Knowledge (XXG)

MV Awa Maru

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sank "she was carrying a cargo of rubber, lead, tin, and sugar. Seventeen hundred merchant seamen and 80 first-class passengers, all survivors of ship sinkings, were being transported from Singapore to Japan.... survivor said no Red Cross supplies were aboard, they having been previously unloaded."
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camps. Under the agreed rules, she disclosed to the Allies the route she would take back to Japan. Her original route was promulgated through a minefield, an apparent ruse to draw attackers into the mined area. The area was known to be mined, and would have been avoided at any rate. Her final route
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launched one of the biggest salvage efforts on a single ship in history. They had successfully located and identified the wreck site in 1977 and were convinced that the vessel was carrying billions in gold and jewels. After approximately 5 years and $ 100 million spent on the effort, the search was
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forwarded a message to the United States through Bern, Switzerland, demanding payment of 196,115,000 yen ($ 45 million) for the loss of 2,003 lives; 30,370,000 yen ($ 7.25 million) for the goods aboard the Awa Maru; and various other claims, for a total demand of 227,286,600 yen or approximately $
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scoured thousands of intercepted communications to determine what exactly happened to the treasure. From the communications, they determined that the treasure was not to be taken back to Japan. It was to be sent from Japan to Singapore where it would then be delivered to Thailand. The gold was
273:, Japan. The vessel was designed for passenger service, but the onset of war by the time work was completed changed requirements, and she was requisitioned by the Japanese Navy. While sailing as a relief ship under Red Cross auspices in 1945, she was torpedoed by 42: 489:, which were in Singapore at the time and were, on their own, priceless in value. There are various theories regarding the disappearance of a number of Peking Man fossils during World War II; one such theory is that the bones sank with the 528:
sank the ship. Only one of the 2,004 passengers and crew, Kantora Shimoda, survived. He was the captain's personal steward, and it was the third instance of him being the sole survivor of a torpedoed ship. The commanding officer of the
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in July 1943, and returned to Japan with convoy Hi-14 in November. She again traveled to Singapore with convoy Hi-41 in February 1944, and returned to Japan with convoy Hi-48 in March. She then transported troops to
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being loaded with a cargo of rice in sacks; however, that evening the docks were reportedly cleared and troops were brought in to first unload the rice and then re-load her with contraband.
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took on several hundred stranded merchant marine officers, military personnel, diplomats and civilians at Singapore. In addition, there were stories that the ship carried
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The ship was built by Mitsubishi at Nagasaki on the southern island of Kyushu. The keel was laid down in the summer of 1941 (July 10, 1941). The
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Transpacific steam: the story of steam navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867-1941.
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Commander Loughlin was found guilty of negligence, and the U.S. Government offered, via neutral Switzerland, to replace the
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agreement, she was supposed to be given safe passage by Allied forces, and Allied commanders issued orders to that effect.
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finally called off. No treasure was found. However, several personal artifacts were returned to Japan.
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This article is about the motor vessel launched in 1942. For the steamship launched in 1899, see
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Treaties and other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949, Volume 9
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21 August 1944: Under tow, AWA MARU arrives in Manila after the main body of the convoy arrives.
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Sensō: the Japanese remember the Pacific War : letters to the editor of "Asahi Shimbun,"
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The ship departed Singapore on March 28, but on April 1 was intercepted late at night in the
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Sensō: the Japanese remember the Pacific War : letters to the editor of Asahi Shimbun.
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Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949.
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Her voyage also corresponded with the last possible location of the fossil remains of
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Ghost of War: The Sinking of the Awa Maru and Japanese-American Relations, 1945-1995.
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was repaired in Singapore, and returned to Japan with convoy Hi-84 in January 1945.
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Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
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had been guaranteed safe passage as a relief ship carrying Red Cross supplies to
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050716083513/http://www.subnet.com/fleet/ss393.htm
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with convoy Hi-63 in May, and returned to Japan with convoy Hi-66 in June.
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Washington: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
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was reloaded with a cargo of tin and rubber for the return trip to Japan.
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was launched on August 24, 1942; and she was completed on March 5, 1943.
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relief ship, purportedly carrying vital supplies to American and Allied
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On the very day of Japan's surrender, 14 August 1945, Foreign Minister
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The Japanese bill was never paid, and in 1949 the matter was closed.
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East West: The Chinese-American News Magazine, Vol. 10, 1976, p. 66.
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was one of several ships torpedoed that night, but beached at Port
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U.S. Bureau of Manufactures, Bureau of Foreign Commerce. (1905).
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reinforcements to the Philippines. The convoy sailed into the
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Gold warriors: America's secret recovery of Yamashita's gold.
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52.5 million....No gold bullion is mentioned in the message.
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with a similar ship. Japan demanded full indemnification.
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was the second NYK vessel to bear this name. A 6,309-ton
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The ship's name came in part from the ancient province of
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to avoid sinking, and was towed to Manila on 21 August.
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was requisitioned and refitted for auxiliary use by the
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was completed in 1899 and taken out of service in 1930.
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War crimes by the United States during World War II
2221: 1468: 775: 385:on 17 August, and was discovered that evening by 342:left Japan carrying 3,000 tons of ammunition for 1177:Red Scorpion: The War Patrols of the USS Rasher. 1154:Seagrave, Sterling and Peggy Seagrave. (2003). 838:Red Scorpion: The War Patrols of the USS Rasher, 656:Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter. 1463:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1945 1097:Sink 'Em All: Submarine Warfare in the Pacific 782:. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company. pp.  612:List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines 250: 1448: 588:In the aftermath of the salvage attempt, the 267:Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. 109:Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. 8: 2524:World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean 680: 678: 1428:http://issuu.com/hnsa/docs/ss-393_queenfish 1455: 1441: 1433: 1319:http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/queenfish.html 1100:, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 617:List of maritime disasters in World War II 472:treasure worth approximately US$ 5 billion 427:conditions on the night of 18/19 August. 2554:Attacks on hospitals during World War II 1012:United States Government Printing Office 990: 807:Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2012). 635: 1265:http://www.combinedfleet.com/Awa_t.htm 940: 938: 936: 934: 658:"AWA MARU: Tabular Record of Movement" 459:(POWs) in Japanese custody. Under the 265:. The ship was built in 1941–1943 by 36: 1145:The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet. 729:The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet, 651: 649: 647: 645: 643: 641: 639: 60: 7: 2529:World War II merchant ships of Japan 970:"Japanese Army Auxiliary Transports" 396:assembled other American submarines 1142:, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1935). 1118:The Sinking and the Salvage of the 691:. Trafford Publishing. p. 77. 1235:U.S. Department of State. (1968). 1221:Monthly consular and trade reports 1122:(U): A Strange and Tragic Tale (U) 1033:Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 741:Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: 25: 2534:Ships sunk by American submarines 2539:Maritime incidents in April 1945 2469: 2464: 2452: 2444: 726:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1935). 88: 61: 40: 27:Japanese ocean liner (1942–1945) 2519:Shipwrecks in the Taiwan Strait 1056:Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. 1050:, Frank and Beth Cary. (2006). 593:successfully delivered and the 466:Having delivered her supplies, 2499:Hospital ships in World War II 1004:"Settlement of Awa Maru Claim" 1: 957:National Security Agency 1981 945:National Security Agency 1981 900:National Security Agency 1981 715:National Security Agency 1981 1148:Tokyo: Nippon Yusen Kaisha. 1267:Tabular record of movement 350:traveled to Singapore with 2570: 1317:(position apparently from 1200:New York: Cornwall Books. 1194:Tate, E. Mowbray. (1986). 582:People's Republic of China 508:, which mistook her for a 500:by the American submarine 29: 2439: 1174:Sasgen, Peter T. (2005). 835:Sasgen, Peter T. (2005). 251: 183: 55: 39: 2148:Unknown date:  1258:US Department of State: 1113:National Security Agency 1074:Harper, Dale P. (2001). 1027:Dingman, Roger. (1997). 685:Harper, Dale P. (2001). 537:Charles Elliott Loughlin 204:153 m (502 ft) 1080:. Trafford Publishing. 972:. www.combinedfleet.com 914:"Too Close for Comfort" 539:was ordered by Admiral 228:17 knots (31 km/h) 184:General characteristics 1315:USS Queenfish (SS-393) 575: 332:Imperial Japanese Navy 220:2 diesels, twin screws 212:20 m (66 ft) 173:Torpedoed and sunk by 2504:Ships of the NYK Line 1077:Too Close for Comfort 912:Gordon, Bill (2004). 688:Too Close for Comfort 566: 545:general court-martial 524:The torpedoes of the 1182:Simon & Schuster 1092:Lockwood, Charles A. 338:. On 26 March 1943, 296:. This mid-century 294:Tokushima Prefecture 2544:Japanese hell ships 2509:Steamships of Japan 2371:19 Apr:  1393: /  1346: /  1285: /  862:Seagrave, Sterling 521:avoided the mines. 476:strategic materials 369:carrying Operation 288:at the east end of 263:Nippon Yusen Kaisha 194:gross register tons 2427:30 Apr:  2418:29 Apr:  2403:28 Apr:  2394:27 Apr:  2349:16 Apr:  2333:15 Apr:  2324:14 Apr:  2302:12 Apr:  2294:11 Apr:  2121:30 Apr:  2089:29 Apr:  2075:28 Apr:  2061:27 Apr:  2035:25 Apr:  2018:Frederick C. Davis 2014:24 Apr:  1999:23 Apr:  1984:22 Apr:  1976:21 Apr:  1950:19 Apr:  1942:17 Apr:  1902:16 Apr:  1876:15 Apr:  1856:14 Apr:  1842:13 Apr:  1821:12 Apr:  1807:10 Apr:  1398:25.450°N 120.117°E 1351:25.417°N 120.117°E 1324:2017-10-25 at the 1290:24.667°N 119.750°E 755:Miramar Ship Index 451:was employed as a 381:naval base in the 236:Steel construction 2481: 2480: 2285:9 Apr:  2276:8 Apr:  2246:6 Apr:  2237:5 Apr:  2228:2 Apr:  1733:9 Apr:  1719:8 Apr:  1649:7 Apr:  1587:6 Apr:  1572:5 Apr:  1545:4 Apr:  1506:3 Apr:  1485:2 Apr:  1477:1 Apr:  1206:978-0-8453-4792-8 1190:978-0-7434-8910-2 1166:978-1-85984-542-4 1086:978-1-55212-628-8 1062:978-0-7656-1643-2 1039:978-1-55750-159-2 813:combinedfleet.com 698:978-1-55212-628-8 292:, in what is now 240: 239: 16:(Redirected from 2561: 2473: 2468: 2456: 2448: 1825:Mannert L. Abele 1644:SS Logan Victory 1638:SS Hobbs Victory 1457: 1450: 1443: 1434: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1136: 1134: 1128:, archived from 1127: 1108: 1016: 1015: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 981: 979: 977: 966: 960: 954: 948: 942: 929: 928: 926: 924: 909: 903: 897: 891: 879: 873: 860: 854: 851: 842: 833: 827: 826: 821: 819: 804: 798: 797: 781: 768: 762: 751: 745: 739: 733: 724: 718: 712: 703: 702: 682: 673: 672: 670: 668: 653: 624:Wilhelm Gustloff 543:to an immediate 457:prisoners of war 365:was attached to 257:was a Japanese 256: 254: 253: 92: 70: 65: 44: 37: 21: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2460: 2435: 2222:Other incidents 2217: 1464: 1461: 1408: 1406: 1403:25.450; 120.117 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1379: 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372: 368: 364: 360: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 321: 319: 317: 309: 307: 305: 304: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 278: 272: 268: 264: 260: 247: 246: 235: 232: 231: 227: 224: 223: 219: 216: 215: 211: 208: 207: 203: 200: 199: 195: 191: 188: 187: 182: 179: 178: 172: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 156: 153: 152: 148: 145: 144: 140: 137: 136: 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 73: 69: 64: 59: 54: 50: 49: 43: 38: 33: 19: 2514:Ocean liners 2428: 2421: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1944: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1849: 1844: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1720: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1642: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1237: 1223:(1854-1903). 1220: 1196: 1176: 1156: 1144: 1130:the original 1121: 1117: 1115:(May 1981), 1096: 1076: 1052: 1029: 1007: 998: 986: 974:. Retrieved 964: 952: 921:. Retrieved 917: 907: 895: 886: 882: 877: 868: 863: 858: 837: 831: 823: 816:. Retrieved 812: 802: 777: 766: 749: 737: 728: 722: 687: 665:. Retrieved 661: 623: 594: 587: 579: 576: 567: 561: 559: 548: 535:, Commander 531: 525: 523: 513: 503: 495: 490: 484: 467: 465: 460: 448: 447:In 1945 the 446: 436: 428: 411: 405: 399: 393: 388: 370: 367:convoy Hi-71 362: 361: 347: 339: 336:World War II 327: 325: 315: 313: 302: 297: 283: 276: 244: 243: 241: 192:11,249  176: 165:1 April 1945 149:5 March 1943 133:10 July 1941 94:Nippon Yusen 78: 47: 46: 1401: / 1354: / 1293: / 959:, p. 7 902:, p. 5 772:Blair, Clay 759:ID #4049894 743:ID #4004181 717:, p. 4 667:23 November 541:Ernest King 352:convoy Hi-3 322:Pacific War 259:ocean liner 196: (GRT) 122:Yard number 2494:1942 ships 2488:Categories 2462:March 1945 1904:HMCS  1590:Amatsukaze 1470:Shipwrecks 1407: ( 1375:NSA chart 1360: ( 1299: ( 1180:New York: 1106:B000R556CU 1022:References 976:8 November 818:5 November 731:pp. 8, 80. 487:Peking Man 423:attack in 419:-assisted 383:Pescadores 217:Propulsion 154:In service 2420:USS  2411:USS  2396:HMS  2387:USS  2380:USS  2373:USS  2364:USS  2351:USS  2342:USS  2335:HMS  2326:USS  2317:USS  2304:USS  2289:Sea Devil 2287:USS  2278:USS  2269:USS  2262:USS  2255:USS  2248:USS  2239:USS  2232:Dickerson 2230:USS  2168:USS  2123:HMS  2016:USS  2001:USS  1986:USS  1917:USS  1906:Esquimalt 1845:Karlsruhe 1823:USS  1694:USS  1689:Oldenburg 1681:USS  1630:USS  1623:USS  1616:USS  1609:USS  1602:USS  1595:USS  1580:USS  1549:Dickerson 1547:USS  1514:USS  1495:Dickerson 1493:USS  556:Aftermath 547:. As the 532:Queenfish 526:Queenfish 510:destroyer 504:Queenfish 502:USS  480:Singapore 453:Red Cross 412:Spadefish 398:USS  387:USS  344:Singapore 277:Queenfish 275:USS  261:owned by 177:Queenfish 175:USS  146:Completed 130:Laid down 2475:May 1945 2375:Bullhead 2280:Bullhead 2241:Thornton 1658:Hamakaze 1652:Asashimo 1480:Awa Maru 1409:Awa Maru 1362:Awa Maru 1322:Archived 1301:Awa Maru 1280:119°45′E 1231:13504256 1214:12370774 1120:Awa Maru 1094:(1951), 1070:63245677 1014:. 1968 . 866:(2003). 774:(1975). 601:See also 595:Awa Maru 562:Awa Maru 549:Awa Maru 514:Awa Maru 491:Awa Maru 468:Awa Maru 449:Awa Maru 437:Awa Maru 433:Currimao 429:Awa Maru 421:wolfpack 406:Bluefish 363:Awa Maru 348:Awa Maru 340:Awa Maru 328:Awa Maru 316:Awa Maru 303:Awa Maru 298:Awa Maru 271:Nagasaki 245:Awa Maru 138:Launched 112:Nagasaki 85:Operator 79:Awa Maru 48:Awa Maru 2398:Redmill 2366:Harding 2328:Sigsbee 2319:Zellars 2306:Lindsey 2264:Mullany 2250:Defense 2125:Goodall 1988:Swallow 1919:Pringle 1683:LST-447 1664:Isokaze 1625:Newcomb 1604:Colhoun 1509:Brummer 1388:120°7′E 1385:25°27′N 1341:120°7′E 1338:25°25′N 1277:24°40′N 889:p. 115. 871:p. 203. 840:p. 438. 784:676–680 512:. The 443:Sinking 425:typhoon 394:Redfish 389:Redfish 334:during 310:History 290:Shikoku 189:Tonnage 105:Builder 56:History 2430:U-3525 2389:Tolman 2353:Bryant 2344:Laffey 2312:U-1024 2271:Rodman 2257:Emmons 2212:U-1055 2143:U-1107 2116:U-1017 2044:Ro-109 1953:Aquila 1937:U-1274 1912:Lützow 1897:U-1235 1891:U-1063 1871:U-1206 1851:U-1024 1802:U-2516 1796:U-3512 1790:U-2514 1784:U-2509 1778:U-1065 1728:U-1001 1714:Yamato 1708:Yahagi 1702:U-1195 1696:PGM-18 1676:Kasumi 1632:Witter 1618:Morris 1611:Leutze 1567:U-3003 1534:U-3505 1528:U-2542 1522:U-1221 1488:CD-186 1245:  1229:  1212:  1204:  1188:  1164:  1104:  1084:  1068:  1060:  1048:Gibney 1037:  923:28 Aug 883:et al. 790:  695:  415:for a 400:Rasher 201:Length 2413:Huron 2337:Ekins 2297:I-401 2206:U-857 2200:U-548 2194:U-398 2188:U-396 2182:U-325 2176:U-246 2170:Snook 2163:Ro-49 2157:Ro-46 2137:U-879 2131:TA 43 2110:U-307 2104:U-286 2078:CH-17 2070:TA 34 2056:U-326 2050:TA 32 2030:U-546 2024:U-108 2009:U-183 1994:U-518 1979:U-636 1971:U-879 1965:U-548 1959:U-251 1931:U-880 1885:U-285 1879:U-103 1865:U-235 1837:U-486 1831:Ro-64 1816:Weser 1810:U-878 1772:U-982 1766:U-843 1760:U-804 1754:U-747 1748:U-677 1742:Ro-56 1722:U-774 1670:Isuzu 1575:U-242 1561:U-749 1555:U-237 1501:U-321 1378:says 1331:says 1270:says 1133:(PDF) 1126:(PDF) 864:et al 631:Notes 417:radar 377:from 357:Burma 233:Notes 225:Speed 116:Japan 68:Japan 2458:1946 2450:1945 2442:1944 2422:Baya 2406:Argo 2382:Pogy 2359:Goya 2151:I-56 2098:U-56 2092:I-44 2084:U-56 1945:Goya 1925:U-78 1597:Bush 1582:S-17 1540:T111 1516:S-16 1247:6940 1243:OCLC 1227:OCLC 1210:OCLC 1202:ISBN 1186:ISBN 1162:ISBN 1102:ASIN 1082:ISBN 1066:OCLC 1058:ISBN 1035:ISBN 978:2022 925:2020 820:2019 788:ISBN 693:ISBN 669:2013 570:Togo 409:and 379:Mako 326:The 242:The 209:Beam 170:Fate 157:1943 75:Name 1578:, 622:MV 590:NSA 371:Shō 286:Awa 269:at 252:阿波丸 125:770 98:NYK 2490:: 2409:, 2385:, 2378:, 2362:, 2356:, 2340:, 2315:, 2309:, 2267:, 2260:, 2253:, 2209:, 2203:, 2197:, 2191:, 2185:, 2179:, 2173:, 2166:, 2160:, 2154:, 2140:, 2134:, 2128:, 2113:, 2107:, 2101:, 2095:, 2081:, 2067:, 2053:, 2047:, 2041:, 2027:, 2021:, 2006:, 1991:, 1968:, 1962:, 1956:, 1934:, 1928:, 1922:, 1915:, 1909:, 1894:, 1888:, 1882:, 1868:, 1862:, 1848:, 1834:, 1828:, 1813:, 1799:, 1793:, 1787:, 1781:, 1775:, 1769:, 1763:, 1757:, 1751:, 1745:, 1739:, 1725:, 1711:, 1705:, 1699:, 1692:, 1686:, 1679:, 1673:, 1667:, 1661:, 1655:, 1641:, 1635:, 1628:, 1621:, 1614:, 1607:, 1600:, 1593:, 1564:, 1558:, 1552:, 1537:, 1531:, 1525:, 1519:, 1512:, 1498:, 1491:, 1328:) 1208:; 1184:. 1168:; 1064:; 1041:; 1010:. 1006:. 933:^ 916:. 846:^ 822:. 811:. 786:. 757:: 707:^ 677:^ 660:. 638:^ 403:, 392:. 346:. 114:, 1456:e 1449:t 1442:v 1411:) 1364:) 1303:) 980:. 927:. 796:. 761:. 701:. 671:. 255:) 249:( 100:) 96:( 34:. 20:)

Index

Awa Maru (1943)
Awa Maru (1899)

Civil naval ensign ()
Japan

Nippon Yusen
NYK
Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co.
Nagasaki
Japan
USS Queenfish
gross register tons
ocean liner
Nippon Yusen Kaisha
Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co.
Nagasaki
USS Queenfish (SS-393)
Awa
Shikoku
Tokushima Prefecture
Awa Maru
Imperial Japanese Navy
World War II
Singapore
convoy Hi-3
Burma
convoy Hi-71
South China Sea
Mako

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