709:, "falling on the triple Axel is really brutal". It has been shown that the more skilled skaters have greater takeoff velocities and jump lengths. When skaters perform double Axels, they exhibit greater rotations during the flight phase, take off in more closed positions, and attain greater rotational velocities than when performing single Axels. They also increase their turns not by increasing the time in the air, but by increasing their rotational velocity when performing single, double, and triple Axels. According to researcher D.L. King, the key to executing a successful triple Axel is "achieving a high rotational velocity by generating angular momentum at take-off and minimising the moment of inertia about the spin axis".
697:
phase (which ends with the takeoff), the flight phase, when the skater rotates into the air, and the landing phase, which begins when the skater's blade hits the ice and ends when they are "safely skating backwards on the full outside edge with one leg behind in the air". According to researcher Anna
Mazurkiewicz and her colleagues, the most important parts of the entrance phase is the transition phase (also called the pre-takeoff phase) and the takeoff itself. The jump has a forward takeoff, approached with a series of backward crossovers in either the opposite or the same direction to the jump's rotation, followed by a step forward onto the forward outside takeoff edge.
701:
required to complete the Axel means that their centre of gravity must be transferred from the left side to the right, while rotating in the air, to reach the correct position to land. They land with five to ten times the force of their body weight on successful quadruple Axels. As a result, the Axel has an extra half-rotation, which, as figure skating expert Hannah
Robbins states, "makes a triple Axel more a quadruple jump than a triple": the single Axel consists of one-and-a-half revolutions, the double Axel consists of two-and-half revolutions, and the triple Axel consists of three-and-a-half revolutions.
763:
685:
778:
748:
790:
35:
569:
648:
530:
492:
167:
2733:
1669:
453:
414:
607:
1661:
2743:
186:. According to figure skating historian James Hines, the Axel is "figure skating's most difficult jump". It is the only basic jump in competition that takes off forward, which makes it the easiest jump to identify. Skaters commonly perform a double or triple Axel, followed by a jump of lower difficulty in combination. A double or triple Axel is required in the
696:
The Axel is an edge jump, which means that the skater must spring into the air from bent knees. It is the oldest but most difficult figure skating jump. A "lead-up" to the Axel is the waltz jump, a half-revolution jump and the first jump that skaters learn. The Axel has three phases: the entrance
157:
The triple Axel has become a common technical element in the men's singles discipline, while it is still rare among female single skaters. As of 2024, twenty women have successfully completed the triple Axel in competition. The quadruple Axel was successfully executed in competition for the first
704:
Sports reporter Nora
Princiotti states, about the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body control for a skater to get enough height and to get into the jump fast enough to complete all the rotations before landing with a strong enough base to absorb the force generated". According to
700:
The skater must also approach the jump typically from the left forward outside edge of the skate, enabling them to step forward. They then kick through with their free leg, helping them to jump into the air. The skater must land on the right back outside edge of the skate and the change in foot
158:
time in 2022, but has not yet been landed by a female skater. Compared with other basic figure skating jumps, the Axel requires an extra half revolution, which makes a triple Axel "more a quadruple jump than a triple", according to figure skating expert Hannah
Robbins.
206:
Paulson was the first skater to accomplish an Axel, at the first international figure skating competition, which was held in Vienna in 1882, while wearing speed skates. Hines, who called
Paulsen "progressive" for inventing it, stated that he did it "as a
198:
in all ISU competitions. The Axel jump is the most studied jump in figure skating. In competition, the base value of an Axel is determined by the number of revolutions completed during the jump. In the current +5/-5 GOE
326:
318:
302:
298:
235:
m distance); Hines stated that "there is little doubt in the minds of those who saw him that had the technique then been known, he probably could have easily performed triple or even quadruple jumps". At the
1526:
138:. It is the sport's oldest and most difficult jump, and the only basic jump in competition with a forward take-off, which makes it the easiest to identify. A double or triple Axel is required in both the
1431:
310:
293:. Since Ito, multiple other women have landed the jump in competition. However, only five have completed the triple Axel in an Olympic program: Ito during her free skate in 1992; Japanese skater
277:, throughout the years, the triple Axel "has become more common for male skaters" to perform. The first female skater to successfully execute a triple Axel in competition was Japanese skater
2665:
1012:
1285:
349:
1378:
919:
2655:
2257:
1407:
970:
1986:
659:
357:
1495:
762:
1697:
2660:
2558:
1509:
1559:
1421:
2252:
2196:
2625:
729:
777:
747:
290:
260:
237:
1248:
1195:
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2221:
1145:
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2640:
2113:
1956:
841:
2216:
580:
256:
1020:
215:
was the first woman to include an Axel in her programs; Hines reported that she would terminate the Axel with her "famous fade-away ending", the
1349:
345:
227:, who was known for his athleticism, performed Axels with a trajectory of four feet height and 20 feet distance from take-off to landing (1.20
2630:
2191:
1991:
1230:
900:
223:
from Norway was the first female skater to perform an Axel in competition. It was also reported by Hines that in the 1930s, Austrian skater
1275:
732:, the most among skaters. Besides the quality, Hanyu's jump is notable for its consistency, having landed 51 triple Axels with a positive
2645:
2181:
1364:
717:
1701:
2635:
2205:
2186:
1915:
1867:
1818:
1795:
1772:
1751:
933:
2599:
2584:
2328:
736:(GOE) in 53 international senior short programs, recording only two mistakes in a span of twelve years in that competition segment.
1612:
1477:
1426:[14-year-old Shabotova jumped a triple Axel at the Budapest Trophy. Last year, she moved to the national team of Ukraine].
789:
2767:
2201:
2016:
1723:
2267:
1393:
974:
1398:
1304:
211:". By the mid-1920s, the Axel was the only jump that was not being doubled. During the early 1900s, Professional German skater
1828:
1459:
1089:
2262:
2125:
187:
139:
2526:
2303:
1256:
828:
1313:
1981:
1949:
1810:
684:
341:
2589:
2506:
2235:
1976:
1517:
1450:
151:
1547:
712:
As of
January 2023, four skaters have earned a perfect score for the triple Axel jump (since the introduction of the
2604:
2460:
2041:
1625:
348:. They were also the first couple to perform a throw triple Axel at the Olympics and international competition, in
2746:
2021:
1859:
503:
203:, the base value of a single Axel is 1.10, a double Axel 3.30, a triple Axel 8.00, and a quadruple Axel 12.50.
2579:
1280:
212:
1260:
1176:
329:. As of October 2020, twelve women have successfully completed the triple Axel in international competition.
2772:
2736:
1942:
721:
1423:
14-летняя Шаботова прыгнула тройной аксель на Budapest Trophy. В прошлом году она перешла в сборную Украины
2521:
2298:
2150:
1127:
2231:
2211:
2046:
1374:
823:
2574:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2087:
1331:
74:
2516:
2036:
2031:
1620:
1482:
837:
285:
of Japan in 1988. She was also the first woman to land it at an international competition, at the
34:
2108:
2051:
1217:
1211:
1182:
733:
713:
273:
208:
200:
64:
2465:
1510:"2022 U.S. International Figure Skating Classic – Judges details per skater – Men Free Skating"
1911:
1905:
1863:
1852:
1814:
1791:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1487:
1341:
1222:
1187:
1137:
1132:
911:
768:
1925:
Russell, Susan D. (6 September 2022). "Yuzuru Hanyu – An Icon Leaves the
Competitive Stage".
178:
The Axel jump, also called the Axel
Paulsen jump for its creator the Norwegian figure skater
2689:
2135:
1890:
1787:
1683:
1210:
1175:
282:
216:
1276:"US female figure skater 1 of only 3 in Olympics history to land the high-risk triple Axel"
2682:
2120:
1336:
833:
618:
286:
1629:
2405:
2379:
2140:
2072:
1965:
322:
314:
195:
183:
147:
135:
110:
25:
1807:
Figure
Skating in the Formative Years: Singles, Pairs, and the Expanding Role of Women
1715:
2761:
2374:
2323:
1693:
653:
535:
497:
356:
was the first skater to successfully complete a quadruple Axel in competition at the
2703:
2696:
2594:
2511:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2400:
2395:
2369:
2145:
2130:
2092:
2077:
2026:
1555:
1445:
906:
753:
706:
636:
402:
353:
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306:
224:
191:
179:
171:
143:
131:
114:
100:
166:
2710:
2553:
2501:
2480:
2470:
557:
518:
480:
441:
271:
became the first skater to complete a triple Axel at the
Olympics. According to
268:
252:
245:
241:
220:
1744:
The Winter Olympics: An Insider's Guide to the Legends, the Lore, and the Games
2717:
2435:
2417:
2349:
2056:
1548:"What is a triple Axel? And why is it so hard for figure skaters to pull off?"
1369:
1299:
689:
595:
337:
278:
1491:
1345:
1226:
1191:
1177:"Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics"
1141:
915:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2082:
1365:"Kamila Valieva becomes fourth woman to land triple axel in Olympic history"
1332:"Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal"
725:
294:
1895:
1878:
1644:
1642:
1394:"Higuchi Wakaba joins historic list by landing triple Axel on Olympic ice"
251:
The first successful triple Axel in competition was performed by Canadian
2548:
2412:
1522:
1455:
1403:
1309:
953:
951:
264:
244:
was the first skater to complete a double Axel in competition. American
2485:
1877:
Mazurkiewicz, Anna; Iwańska, Dagmara; Urbanik, Czesław (27 July 2018).
1011:
Galocha, Artur; Samuels, Robert; Berkowitz, Bonnie (10 February 2022).
1478:"U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad Axel in competition"
574:
458:
426:
419:
1662:"Triple Axel element query – Senior men by most awarded +3/+5 marks"
683:
612:
165:
1934:
364:
List of first performed Axel jumps in international competition
1938:
1929:. Denville Township, New Jersey. pp. 22–33. IFSISS22-05.
289:, as well as the first woman to land it at the Olympics, in
1571:
1569:
1648:
1599:
957:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
971:"ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24"
248:
was the first woman to perform a double Axel, in 1953.
1879:"Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump"
1157:
1155:
901:"A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics"
332:
The first throw triple Axel was performed by American
934:"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Single Skating 2023-24"
881:
879:
877:
875:
130:, named after its inventor, Norwegian figure skater
2674:
2613:
2567:
2539:
2494:
2426:
2388:
2337:
2291:
2280:
2245:
2172:
2163:
2101:
2065:
2009:
2000:
1854:
Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning
1685:「GOE５が一度もないなんてあり得る？」羽生結弦のSP"トリプルアクセル"採点に欧州名物解説者が悲鳴！
385:
106:
96:
88:
80:
70:
60:
52:
44:
23:
1851:
1767:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
899:
1013:"How Yuzuru Hanyu Nearly Landed a Quadruple Axel"
2559:World Professional Figure Skating Championships
1006:
1004:
824:"Triple Axel new ladies' figure skating staple"
1950:
8:
1242:
1240:
1128:"Button Has Never Been Known to Zip His Lip"
1121:
1119:
174:, creator of the Axel jump, pictured in 1895
1746:. Seattle, Washington: Mountaineers Books.
1541:
1539:
1471:
1469:
1325:
1323:
692:, first female skater to land a triple Axel
219:, a move she invented. In the early 1920s,
2288:
2169:
2006:
1957:
1943:
1935:
898:Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014).
817:
815:
425:1882 international skating competition in
362:
33:
1894:
1575:
995:
854:
1829:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24"
1649:Mazurkiewicz, Iwańska & Urbanik 2018
1600:Mazurkiewicz, Iwańska & Urbanik 2018
1090:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24"
958:Mazurkiewicz, Iwańska & Urbanik 2018
670:
1907:Figure Skating: Championship Techniques
1784:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating
1498:from the original on 15 September 2022.
1434:from the original on 21 September 2022.
1430:(in Russian). Moscow. 18 October 2020.
1233:from the original on 18 September 2018.
811:
743:
1904:Petkevich, John Misha (1 March 1989).
1562:from the original on 15 February 2022.
1532:from the original on 27 November 2022.
1381:from the original on 20 February 2022.
1288:from the original on 17 February 2022.
1198:from the original on 17 February 2022.
1148:from the original on 11 December 2022.
922:from the original on 27 November 2022.
844:from the original on 12 February 2019.
20:
1716:"Skating Scores – Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN)"
1672:from the original on 20 January 2023.
1587:
1546:Princiotti, Nora (12 February 2018).
1462:from the original on 26 October 2022.
1446:"Pairs – Rena Inoue and John Baldwin"
1352:from the original on 6 December 2022.
1330:Calfas, Jennifer (12 February 2018).
1110:
1065:
1053:
1041:
885:
866:
626:
547:
470:
392:
7:
2742:
1698:Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing Inc.
1476:Carpenter, Les (14 September 2022).
1316:from the original on 16 August 2022.
1247:Flade, Tatjana (20 September 2011).
1161:
822:Robbins, Hannah (11 February 2018).
369:
1883:Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
1392:McCarvel, Nick (15 February 2022).
1274:Miller, Andrea (12 February 2018).
1249:"Midori Ito Returns to Competition"
1174:Victor, Daniel (12 February 2018).
281:, at a regional competition in the
1726:from the original on 21 June 2022.
1363:Penny, Brandon (6 February 2022).
182:, is an edge jump in the sport of
39:Illustration of a single Axel jump
14:
2600:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
2329:Competition elements in ice dance
1977:International Skating Union (ISU)
1704:from the original on 15 May 2021.
1410:from the original on 3 June 2022.
1209:Lubarsky, Jared (10 March 1991).
783:Bradie Tennell rotates in the air
386:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2666:Highest historical junior scores
1910:. New York City: Penguin Books.
788:
776:
761:
746:
646:
605:
567:
528:
490:
451:
412:
346:2006 U.S. National Championships
150:in all events sanctioned by the
1399:International Olympic Committee
1305:International Olympic Committee
1126:Pucin, Diane (7 January 2002).
190:and an Axel is required in the
134:, is an edge jump performed in
973:. pp. 2–4. Archived from
146:segment for junior and senior
1:
2197:Four Continents Championships
1257:Denville Township, New Jersey
327:2022 women's individual event
301:as well as her free skate in
1927:International Figure Skating
1811:University of Illinois Press
1253:International Figure Skating
317:in her short program at the
1858:. Middletown, Connecticut:
1833:International Skating Union
1518:International Skating Union
1451:International Skating Union
352:. In 2022, American skater
152:International Skating Union
2789:
2636:Figure skaters (ice dance)
2605:World Figure Sport Society
2263:Junior World Challenge Cup
2258:World Junior Championships
2227:World Junior Championships
1626:Colorado Springs, Colorado
259:. Six years later, at the
2727:
2656:Highest historical scores
1972:
1860:Wesleyan University Press
1850:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003).
1764:Figure Skating: A History
1554:. Boston, Massachusetts:
936:. 8 July 2023. p. 18
504:1948 Winter Olympic Games
464:1920s skating competition
382:
379:
376:
373:
368:
309:in her free skate in the
32:
2580:Doping in figure skating
1805:Hines, James R. (2015).
1782:Hines, James R. (2011).
1761:Hines, James R. (2006).
1684:
1422:
1300:"Midori Ito – Biography"
756:set ups for an Axel jump
716:in 2004): Yuzuru Hanyu,
668:Quadruple Axel (women's)
581:1978 World Championships
541:1953 skating competition
325:in both programs of the
257:1978 World Championships
170:Norwegian figure skater
2768:Figure skating elements
771:set up for an Axel jump
730:maximum score ten times
688:Japanese figure skater
2631:Figure skaters (pairs)
2626:Figure skaters (women)
2299:Choreographic sequence
2192:European Championships
1992:Records and statistics
1896:10.2478/pjst-2018-0007
728:. Hanyu was awarded a
693:
630:Quadruple Axel (men's)
321:; and Japanese skater
194:for junior and senior
175:
26:Figure skating element
16:Jump in figure skating
2661:Highest junior scores
1742:Judd, Ron C. (2009).
1525:. 14 September 2022.
1375:Stamford, Connecticut
1263:on 25 September 2011.
687:
589:Triple Axel (women's)
512:Double Axel (women's)
435:Single Axel (women's)
213:Charlotte Oelschlägel
169:
2621:Figure skaters (men)
2575:Adult figure skating
2246:Synchronized skating
2088:Synchronized skating
1982:National federations
1809:. Urbana, Illinois:
660:2022 CS U.S. Classic
297:in both programs in
238:1948 Winter Olympics
61:Scoring abbreviation
2253:World Championships
2222:Youth Olympic Games
2187:World Championships
1835:. 20 September 2023
1790:: Scarecrow Press.
1621:U.S. Figure Skating
1613:"Identifying Jumps"
1486:. Washington, D.C.
1483:The Washington Post
1092:. 20 September 2023
910:. Washington, D.C.
838:University of Tulsa
551:Triple Axel (men's)
474:Double Axel (men's)
396:Single Axel (men's)
365:
2495:Moves in the field
2114:Demise and revival
2109:Compulsory figures
2052:ISU Judging System
1889:(2). Warsaw: 3–9.
1218:The New York Times
1183:The New York Times
977:on 3 November 2023
795:Mone Chiba landing
734:grade of execution
714:ISU Judging System
694:
363:
305:; American skater
274:The New York Times
267:, Canadian skater
176:
2755:
2754:
2535:
2534:
2429:and basic strokes
2292:Required elements
2276:
2275:
2268:Challenger Series
2232:Junior Grand Prix
2217:World Team Trophy
2212:Challenger Series
2159:
2158:
2017:Glossary of terms
1722:. United States.
1668:. United States.
1635:on 17 March 2015.
1340:. New York City.
1284:. New York City.
1221:. New York City.
1186:. New York City.
1133:Los Angeles Times
769:Adelina Sotnikova
677:
676:
313:; Russian skater
261:1984 Winter Games
128:Axel Paulsen jump
120:
119:
56:Axel Paulsen jump
2780:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2690:The Cutting Edge
2476:
2451:
2289:
2170:
2136:Compulsory dance
2007:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1900:
1898:
1873:
1857:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1801:
1788:Lanham, Maryland
1778:
1757:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1690:thedigestweb.com
1680:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1628:. Archived from
1617:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:. Archived from
1244:
1235:
1234:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1086:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:on 28 March 2023
1019:. Archived from
1008:
999:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
967:
961:
955:
946:
945:
943:
941:
930:
924:
923:
903:
895:
889:
883:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
845:
819:
792:
780:
765:
750:
718:Javier Fernández
705:American skater
656:
652:
650:
649:
641:
640:
639:
615:
611:
609:
608:
600:
599:
598:
577:
573:
571:
570:
562:
561:
560:
538:
534:
532:
531:
523:
522:
521:
500:
496:
494:
493:
485:
484:
483:
461:
457:
455:
454:
446:
445:
444:
422:
418:
416:
415:
407:
406:
405:
388:
371:
366:
283:Aichi Prefecture
234:
230:
217:Charlotte spiral
92:Backward outside
53:Alternative name
37:
21:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2723:
2683:Blades of Glory
2670:
2609:
2585:Country changes
2563:
2541:
2531:
2490:
2474:
2449:
2428:
2422:
2384:
2333:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2241:
2174:
2173:Singles, pairs
2165:
2155:
2121:Special figures
2097:
2061:
2002:
1996:
1987:World Standings
1968:
1963:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1903:
1876:
1870:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1692:(in Japanese).
1686:
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1660:
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1655:
1647:
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1328:
1321:
1298:
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1273:
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1268:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1212:"Power Skating"
1208:
1207:
1203:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1136:. Los Angeles.
1125:
1124:
1117:
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1093:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1064:
1060:
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1017:Washington Post
1010:
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861:
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849:
834:Tulsa, Oklahoma
821:
820:
813:
808:
803:
796:
793:
784:
781:
772:
766:
757:
751:
742:
682:
647:
645:
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635:
634:
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619:1988 NHK Trophy
606:
604:
603:
594:
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592:
568:
566:
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556:
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529:
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491:
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477:
452:
450:
449:
440:
439:
438:
413:
411:
410:
401:
400:
399:
358:CS U.S. Classic
319:2022 team event
311:2018 team event
287:1988 NHK Trophy
232:
228:
164:
84:Forward outside
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2773:Jumping sports
2770:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Highest scores
2648:
2643:
2641:Olympic venues
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
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2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2406:Biellmann spin
2403:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2380:Quadruple jump
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
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2301:
2295:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2277:
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2273:
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2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Original dance
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Single skating
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:Figure skating
1964:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1917:978-0452262096
1916:
1901:
1874:
1869:978-0819566423
1868:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1820:978-0252039065
1819:
1802:
1797:978-0810868595
1796:
1779:
1774:978-0252072864
1773:
1758:
1753:978-1594850639
1752:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1720:Skating Scores
1707:
1700:3 April 2021.
1675:
1666:Skating Scores
1653:
1638:
1604:
1592:
1590:, p. 101.
1580:
1578:, p. 285.
1576:Kestnbaum 2003
1565:
1535:
1501:
1465:
1437:
1413:
1384:
1355:
1319:
1291:
1266:
1236:
1201:
1166:
1164:, p. 100.
1151:
1115:
1113:, p. 113.
1103:
1070:
1068:, p. 170.
1058:
1056:, p. 185.
1046:
1044:, p. 132.
1034:
1000:
996:Kestnbaum 2003
988:
962:
947:
925:
890:
871:
859:
857:, p. 206.
855:Petkevich 1989
847:
810:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
787:
785:
782:
775:
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681:
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631:
628:
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623:
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583:
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468:
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447:
436:
432:
431:
429:
423:
408:
397:
394:
390:
389:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
323:Wakaba Higuchi
315:Kamila Valieva
231:m height and 6
209:special figure
201:judging system
196:single skaters
184:figure skating
163:
160:
148:single skaters
136:figure skating
118:
117:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
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78:
77:
72:
68:
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62:
58:
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54:
50:
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46:
42:
41:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2785:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
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2748:
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2730:
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2720:
2719:
2715:
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2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:Film & TV
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
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2606:
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2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
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2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Toe loop jump
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
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2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Step sequence
2322:
2320:
2317:
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2310:
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2300:
2297:
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2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Olympic Games
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:and ice dance
2171:
2168:
2164:International
2162:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Short program
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
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2079:
2076:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1974:
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1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
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1909:
1908:
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1725:
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1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Bunkyo, Tokyo
1691:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
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1645:
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1395:
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1343:
1339:
1338:
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1301:
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1243:
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1237:
1232:
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1205:
1202:
1197:
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1189:
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1163:
1158:
1156:
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1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
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1120:
1116:
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1107:
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1091:
1085:
1083:
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1079:
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1071:
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1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:, p. 67.
997:
992:
989:
976:
972:
966:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
935:
929:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
902:
894:
891:
888:, p. 32.
887:
882:
880:
878:
876:
872:
869:, p. 49.
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
829:The Collegian
825:
818:
816:
812:
805:
800:
791:
786:
779:
774:
770:
764:
759:
755:
749:
744:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
702:
698:
691:
686:
679:
673:
672:None ratified
667:
666:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:United States
643:
638:
632:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
614:
602:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
564:
559:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:United States
525:
520:
514:
511:
510:
507:
505:
502:
499:
498:United States
487:
482:
476:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
448:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
428:
424:
421:
409:
404:
398:
395:
391:
374:Jump element
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
202:
197:
193:
189:
188:short program
185:
181:
173:
168:
161:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:short program
137:
133:
129:
125:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
81:Take-off edge
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
28:
27:
22:
19:
2716:
2709:
2704:Spinning Out
2702:
2697:Ice Princess
2695:
2688:
2681:
2646:Competitions
2595:Kiss and cry
2540:Professional
2527:Spread eagle
2512:Hydroblading
2486:Twizzle turn
2456:Counter turn
2446:Choctaw turn
2441:Bracket turn
2427:Steps, turns
2401:Layback spin
2396:Upright spin
2370:Salchow jump
2344:
2304:Death spiral
2166:competitions
2146:Rhythm dance
2131:Free skating
2093:Four skating
2078:Pair skating
2027:Figure skate
1926:
1906:
1886:
1882:
1853:
1837:. Retrieved
1832:
1806:
1783:
1763:
1743:
1719:
1710:
1689:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1651:, p. 4.
1630:the original
1619:
1607:
1602:, p. 5.
1595:
1583:
1556:Boston Globe
1551:
1516:
1504:
1481:
1449:
1440:
1427:
1416:
1397:
1387:
1368:
1358:
1335:
1303:
1294:
1279:
1269:
1261:the original
1252:
1216:
1204:
1181:
1169:
1131:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:the original
1016:
991:
979:. Retrieved
975:the original
965:
960:, p. 3.
938:. Retrieved
928:
907:The Atlantic
905:
893:
862:
850:
827:
754:Yuzuru Hanyu
711:
707:Mirai Nagasu
703:
699:
695:
671:
637:Ilia Malinin
403:Axel Paulsen
354:Ilia Malinin
342:John Baldwin
331:
307:Mirai Nagasu
272:
250:
225:Felix Kaspar
205:
192:free program
180:Axel Paulsen
177:
172:Axel Paulsen
156:
144:free skating
132:Axel Paulsen
127:
123:
121:
101:Axel Paulsen
89:Landing edge
71:Element type
45:Element name
24:
18:
2711:Yuri on Ice
2554:Ice theatre
2502:Besti squat
2481:Rocker turn
2471:Mohawk turn
2066:Disciplines
2042:Competition
2001:Competitive
1735:Works cited
981:28 December
558:Vern Taylor
519:Carol Heiss
481:Dick Button
442:Sonja Henie
269:Brian Orser
253:Vern Taylor
246:Carol Heiss
242:Dick Button
240:, American
221:Sonja Henie
107:Disciplines
2762:Categories
2718:Zero Chill
2590:Grand Slam
2507:Cantilever
2436:Three turn
2418:Camel spin
2350:Euler jump
2202:Grand Prix
2151:Free dance
2057:6.0 system
1839:12 October
1588:Hines 2006
1552:boston.com
1370:NBC Sports
1111:Hines 2015
1096:12 October
1066:Hines 2011
1054:Hines 2015
1042:Hines 2011
940:12 October
886:Hines 2011
867:Hines 2015
801:References
690:Midori Ito
596:Midori Ito
338:Rena Inoue
279:Midori Ito
2549:Ice shows
2517:Ina Bauer
2466:Loop turn
2461:Crossover
2365:Lutz jump
2360:Loop jump
2355:Flip jump
2345:Axel jump
2283:and other
2083:Ice dance
1492:0190-8286
1428:sports.ru
1346:0040-781X
1227:1553-8095
1192:1553-8095
1162:Judd 2009
1142:2165-1736
916:2151-9463
806:Citations
726:Shoma Uno
680:Execution
344:, at the
295:Mao Asada
124:Axel jump
48:Axel jump
2737:Category
2413:Sit spin
2281:Elements
2102:Segments
1724:Archived
1702:Archived
1670:Archived
1560:Archived
1527:Archived
1523:Lausanne
1496:Archived
1460:Archived
1456:Lausanne
1432:Archived
1408:Archived
1404:Lausanne
1379:Archived
1350:Archived
1314:Archived
1310:Lausanne
1286:Archived
1281:ABC News
1231:Archived
1196:Archived
1146:Archived
920:Archived
842:Archived
336:skaters
265:Sarajevo
142:and the
97:Inventor
2747:Commons
2542:skating
2022:History
2010:General
2003:skating
1027:27 June
740:Gallery
722:Yan Han
380:Nation
377:Skater
255:at the
162:History
154:(ISU).
111:Singles
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