786:
799:
535:"stone" fossils, they were ultimately mummified by the cold, dry Arctic climate and only recently exposed to erosion. Scientists from the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg provided a few grams of Metasequoia conifer wood from the site to genetics researchers at the National University of Altai, who compared the DNA sequences of the ancient wood with DNA of modern woody plants and found them to be almost identical. Komarov Institute scientists also discovered double-strand DNA molecules in Metasequoia fossil leaves from Axel Heiberg Island.
78:
774:
750:
49:
762:
4900:
4825:
738:
61:
619:, was reached not earlier than the late 18th century and probably at the beginning of the 20th century. There is evidence that the retreat of the terminus, previously at about 5 m (16 ft) per year, is decelerating (Cogley et al. 1996a; Cogley and Adams 2000). White Glacier has been the subject of many papers in the glaciological literature since 1960, e.g. Müller (1962) was the source of a now-classical diagram elaborating and illustrating the concept of "
4790:
108:
4837:
512:), constructed 8 km (5.0 mi) inland from Expedition Fjord in 1960. It comprises a small research hut, a cookhouse, and two temporary structures comfortably accommodating 8–12 persons. The station was initially heavily utilized during the early 1960s, with a population of 20. The McGill Arctic Research Station is active from March to August, and research is currently focused on polar geomorphology, geology, glaciology,
4912:
422:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4731:
5007:
4802:
4696:
4778:
4743:
5379:
5187:
785:
4995:
4766:
4983:
4971:
4719:
531:
forest of tall trees flourished on Axel
Heiberg Island. The trees reached up to 35 m (115 ft) in height; some may have grown for 500 to 1,000 years. The polar climate was warm at the time, but the winters were still continuously dark for three months. As the trees fell, the fine sediment in which the forest grew protected the plants. Instead of turning into
414:
115:
85:
5391:
539:
scientists in their studies. There were calls for more protection for the area. It has no official status, partly because land claims had to be settled. But now
Nunavut is looking at how best to protect the fossil forest, possibly by setting up a territorial park to be called Napaaqtulik, "where there are trees".
383:
period. Owing to the lack of mineralization in many of the forest specimens, the traditional characterization of "fossilisation" fails for these forests and "mummification" may be a more precise description. The fossil records provide strong evidence that the Axel
Heiberg forest was a high-latitude
530:
During the summer of 1986, a
Canadian expedition headed by Dr. James Basinger set out to investigate a very unusual fossil forest on Axel Heiberg. The findings of these and subsequent expeditions have since been popularly reported in Canada. Over 40 million years ago, during the Eocene epoch, a
538:
As late as 1999, preserving this unique site was a concern, as the fossil wood was easily damaged and eroded once exposed. There were concerns that Arctic cruise ship tourists were taking wood and that the site was being disturbed by
Canadian military helicopters from nearby bases and even by
791:
Front of advancing White
Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, June 23, 1975. The steep glacier front with waterfalls is caused by cold glacier ice, the ice cliff shows shear moraines with debris, part of the well-known Thompson Glacier with its push moraine at right. Foreground: vegetation cover of
516:, climate change, and polar microbiology. Over the last 10–15 years, it has served as a significant Mars analogue for astrobiology investigations studying life and habitability of polar cryoenvironments and field-testing planetary exploration instrumentation platforms.
461:, N.J. McMillan and Souther, traversed the interior as part of Operation Franklin. McMillan's observations of Bunde Glacier in northwest Axel Heiberg Island are the earliest glaciological observations on the ground to have found their way into a scientific publication.
1583:
Chih-Ying Lay, Nadia C. S. Mykytczuk, Étienne
Yergeau, Guillaume Lamarche-Gagnon, Charles W. Greer, & Lyle G. Whyte, "Defining the Functional Potential and Active Community Members of a Sediment Microbial Community in a High-Arctic Hypersaline Subzero Spring,"
695:
springs described to date. It is characterized by a perennial hypersaline (24%) discharge at subzero temperatures (~−5 °C (23 °F)) flowing to the surface through a hollow, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high cone-shaped salt
614:
in the world list of glaciers with measured mass balance. Ice thickness reaches or exceeds 400 m (1,300 ft). Its maximum extension in recent history, marking the glacier's advance in response to the cooling of the
902:
Williams, C.J.; Johnson, A.H.; LePage, B.A.; Vann, D.R.; Sweda, T. (2003). "Reconstruction of
Tertiary Metasequoia Forests II". Structure, Biomass and Productivity of Eocene Floodplain Forests in the Canadian Arctic".
773:
749:
475:
2177:
5062:
1602:
798:
654:
5276:
4440:
1721:
723:
Microbes have been found at this site that do not depend on organic material or oxygen but only on simple inorganic compounds. These inorganic compounds are present on Mars.
1157:
Igor A. Ozerov et al., "Use of DNA-specific stains as indicators of nuclei and extranuclear substances in leaf cells of the Middle Eocene
Metasequoia from Arctic Canada" in
5421:
1649:
573:
983:
5411:
4939:
2170:
610:). It extends in elevation from 56 to 1,782 m (184 to 5,846 ft) above sea level, a range which, as noted by Dyurgerov (2002), is exceeded only by
4663:
77:
2163:
157:
1133:
5055:
4627:
4609:
4723:
4631:
4613:
761:
737:
445:
brewery which sponsored the expedition. Other explorers visited the island during the early 20th century, during which time it was claimed by
4871:
3463:
1642:
4327:
3695:
3318:
3298:
1796:
468:
explored
Expedition Fiord (previously Sør Fjord or South Fiord) in central Axel Heiberg Island. This resulted in the establishment of the
449:
until 1930. It is now part of Nunavut Territory, Canada. It was not until the late 1940s that the island was aerially photographed by the
5048:
273:
4876:
3666:
1569:
Vandermark, D.; Tarduno, J. A.; Brinkman, D. B. (2006). "Late Cretaceous Plesiosaur Teeth from Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada".
1622:
966:
3621:
5311:
4460:
3546:
2428:
1995:
1635:
349:
5266:
4904:
4656:
4485:
4420:
3986:
3641:
2015:
1617:
520:
4975:
4841:
2613:
632:
469:
107:
1478:
Jackson, M P A; Harrison, J C (2006). "An Allochthonous Salt Canopy on Axel Heiberg Island, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada".
864:
4951:
4573:
3700:
2135:
450:
5369:
53:
Shaded relief map of Axel Heiberg Island. Note that the colours are indicative of elevation, not foliage or ground cover.
4963:
4856:
3902:
3872:
3497:
4747:
542:
Interesting animal fossils have been discovered on the island, including a remarkably preserved specimen of an ancient
4286:
4041:
4026:
4021:
3912:
3064:
2513:
1736:
880:
458:
1627:
4782:
4700:
4649:
4210:
3922:
3113:
3093:
2892:
2253:
1801:
818:
1382:"On the thermal regime of an arctic valley glacier: a study of White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., Canada"
1134:
http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/263419_nunavut_considers_a_new_park_for_axel_heibergs_fossil_forest/
5416:
5341:
4806:
4770:
4430:
4357:
4292:
4280:
3601:
3473:
3353:
3228:
3213:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2313:
1980:
1887:
1831:
1751:
1726:
1081:
843:
916:
5011:
4999:
4490:
4475:
4400:
4347:
4220:
4130:
3730:
3720:
2453:
2323:
2020:
2010:
1937:
1811:
1032:"The Archaeology and Petrology of Coal Artifacts from a Thule Settlement on Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada"
848:
48:
1552:
1535:
5102:
5071:
4987:
4375:
4352:
4307:
4215:
4170:
4160:
4120:
4110:
4061:
4036:
3517:
3343:
3218:
3178:
3158:
3054:
3029:
2303:
2273:
1927:
1897:
1826:
1821:
1761:
1701:
1658:
779:
Axel Heiberg Island, Expedition Valley with White Glacier (left) and Thompson Glacier (right). July 3, 1988.
372:
345:
215:
196:
5241:
5087:
4380:
4071:
3996:
3725:
3551:
3522:
3133:
3059:
2992:
2523:
2448:
2398:
2216:
2201:
1960:
1509:"New Species of Picea A. Dietrich (Pinaceae) from the Middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada"
1146:
1031:
5246:
5163:
4866:
4794:
4578:
4515:
4480:
4450:
4415:
4051:
4011:
3837:
3832:
3787:
3710:
3393:
3383:
3323:
3143:
3108:
3034:
2963:
2817:
2598:
2503:
2423:
2348:
2094:
2045:
1990:
1741:
1731:
1666:
977:
755:
View from Wolf Mountain over the Expedition Valley towards southern Axel Heiberg Island. June 24, 1975.
5173:
5030:
4861:
4553:
4543:
4312:
4105:
3817:
3303:
3183:
2772:
2762:
2712:
2648:
2566:
2338:
2089:
2084:
1902:
1487:
1434:
1393:
1286:
1216:
5301:
4031:
2842:
2473:
2328:
570:
occupying 38.7 km (14.9 sq mi) in the Expedition Fiord area of Axel Heiberg Island (
838:
5281:
4568:
4395:
4390:
4255:
4150:
3937:
3705:
2913:
2777:
2752:
2747:
2658:
2583:
2408:
2373:
2187:
2130:
1975:
1965:
1907:
1771:
1557:
1461:
1232:
1053:
920:
567:
364:
333:
329:
315:
290:
285:
200:
1612:
1536:"A Banded Vegetation Pattern in a High Arctic Community on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada"
1421:
Cogley, J.G.; W.P. Adams; M.A. Ecclestone; F. Jung-Rothenhäusler & C.S.L. Ommanney (1996).
5168:
4455:
4275:
4250:
4145:
4006:
3991:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3631:
3328:
3173:
2928:
2923:
2903:
2898:
2827:
2822:
2742:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2628:
2546:
2378:
2368:
2308:
2236:
1882:
1846:
1791:
1330:
Dyurgerov, M.B. (2002). "Glacier Mass Balance and Regime: Data of Measurements and Analysis".
1312:
1251:
938:
Kutygin R.V., Budnikov I.V., Biakov A.S., Davydov V.I., Kilyasov A.N., Silantiev V.V. (2019).
636:
465:
393:
353:
60:
5395:
5326:
5256:
5133:
4535:
4495:
4362:
4337:
4297:
4230:
4192:
4186:
4056:
3907:
3882:
3767:
3757:
3636:
3606:
3561:
3478:
3433:
3418:
3413:
3398:
3268:
3088:
2987:
2953:
2938:
2881:
2847:
2802:
2722:
2707:
2679:
2468:
2288:
2278:
2263:
2231:
2064:
2025:
1942:
1922:
1892:
1867:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1571:
1547:
1520:
1495:
1442:
1401:
1360:
1302:
1294:
1224:
1187:
1043:
1010:
958:
912:
368:
192:
1228:
5122:
4593:
4465:
4405:
4317:
4155:
4135:
4100:
4001:
3976:
3897:
3507:
3489:
3358:
3283:
3248:
3163:
3103:
3083:
3008:
2968:
2943:
2918:
2908:
2807:
2757:
2687:
2577:
2541:
2533:
2418:
2343:
2258:
2221:
2140:
2000:
1766:
1756:
1606:
1072:
939:
868:
20:
1176:"Erosion of the Geodetic Hills Fossil Forest, Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories"
944:(Ceratitida) in the Kobyuma zone of the Southern Verkhoyansk region, Northeastern Russia"
1491:
1438:
1397:
1290:
1220:
5383:
5356:
5346:
5261:
5192:
4881:
4789:
4672:
4583:
4563:
4505:
4410:
4332:
4265:
4260:
4225:
4140:
4115:
4066:
4046:
3957:
3822:
3812:
3752:
3747:
3715:
3651:
3611:
3596:
3591:
3571:
3556:
3512:
3453:
3368:
3338:
3333:
3288:
3273:
3253:
3243:
3223:
3193:
3168:
3148:
2933:
2886:
2876:
2852:
2832:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2727:
2668:
2653:
2593:
2561:
2488:
2413:
2388:
2358:
2206:
2125:
2099:
2035:
1917:
1877:
1862:
1841:
1781:
1525:
1508:
1307:
1270:
700:
structure. Continuous gas emissions from the spring indicate an underlying thermogenic
616:
524:
421:
376:
1112:
Basinger, James F "Our 'Tropical' Arctic" in Canadian Geographic (Ottawa) 106:28. 1987
962:
5405:
5316:
5128:
5107:
4836:
4525:
4445:
4435:
4342:
4270:
4245:
4235:
4202:
4125:
4081:
4076:
3932:
3877:
3827:
3807:
3802:
3762:
3742:
3736:
3677:
3661:
3656:
3646:
3626:
3616:
3586:
3458:
3428:
3408:
3388:
3348:
3308:
3263:
3123:
3118:
3098:
3075:
3044:
3024:
2812:
2782:
2767:
2732:
2663:
2638:
2588:
2518:
2508:
2393:
2383:
2333:
2293:
2242:
2211:
1985:
1932:
1872:
1816:
1806:
1776:
1746:
1561:
1236:
924:
713:
611:
554:
434:
2155:
1332:
Occasional Paper 55, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado
5251:
5236:
5153:
5143:
5040:
4520:
4510:
4385:
4322:
4302:
4240:
4092:
4016:
3981:
3952:
3847:
3581:
3541:
3468:
3443:
3438:
3373:
3278:
3238:
3208:
3203:
3153:
3138:
3128:
3039:
3002:
2863:
2737:
2717:
2643:
2633:
2608:
2298:
2283:
2268:
2248:
2050:
2040:
1912:
1836:
1786:
1716:
705:
544:
438:
398:
357:
341:
252:
145:
1350:"Zonation of the accumulation area of the glaciers of Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T."
1162:
5306:
5291:
4911:
4588:
4558:
4500:
4425:
4367:
3892:
3887:
3857:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3690:
3576:
3502:
3448:
3423:
3403:
3363:
3313:
3258:
3198:
3188:
3019:
2997:
2618:
2603:
2571:
2556:
2438:
2353:
2120:
2104:
2030:
1970:
1947:
861:
1121:
Foster, Janet "Journey to the Top of the World" Toronto: Greey de Pencier. 1987
356:, it has an area of 43,178 km (16,671 sq mi). It is named after
5226:
5182:
5092:
4470:
3947:
3942:
3772:
3566:
3533:
3378:
3233:
2979:
2948:
2623:
2551:
2463:
2458:
2226:
2005:
1447:
1422:
1406:
1381:
1365:
1349:
1145:
Samuel Daniel, "Russia first decoded DNA of ancient trunk" (17 December 2018)
1076:
513:
1423:"Mass balance of White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., Canada, 1960-91"
670:
656:
589:
575:
491:
477:
172:
159:
5378:
5186:
4958:
4946:
4934:
4916:
4899:
3968:
3685:
3293:
3014:
2958:
2403:
717:
532:
454:
35:
5286:
1316:
704:
source. Based on these properties, this spring is considered a significant
413:
5351:
5231:
5221:
5211:
5138:
4730:
3842:
2871:
2837:
2478:
2443:
2363:
402:
389:
385:
1589:
1275:) from the Turonian High Arctic: Climatic and Evolutionary Implications"
1192:
1175:
1103:
Thurston, Harry "Icebound Eden" in Equinox (Camden East, Ont) 3:72. 1986
1057:
1048:
1015:
998:
5216:
5112:
5006:
4801:
4765:
4695:
3927:
3777:
2433:
2318:
1953:
1662:
701:
549:
442:
337:
278:
1499:
1298:
1147:
https://scienceinfo.net/russia-first-decoded-dna-of-ancient-trunk.html
5336:
5321:
5296:
5117:
5097:
4982:
4970:
4824:
4777:
4742:
3917:
3049:
1670:
692:
620:
446:
380:
4641:
5331:
5158:
4994:
4718:
951:
Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki
430:
420:
412:
5148:
709:
697:
5044:
4645:
2159:
1631:
1207:
Jahren, A.H. (2007). "The Arctic Forest of the Middle Eocene".
16:
Uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada
917:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0271:rotmfi>2.0.co;2
527:
following the accidental death of Sergeant Kenneth Scaife.
429:
Axel Heiberg Island has been inhabited in the past by the
1553:
10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[216:abvpia]2.0.co;2
708:
analogue site for possible habitats currently present on
804:
The active push moraine of Thompson glacier in July 1988
1174:
C. Bigras; M. Bilz; D. Grattan & C. Gruchy (1995).
323:
1588:, Volume 79 Number 12 (June 2013), p. 3637–3648.
1252:"Tropical Turtle Fossil Discovered in the High Arctic"
5367:
1030:
Kalkreuth, Wolfgang; Sutherland, Patricia D. (1998).
4735:
1623:
Arctic Redwood Fossils Are Clues to Ancient Climates
651:, located in the central west region of the island (
5202:
5078:
5024:
4925:
4890:
4815:
4756:
4709:
4686:
4679:
4534:
4201:
4178:
4169:
4090:
3966:
3675:
3531:
3487:
3073:
2977:
2861:
2677:
2532:
2194:
2113:
2072:
2063:
1855:
1709:
1700:
1677:
301:
296:
284:
272:
258:
248:
240:
232:
224:
214:
206:
188:
151:
141:
136:
33:
631:The island is uninhabited except for the seasonal
433:, but was uninhabited by the time it was named by
743:Glacier Fiord, Axel Heiberg Island. June 6, 1975.
4846:
437:, who explored it in 1900–01. He named it after
1163:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104211
881:"The Fossilized Forest Of Axel Heiberg Island"
767:Outcrops on Axel Heiberg Island. July 2, 2012.
425:Satellite photo montage of Axel Heiberg Island
5056:
4851:
4657:
2171:
1643:
1209:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
8:
1129:
1127:
982:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
28:
999:"A Late Dorset Site on Axel Heiberg Island"
5063:
5049:
5041:
4683:
4664:
4650:
4642:
4175:
2178:
2164:
2156:
2069:
1706:
1650:
1636:
1628:
59:
47:
27:
5422:Uninhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region
1551:
1524:
1446:
1405:
1364:
1343:
1341:
1306:
1191:
1047:
1014:
1513:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
5374:
1085:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
830:
733:
210:43,178 km (16,671 sq mi)
23:, which are named after the same person
5412:Islands of the Queen Elizabeth Islands
1586:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1540:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
1229:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140125
975:
441:, financial director of the Norwegian
1590:http://aem.asm.org/content/79/12/3637
1159:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
691:) is the coldest and saltiest of all
523:expedition resulted in the naming of
7:
5081:(38,610 sq mi) and greater
1613:Axel Heiberg Island's Eocene forests
1609:- Toporama; Natural Resources Canada
883:. The University of British Columbia
862:Area of major sea islands, by region
548:turtle and, identified in 2016, the
114:
84:
1462:A blueprint for life forms on Mars?
1161:, Volume 279, August 2020, 104211:
972:from the original on 31 March 2022.
1526:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01088.x
1269:Bono, Richard (19 December 2016).
453:' Operation Polaris. In 1955, two
14:
1250:Wall, Michael (1 February 2009).
1071:Barr, Susan (28 September 2014).
963:10.26907/2542-064X.2019.4.550-570
519:In the summer of 1972, a British
417:Topography of Axel Heiberg Island
363:One of the larger members of the
236:220–246 km (137–153 mi)
5389:
5377:
5185:
5005:
4993:
4981:
4969:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4910:
4898:
4835:
4823:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4741:
4729:
4717:
4694:
797:
784:
772:
760:
748:
736:
346:32nd largest island in the world
113:
106:
83:
76:
5267:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
4952:Gaiman and Mártires Departments
4628:Islands of the Kitikmeot Region
4610:Islands of the Kitikmeot Region
521:Army Mountaineering Association
350:Canada's seventh largest island
65:Location of Axel Heiberg Island
5205:(7,722–38,610 sq mi)
4632:Islands of the Kivalliq Region
4614:Islands of the Kivalliq Region
633:McGill Arctic Research Station
503:McGill Arctic Research Station
470:McGill Arctic Research Station
375:. It is known for its unusual
1:
3696:Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat
451:United States Army Air Forces
367:, it is also a member of the
1136:Nunatsiaq Online, 26 October
997:Schledermann, Peter (1975).
844:Geographical Names Data Base
1271:"A Large Ornithurine Bird (
459:Geological Survey of Canada
405:) deposits of this island.
324:
244:2,210 m (7250 ft)
228:371 km (230.5 mi)
5438:
1618:Unearthing a Frozen Forest
819:Ellesmere Island Volcanics
18:
5180:
4624:
4602:
1448:10.1017/S0022143000003531
1407:10.1017/S0022143000008704
1366:10.1017/S0022143000027623
1082:Norsk biografisk leksikon
464:In 1959, scientists from
340:, Canada. Located in the
319:
263:
70:
58:
46:
4608:are inhabited. See also
1534:Liptzin, Daniel (2006).
867:August 12, 2004, at the
849:Natural Resources Canada
39:
19:Not to be confused with
5072:World's largest islands
4171:Queen Elizabeth Islands
1659:Queen Elizabeth Islands
373:Queen Elizabeth Islands
197:Queen Elizabeth Islands
5312:Prince of Wales Island
3701:Beacon (Hudson Strait)
1507:LePage, B. A. (2001).
426:
418:
379:, which date from the
241:Highest elevation
5203:20,000–99,999 km
3498:Crown Prince Frederik
1667:Northwest Territories
1427:Journal of Glaciology
1386:Journal of Glaciology
1353:Journal of Glaciology
1273:Tingmiatornis arctica
839:"Axel Heiberg Island"
424:
416:
5031:The Petrified Forest
3219:Frobisher's Farthest
1380:Blatter, H. (1987).
5272:Axel Heiberg Island
4830:Axel Heiberg Island
2843:Utaqqiurviarjuruluk
2254:Beacon (Ungava Bay)
1603:Axel Heiberg Island
1492:2006Geo....34.1045J
1439:1996JGlac..42..548C
1398:1987JGlac..33..200B
1348:Müller, F. (1962).
1291:2016NatSR...638876B
1221:2007AREPS..35..509J
1193:10.14430/arctic1258
1049:10.14430/arctic2847
1016:10.14430/arctic2847
940:"First findings of
727:Views of the island
712:and the cold moons
666: /
585: /
566:White Glacier is a
487: /
312:Axel Heiberg Island
169: /
97:Show map of Nunavut
30:
5282:Southampton Island
4940:Deseado Department
2188:Qikiqtaaluk Region
682:Lost Hammer Spring
649:Lost Hammer Spring
643:Lost Hammer Spring
427:
419:
384:wetland forest. A
365:Arctic Archipelago
334:Qikiqtaaluk Region
330:uninhabited island
249:Highest point
201:Arctic Archipelago
127:Show map of Canada
5365:
5364:
5038:
5037:
5020:
5019:
4673:Petrified forests
4639:
4638:
4620:
4619:
4401:Little Cornwallis
4372:
3863:Nuvuktiqpaaraaluk
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2059:
2058:
1812:Little Cornwallis
1500:10.1130/g22798a.1
1299:10.1038/srep38876
671:79.117°N 90.350°W
637:McGill University
590:79.500°N 90.833°W
492:79.433°N 90.767°W
466:McGill University
397:was found in the
354:Statistics Canada
309:
308:
173:79.750°N 91.000°W
5429:
5417:Sverdrup Islands
5394:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5373:
5327:Vancouver Island
5257:Alexander Island
5195:
5190:
5189:
5134:Ellesmere Island
5065:
5058:
5051:
5042:
5010:
5009:
4998:
4997:
4986:
4985:
4974:
4973:
4962:
4961:
4950:
4949:
4938:
4937:
4915:
4914:
4903:
4902:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4827:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4769:
4768:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4722:
4721:
4699:
4698:
4684:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4536:Sverdrup Islands
4371:(with Greenland)
4370:
4216:Baillie-Hamilton
4179:Ellesmere Island
4176:
4111:Christopher Hall
3908:Qikiqtarjuarusiq
3055:South Tweedsmuir
3030:North Tweedsmuir
2680:Cumberland Sound
2324:Imiqqutailaqtuuq
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2070:
2065:Sverdrup Islands
1957:
1928:Fitzwilliam Owen
1827:Baillie-Hamilton
1707:
1692:Ward Hunt Island
1679:Ellesmere Island
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1580:
1565:
1555:
1530:
1528:
1503:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1433:(142): 548–563.
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1392:(114): 200–211.
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
994:
988:
987:
981:
973:
971:
948:
935:
929:
928:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
877:
871:
859:
853:
852:
835:
801:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
690:
689:
687:
686:
685:
683:
678:
677:
672:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
609:
608:
606:
605:
604:
602:
597:
596:
591:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
511:
510:
508:
507:
506:
504:
499:
498:
493:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
394:Otoceras gracile
369:Sverdrup Islands
327:
321:
193:Sverdrup Islands
184:
183:
181:
180:
179:
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
128:
117:
116:
110:
98:
87:
86:
80:
63:
51:
31:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5388:
5376:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5342:Somerset Island
5277:Melville Island
5204:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5178:
5123:Victoria Island
5080:
5079:100,000 km
5074:
5069:
5039:
5034:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4886:
4834:
4822:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4716:
4705:
4693:
4675:
4670:
4640:
4635:
4616:
4598:
4530:
4381:Houston Stewart
4197:
4165:
4091:Islands of the
4086:
4037:Solomons Temple
3962:
3898:Qikiqtaalujjuaq
3671:
3527:
3490:Gulf of Boothia
3488:Islands of the
3483:
3069:
2973:
2857:
2673:
2534:Belcher Islands
2528:
2429:Prince of Wales
2190:
2186:Islands of the
2184:
2154:
2145:
2109:
2055:
1961:Houston Stewart
1951:
1851:
1696:
1673:
1656:
1607:Atlas of Canada
1599:
1594:
1568:
1533:
1506:
1477:
1473:
1471:Further reading
1468:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1359:(33): 302–310.
1347:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1029:
1028:
1024:
996:
995:
991:
974:
969:
946:
937:
936:
932:
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
879:
878:
874:
869:Wayback Machine
860:
856:
837:
836:
832:
827:
815:
810:
809:
808:
805:
802:
793:
789:
780:
777:
768:
765:
756:
753:
744:
741:
729:
681:
679:
676:79.117; -90.350
675:
673:
669:
668:
665:
660:
657:
655:
653:
652:
645:
629:
600:
598:
595:79.500; -90.833
594:
592:
588:
587:
584:
579:
576:
574:
572:
571:
564:
502:
500:
497:79.433; -90.767
496:
494:
490:
489:
486:
481:
478:
476:
474:
473:
411:
352:. According to
325:Umingmat Nunaat
268:
199:
195:
178:79.750; -91.000
177:
175:
171:
168:
163:
160:
158:
156:
155:
132:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
118:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
88:
66:
54:
42:
41:
24:
21:Heiberg Islands
17:
12:
11:
5:
5435:
5433:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5386:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:Kotelny Island
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:Severny Island
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5193:Islands portal
5181:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4905:Lake Macquarie
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4832:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:King Christian
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Princess Royal
4483:
4481:Prince Patrick
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4451:Norman Lockyer
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Mackenzie King
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3958:Upirngiviaaluk
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Prince Charles
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Shakshukowshee
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Vesey Hamilton
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Prince Leopold
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Peter Richards
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:King Christian
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Princess Royal
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Norman Lockyer
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Mackenzie King
1739:
1734:
1732:Prince Patrick
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1598:
1597:External links
1595:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1566:
1531:
1519:(2): 137–167.
1504:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1413:
1372:
1337:
1322:
1261:
1242:
1215:(1): 509–540.
1199:
1186:(4): 342–353.
1166:
1150:
1138:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1073:"Axel Heiberg"
1063:
1042:(4): 345–349.
1022:
989:
953:(in Russian).
930:
911:(2): 271–292.
894:
872:
854:
829:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
796:
794:
790:
783:
781:
778:
771:
769:
766:
759:
757:
754:
747:
745:
742:
735:
732:
731:
730:
728:
725:
644:
641:
628:
625:
621:glacier facies
617:Little Ice Age
568:valley glacier
563:
560:
525:Scaife Glacier
410:
407:
377:fossil forests
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
294:
293:
288:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
264:
261:
260:
259:Administration
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
190:
186:
185:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
112:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
90:
89:
82:
81:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5434:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Yuzhny Island
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5188:
5183:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:Great Britain
5127:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Baffin Island
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:South America
4924:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:North America
4814:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Ellef Ringnes
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Amund Ringnes
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Findlay Group
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Edmund Walker
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4203:Parry Islands
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Middle Savage
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3678:Hudson Strait
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3076:Frobisher Bay
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Nirlirnaqtuuq
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Maktaktujanak
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Kekertukdjuak
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Clear Passage
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Lady Franklin
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Amund Ringnes
2088:
2086:
2085:Ellef Ringnes
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:(shared with
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Findlay Group
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Edmund Walker
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Parry Islands
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
979:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
934:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
898:
895:
882:
876:
873:
870:
866:
863:
858:
855:
850:
846:
845:
840:
834:
831:
824:
820:
817:
816:
812:
800:
795:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
726:
724:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
688:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
618:
613:
612:Devon Ice Cap
607:
601:White Glacier
569:
561:
559:
557:
556:
555:Tingmiatornis
551:
547:
546:
540:
536:
534:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
509:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Otto Sverdrup
432:
423:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
317:
313:
304:
300:
295:
292:
289:
287:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
182:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
135:
109:
79:
69:
62:
57:
50:
45:
37:
32:
26:
22:
5271:
5252:Devon Island
5237:Banks Island
5164:Newfoundland
5154:North Island
5144:South Island
5029:
4867:South Dakota
4829:
4724:Tiruvakkarai
4680:In the world
4605:
4549:Axel Heiberg
4548:
4285:
4185:
4106:Cape Chidley
4093:Labrador Sea
3953:Ungirlauttat
3903:Qikiqtarjuaq
3818:Lower Savage
3735:
3040:Qikiqtaarjuk
3007:
2891:
2864:Davis Strait
2576:
2241:
2080:Axel Heiberg
2079:
1797:Emerald Isle
1585:
1576:
1570:
1543:
1539:
1516:
1512:
1486:(12): 1045.
1483:
1479:
1457:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1356:
1352:
1331:
1325:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1255:
1245:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1158:
1153:
1141:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1080:
1066:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1006:
1002:
992:
978:cite journal
954:
950:
941:
933:
908:
905:Paleobiology
904:
897:
885:. Retrieved
875:
857:
842:
833:
722:
706:astrobiology
648:
646:
635:operated by
630:
565:
553:
545:Aurorachelys
543:
541:
537:
529:
518:
463:
439:Axel Heiberg
428:
399:Griesbachian
392:
362:
358:Axel Heiberg
344:, it is the
342:Arctic Ocean
311:
310:
297:Demographics
265:
253:Outlook Peak
146:Arctic Ocean
121:Axel Heiberg
91:Axel Heiberg
29:Axel Heiberg
25:
5307:New Britain
5292:Spitsbergen
4857:Mississippi
4604:Islands in
4569:Haig-Thomas
4396:John Barrow
4391:Hyde Parker
4256:Byam Martin
4151:Little Hall
4032:Paint Hills
3967:Islands of
3893:Qaiqsuarjuk
3888:Qaqqannalik
3873:Observation
3858:Nunarijjait
3793:Kinngarjuaq
3783:Kaavvijjuaq
3706:Black Bluff
3691:Aulatsiviit
3676:Islands of
3532:Islands of
3074:Islands of
2978:Islands of
2914:Kekerturnak
2862:Islands of
2778:Miliakdjuin
2753:Kekertelung
2748:Kangigutsak
2678:Islands of
2659:Twin Cairns
2584:Innetalling
2474:Saneruarsuk
2439:Qikiqtaaluk
2409:Pisiktarfik
2374:Nova Zembla
2329:Kaigosuiyat
2131:Haig-Thomas
1976:John Barrow
1966:Hyde Parker
1908:Eight Bears
1772:Byam Martin
1579:(1): 79–82.
1077:Helle, Knut
887:15 November
674: /
593: /
495: /
291:Qikiqtaaluk
189:Archipelago
176: /
152:Coordinates
36:Native name
5406:Categories
5227:Hispaniola
5103:Madagascar
5093:New Guinea
5025:In fiction
4877:Washington
4847:California
4807:Druzhkivka
4701:Damaraland
4456:North Kent
4287:Cornwallis
4276:Cocked Hat
4251:Buckingham
4042:South Twin
4027:North Twin
4007:Grey Goose
3948:Ukaliqtuuq
3943:Takijualuk
3938:Strathcona
3913:Resolution
3853:Nottingham
3773:Ijjuriktuq
3534:Hudson Bay
3329:McAllister
3174:Culbertson
2980:Foxe Basin
2949:Paallavvik
2929:Nedlukseak
2924:Monumental
2904:Kekertaluk
2899:Idjuniving
2828:Tesseralik
2823:Shakshukuk
2703:Aupaluktut
2698:Aupaluktok
2693:Anarnittuq
2547:Broomfield
2464:Saglirjuaq
2459:Saglaarjuk
2237:Aulitiving
2227:Aulattivik
1883:Cocked Hat
1847:Buckingham
1792:North Kent
1777:Île Vanier
1737:Cornwallis
1546:(2): 216.
1089:8 December
1009:(4): 300.
957:(4): 557.
825:References
792:Saxifraga.
680: (
627:Population
599: (
562:Glaciation
514:permafrost
501: (
455:geologists
302:Population
5396:Geography
5242:Sri Lanka
5088:Greenland
4964:Sarmiento
4917:Curio Bay
4626:See also
4496:Skraeling
4461:Patterson
4363:Grosvenor
4338:Fairholme
4298:Des Voeux
4211:Alexander
4193:Ward Hunt
4187:Ellesmere
4146:Leybourne
3992:Cape Hope
3969:James Bay
3923:Salisbury
3883:Poodlatee
3868:Nuvursiit
3768:Holdridge
3758:Gudmusson
3686:Anguttuaq
3637:McCormack
3632:Marcopeet
3607:J. Gordon
3562:Commodore
3479:Whiskukun
3434:Quadrifid
3419:Ptarmigan
3414:Precipice
3399:Pink Lady
3294:Loks Land
3269:Kodlunarn
3114:Beveridge
3094:Anchorage
3089:Alligator
3015:Kapuiviit
2988:Air Force
2959:Qaqulluit
2954:Pilektuak
2939:Nunatsiaq
2893:Broughton
2882:Alikdjuak
2848:Utsusivik
2803:Opingivik
2743:Kaigosuit
2723:Ekallulik
2708:Blacklead
2514:Wollaston
2404:Pilattuaq
2379:Old Squaw
2369:Nakoaiyet
2309:Gyrfalcon
2289:Edgeworth
2279:Dexterity
2264:Bjarnason
2232:Aulitivik
2026:Skraeling
1996:Patterson
1943:Grosvenor
1923:Fairholme
1893:Des Voeux
1802:Alexander
1687:Ellesmere
1562:128829875
1285:: 38876.
1237:130545959
925:131497232
718:Enceladus
533:petrified
320:ᐅᒥᖕᒪᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ
316:Inuktitut
274:Territory
216:Area rank
137:Geography
40:ᐅᒥᖕᒪᑦ ᓄᓈᑦ
5352:Sardinia
5247:Tasmania
5232:Sakhalin
5222:Hokkaido
5212:Mindanao
5139:Sulawesi
5125:(Canada)
5000:Pichasca
4988:Teresina
4862:New York
4852:Colorado
4771:Chemnitz
4594:Ulvingen
4466:Philpots
4441:Melville
4431:Margaret
4406:Lougheed
4358:Griffith
4318:Eglinton
4293:Crescent
4281:Cornwall
4231:Berkeley
4221:Bathurst
4156:Muingmak
4136:Killiniq
4101:Brevoort
4057:Strutton
4002:Charlton
3977:Akimiski
3843:Naniruaq
3602:Harrison
3508:Honeyman
3474:Thompson
3359:Monument
3354:Mitchell
3284:Lefferts
3249:Hantzsch
3229:Gardiner
3214:Fletcher
3164:Crimmins
3104:Augustus
3084:Algerine
3009:Igloolik
2969:Satigsun
2944:Nuvuktik
2919:Manitung
2909:Kekertuk
2872:Aggijjat
2838:Upajjana
2758:Kekerten
2688:Akulagok
2578:Flaherty
2542:Bradbury
2494:Stephens
2484:Somerset
2479:Simialuk
2469:Salikuit
2444:Qimivvik
2419:Prescott
2364:Mumiksaa
2344:Landslip
2314:Hamilton
2259:Bergesen
2141:Ulvingen
2001:Philpots
1981:Margaret
1971:Île Marc
1888:Crescent
1868:Berkeley
1832:Griffith
1767:Lougheed
1757:Eglinton
1752:Cornwall
1727:Bathurst
1722:Melville
1317:27991515
1058:40511852
967:Archived
942:Otoceras
865:Archived
813:See also
661:090°21′W
580:090°50′W
403:Triassic
390:ammonite
386:holotype
328:) is an
164:091°00′W
142:Location
5384:Islands
5370:Portals
5357:Bananal
5217:Ireland
5174:Iceland
5113:Sumatra
5012:Puyango
4891:Oceania
4882:Wyoming
4842:Arizona
4606:italics
4584:Meighen
4506:Stupart
4491:Seymour
4476:Pioneer
4411:Lowther
4348:Garrett
4333:Exmouth
4328:Emerald
4261:Cameron
4226:Beechey
4131:Jackson
4067:Trodely
4047:Spencer
3928:Saqajaa
3823:MacColl
3813:Leading
3778:Ivvitsa
3753:Goodwin
3748:Erhardt
3731:Dolphin
3721:Charles
3612:Johnnys
3597:Gilmour
3592:Frazier
3557:Bronson
3454:Scalene
3369:Nouyarn
3339:McLaren
3334:McBride
3289:Leopold
3274:Kudlago
3244:Halford
3224:Gabriel
3194:Emerick
3169:Crowell
2934:Nudlung
2887:Angijak
2877:Akuglek
2853:Wareham
2833:Tuapait
2808:Sanigut
2798:Nuvujen
2793:Nunatak
2788:Nimigen
2728:Iglunga
2669:Wiegand
2654:Tukarak
2629:O'Leary
2594:La Duke
2562:Camsell
2499:Trinity
2454:Russell
2434:Qikiqta
2389:Pandora
2319:Imiliit
2222:Arvalik
2207:Akpatok
2100:Meighen
2036:Stupart
2021:Seymour
2011:Pioneer
1954:Denmark
1938:Garrett
1918:Exmouth
1863:Beechey
1842:Lowther
1782:Cameron
1663:Nunavut
1605:in the
1488:Bibcode
1480:Geology
1435:Bibcode
1394:Bibcode
1308:5171645
1287:Bibcode
1217:Bibcode
1079:(ed.).
702:methane
658:79°07′N
577:79°30′N
550:humerus
482:90°46′W
479:79°26′N
457:of the
443:Ringnes
409:History
401:(Early
388:of the
338:Nunavut
332:in the
279:Nunavut
161:79°45′N
5337:Sicily
5322:Hainan
5302:Taiwan
5297:Kyushu
5287:Marajó
5118:Honshu
5098:Borneo
4795:Dorset
4783:Lesbos
4757:Europe
4736:Bantak
4687:Africa
4564:Gretha
4526:Vanier
4446:Nookap
4436:Massey
4376:Helena
4353:Graham
4308:Dundas
4271:Coburg
4266:Cheyne
4246:Browne
4236:Borden
4161:Rogers
4141:Knight
4126:Ilikok
4121:Hudson
4116:Hozier
4082:Weston
4077:Walter
4062:Sunday
3918:Saarru
3828:Mallik
3808:Lawson
3803:Lavoie
3763:Hector
3743:Edgell
3737:Dorset
3716:Button
3662:Perley
3657:Pattee
3652:Ottawa
3627:Mansel
3617:Kugong
3587:Fraley
3572:Digges
3518:Sabine
3513:Lavoie
3459:Sliver
3429:Qarsau
3409:Potter
3389:Pichit
3349:Metela
3344:McLean
3309:Luella
3264:Jenvey
3254:Harper
3179:Daniel
3159:Coffin
3149:Carter
3124:Brigus
3119:Bishop
3099:Aubrey
3065:Winter
3050:Siuraq
3045:Rowley
2813:Saunik
2783:Moodie
2768:Kudjak
2733:Imigen
2664:Walton
2639:Renouf
2589:Karlay
2519:Yeoman
2509:Vivian
2489:Spicer
2414:Plover
2384:Otrick
2359:Marvin
2334:Kilian
2304:Fraser
2284:Diana
2274:Davids
2243:Baffin
2212:Alfred
2195:
2126:Gretha
1986:Nookap
1950:
1898:Dundas
1878:Cheyne
1873:Browne
1822:Helena
1817:Coburg
1807:Massey
1762:Graham
1747:Borden
1671:Canada
1572:Arctic
1560:
1315:
1305:
1279:Nature
1235:
1180:Arctic
1056:
1036:Arctic
1003:Arctic
923:
714:Europa
693:Arctic
558:bird.
447:Norway
381:Eocene
286:Region
266:Canada
225:Length
5332:Timor
5159:Luzon
4748:Hoçaş
4521:Truro
4511:Table
4421:Moore
4386:Hoved
4323:Ekins
4303:Devon
4241:Brock
4022:Moore
4017:Jacob
3997:Carey
3933:Sheer
3878:Point
3848:Niels
3726:Clark
3667:Smith
3647:Nuvuk
3642:Moore
3582:Elsie
3552:Booth
3542:Awrey
3523:Wales
3469:Sybil
3464:Smith
3444:Resor
3439:Redan
3374:Ogden
3279:Kungo
3239:Gross
3209:Field
3204:Faris
3154:Chase
3139:Cairn
3134:Bruce
3129:Brook
3060:White
3003:Foley
2738:Ivisa
2649:Split
2644:Snape
2634:Range
2614:Moore
2609:Mavor
2524:Young
2449:Round
2394:Payne
2299:Elder
2294:Eider
2269:Bylot
2249:Barth
2217:Allen
2202:Adams
2114:minor
2073:major
2051:Truro
2041:Table
1913:Ekins
1856:minor
1837:Hoved
1787:Brock
1717:Devon
1710:major
1558:S2CID
1256:Wired
1233:S2CID
1075:. In
1054:JSTOR
970:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
921:S2CID
552:of a
431:Inuit
233:Width
5169:Cuba
5149:Java
4976:Mata
4872:Utah
4710:Asia
4589:Stor
4516:Thor
4501:Spit
4426:Marc
4368:Hans
4072:Twin
4052:Stag
4012:Gull
3982:Bear
3838:Mill
3798:Lacy
3788:King
3711:Bush
3622:Long
3577:Eddy
3503:Glen
3449:Sale
3424:Pugh
3404:Pope
3394:Pike
3384:Peak
3364:Nest
3324:Mary
3319:Mark
3314:Mair
3299:Long
3259:Hill
3199:Falk
3189:Eden
3144:Camp
3109:Bear
3020:Koch
2998:Bray
2993:Bird
2964:Rock
2718:Drum
2619:Nero
2604:Mata
2599:Loaf
2572:Fair
2567:Dove
2557:Cake
2349:Lock
2105:Stor
2046:Thor
2031:Spit
1948:Hans
1665:and
1313:PMID
1091:2016
984:link
889:2019
716:and
710:Mars
698:tufa
647:The
371:and
348:and
220:32nd
207:Area
4574:Hat
4559:Fay
4471:Pim
3987:Big
3567:Cox
3547:Big
3379:Pan
3304:Low
3234:Gay
3184:Dog
2624:Ney
2552:Bun
2354:Low
2136:Hat
2121:Fay
2006:Pim
1548:doi
1521:doi
1517:135
1496:doi
1443:doi
1402:doi
1361:doi
1303:PMC
1295:doi
1225:doi
1188:doi
1044:doi
1011:doi
959:doi
955:161
913:doi
623:".
5408::
4630:,
4612:,
1669:,
1661:,
1577:59
1575:.
1556:.
1544:38
1542:.
1538:.
1515:.
1511:.
1494:.
1484:34
1482:.
1441:.
1431:42
1429:.
1425:.
1400:.
1390:33
1388:.
1384:.
1355:.
1340:^
1311:.
1301:.
1293:.
1281:.
1277:.
1254:.
1231:.
1223:.
1213:35
1211:.
1184:48
1182:.
1178:.
1126:^
1052:.
1040:51
1038:.
1034:.
1007:28
1005:.
1001:.
980:}}
976:{{
965:.
949:.
919:.
909:29
907:.
847:.
841:.
720:.
639:.
360:.
336:,
322:,
318::
38::
5372::
5064:e
5057:t
5050:v
4665:e
4658:t
4651:v
4634:.
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
1956:)
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1564:.
1550::
1529:.
1523::
1502:.
1498::
1490::
1451:.
1445::
1437::
1410:.
1404::
1396::
1369:.
1363::
1357:4
1334:.
1319:.
1297::
1289::
1283:6
1258:.
1239:.
1227::
1219::
1196:.
1190::
1093:.
1060:.
1046::
1019:.
1013::
986:)
961::
927:.
915::
891:.
851:.
684:)
603:)
505:)
472:(
314:(
305:0
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
