battle of Broken River
1719:University of Adelaide
1594:The Narracoorte Herald
1291:Durman, Barry (1978).
993:The Narracoorte Herald
589:Evolution of the story
365:
183:Aboriginal Australians
110:36.71104°S 140.16339°E
4096:September 1848 events
3990:By state or territory
3975:Waterloo Bay massacre
3612:Witjira National Park
3486:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
3156:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin
2749:Western Desert people
1994:Hornet Bank massacre
1988:East Ballina massacre
1982:Waterloo Bay massacre
1939:Pelican Creek tragedy
1457:The Adelaide Observer
1033:, pp. 88–89, 91.
955:, pp. 74, 84–87.
679:The Adelaide Observer
465:published his novel,
457:Legend of James Brown
426:Port Phillip District
363:
3791:Thura-Yura languages
3701:Ngamini (Yarluyandi)
2042:Mowla Bluff massacre
2012:Flying Foam Massacre
1970:Darkey Flat Massacre
1933:Rufus River massacre
1867:Myall Creek massacre
1821:(Tasmania) (1828–32)
1789:Risdon Cove massacre
1782:Battle of Parramatta
1474:Manning, Geoffrey H.
1452:"Local Intelligence"
574:Education Department
501:Member of Parliament
386:Charles Hervey Bagot
277:class=notpageimage|
115:-36.71104; 140.16339
55:Avenue Range Station
2263:Aborigines Act 1934
2248:Aborigines Act 1911
2238:Aborigines Act 1910
2072:resistance warriors
1945:Evans Head massacre
1915:Gippsland massacres
1879:Blood Hole massacre
1689:on 24 February 2018
1629:History of Kingston
1232:Kingston Flashbacks
1216:, pp. 161–164.
1190:State Library of SA
1021:, pp. 162–164.
826:, pp. 161–162.
553:Kingston Flashbacks
549:History of Kingston
542:Victorian gold rush
106: /
4003:Northern Territory
3759:Yarli (Malyangapa)
3363:Maralinga Tjarutja
3219:Lowitja O'Donoghue
2553:Maralinga Tjarutja
2319:Aboriginal reserve
2291:Tuckiar v The King
2060:Caledon Bay crisis
1849:Battle of Pinjarra
1825:Cape Grim massacre
1669:"Tanganekald (SA)"
931:, pp. 74, 81.
620:Tanganekald people
388:, a member of the
366:
235:capital punishment
211:Tanganekald people
4066:Massacres in 1848
4061:1848 in Australia
4048:
4047:
4038:Western Australia
3912:
3911:
3832:
3831:
3628:
3627:
3289:Natasha Wanganeen
3191:Natascha McNamara
3037:
3036:
2508:, (including the
2401:
2400:
2334:
2333:
2224:(statute 24/1889)
2054:Coniston massacre
1927:Wonnerup massacre
1682:978-0-708-10741-6
1506:978-0-7316-1370-0
1378:on 12 August 2018
1342:978-1-74305-172-6
1321:978-1-86254-533-5
1241:978-0-9599840-0-2
1204:, pp. 92–93.
1168:, pp. 77–78.
1108:, pp. 89–91.
1057:, pp. 76–77.
1009:, pp. 82–83.
979:, pp. 74–76.
919:, pp. 80–81.
854:29 September 1849
839:12 September 1849
811:, pp. 79–80.
695:, pp. 78–80.
616:Bungandidj people
428:of the colony of
347:Matthew Moorhouse
222:Matthew Moorhouse
175:
174:
163:Aboriginal people
4108:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3977:
3970:
3960:
3953:
3950:Royal Commission
3941:
3934:
3927:
3905:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3841:
3825:
3818:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3776:Language groups:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3637:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3470:
3468:Mount Willoughby
3463:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3397:
3387:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3296:Ginger Wikilyiri
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3142:Stevie Goldsmith
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2819:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2192:
2164:Tunnerminnerwait
1891:Battle of Yering
1837:Yagan Resistance
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1722:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1685:. Archived from
1660:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1623:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1530:
1515:Newland, Simpson
1510:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1363:
1346:
1325:
1304:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1265:
1250:Cockburn, Rodney
1245:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
989:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
869:28 November 1849
863:
857:
848:
842:
833:
827:
821:
812:
806:
797:
788:
782:
776:
770:
761:
755:
749:
740:
734:
725:
719:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
623:
618:to refer to the
608:
525:
521:
509:State Parliament
413:Advocate General
379:
375:
371:
270:
269:
263:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
82:
81:
51:
50:
44:
21:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4071:Limestone Coast
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4017:South Australia
4015:
4008:
4001:
3996:New South Wales
3994:
3989:
3980:
3973:
3963:
3956:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3908:
3901:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3737:Yankunytjatjara
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3400:
3393:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3282:Gavin Wanganeen
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3114:Kevin Buzzacott
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2949:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2777:Yankunytjatjara
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2437:
2432:
2402:
2397:
2365:
2330:
2301:
2295:
2269:
2183:
2071:
2065:
1759:
1754:
1709:
1706:
1704:Further reading
1701:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1626:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1307:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1270:"Criminal Side"
1268:
1248:
1242:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
995:4 November 1948
990:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
864:
860:
849:
845:
834:
830:
822:
815:
807:
800:
789:
785:
777:
773:
762:
758:
750:
743:
735:
728:
720:
711:
703:
699:
691:
687:
676:
672:
668:, pp. 5–8.
664:
660:
652:
648:
640:
636:
632:
627:
626:
609:
605:
600:
591:
523:
519:
478:Rodney Cockburn
463:Simpson Newland
459:
442:Christina Smith
438:
430:New South Wales
422:Kangaroo Island
377:
373:
369:
354:cartridge paper
339:
291:South Australia
283:
282:
281:
279:
273:
272:
271:
255:
207:Christina Smith
136:
129:~September 1848
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
76:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3961:
3954:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3798:Sign languages
3794:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3733:Pitjantjatjara
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3342:Aṉangu schools
3338:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3317:Tjayanka Woods
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3247:Tauto Sansbury
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3135:Gladys Elphick
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3100:Shaun Burgoyne
3096:
3093:Peter Burgoyne
3089:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3064:Maringka Baker
3060:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3042:Notable people
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3022:(Point McLeay)
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2700:Pitjantjatjara
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
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2514:
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2474:
2467:
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2416:
2408:
2399:
2398:
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2395:
2383:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2361:Half-Caste Act
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
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2316:
2305:
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2297:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
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2225:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Tongerlongeter
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Maulboyheenner
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2018:Kalkadoon Wars
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1921:Eumerella Wars
1918:
1912:
1909:Maria massacre
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1661:
1641:
1624:
1607:
1585:
1575:. 25 July 1849
1566:
1556:. 21 July 1848
1547:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1492:
1470:
1448:
1428:
1408:
1388:
1364:
1347:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1305:
1288:
1266:
1246:
1240:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
858:
843:
828:
813:
798:
783:
771:
756:
741:
726:
709:
697:
685:
670:
658:
646:
633:
631:
628:
625:
624:
612:Norman Tindale
602:
601:
599:
596:
590:
587:
513:Paving the Way
480:'s 1927 book,
458:
455:
444:wrote a book,
437:
434:
338:
335:
275:
274:
265:
264:
258:
257:
256:
254:
251:
213:. Pastoralist
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
155:Nine to eleven
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
90:
84:
83:
70:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4113:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:Adnyamathanha
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:Organisations
3325:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:James Unaipon
3272:
3269:
3268:David Unaipon
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:Frances Rings
3230:
3227:
3226:Alitya Rigney
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:Lewis O'Brien
3209:
3206:
3205:Betty Muffler
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:Tjungkara Ken
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:Nyakul Dawson
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:Hector Burton
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:Iris Burgoyne
3083:
3080:
3079:Jack Buckskin
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:Killalpaninna
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:Yawarrawarrka
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:Ngaanyatjarra
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:Adnyamathanha
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Mannalargenna
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:(1840s–1860s)
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:Tedbury's War
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1571:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1372:kalyra.org.au
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:, p. 77.
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1069:, p. 82.
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:Hastings 1944
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
965:Cockburn 1927
961:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
937:
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
868:
862:
859:
855:
853:
847:
844:
840:
838:
832:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
793:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
768:
766:
760:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
739:, p. 70.
738:
733:
731:
727:
724:, p. 79.
723:
718:
716:
714:
710:
707:, p. 78.
706:
701:
698:
694:
689:
686:
682:
680:
674:
671:
667:
662:
659:
656:, p. 74.
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
635:
629:
621:
617:
613:
607:
604:
597:
595:
588:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
538:
533:
529:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Clement Smith
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
451:
447:
443:
436:Later account
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
397:Supreme Court
393:
391:
387:
383:
362:
358:
355:
350:
348:
344:
336:
334:
332:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Encounter Bay
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
262:
252:
250:
248:
242:
240:
236:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
202:
200:
196:
195:sheep station
192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
128:
124:
119:
91:
89:
85:
80:
74:
71:
67:
43:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3965:
3938:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3752:Yandruwandha
3722:Wangkangurru
3708:Ngarrindjeri
3443:Wati-kutjara
3413:
3409:
3405:
3310:Chad Wingard
3303:Norah Wilson
3261:Moogy Sumner
3163:Ruby Hammond
3121:Vince Copley
3073:(Tom Walker)
3013:Point Pearce
2904:Pipalyatjara
2784:Yardliyawara
2770:Yandruwandha
2651:Ngarrindjeri
2390:
2378:
1975:
1972:(circa 1845)
1807:Bathurst War
1773:(1795–1816)
1714:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1672:
1653:. Retrieved
1648:
1628:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1592:
1577:. Retrieved
1558:. Retrieved
1534:
1518:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1462:. Retrieved
1455:
1440:. Retrieved
1435:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1400:. Retrieved
1395:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:the original
1371:
1351:
1331:
1310:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1273:
1253:
1231:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
992:
972:
960:
948:
941:Newland 1893
936:
924:
912:
905:Tindale 1974
900:
888:
876:
866:
861:
851:
846:
836:
831:
794:20 June 1849
791:
786:
774:
767:13 June 1849
764:
759:
700:
688:
681:3 April 1847
678:
673:
661:
649:
644:, p. 3.
637:
606:
592:
583:
578:Ngarrindjeri
569:
562:
557:
552:
548:
546:
532:Murray Mouth
527:
517:
512:
494:
481:
475:
471:Murray River
466:
460:
445:
439:
418:whaling ship
410:
394:
380:Butler, who
367:
351:
340:
323:
315:pastoral run
311:Avenue Range
301:. That May,
284:
243:
219:
203:
191:Avenue Range
178:
176:
73:Avenue Range
18:
3731:(dialects:
3652:Antakirinja
3429:Muldjewangk
3402:'Dreamtime'
3383:and culture
3240:Nura Rupert
3198:Patty Mills
3170:Ruby Hunter
3149:Adam Goodes
3057:Jimmy Baker
3050:Ian Abdulla
2972:(Umeewarra)
2913:(Ernabella)
2815:Communities
2763:Wongkanguru
2721:Tanganekald
2506:Jarildekald
2457:Antakirinja
2300:Committees
2274:Court cases
2169:Windradyne
2149:Tarenorerer
2129:Multuggerah
2094:Cannabaygal
1815:(1827-1828)
1693:24 February
1570:Ordinance 4
1551:Ordinance 3
1118:Durman 1978
319:Guichen Bay
303:James Brown
295:established
215:James Brown
135:Attack type
113: /
101:140°09′48″E
88:Coordinates
4055:Categories
4010:Queensland
3006:Oak Valley
2933:Yunyarinyi
2805:Yirawirung
2791:Yarluyandi
2728:Thangkaali
2714:Ramindjeri
2630:Ngangaruku
2560:Mardidjali
2546:Malyangapa
2485:Bungandidj
2478:Bodaruwitj
2302:and boards
2114:Kikatapula
2109:Jandamarra
1959:(1843–55)
1655:10 October
1601:22 January
1579:15 October
1560:15 October
1464:25 October
1442:10 October
1422:10 October
1402:10 October
1282:10 October
1223:References
1091:Banks 1970
1079:Smith 1950
893:Smith 1965
450:Rivoli Bay
326:Aboriginal
253:Background
98:36°42′40″S
3715:Paakantyi
3666:Barngarla
3633:Languages
3422:Tjilbruke
3414:tjukurrpa
3410:mura-mura
2999:Nepabunna
2970:Davenport
2963:Colebrook
2955:Poonindie
2847:Indulkana
2823:APY Lands
2707:Portaulun
2686:Peramangk
2609:Ngayawang
2567:Meintangk
2518:Karangura
2510:Mulbarapa
2471:Barngarla
2062:(1932–34)
2032:(1894–97)
2020:(1870–90)
1845:(1833/34)
1839:(1831–33)
1833:(1830–50)
1819:Black War
1797:(1804–05)
1637:219978900
1620:894837601
1543:556252666
1527:557491032
1360:220096782
1301:219798168
1262:219862531
630:Footnotes
537:squatters
495:In 1939,
4031:Victoria
4024:Tasmania
3968:massacre
3694:Ngadjuri
3687:Narungga
3436:Ngiṉṯaka
3381:Religion
3177:Ivaritji
2992:Koonibba
2890:Mintabie
2863:(Fregon)
2861:Kaltjiti
2693:Pilatapa
2672:Ngurunta
2665:Ngintait
2637:Ngaralda
2602:Ngadjuri
2581:Narungga
2380:Category
2144:Pemulwuy
2139:Nemarluk
2134:Musquito
2104:Eumarrah
2099:Dundalli
1667:(1974).
1517:(1893).
1252:(1927).
566:Adelaide
503:for the
299:Adelaide
247:Adelaide
147:Firearms
139:Massacre
69:Location
29:Part of
3917:History
3745:Wirangu
3659:Arabana
3461:Watarru
3416:, etc.)
3395:Arkaroo
3020:Raukkan
2926:Watarru
2911:Pukatja
2897:Nyapaṟi
2756:Wirangu
2658:Ngawadj
2644:Ngarkat
2623:Ngameni
2574:Mirning
2532:Kokatha
2492:Dhirari
2464:Arabana
2442:Peoples
2392:Commons
2179:Yilbung
2154:Tedbury
2089:Calyute
2079:Baulie
2026:(1880s)
1917:(1840s)
1486:20 June
1382:22 June
317:in the
160:Victims
144:Weapons
3895:Cases:
3808:Words:
3680:Kaurna
3028:Yalata
2978:Gerard
2951:Akenta
2943:Other:
2883:Mimili
2876:Makiri
2735:Wailpi
2679:Nukunu
2616:Ngalia
2539:Kuyani
2525:Kaurna
2084:Beilba
2056:(1928)
2050:(1926)
2044:(1916)
2038:(1915)
2014:(1868)
2008:(1861)
2002:(1859)
1996:(1857)
1990:(1853)
1984:(1849)
1978:(1848)
1953:(1843)
1947:(1842)
1941:(1842)
1935:(1841)
1929:(1841)
1911:(1840)
1905:(1840)
1899:(1840)
1893:(1840)
1887:(1839)
1881:(1839)
1875:(1839)
1869:(1838)
1863:(1838)
1857:(1836)
1851:(1834)
1827:(1828)
1809:(1824)
1803:(1818)
1791:(1804)
1764:Events
1679:
1635:
1618:
1541:
1525:
1503:
1358:
1339:
1318:
1299:
1260:
1238:
524:
520:
499:, the
490:Grange
486:Belair
378:
374:
370:
287:colony
224:, the
168:Motive
152:Deaths
75:
3966:Maria
3673:Dieri
2919:Umuwa
2869:Kaṉpi
2854:Kalka
2840:Iltur
2833:Amaṯa
2742:Warki
2499:Dieri
2339:Other
2188:Legal
2174:Yagan
1573:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
598:Notes
3837:Laws
3766:Yuyu
3406:muda
2588:Nauo
2195:Laws
1695:2018
1677:ISBN
1657:2017
1633:OCLC
1616:OCLC
1603:2018
1581:2017
1562:2017
1539:OCLC
1523:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1488:2022
1466:2017
1444:2017
1424:2017
1404:2017
1384:2022
1356:OCLC
1337:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1297:OCLC
1284:2017
1258:OCLC
1236:ISBN
420:off
406:oath
293:was
285:The
193:, a
177:The
126:Date
476:In
289:of
4057::
3735:,
3412:,
3408:,
1717:.
1713:.
1671:.
1647:.
1591:.
1479:.
1454:.
1434:.
1414:.
1394:.
1370:.
1272:.
1098:^
984:^
816:^
801:^
744:^
729:^
712:^
544:.
522:G.
376:V.
372:G.
345:,
333:.
201:.
3952:)
3948:(
3739:)
3404:(
2957:)
2953:(
2825::
2512:)
2427:e
2420:t
2413:v
1749:e
1742:t
1735:v
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
