Wali - Knowledge (XXG)

779: 960: 2293:. According to scholars, "between the Turks of the Balkans and Anatolia, and those in Central Asia, despite the distance separating them, the concept of the saint and the organisation of pilgrimages displays no fundamental differences." The veneration of saints really spread in the Turkish lands from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries, and played a crucial role in medieval Turkic Sunni piety not only in cosmopolitan cities but also "in rural areas and amongst nomads of the whole Turkish world." One of the reasons proposed by scholars for the popularity of saints in pre-modern Turkey is that Islam was majorly spread by the early Sunni Sufis in the Turkish lands, rather than by purely exoteric teachers. Most of the saints venerated in Turkey belonged to the 2410: 1457: 2387: 66: 1480:—the mysticism of Islam—into orders or brotherhoods." In general Islamic piety of the period, the saint was understood to be "a contemplative whose state of spiritual perfection ... permanent expression in the teaching bequeathed to his disciples." It was by virtue of his spiritual wisdom that the saint was accorded veneration in medieval Islam, "and it is this which ... his 'canonization,' and not some ecclesiastical institution" as in 1783: 2272:

hagiographies, "their presence and their social efficacity ... immense" in shaping the spiritual life of Muslims in the region. For the vast majority of Muslims in the Maghreb even today, the saints remain "very much alive at their tomb, to the point that the person's name most often serves to denote the place." While this classical type of Sunni veneration represents the most widespread stance in the area, the modern influence of

1579: 1620:(d. 869), the most significant ninth-century expositor of the doctrine, posited six common attributes of true saints (not necessarily applicable to all, according to the author, but nevertheless indicative of a significant portion of them), which are: (1) when people see him, they are automatically reminded of God; (2) anyone who advances towards him in a hostile way is destroyed; (3) he possesses the gift of clairvoyance ( 1613:(d. 1073) defined the saint as someone "whose obedience attains permanence without interference of sin; whom God preserves and guards, in permanent fashion, from the failures of sin through the power of acts of obedience." Elsewhere, the same author quoted an older tradition in order to convey his understanding of the purpose of saints, which states: "The saints of God are those who, when they are seen, God is remembered." 1712:) are a reality. The miracle appears on behalf of the saint by way of contradicting the customary way of things.... And such a thing is reckoned as an evidentiary miracle on behalf of the Messenger to one of whose people this act appears, because it is evident from it that he is a saint, and he could never be a saint unless he were right in his religion; and his religion is the confession of the message of the Messenger" ( 2456: 4273: 3263: 2644: 7925: 3682: 2836: 1205: 1694:) whom He has specially distinguished by His friendship and whom He has chosen to be the governors of His kingdom… He has made the saints governors of the universe… Through the blessing of their advent the rain falls from heaven, and through the purity of their lives the plants spring up from the earth, and through their spiritual influence the Muslims gain victories over the truth concealers" ( 4021: 3605: 3315: 2884: 2574: 4144: 4336: 3986: 2734: 3171: 3130: 7937: 616: 7949: 6864: 2991: 1901:

Among these forty, al-Tirmidhi specified that seven of them were especially blessed. Despite their exalted nature, however, al-Tirmidhi emphasized that these forty saints occupied a rank below the prophets. Later important works which detailed the hierarchy of saints were composed by the mystic ʿAmmār al-Bidlīsī (d. between 1194 and 1207), the spiritual teacher of

1686:(ca. 700–1400), as well as by many prominent late-medieval scholars. The phenomena in traditional Islam can be at least partly ascribed to the writings of many of the most prominent Sunni theologians and doctors of the classical and medieval periods, many of whom considered the belief in saints to be "orthodox" doctrine. Examples of classical testimonies include: 1909:(d. 1209), who evidently knew of "a highly developed hierarchy of God's friends." The differences in terminology between the various celestial hierarchies presented by these authors were reconciled by later scholars through their belief that the earlier mystics had highlighted particular parts and different aspects of a single, cohesive hierarchy of saints. 1925:). The concept is often described in Sufi allegories as the self mirroring the light of God. Accordingly, the soul is tainted and in need of purification. In the purified state of the Sufi saint, the Sufi's spotless mind realizes that it has no real existence in itself; his existence is only God's light and he is only the mirror. 7961: 1774:—the dead are still conscious and active, with the wicked suffering in their graves as a prelude to hell and the pious at ease.) According to Islamic historian Jonathan A.C. Brown, "saints are thought to be no different" than prophets, "as able in death to answer invocations for assistance" as they were while alive. 1484:. In fact, the latter point represents one of the crucial differences between the Islamic and Christian veneration of saints, for saints are venerated by unanimous consensus or popular acclaim in Islam, in a manner akin to all those Christian saints who began to be venerated prior to the institution of 778: 2370:

Islamic tradition that particularly important classical saints have served as the heavenly advocates for specific Muslim empires, nations, cities, towns, and villages. With regard to the sheer omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote: "There is scarcely a region in the empire of Islam

1981:

All these saints know one another and cannot act without mutual consent. It is the task of the Awtad to go round the whole world every night, and if there should be any place on which their eyes have not fallen, next day some flaw will appear in that place, and they must then inform the Qutb in order

937:

and theory of saints". As has been noted by scholars, the development of these movements has indirectly led to a trend amongst some mainstream Muslims to resist "acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or ... their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations". However, despite

1513:

stating: "The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, by the acceptance of all Muslim scholars. And the Qur'an has pointed to it in different places, and the sayings of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are only people who are innovators and

2084:

for more or less a millennium"; in other words, since Islam first reached the lands of North Africa in the eighth century. The first written references to ascetic Muslim saints in Africa, "popularly admired and with followings," appear in tenth-century hagiographies. As has been noted by scholars,

1900:

to perpetuate the knowledge of the divine mysteries vouchsafed to them by the prophet. These forty saints, al-Tirmidhi stated, would be replaced in each generation after their earthly death; and, according to him, "the fact that they exist is a guarantee for the continuing existence of the world."

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has traversed all the realms of the Divine Names, i.e. has come to know God in His names as completely as possible, he is then extinguished in God's essence. His soul, his ego, is eliminated and ... when he acts, it is God Who acts through him. And so the state of extinction means at the same time

894:

are also believed to be saints by definition, although they are rarely referred to as such, in order to prevent confusion between them and ordinary saints; as the prophets are exalted by Muslims as the greatest of all humanity, it is a general tenet of Sunni belief that a single prophet is greater

2271:

Regarding the veneration of saints amongst Sunni Muslims in the Maghreb in the present day, scholars have noted the presence of many "thousands of minor, local saints whose tombs remain visible in villages or the quarters of towns." Although many of these saints lack precise historiographies or

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has also opposed the traditional veneration of saints, for many proponents of this ideology regard the practice as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium." Despite the presence, however, of these opposing streams of

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He does not say how the levels are populated. Pirs and buzurgs assist the spiritual progress of those who approach them. Walis may take responsibility for protecting a community and generally work in secret. Qutbs are similarly responsible for large regions. Nabis are charged with bringing a

1556:

from the eighteenth-century onwards. As has been noted by scholars, the development of these movements have indirectly led to a trend amongst some mainstream Muslims to also resist "acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or ... their presence and veneration as unacceptable

2108:. A "spiritual disciple of these two preceding saints," Abū Madyan, a prominent Sunni Maliki scholar, was the first figure in Maghrebi Sufism "to exercise an influence beyond his own region." Abū Madyan travelled to the East, where he is said to have met prominent mystics like the renowned 1730:"The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, and acknowledged by all Muslim scholars. The Qur'an has pointed to it in different places, and the Hadith of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are innovators or following innovators" ( 2085:

however, "the phenomenon may well be older," for many of the stories of the Islamic saints were passed down orally before finally being put to writing. One of the most widely venerated saints in early North African Islamic history was Abū Yaʿzā (or Yaʿazzā, d. 1177), an illiterate

2288:

Scholars have noted the tremendously "important role" the veneration of saints has historically played in Islamic life all these areas, especially amongst Sunnis who frequent the many thousands of tombs scattered throughout the region for blessings in performing the act of

845:... into orders or brotherhoods". In the common expressions of Islamic piety of this period, the saint was understood to be "a contemplative whose state of spiritual perfection ... permanent expression in the teaching bequeathed to his disciples". In many prominent Sunni 1879:

Although the doctrine of the hierarchy of saints is already found in written sources as early as the eighth-century, it was al-Tirmidhi who gave it its first systematic articulation. According to the author, forty major saints, whom he refers to by the various names of

2243:(1) the "pure, ascetic hermit," who is honored for having refused all ostentation, and is commemorated not on account of his written works but by virtue of the reputation he is believed to have had for personal sanctity, miracles, and "inward wisdom or gnosis"; 1609:." Moreover, the saint is also portrayed in traditional hagiographies as one who "in some way ... acquires his Friend's, i.e. God's, good qualities, and therefore he possesses particular authority, forces, capacities and abilities." Amongst classical scholars, 1498:, explicitly declared it a requirement for being an "orthodox" Muslim to believe in the existence and veneration of saints and in the traditional narratives of their lives and miracles. Hence, we find that even medieval critics of the widespread practice of 1062:

is that the former does not imply a saint who is also a spiritual master with disciples, while the latter directly does so through its connotations of "elder". Additionally, other Arabic and Persian words that also often have the same connotations as

2264:(4) female saints, who may belong to one of the aforementioned three categories or some other. It has been remarked that "Maghrebi sainthood is by no means confined to men, and ... some of the tombs of female saints are very frequently visited." 2250:), who is believed to have maintained orthodoxy in his fulfillment of the pillars of the faith, but who is famous for having taught in an unusually direct style or for having divulged the highest truths before the majority in a manner akin to 1443:(d. 855), where the word signifies a group of major saints "whose number would remain constant, one always being replaced by some other on his death." It is, in fact, reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified his contemporary, the mystic 2046:

The amount of veneration a specific saint received varied from region to region in Islamic civilization, often on the basis of the saint's own history in that region. While the veneration of saints played a crucial role in the daily piety of

2196:(d. 1465), "who returned to Morocco after a long trip to the East and then began a life as a hermit," and who achieved widespread renown for the miracles he is said to have wrought by the leave of God. Eventually, the latter was buried in 5185: 1828:, poet), saints were also distinguished cosmologically as regards their celestial function or standing. In Islam, however, the saints are represented in traditional texts as serving separate celestial functions, in a manner similar to the 2095:

whose reputation for sanctity was admired even in his own life. Another immensely popular saint of the time-period was Ibn Ḥirzihim (d. 1163), who also gained renown for his personal devoutness and his ability to work miracles. It was

1562:

thought, the classical doctrine of saint-veneration continues to thrive in many parts of the Islamic world today, playing a vital part in the daily piety of vast portions of Muslim countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Turkey,

1540:, whose influence has "formed a front against the veneration and theory of saints." For the adherents of Wahhabi ideology, for example, the practice of venerating saints appears as an "abomination", for they see in this a form of 1337:; but after the composition of his work, many Islamic scholars began writing down the widely circulated accounts, with later scholars like Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī (d. 948) making extensive use of Ibn Abi al-Dunya's work in his own 1604:

The general definition of the Muslim saint in classical texts is that he represents a " marked by divine favor ... holiness", being specifically "chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work

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order, born in modern-day Turkey he travelled to the Indian subcontinent and settled in the North-East Bengal and Assam spreading Islam across the area and became the main guide to the new Muslim population of Eastern Bengal.

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In the traditional Islamic understanding, a saint is portrayed as someone "marked by divine favor ... holiness", and who is specifically "chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work

942:

continues to thrive in many parts of the Islamic world today, playing a vital role in daily expressions of piety among vast segments of Muslim populations in Muslim countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Turkey,

2254:(d. 922). Famous and widely venerated saints of this "type" include Ibn al-Marʾa (d. 1214), ʿAlī al-Ṣanhāj̲ī (ca. 16th-century), ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mad̲j̲d̲h̲ūb (literally "ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Ecstatic", d. 1569); 1832:, and this is closely linked to the idea of a celestial hierarchy in which the various types of saints play different roles. A fundamental distinction was described in the ninth century by al-Tirmidhi in his 5486:

Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 227. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 227.

1306:), which also led many early scholars to deduce that a group of venerable people must exist who occupy a rank below the prophets but are nevertheless exalted by God. The references in the corpus of 1023:, literally "old ", "elder"). Although the ramifications of this phrase include the connotations of a general "saint," it is often used to specifically signify a spiritual guide of some type. 4570: 1282:

in this verse literally connotes "the truthful ones" or "the just ones," and was often interpreted by the early Islamic thinkers in the sense of "saints," with the famous Quran translator

2308:

or early Muslims saints who preached the faith in the region and were often martyred for their religion. Some of the most famous and widely venerated saints of this category include the

1333:) in the ninth-century, which constitutes "the earliest compilation on the theme of God's friends." Prior to Ibn Abi al-Dunya's work, the stories of the saints were transmitted through 5518: 1388:

saints or to focusing upon "the marvelous aspects of the life, the miracles or at least the prodigies of a Ṣūfī or of a saint believed to have been endowed with miraculous powers."

1421:(d. 1240) only further reinforced this idea of a saintly hierarchy, and the notion of "types" of saints became a mainstay of Sunni mystical thought, with such types including the 841:(d. 910). From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of 2239:

The veneration of saints in Maghrebi Sunni Islam has been studied by scholars with regard to the various "types" of saints venerated by Sunnis in those areas. These include:

6769: 1514:

their followers." In the words of one contemporary academic, practically all Muslims of that era believed that "the lives of saints and their miracles were incontestable."

1362:(d. 899) that a cohesive understanding of the Muslim saints was already in existence, with al-Kharraz spending ample space distinguishing between the virtues and miracles ( 2608:; in the words of one scholar, "the city has grown and developed under the beneficent aegis of the great saint, and the town of al-ʿUbbād has grown up round his tomb" 1278:

and the martyrs and the righteous. The best of company are they," to carry a reference to holy people who were not prophets and were ranked below the latter. The word

1476:

From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of

959: 6551:

Radtke, "Zwischen Traditionalisms und Intellektualismus. Geistesgeschichtliche und historiografische Bemerkungen zum Ibrīz des Aḥmad b. al-Mubārak al-Lamaṭī", in

1566:, Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Tunisia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco, as well as in countries with substantive Islamic populations like India, China, Russia, and the 947:, Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Tunisia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco, as well as in countries with substantial Islamic populations like India, China, Russia, and the 1286:

rendering it as "saints" in their interpretations of the scripture. Furthermore, the Quran referred to the miracles of saintly people who were not prophets like

999:), etc. – generic term for holiness and holy persons while there is no confusion, for Muslims, over their specific referents in Islam, namely: the reality of 1395:

officially articulated the previously-oral doctrine of an entire hierarchy of saints, with the first written account of this hierarchy coming from the pen of

6897: 6653: 763:

were interpreted by early Muslim thinkers as "documentary evidence" of the existence of saints. Graves of saints around the Muslim world became centers of

1801:

Saints were envisaged to be of different "types" in classical Islamic tradition. Aside from their earthly differences as regard their temporal duty (i.e.

6841: 2220:(d. 1934), with the latter three originating Sufi orders of their own. Famous adherents of the Shadhili order amongst modern Islamic scholars include 2267:(5) "Jewish saints", that is to say, venerable Jewish personages whose tombs are frequented by Sunni Muslims in the area for the seeking of blessings 1252:). However, particular Quranic verses were interpreted by early Islamic scholars to refer to a special, exalted group of holy people. These included 2379:

of a particular place prays for that place's well-being and for the health and happiness of all who live therein. Here is a partial list of Muslim

1668:

described the Islamic saints as "the great incarnations of the Islamic ideal.... spiritual giants with which almost every generation was blessed."

4235: 1660:. Al-Tirmidhi states, furthermore, that although the saint is not sinless like the prophets, he or she can nevertheless be "preserved from sin" ( 2409: 4906:. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. 5510: 2038:

reforming message to nations or faiths, and hence have a public role. Rasuls likewise have a mission of transformation of the world at large.

5242: 5215: 5033: 4911: 4864: 2058:

saints were most widely venerated in any given cultural climate depended on the hagiographic traditions of that particular area. Thus, while

2072:, as that is where he was believed to have preached, performed the majority of his miracles, and ultimately settled at the end of his life. 1429:("the substitute-saints"), amongst others. Many of these concepts appear in writing far before al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Arabi; the idea of the 2371:

which has not a Sufi for its Patron Saint." As the veneration accorded saints often develops purely organically in Islamic climates, the

7166: 4817:

Radtke, B.; Lory, P.; Zarcone, Th.; DeWeese, D.; Gaborieau, M.; Denny, F. M.; Aubin, F.; Hunwick, J. O.; Mchugh, N. (2012) . "Walī". In

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and cleared the Sunderbans for human settlement. He developed southern Bengal by linking Bagerghat to the trade city of Chittagong and

1456: 4925:

QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man ... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as

2375:

are often recognized through popular acclaim rather than through official declaration. Traditionally, it has been understood that the

895:

than all the regular saints put together. In short, it is believed that "every prophet is a saint, but not every saint is a prophet".

7389: 7190: 7178: 7063: 7051: 1766:) may come from the hadith that states "the Prophets are alive in their graves and they pray". (According to the Islamic concept of 983:

have regarded this as an appropriate translation, with Haddad describing the aversion of some Muslims towards the use of "saint" for

5605: 2143: 2720:

order, he spread Islam across Northern Bengal and Western Bihar, he was also the administrator of Northern Bengal under the Sultan

2154:

preeminent saint in Maghrebi piety, due to his being the founder of one of the most famous Sunni Sufi orders of North Africa: the

6646: 2204:

for the Sunnis of the area. Some of the most popular and influential Maghrebi saints and mystics of the following centuries were

1367: 891: 644: 1488:. In fact, a belief in the existence of saints became such an important part of medieval Islam that many of the most important 2300:

As scholars have noted, saints venerated in traditional Turkish Sunni Islam may be classified into three principal categories:

6885: 6742: 7706: 1677: 1038:

to refer to Sufi masters or similarly honored saints. Additionally, saints are also sometimes referred to in the Persian or

875:), a belief in the existence and miracles of saints was presented as "a requirement" for being an orthodox Muslim believer. 2323:

and was honored as a martyr shortly thereafter, and Sayyid Baṭṭāl G̲h̲āzī (d. ninth-century), who fought the Christians in

4501: 3960: 2614: 2386: 7915: 7981: 4901: 3473: 3355: 2213: 1682:

The doctrine of saints, and of their miracles, seems to have been taken for granted by many of the major authors of the

1529: 1435: 918: 7303: 7229: 7139: 4929:(saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka is believed to be strongest ... 1417:, while the Sufis were responsible for articulating the religion's deepest inward truths, later prominent mystics like 6639: 4536: 4509: 3970: 6623:

Martin Lings, "Proofs of Islam," transcript of lecture delivered at the Islamic Cultural Centre, later published in

5977:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs; cf. Lévi-Provençal, 4970:

Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra. Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam

1321:

of the saints", began to be compiled "and transmitted at an early stage" by many regular Muslim scholars, including

6065:

The other site is the over 1,200-year-old tomb of Ghazi Abdullah Shah, a descendant of Imam Hasan. He has become a

4562: 1274:, "Whosoever obeys God and the Messenger, they are with those unto whom God hath shown favor: the prophets and the 4830: 3842: 2064: 879: 7377: 7315: 7291: 7127: 7105: 7034: 7022: 3883:

buried alongside his successor Khwaja Khawand Ahmad Hazrat Ishaan III, Khwaja Bahauddin Thani Hazrat Ishaan IV,

1134:. Their tombs, meanwhile, are "denoted by terms of Arabic or Persian origin alluding to the idea of pilgrimage ( 5399:, tr. Zahra Sands (Louisville: Fons Vitae; Amaan: Royal Aal-al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2015), p. 79 4826: 3141: 3076: 2745: 2225: 1234:, the concept of sainthood is clearly described. Some modern scholars, however, assert that the Quran does not 1054:

role is to guide and instruct his disciples on the mystical path. Hence, the key difference between the use of

5174: 4155: 1982:

that he may direct his attention to the weak spot and that by his blessings the imperfection may be remedied.

1928:

In certain esoteric teachings of Islam, there is said to be a cosmic spiritual hierarchy whose ranks include

1226:(d. 1625); the picture is inscribed: "Though outwardly kings stand before him, he fixes his gazes on saints." 813:

began its rapid expansion, many of the figures who later came to be regarded as the major saints in orthodox

7986: 6687: 3089: 3056: 2692: 2147: 1767: 1713: 1494: 1359: 864: 851: 96: 1158:). But such tombs are also denoted by terms usually used for dervish convents, or a particular part of it ( 7991: 4839: 2724:

developing the area. His dargah in Malda is one of the largest in South Asia and gathers thousands a year.

2707: 1195: 752: 673: 2146:(d. 1127), a "saint ... had a posthumous fame through his being recognised as a master and a 'pole' by" 887: 5021: 4566: 3389: 2721: 2418: 1868: 1409:

were responsible for maintaining the "exoteric" part of Islamic orthodoxy, including the disciplines of

65: 33: 2176:, the Shadhili order produced numerous widely honored Sunni saints in the intervening years, including 1314:

saints like the pre-Islamic Jurayj̲, only lent further credence to this early understanding of saints.

466: 7185: 6431: 7816: 7645: 7401: 7384: 7357: 7173: 7161: 7134: 7090: 7070: 7017: 6863: 6836: 5580: 5321:

Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), p. 356

4574: 4531: 3814: 3776: 2022: 1867:

who reaches God. Ascent beyond God's throne means to traverse consciously the realms of light of the

1617: 1396: 1380:) only became more popular with the passage of time, with numerous prominent Islamic thinkers of the 637: 597: 539: 7372: 7151: 7100: 7046: 7029: 6892: 7547: 7310: 7286: 7224: 7122: 6989: 5011: 4470: 4464: 3693: 3028: 2847: 2403: 2316: 2233: 2221: 2069: 1283: 1199: 1035: 529: 7416: 6979: 431: 6826: 6586:

Radtke, "Lehrer-Schüler-Enkel. Aḥmad b. Idrīs, Muḥammad ʿUt̲mān al-Mīrġanī, Ismāʿīl al-Walī", in

6485: 4834: 3888: 3880: 3527: 3219: 2481: 2205: 2193: 2113: 1683: 1549: 1522: 1297: 1007:, which became the second most influential and widely spoken language in the Islamic world after 911: 73: 2080:

The veneration of saints has played "an essential role in the religious, and social life of the

1859:... he can attain God's proximity, but not God Himself; he is only admitted to God's proximity ( 7396: 7080: 6764: 6209:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6153:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6140:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6084:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6024:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5998:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5934:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5866:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5833:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5791:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5778:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5025: 5015: 1548:, which adheres to the Wahhabi creed, "destroyed the tombs of saints wherever ... able" during 1094:

In the Turkish Islamic lands, saints have been referred to by many terms, including the Arabic

7965: 7766: 7625: 7246: 6754: 5601: 5238: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5029: 4907: 4860: 4080: 3933: 3925: 3906: 3000: 2780: 2527: 2477: 2391: 2059: 1558: 1553: 1356: 968: 964: 930: 838: 787: 783: 587: 582: 7583: 7197: 6737: 6110:

2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs.

1268:, which refers to God's love for those who love him. Additionally, some scholars interpreted 7953: 7716: 7635: 7588: 7298: 7202: 7058: 6880: 6806: 6791: 6781: 6727: 6235:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6222:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6196:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6183:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6097:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5904:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5820:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5807:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5594: 5184: 5084:

Jonathan A. C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints",

4852: 4848: 4822: 4284: 2931: 2912: 2338:

school of Sunni jurisprudence and were attached to one of the orthodox Sufi orders like the

2030: 1461: 1322: 1209: 1016: 1004: 709: 223: 203: 7525: 5119:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), pp. 36–37, 45, 102, etc. 2062:(d. 1236), for example, was honored throughout the Sunni world in the medieval period, his 1782: 7929: 7726: 7721: 7660: 7650: 7630: 7342: 6816: 3537: 2531: 2507: 2209: 1902: 1644:, which may differ from saint to saint, but may include marvels such as walking on water ( 1578: 1533: 1526: 1220: 1074: 922: 915: 664: 630: 486: 238: 228: 331: 6622: 1754:

The rationale for veneration of deceased saints by pilgrims in an appeal for blessings (

1376: 7751: 7620: 7520: 7433: 7367: 7268: 7112: 6964: 6959: 6934: 6853: 4231: 3884: 3876: 3852: 3621: 3499: 3182: 2678: 2536: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2320: 2217: 2092: 1906: 1817: 1649: 1606: 1334: 1223: 1213: 1027: 830: 822: 818: 744: 371: 336: 218: 198: 178: 163: 45: 6011:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5947:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5312:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 933:, all three of which have, to a greater or lesser degree, "formed a front against the 7975: 7892: 7691: 7665: 7615: 7449: 7156: 7004: 6919: 6707: 6682: 4856: 4475: 3866: 3834: 3793: 3665: 3637: 3519: 3491: 2668: 2516: 2173: 1918: 1853: 1793: 1587: 1583: 1541: 1503: 1469: 980: 790: 534: 491: 451: 361: 346: 306: 301: 123: 4488: 1760:) even though the saints will not rise from the dead until the Day of Resurrection ( 7941: 7595: 6929: 6786: 6475: 6167: 6124: 6038: 5961: 5918: 5850: 5762: 5735:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), pp. 119–120 etc. 5017:

Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy

4818: 4495: 3946: 3919: 3543: 3417: 3274: 2944: 2895: 2414: 2177: 2018: 1731: 1665: 1545: 1518: 1485: 1481: 1444: 1243: 1175: 1115: 899: 834: 724: 702: 620: 481: 471: 416: 128: 2876:('the city of saints') for the shrines of hundreds of saints in and around Harar" 2117: 2054:

all over the Islamic world for more than a thousand years (ca. 800–1800), exactly

1453:, saying: "He is one of the substitute-saints, and his supplication is answered." 1204: 5232: 1990:, who lived in Moorish Spain. It has a more exclusive structure. There are eight 878:

Aside from the Sufis, the preeminent saints in traditional Islamic piety are the

7711: 7655: 7454: 6796: 6692: 5563: 5541: 4959:, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 4518: 4394: 4032: 3942: 3915: 3755: 3745: 3716: 3661: 3652: 3633: 3160: 2771: 2562: 2558: 2523: 2519: 2461: 2229: 2155: 2014: 1954: 1593: 1392: 1381: 1371: 814: 806: 421: 233: 7924: 6984: 7877: 7736: 7640: 7500: 7421: 7362: 7258: 6954: 6069:

of Karachi and his urs is an important event for the city and its inhabitants.

4525: 4441: 4413: 4372: 4366: 4358: 4278: 3976: 3615: 3437: 3372: 3326: 3297: 3268: 3196: 3041: 2908: 2860: 2762: 2688: 2655: 2649: 2585: 2489: 2339: 2097: 1440: 1183: 939: 934: 907: 883: 794: 592: 577: 396: 391: 376: 351: 173: 7495: 2402:

of the city; the shrine is the most popular site of Muslim pilgrimage in the

2349:(3) The "greats figures of Islam", both pre-Islamic and those who came after 938:

the presence of these opposing streams of thought, the classical doctrine of

286: 7887: 7882: 7857: 7761: 7085: 4300: 4227: 4106: 4060: 3892: 3759: 3445: 3409: 3305: 3240: 3120: 2976: 2696: 2277: 2197: 2132: 1987: 1821: 1762: 1537: 1418: 926: 826: 511: 506: 476: 446: 441: 436: 406: 401: 386: 381: 341: 291: 32:

This article is about the Islamic conception of saints. For other uses, see

7490: 1067:, and hence are also sometimes translated into English as "saint", include 7948: 6450:Ḥaḳīḳat mad̲h̲hab al-ittiḥādiyyīn, in Mad̲j̲mūʿat al-Rasāʾil wa 'l-masāʾil 4900:

Kramer, Robert S.; Lobban, Richard A. Jr.; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013).

701:

to indicate a saint, otherwise referred to by the more literal "friend of

7897: 7852: 7847: 7811: 7605: 7332: 7214: 7209: 6749: 6732: 5748:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p. 119 5621:

The Spiritual Hierarchy, from the Spiritual Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan

5620: 5179: 4326: 4256: 4134: 4128: 4114: 4011: 3952: 3703: 3687: 3347: 3192: 3085: 3068: 2957: 2935: 2841: 2350: 2324: 2312: 2273: 2034: 2017:, there are seven degrees in the hierarchy. In ascending order, they are 1897: 1610: 1597: 1510: 1216: 1131: 456: 356: 1292: 1254: 1248: 7867: 7842: 7776: 7756: 7746: 7731: 7610: 7600: 7567: 7542: 7469: 7428: 7406: 7347: 7327: 7281: 7276: 7219: 7117: 6924: 6759: 6697: 6424:, ed. Muḥammad S̲h̲afīʿī-i Kadkanī, Tehran 1366-7, Eng. tr. J. O'Kane, 4026: 3858: 3709: 3672: 3644: 3627: 3610: 3465: 3320: 3253: 3236: 3211: 3153: 3113: 2927: 2889: 2717: 2634: 2605: 2579: 2343: 2334:(2) Sufi saints, who were most often Sunni mystics who belonged to the 2328: 2309: 2189: 2168: 2125: 2121: 2109: 2105: 2081: 1825: 1809: 1756: 1742: 1695: 1633: 1567: 1563: 1507: 1499: 1410: 1350: 1302: 1270: 1264: 1163: 1069: 948: 944: 770: 764: 698: 602: 501: 496: 426: 411: 366: 311: 296: 276: 248: 213: 188: 153: 108: 17: 7530: 3733:

jurisprudence; often referred to as Dātā Ganj̲bak̲h̲s̲h̲ by Pakistanis

7902: 7872: 7862: 7837: 7832: 7806: 7771: 7741: 7701: 7696: 7686: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7537: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7485: 7464: 7411: 7322: 7241: 7075: 6994: 6831: 6821: 6722: 6712: 6662: 6631: 4844: 4416: 4362: 4319: 4294: 4252: 4220: 4194: 4175: 4168: 4149: 4124: 4099: 4073: 4045: 3898: 3827: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3762: 3737: 3730: 3595: 3588: 3569: 3562: 3512: 3484: 3458: 3430: 3402: 3375: 3368: 3340: 3291: 3287: 3243: 3232: 3150: 3048: 3013: 2819: 2793: 2765: 2758: 2627: 2598: 2335: 2294: 2251: 2164: 2159: 2089: 2051: 1856: 1806: 1802: 1771: 1724: 1702: 1590: 1521:, the traditional idea of saints in Islam has been challenged by the 1489: 1477: 1307: 1083: 1047: 1043: 1008: 846: 842: 810: 760: 572: 567: 562: 557: 461: 324: 258: 168: 133: 56: 6333:, ed. V. Zhukovsky, repr. Tehran 1336/1958, 265 ff., tr. Nicholson, 4884:

Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood

1840:), who distinguished between two principal varieties of saints: the 1238:

outline a doctrine or theory of saints. In the Quran, the adjective

6355:, ed. Nicholson, Leiden-London 1914, 315-32, Ger. tr. R. Gramlich, 6052: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7681: 7459: 7352: 7337: 7146: 7012: 6944: 6914: 6909: 6811: 6776: 6702: 6677: 5600:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 8821. 5098: 5096: 5094: 5080: 5078: 5076: 4481: 4437: 4422: 4409: 4387: 4354: 4341: 4315: 4263: 4216: 4201: 4190: 4164: 4095: 4069: 4052: 4041: 4004: 3991: 3823: 3806: 3785: 3768: 3726: 3584: 3558: 3508: 3480: 3454: 3426: 3398: 3364: 3336: 3283: 3228: 3110: 3095: 3037: 3020: 3009: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2923: 2919: 2904: 2867: 2856: 2815: 2800: 2789: 2754: 2739: 2623: 2594: 2549: 2540: 2426: 2408: 2395: 2385: 2363: 2185: 2181: 2128: 2120:

and "formed a circle of disciples." Abū Madyan eventually died in

2086: 2048: 2026: 1936: 1829: 1813: 1789: 1781: 1739: 1721: 1699: 1657: 1577: 1506:(d. 1328), never denied the existence of saints as such, with the 1455: 1449: 1405: 1287: 1231: 1203: 958: 903: 809:

were written during the period when the Islamic mystical trend of

777: 756: 748: 281: 243: 183: 158: 143: 138: 118: 113: 103: 89: 49: 5727: 5725: 5723: 767:– especially after 1200 CE – for masses of Muslims seeking their 7253: 7236: 7095: 6974: 6969: 6949: 6939: 6904: 6801: 6717: 4448: 4243: 3381: 3249: 3207: 3200: 3176: 3135: 2826: 2691:, he travelled to southern Bengal to spread Islam; he built the 2664: 2367: 2116:(d. 1166). Upon returning to the Maghreb, Abū Madyan stopped at 1946: 1600:(d. 1635), undated but perhaps from the late seventeenth-century 1414: 1400: 1353: 1039: 208: 193: 148: 6635: 5698:

A Moslem saint of the twentieth century, Shaikh Ahmad al-ʿAlawī

5148:, ed. James Cutsinger (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2002), p. 167 5144:

Reza Shah-Kazemi, "The Metaphysics of Interfaith Dialogue", in

4886:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); John Renard, 2362:

Reverence for Awliya Allah have been an important part of both

7041: 4234:; island was submerged in 1970 during the construction of the 2467: 1641: 1011:, the general title for a saint or a spiritual master became 971:

showing love for his disciple Hussam al-Din Chelebi (ca. 1594)

5156: 5154: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 2870:; according to one scholar, "Harar later came to be known as 2200:, where he ended up becoming of the city's seven most famous 1262:): no fear shall be on them, neither shall they sorrow," and 1230:

According to various traditional Sufi interpretations of the

6862: 5670:

A. Bel, "Sidi Bou Medyan et son maître Ed-Daqqâq à Fès", in

5511:"The Imam and the Qutb: The Axis Mundi in Shiism and Sufism" 3210:

for both Shia and Sunni Muslims, but especially the city of

1797:(ca. 17th century), thought to be executed by Muhammad Qāsim 1246:, in the sense of him being the "friend" of all believers (Q 1003:

with Godwariness and those who possess those qualities." In

64: 6541:, Wiesbaden 1965–81, ii, 160-5 (on the hierarchy of saints) 5702:

Un saint musulman du 20 e siècle, le cheikh Ahmad al-ʿAlawī

5358:

The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria

4571:

Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

2822:

jurisprudence, and famous defender of orthodoxy in the area

2280:

have challenged the traditional practice in some quarters.

1848:

on the other. According to the author, "the ascent of the

1219:(d. 1627) preferring a Sufi saint to his contemporary, the 6335:

The Kashf al-mahjūb. The oldest Persian treatise on Sufism

3304:

of all the modern nation states comprising the pre-modern

3163:, where the most popular shrine devoted to him is located 3088:; Buried alongside 3 generations of his successors in the 2945:

Ash-Shaykh Diyā Ud-Dīn Ishāq Ibn Ahmad Ar-Ridhāwi Al-Maytī

1664:) by the grace of God. The contemporary scholar of Sufism 6443:

al-Furḳān bayna awliyāʾ al-Raḥmān wa-awliyāʾ al-S̲h̲ayṭān

6286:, ed. B. Radtke, in Drei Schrijten, i, 1-134, Beirut 1992 4890:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), passim. 4888:

Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation

1950:(pole, axis). The details vary according to the source. 1628:), to be strictly distinguished from revelation proper ( 6497:

Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam

6218:

Alatas, Ismail Fajrie, "ʿAlāwiyya (in Ḥaḍramawt)", in

5633:

Manâqib d'Abû Ishâq al-Jabnyânî et de Muhriz b. Khalaf

2911:

jurisprudence. He is considered the forefather of the

7913: 6513:, i, Beirut-Stuttgart 1992, ii, Beirut-Stuttgart 1996 5644:

Y. Lobignac, "Un saint berbère, Moulay Ben Azza", in

3252:

in classical Sunni piety, but especially the city of

2100:(d. 1197), however, who eventually became one of the 1403:

of Islamic scholars of the period accepting that the

987:

as "a specious objection ... for – like 'Religion' (

1596:(d. 1659) seeking the advice of a local saint named 1492:

articulated during the time period, like the famous

691: 678: 7825: 7674: 7576: 7478: 7442: 7267: 7003: 6873: 6670: 6593:I. Goldziher, "Die Heiligenverehrung im Islam", in 6504:

The concept of sainthood in early Islamic mysticism

5464:(New York: Columbia University Press, 1950), p. 136 5436:

The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism

4983:

The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism

3390:

Aḥmad b. Jaʿfar al-Ḵh̲azrajī Abu 'l-ʿAbbās al-Sabtī

979:by the English "saint", prominent scholars such as 6567:The mystical philosophy of Muhyid-din Ibnul-ʿArabi 6422:Asrār al-tawḥīd fī maḳāmāt al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abī Saʿīd 6293:, ms. Ankara, Ismail Saib i, 1571, fols. 152b-177b 5593: 4878: 4876: 6553:Built on solid rock. Festschrift für Ebbe Knudsen 6192:Paul, Jürgen, "Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Hamadānī", in 6166:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 6123:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 6093:Geoffroy, Eric, "Arslān al-Dimashqī, Shaykh", in 6037:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5985:, ed. M. El Fasi and A. Faure, Rabat, 1965, 9-10. 5960:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5917:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5849:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5761:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5234:Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition 5146:Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East 4230:, which was at one time under the control of the 1391:In the late ninth-century, important thinkers in 6080:Hosain, Hidayet and Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in 2284:Turkey, the Balkans, the Caucasus and Azerbaijan 6581:The Tijaniyya. A Sufi order in the modern world 5862:Hasan, Mohibbul, "Bābā Nūr al-Dīn Ris̲h̲ī", in 5845:, p. 243; cited in Arnold, T. W., "Labbai", in 5517:. Nematollahi Gonabadi Sufi Order News Agency. 2425:of the country; the shrine was commissioned by 2142:One of Abū Madyan's most notable disciples was 1957:. In his divine court, there are three hundred 1876:the highest degree of activity in this world." 1557:deviations." At the same time, the movement of 5360:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 68 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 2716:Sufi saint (born in Gaur, West Bengal) of the 2319:(d. 674), who was killed beneath the walls of 2150:(d. 1258). It was this last figure who became 1384:devoting large works to collecting stories of 6647: 6627:, Volume 10, Number 1, December 1985, pp. 3-8 6370:, Wiesbaden 1992–95, index, s.v. Gottesfreund 6231:Knysh, Alexander D., "Bā Makhrama ʿUmar", in 5451:, Volume 10, Number 1, December 1985, pp. 3-8 5373:(New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600 5334:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 387 5127: 5125: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 3084:Mystic of Naqshbandi order and son in law of 2960:lineage. He is the eponymous ancestor of the 747:". The doctrine of saints was articulated by 723:) is added, it refers to one of the names of 638: 8: 6149:Ménage, V. L., "Ḥād̲jd̲j̲ī Bayrām Walī", in 5685:Muhyiddin Ibn ʿArabi: A Commemorative Volume 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 2871: 1632:), with the latter being something only the 768: 734: 728: 718: 712: 684: 94: 5803:Gril, Denis, "ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Qināʾī", in 5206:(1st ed.). Oxford: One World. p. 4561:For further informations, see the articles 4361:jurisprudence and founder of the ʿAlāwiyya 3290:jurisprudence and founder of the Yesewīyya 2774:, but particularly among the ʿAbābda tribe 6654: 6640: 6632: 6609:Le culte des saints dans le monde musulman 6600:Grace Martin Smith and C.W. Ernst (eds.), 6415:Die Vita des Scheich Abū Isḥāq al-Kāzarūnī 6381:, Wiesbaden 1989, index, s.v. Gottesfreund 5683:C. Addas, "Abū Madyan and Ibn ʿArabī", in 5659:Le culte des saints dans l'Islam maghrébin 5477:(al-Madani Publishing House, 1980), p. 603 5006: 5004: 1930: 1468:(ca. 1630), thought to be executed by the 645: 631: 38: 6511:Drei Schriften des Theosophen von Tirmid̲ 6308:, 244-77, Eng. tr. in Radtke and O'Kane, 6304:, 14-32, facs. and German tr. in Radtke, 6258:, in Mad̲j̲mūʿat rasāʾil, Cairo 1354/1935 4996:Drei Schriften des Theosophen von Tirmid̲ 1212:dated from the early 1620s depicting the 6438:, ed. M. Mole, Tehran-Paris 1962, 313-25 6342:al-Taʿarruf li-mad̲h̲hab ahl al-taṣawwuf 5175:"Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad on Facebook" 5070:(Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2009), p. 99 4998:, ii (Beirut-Stuttgart, 1996), pp. 68–69 3327:Abū S̲h̲uʿayb Ayyūb b. Saʿīd al-Ṣinhāj̲ī 2526:of the descendants of the family of the 2432: 2246:(2) "the ecstatic and eccentric saint" ( 1917:The goal of the Sufi path is to achieve 7920: 6539:Die schiitischen Derwischorden Persiens 6402:, Damascus 1964, Eng. tr. R.W. Austin, 4972:, II (Berlin-New York, 1992), pp. 89–90 4590: 4554: 4236:Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station 3536:First Islamic ruler and founder of the 2896:Abū Barakāt Yūsuf Al-Kawnayn Al-Barbari 2699:and introduced Islamic education there. 1953:One source is the 12th Century Persian 1624:); (4) he receives divine inspiration ( 1433:, for example, appears as early as the 910:ideas of saints has been challenged by 797:(d. 1111), talking to a disciple, from 41: 6315:Bādisī, "al-Maḳṣad", tr. G. Colin, in 6106:Pellat, Ch., "Muḥriz b. K̲h̲alaf", in 6009:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6007:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M., "al-Tidjānī", in 5945:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5930:Lévi-Provençal, E., "Abū Yaʿazzā", in 5900:Luizard, Pierre-Jean, "Barzinjīs", in 5397:Laṭā'if al-Isharat bi-Tafsīr al-Qur'ān 5310:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5237:, Islamic Supreme Council of America, 1317:Collected stories about the "lives or 975:Regarding the rendering of the Arabic 6426:The secrets of God's mystical oneness 6272:, ed. Ḳ. al-Sāmarrāʾī, Bag̲h̲dād 1967 5799: 5797: 5774:Tourneau, R. le, "al-D̲j̲azāʾir", in 5412:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005), p. 20 3330:(in the vernacular "Mūlāy Būs̲h̲ʿīb") 3156:who is venerated in Islamic tradition 1345:). It is, moreover, evident from the 7: 6602:Manifestations of sainthood in Islam 6560:Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-ʿArabī 6162:Mordtmann, J. H., "Emīr Sulṭān", in 5423:Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now 2353:, as well as certain sainted rulers. 2135:; he was later venerated as a prime 1896:, were appointed after the death of 1325:(d. 894), who wrote a work entitled 6607:H.-Ch. Loir et Cl. Gilliot (eds.), 6406:, London 1971, Fr. tr. G. Leconte, 6388:, ed. E. Badeen, forthcoming Beirut 6344:ed. Arberry, Cairo 1934, tr. idem, 5460:Earl Edgar Elder (ed. and trans.), 3875:Aristocrat and Patron Saint of the 2398:, India, where he is honored as an 2013:According to the 20th-century Sufi 1636:receive; (5) he can work miracles ( 1126:(< ermek "to reach, attain") or 1078: 1020: 735: 719: 685: 668: 6291:al-Farḳ bayn al-āyāt wa 'l-karāmāt 5878:, ii, tr. Blochmann, Calcutta 1927 5509:Markwith, Zachary (14 July 2011). 5462:A Commentary on the Creed of Islam 5345:al-Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya 5068:Art of Islam: Language and Meaning 4903:Historical Dictionary of the Sudan 3090:Ziyarat Naqshband Memorial Complex 817:were the early Sufi mystics, like 25: 6523:Radtke, "Tirmid̲iana minora", in 6518:Der Zaddik in Talmud und Midrasch 6366:, Cairo 1932, Ger. tr. Gramlich, 6179:Gradeva, Rossitsa, "Adakale", in 6119:Marçais, Georges, "Monastir", in 6033:Funck-Brentano, C., "Meknes", in 5843:Gazetteer of the Tanjore District 5447:Martin Lings, "Proofs of Islam", 3885:Sayyid Mir Jan Hazrat Ishaan VIII 3300:; additionally, venerated as the 3239:jurisprudence and founder of the 3077:Mu'in al-Din Hadi Naqshband Mirza 2761:jurisprudence and founder of the 2194:Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Jazūlī 1544:. It is for this reason that the 1178:), or by a quality of the saint ( 1106:, and Turkish alternatives like 1091:(Persian word meaning "master"). 1081:, meaning "guide" or "teacher"), 793:(d. 1123), brother of the famous 786:depicting the medieval saint and 739:), meaning "the Helper, Friend". 7959: 7947: 7935: 7923: 6377:, many eds., Ger. tr. Gramlich, 5829:Hardy, P., "Amīr K̲h̲usraw", in 5521:from the original on 10 May 2018 5332:The Four Imams and Their Schools 5231:Muhammad Hisham Kabbani (2003), 5162:In the Vicinity of the Righteous 5104:In the Vicinity of the Righteous 4857:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 4334: 4271: 4142: 4019: 3984: 3889:Mir Mahmud Agha Hazrat Ishaan IX 3680: 3603: 3313: 3261: 3169: 3128: 3057:Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī 2989: 2882: 2834: 2732: 2642: 2572: 2454: 2068:was especially prominent in the 1919:unification of the self with God 1466:A Discourse between Muslim Sages 892:prophets and messengers in Islam 888:the Successors of the Successors 849:of the time, such as the famous 614: 5497:Historical Dictionary of Sufism 5475:Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya 5425:(London: Archetype, 2004), p. 1 5203:A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam 2297:school of Sunni jurisprudence. 2180:(d. 1494), who was educated in 2139:of Tlemcen by popular acclaim. 1969:("piously devoted ones"), four 1736:Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya 1182:, 'venerable, respectable,' in 1034:(पीर बाबा) is commonly used in 755:, and particular verses of the 27:Islamic understanding of saints 6499:, i-vi, Berlin-New York 1991-7 6357:Schlaglichter über das Sufitum 6205:Zarcone, Th., "Zangī Ātā", in 5973:Faure, A., "Ibn ʿĀs̲h̲ir", in 5913:Barthold, W., "Turkistān", in 5816:Desplat, Patrick, "Harar", in 5164:(Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6 5106:(Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6 2214:Abū Ḥāmid al-ʿArabī al-Darqāwī 2124:, while making his way to the 1678:Miracles of the Saints (Islam) 1656:); and (6) he associates with 1500:venerating the tombs of saints 1425:("the truthful ones") and the 95: 1: 6532:Die Wunder der Freunde Gottes 6461:La sagesse des maîtres soufis 6379:Das Sendschreiben al-Qušayrīs 6051:Hasan, Arif (27 April 2014). 5983:Uns al-faḳīr wa ʿizz al-ḥaḳīr 5943:Faure, A., "Ḥmād U-mūsā", in 5787:Hillelson, S., "ʿAbābda", in 5715:Sîdî ʿAbder-Rahmân al-Medjdûb 4402:ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī 3029:S̲h̲āh al-Ḥamīd ʿAbd al-Ḳādir 2615:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-T̲h̲aʿālibī 2257:(3) the "warrior saint" (pl. 2144:ʿAbd al-Salām Ibn Mas̲h̲īs̲h̲ 1708:"The miracles of the saints ( 1370:and the saints. The genre of 1118:(both meaning "father"), and 869: 856: 6337:, Leiden-London 1911, 210-41 6300:, ed. Yaḥyā, in Tirmid̲h̲ī, 5956:Yver, G., "Dar al-Bēḍā", in 5308:Pellat, Ch., "Manāḳib", in: 2421:, where he is honored as an 2148:Abu 'l-Ḥasan al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī 1940:(changed ones), headed by a 1852:must stop at the end of the 1745:theologian and jurisconsult) 1347:Kitāb al-Kas̲h̲f wa 'l-bayān 1130:("one who settles down") in 6348:, 2, Cambridge 1977, ch. 26 6298:Badʾ s̲h̲aʾn Abī ʿAbd Allāh 6279:, ed. O. Yaḥyā, Beirut 1965 6136:Talbi, M., "K̲h̲umayr", in 5889:Kas̲h̲mīr under the Sultans 5438:(London, 1996), pp. 124-125 5273:Muslim (Cairo 1283), v, 277 4985:(London, 1996), pp. 109–110 4957:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 4537:Righteous Among the Nations 2872: 2746:Abu'l-Ḥasan al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī 2484:. Believed to be buried in 1447:(d. 815-20), as one of the 1343:The Adornment of the Saints 769: 729: 713: 697:) is most commonly used by 692: 679: 8008: 6574:The Sufi path of knowledge 6353:K. al-Lumaʿ fi 'l-taṣawwuf 6020:Despois, J., "Figuig", in 5994:Deverdun, G., "Glāwā", in 5876:Abū 'l Faḍl, Āʾīn-i Akbarī 5757:Bel, A., "Abū Madyan", in 5258:Saḥīḥ al-ʿamal fi 'l-ṣalāt 4563:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4347:Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Bā ʿAlāwī 4244:Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī 4123:According to tradition, a 3881:Shaybanid Khans of Bukhara 3678: 3311: 2010:("guides"), and the qutb. 1977:("leaders") and one qutb. 1961:("excellent ones"), forty 1934:(saints, friends of God), 1675: 1193: 31: 6860: 6502:B. Radtke and J. O'Kane, 6346:The doctrine of the Sufis 6270:K. al-Kas̲h̲f wa 'l-bayān 6265:, Cairo 1351 ff./1932 ff. 6170:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 6127:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 6053:"Karachi's Densification" 6041:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5981:, 313–14. Ibn Ḳunfud̲h̲, 5964:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5921:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5853:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5765:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5434:B. Radtke and J. O'Kane, 5395:Abū'l-Qāsim al-Qushayrī, 5286:, ed. Huart, Ar. text 135 4981:B. Radtke and J. O'Kane, 4955:Radtke, B., "Saint", in: 4332: 4269: 4140: 4017: 3801:Vast areas of south-west 3718:Abu 'l-Ḥasan Ali Huj̲wīrī 3694:ʿAbd Allāh S̲h̲āh G̲h̲āzī 3601: 3167: 2987: 2938:, where he spread Islam. 2880: 2730: 2640: 2570: 2476:Cousin and son in law of 2452: 2358:Reverence of Awliya Allah 1258:: "Surely God's friends ( 880:Companions of the Prophet 6408:Les Soufies d'Andalousie 6386:Zwei mystische Schriften 6359:, Stuttgart 1990, 449-68 6275:al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmid̲h̲ī, 6268:Abū Saʿīd al-K̲h̲arrāz, 6261:Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣbahānī, 5596:Encyclopedia of Religion 4505:(Islamic legal guardian) 3961:Jalālʾ al-Dīn Surk͟h Poṣ 3702:Early Muslim mystic and 2979:and finally the city of 2956:scholar and traveler of 2667:saint and mystic of the 2226:Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki 1844:on the one hand and the 6590:, xxxiii (1992), 94-132 6459:, Fr. tr. E. Geoffroy, 6452:, iv, Cairo n.d., 1 ff. 5700:, London 1961, Fr. tr. 5592:Jones, Lindsay (2005). 5284:al-Badʾ wa 'l-taʾrīk̲h̲ 5133:Al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwiyya 5086:Journal of Sufi Studies 4088:ʿAbd Allāh Abu 'l-Jimāl 3746:ʿAbd Allāh S̲h̲āh Qādri 3617:Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh 3220:ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī 3103:Bābā Nūr al-Dīn Ris̲h̲ī 3064:Mystic of Chishti order 2693:mosque city of Bagerhat 2490:Naqshbandi sunni belief 1965:("substitutes"), seven 1768:Punishment of the Grave 1546:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1399:(d. 907-912). With the 805:Since the first Muslim 6867: 6527:, xxxiv (1994), 242-98 6495:Jahrhundert Hidschra. 6482:, esp. iii, Paris 1972 6420:Muḥammad b. Munawwar, 6404:The Sufis of Andalusia 6393:al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya 6368:Die Nährung der Herzen 6233:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6220:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6207:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6194:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6181:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6164:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6151:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6138:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6121:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6108:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6095:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6082:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6035:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6022:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5996:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5975:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5958:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5932:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5915:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5902:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5864:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5847:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5831:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5818:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5805:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5789:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5776:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5759:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5674:, Paris 1923, i, 30-68 5200:Newby, Gordon (2002). 4840:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4513:(administrative title) 3851:Sufi mystic buried in 3843:Bilāwal S̲h̲āh Nūraniʾ 3792:jurisprudence and the 3551:ʿAbd al-Ḳādir Muḥammad 3500:Mūlāy ʿAlī Bū G̲h̲ālem 3371:jurisprudence and the 2708:Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind 2430: 2406: 1984: 1798: 1646:al-mas̲h̲y ʿalā 'l-māʾ 1601: 1582:Detail from an Indian 1473: 1227: 1196:Holiest sites in Islam 1150:) or domed mausoleum ( 972: 802: 799:Meetings of the Lovers 69: 6866: 6562:, Leiden 1919, 103-20 6277:K. K̲h̲atm al-awliyāʾ 5564:"The Saints of Islam" 5542:"The Saints of Islam" 5371:Encyclopedia of Islam 5299:, ed. Cairo 1309, 221 5022:Oneworld Publications 4567:Demolition of al-Baqi 3934:S̲h̲āh Qabūl ʾAwliyāʾ 3815:Lāl Shāhbāz Q̣alandar 3777:Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakarīyā 2918:Travelled a lot from 2907:saint and scholar of 2808:ʿAbd al-Raḥīm of Qena 2781:Abū l-Ḥajjāj of Luxor 2722:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 2419:Turkistan, Kazakhstan 2412: 2389: 1979: 1785: 1672:Classical testimonies 1581: 1459: 1207: 1194:Further information: 962: 781: 68: 34:Wali (disambiguation) 7091:Raising hands in Dua 6579:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 6436:K. al-Insān al-kāmil 6362:Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī, 6331:Kas̲h̲f al-maḥd̲j̲ūb 6310:Concept of sainthood 5672:Mélanges René Basset 5661:, Paris 1954, 1982 ) 5581:Reynold A. Nicholson 5577:The Mystics of Islam 5410:Return to the Spirit 5369:Juan Eduardo Campo, 5160:Christopher Taylor, 5102:Christopher Taylor, 5012:Brown, Jonathan A.C. 4575:Persecution of Sufis 4532:The Verse of Wilayah 4430:Abū Bakr al-ʿAydarūs 3867:HH The Hazrat Ishaan 2848:Abādir ʿUmar al-Riḍā 2532:Imam Hasan al Askari 2178:Fāsī Aḥmad al-Zarrūq 1788:The Two Poet Saints 1750:Seeking of blessings 1618:al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi 1397:al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi 1360:Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz 890:. Additionally, the 7982:Islamic terminology 6555:, Oslo 1997, 240-67 6490:Le sceau des saints 6432:ʿAzīz al-Dīn Nasafī 6384:ʿAmmār al-Bidlīsī, 6319:, xxvi-xxvii (1926) 6317:Archives marocaines 6312:, 15-36. Handbooks. 6284:K. Sīrat al-awliyāʾ 4471:List of Sufi saints 3758:and philosopher of 3001:Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyā 2508:Mir Maudood Chishti 2404:Indian subcontinent 2392:Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyā 2317:Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī 2234:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi 2222:Abdallah Bin Bayyah 2070:Indian subcontinent 2042:Regional veneration 1994:("nobles"), twelve 1973:("pillars"), three 1838:Lives of the Saints 1778:Types and hierarchy 1331:Lives of the Saints 1284:Marmaduke Pickthall 1200:List of Sufi saints 1170:, 'refectory,' and 6868: 6486:Michel Chodkiewicz 6395:, Cairo 1329–1911. 6306:Tirmid̲iana minora 6254:Ibn Abi 'l-Dunyā, 5717:, Paris-Rabat 1985 5687:, Shaftesbury 1993 5631:H.R. Idris (ed.), 5330:Gibril F. Haddad, 5066:Titus Burckhardt, 4033:Muḥriz b. K̲h̲alaf 3997:Arslān of Damascus 3528:Idris I of Morocco 3474:Abū Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ 2873:Madīnat al-Awliyāʾ 2530:, descending from 2431: 2407: 2163:. Adhering to the 2114:Abdul-Qadir Gilani 1905:(d. 1220), and by 1799: 1705:jurist and mystic) 1684:Islamic Golden Age 1640:) by the leave of 1602: 1474: 1298:People of the Cave 1228: 973: 803: 74:Abdul Qadir Gilani 70: 7911: 7910: 7646:Sufis persecution 6688:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 6455:Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh, 6445:, Cairo 1366/1947 6263:Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ 5713:A.L. de Premare, 5244:978-1-930409-10-1 5217:978-1-85168-295-9 5035:978-1-78074-420-9 4913:978-0-8108-6180-0 4866:978-90-04-16121-4 4831:van Donzel, E. J. 4454: 4453: 4156:Ḥājjī Bayrām Walī 2468:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2206:Muḥammad b. Nāṣir 2060:Moinuddin Chishti 1690:"God has saints ( 1648:) and shortening 1559:Islamic Modernism 1554:Arabian Peninsula 1530:Islamic movements 1401:general consensus 1339:Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ 1308:hadith literature 1048:Islamic mysticism 1042:vernacular with " 969:Jalal al-Din Rumi 965:Persian miniature 931:Islamic Modernism 919:Islamic movements 839:Junayd of Baghdad 784:Persian miniature 751:very early on in 677: 655: 654: 97:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 16:(Redirected from 7999: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7952: 7951: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7928: 7927: 7919: 7636:Sufi metaphysics 7592: 7534: 7425: 7393: 7381: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7233: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7143: 7131: 7109: 7067: 7055: 7038: 7026: 6901: 6889: 6845: 6782:Nass al-Houdhour 6773: 6746: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6569:, Cambridge 1939 6534:, Wiesbaden 1987 6480:En Islam iranien 6457:Laṭāʾif al-minan 6324:ʿUnwān al-dirāya 6236: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6048: 6042: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5986: 5971: 5965: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5892: 5887:Mohibbul Hasan, 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5772: 5766: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5718: 5711: 5705: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5642: 5636: 5629: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5589: 5583: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566:. sunnirazvi.net 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544:. sunnirazvi.net 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5183:. Archived from 5171: 5165: 5158: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5089: 5088:1 (2012), p. 123 5082: 5071: 5064: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5008: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4953: 4932: 4931: 4922: 4920: 4897: 4891: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4849:Brill Publishers 4843:(2nd ed.). 4835:Heinrichs, W. P. 4814: 4578: 4559: 4465:Amir al-Mu'minin 4380:S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ṣadīq 4340: 4338: 4337: 4285:Qutham b. ʿAbbās 4277: 4275: 4274: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4025: 4023: 4022: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3577:Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā 3319: 3317: 3316: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3086:Emperor Jahangir 2995: 2993: 2992: 2977:Bilād Al-Habasha 2913:Walashma Dynasty 2888: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2433: 2210:Aḥmad al-Tij̲ānī 1986:Another is from 1834:Sīrat al-awliyāʾ 1770:—established by 1462:Mughal miniature 1327:Kitāb al-Awliyāʾ 1323:Ibn Abi al-Dunya 1305: 1295: 1273: 1267: 1257: 1251: 1210:Mughal miniature 1080: 1022: 940:saint veneration 874: 871: 861: 858: 774: 738: 737: 732: 722: 721: 716: 710:definite article 708:When the Arabic 695: 688: 687: 682: 672: 670: 647: 640: 633: 621:Islam portal 619: 618: 617: 552:Topics in Sufism 224:Sufi metaphysics 100: 99: 59: 53: 52: 39: 21: 8007: 8006: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7958: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7922: 7914: 7912: 7907: 7821: 7670: 7661:Sufi psychology 7651:Sufi philosophy 7631:Sufi literature 7586: 7572: 7528: 7474: 7438: 7419: 7387: 7375: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7263: 7227: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7137: 7125: 7103: 7061: 7049: 7032: 7020: 6999: 6895: 6883: 6869: 6858: 6839: 6837:The Seven ranks 6767: 6740: 6666: 6660: 6619: 6614: 6604:, Istanbul 1993 6471: 6466: 6428:, New York 1992 6391:Ibn al-ʿArabī, 6250: 6245: 6243:Further reading 6240: 6239: 6230: 6226: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6191: 6187: 6178: 6174: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6131: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6088: 6079: 6075: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5989: 5972: 5968: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5895: 5891:, Calcutta 1959 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5861: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5802: 5795: 5786: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5756: 5752: 5746:What is Sufism? 5743: 5739: 5733:What is Sufism? 5730: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5695: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5669: 5665: 5657:E. Dermenghem, 5656: 5652: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5473:Ibn Taymiyyah, 5472: 5468: 5459: 5455: 5446: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5356:Josef W. Meri, 5355: 5351: 5343:Ibn Taymiyyah, 5342: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5123: 5117:What is Sufism? 5114: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4935: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4827:Bosworth, C. E. 4816: 4815: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4459: 4335: 4333: 4272: 4270: 4143: 4141: 4020: 4018: 3985: 3983: 3969:Sufi saint and 3907:Sheikh Rahamkar 3877:Mughal Emperors 3681: 3679: 3604: 3602: 3581:d. 16th century 3538:Idrisid dynasty 3314: 3312: 3262: 3260: 3170: 3168: 3129: 3127: 2990: 2988: 2967:Travelled from 2883: 2881: 2835: 2833: 2733: 2731: 2687:Born in modern 2643: 2641: 2573: 2571: 2482:Rashidun Caliph 2455: 2453: 2360: 2286: 2232:(b. 1958), and 2218:Aḥmad b. ʿAlāwī 2216:(d. 1823), and 2078: 2044: 1915: 1903:Najmuddin Kubra 1850:walī ḥaḳḳ Allāh 1842:walī ḥaḳḳ Allāh 1780: 1752: 1680: 1674: 1576: 1495:Creed of Tahawi 1382:medieval period 1301: 1291: 1269: 1263: 1253: 1247: 1221:King of England 1202: 1192: 991:), 'Believer' ( 957: 923:Salafi movement 872: 865:Creed of Nasafi 859: 852:Creed of Tahawi 753:Islamic history 749:Muslim scholars 651: 615: 613: 608: 607: 553: 545: 544: 525: 517: 516: 487:Haqqani Anjuman 327: 317: 316: 272: 264: 263: 239:Sufi psychology 229:Sufi philosophy 85: 77: 76:, Baghdad, Iraq 55: 54: 43: 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8005: 8003: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7987:Muslim mystics 7984: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7956: 7944: 7932: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7626:Sufism history 7623: 7621:Sufi cosmology 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7234: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7154: 7152:Sufism pillars 7149: 7144: 7132: 7120: 7115: 7113:Salat al-Fatih 7110: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7039: 7027: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6960:Lataif-e-Sitta 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6893:Aayane Thabita 6890: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6618: 6617:External links 6615: 6613: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6546:Ruzbihan Baqli 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6483: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6453: 6446: 6441:Ibn Taymiyya, 6439: 6429: 6418: 6417:, Leipzig 1948 6411: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6371: 6360: 6349: 6338: 6327: 6326:, Algiers 1970 6320: 6313: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6224: 6211: 6198: 6185: 6172: 6155: 6142: 6129: 6112: 6099: 6086: 6073: 6043: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5987: 5966: 5949: 5936: 5923: 5906: 5893: 5880: 5868: 5855: 5835: 5822: 5809: 5793: 5780: 5767: 5750: 5744:Martin Lings, 5737: 5731:Martin Lings, 5719: 5706: 5689: 5676: 5663: 5650: 5637: 5624: 5613: 5606: 5584: 5554: 5532: 5515:Majzooban Noor 5501: 5488: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5440: 5427: 5421:Martin Lings, 5414: 5408:Martin Lings, 5401: 5388: 5375: 5362: 5349: 5347:, 1980, p. 603 5336: 5323: 5314: 5301: 5288: 5275: 5266: 5249: 5243: 5223: 5216: 5192: 5189:on 2022-04-30. 5166: 5150: 5137: 5121: 5115:Martin Lings, 5108: 5090: 5072: 5048: 5034: 5000: 4987: 4974: 4961: 4933: 4912: 4892: 4872: 4865: 4819:Bearman, P. J. 4589: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4412:mystic of the 4407: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4281: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4250: 4247: 4239: 4238: 4232:Ottoman Empire 4224: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4159: 4152: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4121: 4120:d. 7th century 4118: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4067: 4064: 4061:Sīdī al-Māzarī 4056: 4055: 4049: 4039: 4036: 4029: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3873: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3853:Lahoot Lamakan 3849: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3818: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3783: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3752: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3724: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3690: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3668:jurisprudence 3659: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3640:jurisprudence 3631: 3625: 3613: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3506: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3452: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3424: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3362: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3331: 3323: 3309: 3308: 3294: 3281: 3278: 3271: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3226: 3223: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3189: 3186: 3183:Husayn ibn Ali 3179: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3145: 3138: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3035: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3007: 3004: 2997: 2985: 2984: 2965: 2951: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2916: 2902: 2899: 2892: 2878: 2877: 2864: 2854: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2770:Many parts of 2768: 2752: 2749: 2742: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2714: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2682: 2679:Khan Jahan Ali 2674: 2673: 2662: 2659: 2652: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2621: 2618: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2592: 2589: 2582: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2514: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2500:Balkh Province 2493: 2474: 2471: 2464: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2413:The shrine of 2390:The shrine of 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2332: 2321:Constantinople 2285: 2282: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2255: 2244: 2184:but taught in 2104:of the entire 2093:miracle worker 2077: 2074: 2043: 2040: 1914: 1911: 1907:Ruzbihan Baqli 1871:.... When the 1779: 1776: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1728: 1706: 1676:Main article: 1673: 1670: 1650:space and time 1586:depicting the 1575: 1572: 1335:oral tradition 1260:awliyāa l-lahi 1242:is applied to 1214:Mughal emperor 1191: 1188: 1098:, the Persian 1028:Indian Muslims 956: 953: 912:fundamentalist 902:, traditional 837:(d. 815), and 831:Rabia of Basra 829:(d. 777–781), 823:Farqad Sabakhi 819:Hasan of Basra 653: 652: 650: 649: 642: 635: 627: 624: 623: 610: 609: 606: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 537: 535:Notable modern 532: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 219:Sufi cosmology 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 92: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 71: 61: 60: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8004: 7993: 7992:Muslim saints 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7717:Jama'at Khana 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7692:Datuk Keramat 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7666:Sufi whirling 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7450:Antinomianism 7448: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6683:Ahl al-Khutwa 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6611:, Paris 1995. 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6597:, ii, 275-378 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6583:, London 1965 6582: 6578: 6576:, Albany 1989 6575: 6572:W. Chittick, 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558:H.S. Nyberg, 6557: 6554: 6550: 6548:, London 1996 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6520:, Leiden 1957 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6506:, London 1996 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340:Kalābād̲h̲ī, 6339: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256:K. al-Awliyāʾ 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6054: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5607:0-02-865733-0 5603: 5598: 5597: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5565: 5558: 5555: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382:Ibn `Abidin, 5379: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4882:John Renard, 4879: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823:Bianquis, Th. 4820: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4476:List of Sufis 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4444:jurisprudence 4443: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4421:Port-city of 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4322:jurisprudence 4321: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4293:Early Muslim 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4223:jurisprudence 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4197:jurisprudence 4196: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4171:jurisprudence 4170: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4102:jurisprudence 4101: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4076:jurisprudence 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4048:jurisprudence 4047: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3835:Sehwan Sharif 3832: 3830:jurisprudence 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794:Suhrawardiyya 3791: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3591:jurisprudence 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3565:jurisprudence 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3520:Alcazarquivir 3517: 3515:jurisprudence 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3487:jurisprudence 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3461:jurisprudence 3460: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3433:jurisprudence 3432: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3405:jurisprudence 3404: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3343:jurisprudence 3342: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3044:jurisprudence 3043: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3016:jurisprudence 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2863:jurisprudence 2862: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2796:jurisprudence 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2713:d. 14 century 2712: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2669:Suhrawardiyya 2666: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2630:jurisprudence 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2601:jurisprudence 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417:(d. 1166) in 2416: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394:(d. 1325) in 2393: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2315:'s companion 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:jurisprudence 2171: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863:). It is the 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1794:Saadi Shirazi 1791: 1786:A drawing of 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1679: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1550:its expansion 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1504:Ibn Taymiyyah 1501: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1470:court painter 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:jurisprudence 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349:of the early 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110:in Anatolia, 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995:), 'prayer' ( 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Gibril Haddad 978: 970: 966: 961: 954: 952: 950: 946: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 867: 866: 854: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:hagiographies 800: 796: 792: 791:Ahmad Ghazali 789: 785: 780: 776: 773: 772: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 740: 731: 726: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 694: 681: 675: 666: 662: 661: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 629: 628: 626: 625: 622: 612: 611: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 549: 548: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Notable early 528: 527: 524:List of sufis 521: 520: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 326: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 98: 93: 91: 88: 87: 81: 80: 75: 67: 63: 62: 58: 51: 47: 40: 35: 30: 19: 7596:Madih nabawi 6848: 6625:Ilm Magazine 6624: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6492:, Paris 1986 6489: 6479: 6476:Henri Corbin 6463:, Paris 1998 6460: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6410:, Paris 1995 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6374: 6373:Ḳus̲h̲ayrī, 6367: 6364:Ḳūt al-ḳulūb 6363: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6329:Hud̲j̲wīrī, 6323: 6322:G̲h̲ubrīnī, 6316: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6232: 6227: 6219: 6214: 6206: 6201: 6193: 6188: 6180: 6175: 6168:T. W. Arnold 6163: 6158: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6125:T. W. Arnold 6120: 6115: 6107: 6102: 6094: 6089: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6057:. Retrieved 6046: 6039:T. W. Arnold 6034: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5962:T. W. Arnold 5957: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5926: 5919:T. W. Arnold 5914: 5909: 5901: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5851:T. W. Arnold 5846: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5817: 5812: 5804: 5788: 5783: 5775: 5770: 5763:T. W. Arnold 5758: 5753: 5745: 5740: 5732: 5714: 5709: 5704:, Paris 1984 5701: 5697: 5692: 5684: 5679: 5671: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5645: 5640: 5635:, Paris 1959 5632: 5627: 5616: 5595: 5587: 5576: 5568:. Retrieved 5557: 5546:. Retrieved 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5514: 5504: 5496: 5491: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5461: 5456: 5449:Ilm Magazine 5448: 5443: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5396: 5391: 5383: 5378: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5352: 5344: 5339: 5331: 5326: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5295:Samarḳandī, 5291: 5283: 5278: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5233: 5226: 5202: 5195: 5186:the original 5178: 5169: 5161: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5116: 5111: 5103: 5085: 5067: 5039:. Retrieved 5016: 4995: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4969: 4968:J. van Ess, 4964: 4956: 4926: 4924: 4917:. Retrieved 4902: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4838: 4557: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4463: 4429: 4401: 4379: 4346: 4307: 4283: 4242: 4208: 4182: 4154: 4113: 4087: 4059: 4031: 4001:d. 1160–1164 3996: 3959: 3932: 3905: 3865: 3841: 3813: 3775: 3744: 3723:d. 1072–1077 3717: 3692: 3658:1595 – 1667 3651: 3624:Dan Marina) 3616: 3576: 3550: 3526: 3498: 3472: 3446:Ibn ʿĀs̲h̲ir 3444: 3418:Sidi Belliūt 3416: 3388: 3354: 3325: 3301: 3275:Aḥmad Yesewī 3273: 3218: 3191:grandson of 3181: 3140: 3102: 3075: 3055: 3027: 2999: 2964:clan-family. 2943: 2894: 2846: 2807: 2779: 2744: 2706: 2677: 2654: 2613: 2584: 2555:d. 1131/1141 2548: 2506: 2496:Mazar Sharif 2486:Mazar Sharif 2466: 2439:Awliya Allah 2423:Awliya Allah 2422: 2415:Aḥmad Yesewī 2400:Awliya Allah 2399: 2381:Awliya Allah 2380: 2376: 2373:Awliya Allah 2372: 2361: 2305: 2299: 2290: 2287: 2270: 2261:) or martyr; 2258: 2248:mad̲j̲d̲h̲ūb 2247: 2238: 2202:Awliya Allah 2201: 2167: 2158: 2151: 2141: 2137:Awliya Allah 2136: 2102:Awliya Allah 2101: 2079: 2076:North Africa 2063: 2055: 2045: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1944:(helper) or 1941: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869:Divine Names 1864: 1860: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1818:traditionist 1800: 1787: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1735: 1732:Ibn Taymiyya 1717: 1709: 1691: 1681: 1666:Martin Lings 1661: 1653: 1645: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1603: 1519:modern world 1516: 1493: 1486:canonization 1482:Christianity 1475: 1465: 1448: 1445:Maruf Karkhi 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1404: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1363: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1279: 1275: 1259: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1179: 1176:Central Asia 1171: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116:Central Asia 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1031: 1030:, the title 1025: 1012: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 974: 921:such as the 900:modern world 897: 877: 863: 850: 835:Maruf Karkhi 804: 798: 775:(blessing). 759:and certain 741: 725:God in Islam 707: 690: 659: 658: 656: 467:Ni'matullāhī 432:Sülaymaniyya 417:Maizbhandari 253: 29: 7712:Jama masjid 7656:Sufi poetry 7587: [ 7548:Sufi orders 7529: [ 7443:Misconducts 7420: [ 7388: [ 7376: [ 7314: [ 7302: [ 7290: [ 7228: [ 7201: [ 7189: [ 7177: [ 7165: [ 7138: [ 7126: [ 7104: [ 7062: [ 7050: [ 7033: [ 7021: [ 6896: [ 6884: [ 6840: [ 6827:Sufis ranks 6768: [ 6741: [ 6693:Bash Hezzab 6665:terminology 6400:Rūḥ al-ḳuds 6351:Sarrād̲j̲, 5495:Renard, J: 5256:Buk̲h̲ārī. 5131:Al-Ṭaḥāwī, 4994:B. Radtke, 4519:Wali al-Ahd 4395:Al Hudaydah 4209:Miskin Baba 4183:Emīr Sulṭān 3945:mystic and 3918:mystic and 3653:Dan Masanih 3555:d. c. 1500 3423:d. c. 1500 3356:Ḥmād u-Mūsā 3231:mystic and 2772:Upper Egypt 2462:Afghanistan 2327:during the 2236:(b. 1963). 2230:Hamza Yusuf 2228:(d. 2004), 2224:(b. 1935), 2212:(d. 1815), 2208:(d. 1674), 2156:Shadhiliyya 2015:Inayat Khan 1955:Ali Hujwiri 1763:Yawm ad-Dīn 1727:theologian) 1654:ṭayy al-arḍ 1616:Meanwhile, 1594:Dara Shikoh 1574:Definitions 1523:puritanical 1393:Sunni Islam 1372:hagiography 873: 1000 815:Sunni Islam 598:Persecution 325:Sufi orders 234:Sufi poetry 7976:Categories 7966:Psychology 7878:Prayer rug 7641:Sufi music 7501:Hizb Rateb 7479:Ceremonies 7247:Zarruqiyya 6955:Ismul Azam 6595:Muh. Stud. 6565:A. Afifi, 6544:C. Ernst, 6530:Gramlich, 6413:F. Meier, 6059:6 December 5696:M. Lings, 5570:2012-09-25 5548:2012-09-25 5024:. p. 4544:References 4526:Wali Sanga 4440:mystic of 4414:Shadiliyya 4373:Hadhramaut 4371:Region of 4367:Hadhramaut 4357:mystic of 4318:mystic of 4279:Uzbekistan 4255:mystic of 4226:Island of 4219:mystic of 4213:d. 1858–59 4193:mystic of 4167:mystic of 4161:d. 1429–30 4098:mystic of 4072:mystic of 4044:mystic of 3977:Uch Sharif 3971:missionary 3826:mystic of 3788:mystic of 3729:mystic of 3664:mystic of 3636:mystic of 3587:mystic of 3561:mystic of 3511:mystic of 3483:mystic of 3457:mystic of 3451:d. 1362–63 3438:Casablanca 3429:mystic of 3401:mystic of 3380:Region of 3373:Shadiliyya 3367:mystic of 3339:mystic of 3333:d. c. 1100 3298:Kazakhstan 3286:mystic of 3269:Kazakhstan 3197:Third imam 3147:d. 600 BCE 3116:and mystic 3040:mystic of 3012:mystic of 2950:d. c. 1300 2901:d. c. 1200 2859:mystic of 2853:d. c. 1300 2818:mystic of 2792:mystic of 2763:Shadiliyya 2757:mystic of 2689:Uzbekistan 2656:Shah Jalal 2650:Bangladesh 2626:mystic of 2620:d. c. 1200 2597:mystic of 2591:d. 1197–98 2586:Abū Madyan 2543:Province. 2442:Life dates 2377:Wali'Allah 2340:Naqshbandi 2098:Abu Madyan 1873:walī Allāh 1865:walī Allāh 1846:walī Allāh 1527:revivalist 1472:Govārdhan. 1441:Ibn Hanbal 1296:) and the 1236:explicitly 1184:Azerbaijan 1140:ziyāratgāh 967:depicting 935:veneration 916:revivalist 884:Successors 862:) and the 860: 900 833:(d. 801), 825:(d. 729), 821:(d. 728), 795:al-Ghazali 765:pilgrimage 727:, Allah – 686:أَوْلِيَاء 593:Sufi music 362:Suhrawardi 352:Naqshbandi 7954:Education 7888:Tagelmust 7883:Qashabiya 7858:Jellabiya 7762:Mausoleum 7455:Rahbaniya 7269:Waridates 7086:Muraqabah 7081:Muhasabah 6765:Mutahaqiq 6516:R. Mach, 6469:Secondary 5282:Maḳdisī, 5260:, Bāb 7, 5135:XCVIII–IX 4585:Citations 4308:Zangī Ātā 4301:Samarkand 4228:Ada Kaleh 4125:companion 4107:Khroumire 3893:Begampura 3848:d. ? 3760:Qadiriyya 3756:Sufi poet 3699:d. c. 800 3477:|d. 1500 3410:Marrakesh 3306:Turkestan 3241:Qadiriyya 3121:Bijbehara 2934:and even 2697:Sonargaon 2563:Sufi poet 2528:12th Imam 2448:Location 2278:Wahhabism 2259:murābiṭūn 2198:Marrakesh 2133:Marrakesh 1988:Ibn Arabi 1822:historian 1714:al-Nasafī 1584:miniature 1538:Wahhabism 1419:Ibn Arabi 1366:) of the 1312:bona fide 1142:), tomb ( 927:Wahhabism 827:Dawud Tai 683:; plural 674:romanized 497:Issawiyya 472:Qalandari 437:Salihiyya 332:Ba 'Alawi 292:Muraqabah 271:Practices 7930:Religion 7898:Tarboosh 7853:Gandoura 7848:Djellaba 7465:Taqabbur 7215:Tawassul 7210:Tawakkul 6874:Concepts 6792:Qalandar 6755:Muqarrab 6750:Muqaddam 6733:Marabout 6509:Radtke, 5646:Hésperis 5575:Quoting 5519:Archived 5264:, Bāb 35 5180:Facebook 5014:(2014). 4837:(eds.). 4457:See also 4447:City of 4406:d. 1400 4393:City of 4384:d. 1500 4327:Tashkent 4325:City of 4299:City of 4262:City of 4257:Maturidi 4200:City of 4174:City of 4133:City of 4129:Muhammad 4115:Boulbaba 4105:City of 4092:d. 1500 4081:Monastir 4079:City of 4066:d. 1300 4051:City of 4012:Damascus 4010:City of 3975:City of 3953:Peshawar 3951:City of 3926:Nowshera 3924:City of 3897:City of 3857:City of 3833:City of 3767:City of 3736:City of 3708:City of 3704:preacher 3688:Pakistan 3671:City of 3643:City of 3594:City of 3568:Town of 3542:City of 3518:Town of 3505:d. 1200 3490:City of 3464:City of 3436:City of 3408:City of 3348:Azemmour 3346:City of 3193:Muhammad 3159:City of 3119:Town of 3094:City of 3069:Srinagar 3067:City of 3047:Town of 3034:ob. 1600 3019:City of 2958:Husaynid 2936:Maldives 2866:City of 2842:Ethiopia 2825:City of 2799:City of 2633:City of 2604:City of 2561:mystic, 2522:mystic, 2480:and 4th 2478:Muhammad 2351:Muhammad 2325:Anatolia 2313:Muhammad 2306:g̲h̲āzīs 2304:(1) The 2274:Salafism 2029:, qutb, 2025:, wali, 1998:, seven 1898:Muhammad 1882:ṣiddīḳīn 1861:muḳarrab 1634:prophets 1611:Qushayri 1607:miracles 1598:Mian Mir 1542:idolatry 1534:Salafism 1423:ṣiddīqūn 1368:prophets 1351:Baghdadi 1293:18:65-82 1280:ṣidīqīna 1276:ṣidīqīna 1217:Jahangir 1132:Anatolia 1124:ermis̲h̲ 1032:pīr baba 1026:Amongst 882:, their 745:miracles 693:ʾawliyāʾ 457:Shattari 422:Malamati 372:Khalwati 357:Shadhili 337:Bektashi 307:Whirling 277:Anasheed 204:Qalandar 72:Tomb of 46:a series 44:Part of 7916:Portals 7893:Taqiyah 7868:Misbaha 7843:Burnous 7826:Objects 7777:Musalla 7757:Maqbara 7747:Madrasa 7737:Külliye 7732:Khanqah 7727:Khalawi 7707:Gongbei 7611:Qawwali 7601:Nasheed 7584:Ashewiq 7568:Ziyarat 7543:Silsila 7470:Zandaqa 7429:Walayah 7407:Tajalli 7363:Ma'rifa 7348:Karamat 7328:Hidayah 7282:Basirah 7277:Barakah 7220:Tazkiah 7198:Tawajud 7186:Takhlia 7157:Tafakur 7118:Salawat 6925:Ghaflah 6807:Rabbani 6760:Murshid 6738:Mudaqiq 6728:Majzoob 6698:Dervish 6302:K̲h̲atm 6248:Primary 5648:, xxxi 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