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405:. The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. Several systems originating in this part of the brain control the shift from wakefulness into sleep and sleep into wakefulness.
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Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine with cognition and activation of cortical
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and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain. Another key system is that provided by the
417:(also known as hypocretins) projecting neurons. These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with
367:, which supply energy to the neurons. Studies have shown that one of sleep's underlying functions is to replenish this glycogen energy source.
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Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A.; Yanagisawa, M. (2009).
885:"Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models"
500:
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neurons. After sustained periods of sleep, both the speed and synchronicity of the neurons firing are shown to decrease.
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Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC; Xiong, Y (1999).
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Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G (2009).
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Wakefulness is produced by a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitter systems arising in the
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Benington, JH; Heller, HC (1995). "Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep".
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Sakurai, T (2007). "The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness".
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in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent
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30:"Awake" and "Wakeful" redirect here. For other uses, see
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Lagercrantz, H (2009). "The birth of consciousness".
359:Another effect of wakefulness is the reduction of
440:is not awake, with wakefulness occurring in the
337:and behavioral responses to the external world.
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556:"The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness"
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748:Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K (2006).
608:"Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis"
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27:Brain state and state of consciousness
448:and the associated activation of the
377:Ascending reticular activating system
340:Being awake is the opposite of being
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580:Martin, Richard (1 November 2003).
141:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
700:"Control of Sleep and Wakefulness"
136:Mindfulness-based stress reduction
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151:Acceptance and commitment therapy
146:Mindfulness-based pain management
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501:"Sleep, dreams and wakefulness"
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767:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006
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973:The dictionary definition of
861:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X
801:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
669:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O
624:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024
156:Dialectical behavior therapy
444:due to the stress of being
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716:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011
595:– via www.wired.com.
436:It has been suggested the
389:and ascending through the
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161:Mode deactivation therapy
657:Progress in Neurobiology
411:tuberomammillary nucleus
371:Maintenance by the brain
36:Wakeful (disambiguation)
934:Early Human Development
889:Journal of Neuroscience
754:Journal of Neuroscience
197:Buddhism and psychology
472:High-conductance state
348:Effects upon the brain
32:Awake (disambiguation)
704:Physiological Reviews
325:is a daily recurring
511:on 30 September 2007
265:Choiceless awareness
940:(10 Suppl): S57–8.
895:(46): 14423–14438.
582:"It's Wake-Up Time"
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477:Lucid dream
323:Wakefulness
260:Observation
220:Wakefulness
177:Mindfulness
98:Anapanasati
50:Mindfulness
986:Categories
488:References
423:narcolepsy
365:astrocytes
130:Psychology
88:Sampajañña
992:Cognition
407:Histamine
387:brainstem
335:cognitive
255:Awareness
230:Alertness
225:Attention
179:(journal)
113:Vipassanā
954:19762170
919:19923277
870:10481909
821:17299454
786:17021184
734:22811426
685:39737626
642:19778514
591:15 April
565:15 April
540:15 April
515:15 April
467:Eugeroic
456:See also
399:thalamus
391:midbrain
361:glycogen
286:Category
235:Prudence
108:Appamāda
83:Anussati
67:Buddhism
910:2802289
829:8932862
777:6674640
725:3621793
677:7624482
633:2819325
442:newborn
419:arousal
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381:Arousal
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342:asleep
250:Epoché
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681:S2CID
586:Wired
438:fetus
327:brain
191:Other
18:Awake
950:PMID
915:PMID
866:PMID
848:Cell
817:PMID
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673:PMID
638:PMID
593:2019
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34:and
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